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Transcript of Research Proposal Complete
THE EFFECTS OF HAVING OFW PARENTS ON SELF-ESTEEM OF SELECTED
FIRST YEAR STUDENTS OF CEU GIL PUYAT MAKATI
S.Y. 2012-2013
An Undergraduate Research Proposal
Presented to
The School of Science and Technology
Centro Escolar University Makati
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
Communication Skills 14
by
Princess Jazmine Dichosa
MARCH 2013
2
Acknowledgement
The researchers of Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat Makati
from BS Psychology 2A wants to express their gratitude to all the
people who have given their heart whelming full support in making this
Research Proposal a magnificent experience.
To God, the father of all, the researchers thank him for the
strength that keeps them standing and for the hope that keeps them
believing that this study would be possible and more interesting.
The researchers also wanted to thank their family who inspires,
encouraged and fully supported them for every trial that comes their
way.
To other group mates who willingly helped the researchers
gather the necessary data and information needed for this Research
Proposal.
The researchers’ utmost gratitude to their Professor, Dr. Richard
Lumpas who has supported them throughout the Proposal with his
patience and knowledge while allowing them to work in their way. The
researchers give thanks to their Professor for the encouragement and
effort and without him; this Research Proposal would not have been
completed or written. One simply could not wish for a better or
friendlier supervisor.
3
DEDICATION
The researchers dedicate this study to their parents who have
given them the opportunity to be in school and learn.
To Dr. Ricardo S. Lumpas who has helped them come up with
their study.
Also, the researchers dedicate this study to all those students
who are affected by the absence of their parents.
To the OFW Parents who sacrifices their quality time with their
children in order to provide for them.
Finally, this study is above all, dedicated to God, the Father
Almighty, who the source of everything in this world, is.
4
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction
Many of the Filipinos find difficulty in finding a job in the
Philippines, and because of that, some Filipinos have to find a job in
other countries. Overseas Filipino Workers are helpful to the economy
because 13.5% of the country’s gross domestic product comes from
the remittance of OFWs. They earn more money in their job in other
countries than in the Philippines which makes more Filipinos decide to
work abroad. As an overseas Filipino worker, one of their sacrifices is
to leave their families behind, thus depriving their family of their
presence.
Parents head overseas in search of bigger and better incomes,
and more savings. Others take jobs overseas that they could not
possibly get in their home country. Overseas employment gives
opportunity to redefine life and the way of living. It often brings
significant economic benefits to the family left behind, the
consequences on children's development and well-being are less clear.
Vulnerable children, especially those deprived of parental care,
constitute a specific risk group.
The researchers got interested in the students having parents
working abroad because in today’s youth, children are left behind and
the researchers wanted to know if it will affect their self-esteem or not
knowing that they’re not fully raised by their parents.
Setting of the Study
The researchers will conduct the study in Centro Escolar
University Gil Puyat Makati Campus. It is located within the central
business district of Makati along Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue, Makati City.
Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat Makati was established on June
2005. Subsequently after two years of operation, the CEU built another
unit, which opened on June 2007 at 103 Esteban corner Dela Rosa
Streets, Legaspi Village, Makati City.
Centro Escolar University is a private, nonsectarian higher
education institution with an enrollment of over 20,000 students in its
three campuses: Manila, Makati and Malolos. CEU was founded by
Doña Librada Avelino and Doña Carmen de Luna and was originally
called Centro Escolar de Señoritas. The first CEU Campus was built at
Mendiola Street, Manila.
The coursed offered in CEU Makati are Bachelor of Science in
Psychology, Nursing, Medical Technology, Pharmacy(4 years), Clinical
Pharmacy(5 years), Doctor of Pharmacy, Associate in Arts (Pre-Dental
Course), Doctor of Dental Medicine, Juris Doctor Program, Business
Administration major in Management, Computer Science, Information
Technology, Hotel and Restaurant Management and Tourism
Management.
Figure 1
Vicinity Map of Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat,
Makati
Theoretical Framework
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) states that man is born with an
intrinsic motivation to explore, absorb and master his surroundings
and that true high self-esteem is reported when the basic
psychological nutrients, or needs, of life (relatedness, competency and
autonomy) are in balance. When social conditions provide support and
opportunity to fulfill these basic needs, personal growth, vitality and
well-being are enhanced. Relatedness was an addition to the original
theory to account for people’s inherent ability to make meaning and
connect with others through the internalization of cultural practices
and values. [1]
Based on the Self-Determination theory, humans have conditions
they need to fulfill and when all their conditions are fulfilled their needs
are also fulfilled. People are more motivated when their needs are
fulfilled and one of the main proponents in a person’s needs is safety,
security, shelter, belongingness, recognition and love. All of these
needs can be fulfilled by an individual’s parents and if they do not have
their parents they will not achieve their needs to have a good self-
esteem. If a student is not taught cultural practices and values, he or
she may not develop the ability to make connections with other people
thus decreasing self-esteem. The parents’ support is mainly the basis
of a person’s self-determination and self-esteem.
Conceptual Framework
The research paradigm shows the flow of study where in the
researchers will start with determining if one, both or none of the
students’ parents is an OFW which is connected with a line to the First
Year Students of Centro Escolar University Makati – Gil Puyat to show
the difference in the effects brought to the students by having one,
both, or no OFW parents. The First year student is then connected to
self-esteem with a striped right arrow. The striped right arrow indicates
possibilities of having effects in the self-esteem of the students. The
self-esteem is then connected to attitude, behavior and academic
standing in which it may be possibly affected by the student’s level of
self-esteem. The double-arrow head shows that attitude, behavior and
academic standing may affect each other. Lastly, the OFW parents,
First Year Students and Self-Esteem are situated in a circle because
these three terms are the main topics of the researchers and the
research study will go around these terms.
Figure 2
Showing the Research Paradigm the Effects of Having OFW
Parents on the Self-Esteem of Selected First Year Students of
Different Courses in Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat, Makati
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the effects of having OFW parents
on selected First Year students’ self-esteem in Centro Escolar
University Gil Puyat Makati, for SY 2012-2013.
Furthermore, it sought to answer the following specific questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondent in terms of the following:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Course
2. Which of the following aspects of self-esteem is affected most by
having absentee parents?
2.1 Student behavior
2.2 Student attitude
2.3 Academic Performance
3. How much difference is there among different time periods when
OFWs stay abroad?
4. What are the significant effects of having OFW parents on self-
esteem of selected First Year students of different courses in
Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat Makati?
Assumptions of the Study
This study will be based on the following assumptions:
1. The respondents have one or both parents working abroad.
2. The respondents will duly complete the test and questionnaire
correctly and honestly.
3. There are 4 out of 10 respondents who have OFW parents.
4. All of the respondents have OFW parents.
Significance of the Study
Working abroad can be understood as parents’ solution to the
plight of family poverty and unemployment. Oftentimes, parents head
overseas in order to provide their children with a better future. This
study will benefit the following:
Students, for them to know and have an understanding of the
effects on self-esteem of having parents working abroad.
Teachers, for them to realize the situation of their students such
as absence of parent can cause failing mark.
Parents, for them to understand the effects of their absence to
the performance of their children.
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The researchers will conduct a study that can answer the effect
of having OFW parents on self-esteem to First Year students. The
respondents that will be included are randomly selected First Year
students in different courses enrolled at Centro Escolar University Gil
Puyat, Makati. The respondents will be asked to answer series of
questionnaires that will be given to them regarding self-esteem,
confidence and behavior. This study will focus only on the self-esteem
of the respondents with OFW parents. Another delimitation of this
study is that it concentrates only in 10 students per course and may
not be a representation sample of all college students for the reason
that college students in different level and different course may also
give different response to this research.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were defined in the context of the study:
Confidence. It is a feeling or consciousness of one's powers or of
reliance on one's circumstances.
Competency. It refers to the quality or state of being functionally
adequate.
Development. It refers to a sufficiency of means for the
necessities and conveniences of life.
Gross Domestic Product. It is the market value of all the goods
and services produced by labor and property provided in a country
during one year.
Natural Selection. It is the process by which forms of life having
traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental
pressures.
Overseas. It means relating to, originating in, or situated in
countries across the sea.
Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW). It refers to any person, eighteen
years of age or above, who is to be engaged, or is engaged or has
been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which the worker
is not a legal resident.
Overseas Employment. It refers to employment of a Filipino
worker outside the Philippines covered by a valid contract.
Remittance. It is the sending of money to someone at a distance.
Self-esteem. It refers to the extent to which we like accept or
approve of ourselves or how much we value ourselves. Self esteem
always involves a degree of evaluation and we may have either a
positive or a negative view of ourselves.
Trauma. It is the behavioral state resulting from mental or
emotional stress or physical injury.
NOTES
1 – Ryan, M.R. & Deci, E.L., (2004). Avoiding Death or Engaging Life as
Accounts of Meaning and Culture: Comment on Pyszczynski et al.;
(2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130 (3), pp. 473-477
12
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter is a review of related literature and studies in which
the researchers considered as relevant to their study. Several authors
have greatly influenced the general conduct of this study with their
related investigation on its major concern. The following are some
related literature and study regarding the effects of having OFW
parents on CEU-GP Makati’s First year students’ self-esteem.
Local Literature
Elena Laur quoted “Every child would like both parents to
be at home. A complete family is more important than anything.” From
what she discussed, separation from their parents affects the internal
lives of the children to a great extent. Both grown-ups and children
mentioned that their emotional lives suffer the most evident effects.
Almost all the children asserted that after their parents’ departure they
faced difficult and unpleasant emotional states. Only a few children
from a certain region mentioned that their current material condition,
which had improved thanks to their parents’ work abroad, makes them
happy. Some of those who take care of children whose parents went
abroad, along with some medical personnel, share the same opinion.
However, according to some children, money cannot compensate for
the suffering caused by separation from their parents.1
13
The researchers included this article because it relates to the
psycho-emotional development of children who have parents working
abroad. This is also related to the self-esteem of children. Not all
children are happy that their parents are separated from them. These
children prefer having their parents working in the same area where
they live because having parents working abroad; affect the emotional
development of the children. Money does not matter to children
because they need their parents more than the money.
Asia-Pacific Policy Center vice president and executive director
Rosemarie Edillon said that it is assumed that there is a trade-off
between money and adult time when one or both parents work abroad.
Simply put, less time spent with children are compensated with more
money that their parents send. In addition, children’s satisfaction only
improved when both money and adult time/attention provided to them
increased.In the aspect of children’s satisfaction with the time and
money provided to them, results in their study showed that OFW
parents and their children give different importance to these inputs.
While it is true that children do feel an increased satisfaction with the
increase of adult attention and money from their parents, they give
varied weights on their importance. More specifically, while the OFW
parents give the same level of importance to attention and money,
children, on their part, give more significance to attention than to
money.2
14
This study is related to the current study because it shows
that children value attention more than money. OFWs migrate to
provide good education for their children. It is the main reason of the
OFWs in working overseas and having a better income only comes
second in their goals. Even though they give equal importance to
attention and money, we have technology that lets us communicate
using video calls and they still can’t give the same attention if they live
with their children.
According to Melanie Reyes, Migration is an economic, social and
political process that affects those who move, those who stay behind,
and the places where they go. People are crossing borders to search
for better job opportunities and to provide a better future for their
families. Reyes discussed that along the development of Filipinos
working abroad is the plight of more children being left behind by
either one or both parents, leaving them to the care of extended family
members. But when women migrate, it appears that families go
through more adjustments. Interchanging of gender roles in the family
could also impact positively or negatively depending on how the father
left behind accepts his new role. Reyes asserted that there is always
an emotional aspect that goes along with parents leaving their
children, especially for long periods of time and it is also a relief to
have the extended family looking after the children left-behind. It
15
cannot negate the fact that the children are longing for the love and
care of their biological parents.3
It is explained in this study that when the mother is departed
from her child for a long time, like in an Overseas Filipino worker, the
family goes to many adjustments. The researcher stated in the study
that parental absence creates displacement disruptions and changes in
care giving arrangement. Even if the extended family looks after the
children, the child still needs the love and care of their biological
parents. The departure of a parent to a child creates an interchanging
of gender role which can affect a child positively or negatively,
depending on the situation.
Foreign Literature
According to Cristina Montefusco, she discussed that there are
two different conditions of Children of Labor Migrants, those who are
left alone just for a few years as mothers return home after a
determined period of time and those who are permanently abandoned
and eventually receive mothers’ remittances. Montefusco said that
children become cynical and cruel and schools are unable to cope with
this challenge. According to Montefusco, children left behind usually
have problems related to low motivation to learn, negative change of
moral values (dominance of material values), poor manners,
arrogance, insolence and egoistic attitudes. On the other hand, they
16
tend to be more vulnerable than the other children, to be more
reserved as well as more independent. They need more support and
understanding from teachers.4
The study is related to the present study because children’s
attitude being left behind can be a cause of having a high self-esteem
or low-self-esteem to children. Knowing why children acts that way
leads to knowing the development of the children’s self-esteem.
An article made by Jan Blaxall for the Canadian Child Care
Federation, proposed simple strategies for parents to enhance the self
esteem of their children. Affection conveys a sincere sense of enjoying
children and wanting to be with them. Attentiveness conveys a
genuine interest in what children are interested in, and a desire to
know children as individuals. Acceptance conveys your respect for
children for who they are today, without pressure to change, to
become someone else, or to conform. Affirmation conveys an
acceptance of children’s feelings as real and legitimate. Availability is
also important because when feelings are intense to ensure that your
child is not overwhelmed and “time in” to help a child regain control
over strong emotions. Admiration is recognition of their efforts and
achievements, encouragement when the going gets tough,
reassurance that it will get easier with time and practice. 5
According to the article, if children feel that their parents want to
be with them it will enhance their self esteem. OFW’s are unable to
17
make this connection and children may feel that their parents do not
want to be with them resulting in damaging the self esteem. Parent’s
helping their children when they are emotionally intense can affect self
esteem in a positive way. If the parents are unable to help their child
when they are full of strong emotions, it may have a negative effect on
the child’s self esteem.
From the book Parent-Child Relations, Jerry Bigner discussed that
the families with teenagers stage of the family life cycle signals the
approaching end of the child-rearing responsibilities for adults. As the
first child grows through adolescence, parents must once again adapt
to the changing developmental demands of their child in providing
their care giving. This is a period of conflict and strained
communications between parents and teenagers. Differences in value
orientation and life-styles between the generations may become
apparent as the teenager approaches early adulthood. With the
completion of the adolescent stage and the exit of the last child from
the home, the parents face the challenge of adjusting to new roles as
adults as they enter the last stage of psychosocial development.
Development interaction during the families-with-teenagers and
launching-of-young-adults stage centers on developmental tasks that
include: (1)Maintaining effective communications with children.
(2)Meeting individual and shared needs. 6
18
From what Jerry Bigner discussed, it is related to the present
study by mentioning some of the factors that might have affected the
relationship between the parent and the child, especially when parents
work abroad. Children whose parents are working abroad have the
tendency to rebel because they do not have parents beside them to
guide them. Only parents have that different and unique impact on
their children that will boost their self-esteem up. It really gives
teenagers good feeling or over-whelming feeling when they feel like
the one they need is just there beside them rather than feeling
incomplete. Sometimes effective communication with parents working
abroad will make the child feel like parents are just physically absent
but morally they present.
Mark Huttemier, a counselor at University of Wisconsin River
Falls, said that self esteem is the feeling of being valued or respected
by our parents. Being respected means supporting the children’s
decisions. The parent works to prevent the child from experiencing
failure because the parent inappropriately interprets the child’s failure
as his/her own failure. The child starts to see his achievements as a
way to win approval from his parents and does not adequately
internalize his success as esteem. The result is the child does not know
how to feel good about himself. He also said that awards like money,
awards, and recognition should not be tied to self esteem. Instead he
believed that personal integrity is the best in creating self esteem.7
19
This article is related to the study because if the parents go
abroad they will fail to interact with their child thus not being able to
support the child’s decisions. If the child excels or fails at something
and is unable to connect with his parents this may result in failure to
develop self-esteem. Personal integrity as defined in the dictionary
means adherence to a code or values. Parents that go abroad will not
be able to teach their kids values, which hinder the formation of self
esteem.
According to the article “The Impact of Migration on Children” by
Caroline Bakker, Martina Elings-Pels and Michele Reis, they discussed
that if children feel that their parents want to be with them it will
enhance their self esteem. OFW’s are unable to make this connection
and children may feel that their parents do not want to be with them
resulting in damaging the self esteem. Parent’s helping their children
when they are emotionally intense can affect self esteem in a positive
way. If the parents are unable to help their child when they are full of
strong emotions, it may have a negative effect on the child’s self
esteem.8
The impact of parents’ migration on children can be devastating
as it threatens the long-term well-being and development of
adolescents into adulthood. Children affected by migration face several
challenges in terms of education and health care as well as various
20
psychosocial problems. Many children left behind suffer from
depressions, low self-esteem which can lead to behavioral problems,
and at increased risk of poor academic performance as well as
interruption of schooling.
Local Studies
Melanie Reyes, an active member of Women and Gender
Institute for the United Nations Children’s Fund, believed that
vulnerability of children to abuse and violence is one of the worrying
aspects of parental absence. Study shows that among the common
form of abuse are verbal, intimidating and hurting children. And among
children of migrants, it is the male children who reported experiencing
more abuse than female children. “Gender differences were largest for
such abuses as being belittled and being hurt. The feeling of being
abandoned was rather pronounced among the children of migrant
mothers (boys and girls alike)”.9
The study is related to the present study because the
vulnerability of children to abuse and violence are connected to one’s
development of self-esteem. A person's overall sense of self-worth or
personal value may not be achieved if a child is vulnerable. A child
may be vulnerable due to parental absence.
A Research paper from College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle
University – Dasmariñas concluded that parents help shape the
personality of college students by means of attachment establishment
21
through the formative years. As absentee parent/s goes home within
two years, they are able to contribute on the rearing of their children.
Monetary support compensates to the time lost, although not in every
aspect of their college children’s needs. Lastly, the college students
still see the parent/s overseas as figure/s of authority, however remote
their parent/s can be.10
This study is related to the present study because the past study
found out that parents have important roles on their children and they
contribute on the rearing of their children. It also stated that parents
help shape the personality of a child. In this aspect, parent absence
may greatly affect a child’s personality and self-esteem.
A local study about Migration and Filipino Children Left-Behind
states that Parental absence creates “displacement, disruptions and
changes in care giving arrangement.” There is always an emotional
aspect that goes along with parents leaving their children, especially
for long periods of time. Nevertheless, it is also a relief to have the
extended family looking after the children left-behind. However, it
cannot negate the fact that the children are longing for the love and
care of their biological parents.11
In the study about Migration and Filipino Children Left-Behind by
Melanie Reyes, it is said that children left behind by their OFW parents
seeks for love and care from their parents which cannot be replaced by
22
mere caregivers. The study is related to the present study because the
results of the past study states that children left behind needs love and
affection from their biological parents. If a person’s needs are not
fulfilled it may affect the person’s attitude, behavior and performance
along with their self-concept or self-esteem.
A study by the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy of
University of the Philippines states that, the results of their study
revealed that students with low self-esteem compared to those with
high self-esteem tend to compare themselves more to others who are
better or to those who have more. They also tend to see themselves in
areas that they are not positively endowed with. In general
adolescents base their self-esteem on internal factors, namely on their
belief that they are loved by God and by their adherence to a moral
code. No gender differences were found between males and females’
direction of social comparison. Females were found to be more
affected than males regarding academic performance, family
relationships, and relationship with God.12
The study is related to the present study because it shows that a
person’s self-concept is said to be affected by family relationships. If
the parents are working abroad then a person’s self-concept or self-
esteem may also be affected.
A study entitled, Self-esteem and family relationships: A Filipino
study by Watkins, David; Astilla, Estela states that the importance of
23
the parent-child relationship in the development of self-concept is well
recognized by psychologists. The Philippines is an intensely family
oriented society. Given the family oriented nature of Filipino that
writers should suggest that the Filipino based in the bond that unites
the family and kinship groups. However, this proposition been
empirically investigated. The article tests whether high self-esteem
subjects report a higher degree of family acceptance than low esteem
subjects. It was found that the high self-esteem group reported a
superior level of family inter-relationships to the low self-esteem group.
This lends empirical confirmation to the hypothesized close association
between the Filipino's perception of his family relationship and his self-
esteem. It also lends support, from a cross-cultural perspective, to the
view that family relationships are a significant influence on the
development of sense of self worth of adolescents. 13
According to David Watkins and Estela Astilla, family
relationships play a very important role in a person’s self-esteem.
Being that of a country with close family ties, a child is influenced
significantly by their family especially their parents. The study by
David Watkins and Estela Astilla is related to the present study
because it establishes discovered facts about the family’s role to a
person’s self-esteem.
Foreign Studies
24
According to Stanley Coopersmith, he studied the kinds of
parental attitudes and practices were associated with the development
of high levels of self-esteem and there were three conditions that were
correlated with high self-esteem. First, the parents themselves had
high levels of self-esteem and were very accepting toward their
children. Second, students with high self-esteem tend to have parents
who enforced clearly defined limits. Third, parents of the students with
high self-esteem showed respect for the children's rights and opinions,
respect for the children's rights and opinions. 14
The study is related to the present study because Parents'
parental attitudes and practices are also connected to the
development of self-esteem of their children. A parent who has a high
self-esteem can also influence and give their children a better
guidance, show them their limits and most importantly, respect their
ideas and opinions. Parent's support all through the way is a big help in
guiding the child to be confident in everything they do.
According to Frank Rusch, the family's involvement in their son's
or daughter's education is a critical factor related to school success.
Students' benefits from family involvement as indicated by better
academic performance, better attendance, lower dropout rates,
increase likelihood for higher education and improved attitudes.
Parents play a significant role in transitions as indicated by the
overwhelming support for their own involvement evident through
25
Legislations, research outcomes and student testimony. In addition,
parents are a source of continuity and consistency in the young adult's
life that can be a key link among changing education and adult service
personnel as well as an ongoing and constant source of support.
Parents themselves must set or be a good example to their children.
Being a role model to their kids affects what they might be in the
future. 15
The study is related to the present study by means of how much
time is allotted by the parents to bond with their children. The more
they show support and give their children's needs, the more the child
is being motivated in pursuing better achievements as they develop
their self-esteem.
According to Delamont, "boys" demand are given more attention
and engage in activity related discussion to a greater extent than girls.
Girls maybe more affected than boys by family disruption. there is
some evidence that the effect of living with one parent on dropping out
of high school is greater for young men. Parents bear primary
responsibility for making sure that the child's needs are met. In order
to grow up to be successful adults, children need intellectual
stimulation and they need to know that working hard and getting a
good education will pay off in the future. They also need a close
relationship with a parent who is committed to their well-being and
who has the ability and authority to supervise their activities and make
26
sure they do not get off on the wrong track. Boys are more
irresponsible than girls. But by now some girls tend to act like boys.
They do the same thing. Parents must guide their kids on which track
they must go.16
The study is related to the present study because parents should
be the first and the one who will set their children's mind in knowing
how to have a better future. Their close relationship is the key in
convincing the child to believe what their parents tell them. Without it,
children might just make their own risky decisions without asking
anyone for opinions if what they will do is for the better or for worse
because some parents just leave their children for work and never
having the time to talk to them.
According to National Center for Education
Statistics(Washington), they conducted a study using national
probability sample of one thousand, two hundred fifty fathers showed
that children whose fathers share meals, spend leisure time with them,
or help them with reading or homework do significantly better in
schooling than those whose father do not.17
This study is related to the present study because parents
spending time mostly with their kids are really important to a child’s
development and they are able to guide their child while growing up. If
the child is nurtured with love, care and support from their parents,
27
children will not have low self-esteem and will have self-confidence to
do the right thing.
According to Asis Maruja, “Parental absence creates
displacement, disruptions and changes in care giving arrangement.”
Maruja asserted that there is always an emotional aspect that goes
along with parents leaving their children, especially for long periods of
time. Nevertheless, it is also a relief to have the extended family
looking after the children left-behind. However, it cannot negate the
fact that the children are longing for the love and care of their
biological parents.18
The study is related to the present study because parents should
be the one guiding their child. The children will not have a proper self-
esteem if they are left behind. A child may grow in a wrong
environment and could think and do risky actions if they are not well
guided and taught by their parents.
28
NOTES1 Elena Laur. “Psycho-emotional development”, The Impact
Of Parental Deprivation On The Development Of Children Left Behind
By Moldovan Migrants. page 20
www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/The_Impact_of_Parental_Deprivation_
on_the_Development_of_Children.pdf
2 Rosemarie Edillon (March - April 2008). OFW Children: Wanting
For More Attention, Development Research News Vol. XXVI No.2 ISSN
0115-9097
3 Melanie M. Reyes (2008). Migration and Filipino Children Left-
Behind. www.unicef.org/philippines/Synthesis_StudyJuly12008.pdf
4 Cristina Montefusco (November 2010). International Migration
Organization Final Report: The Psychosocial-Educational Component.
pg.10-135 Jan Blaxall(2008). Parents as Partners: Enhancing Self-Esteem6 Jerry J. Bigner. “An Introduction to Parenting”, Parent – Child
relations. page 210 – 211
7 Mark Huttemier (August 2012). From Integrity to Self-Esteem
www.uwrf.edu/StudentHealthAndCounseling/upload/ArticleSelfEsteem.
29
8 Caroline Bakker, Martina Elings-Pels and Michele Reis (August
2009). The Impact of Migration on Children, Caribbean UNICEF Office
for Barbados and Eastern Caribbean
9 Melanie Reyes (2003). A Philippine Study: “Families on the
Move”10 Effelaine Castro, Jomari Del Rosario, April Jane Gonzales, Josef
Paolo Jimenez, and Kong-Tae Kyu (2011). The Psychological Effects of
the Absentee Parents to the Personality Development of College
Students. www.scribd.com/doc/67272871/The-Psychological-Effects-of-
the-Absentee-Parents-to-the-Personality-Development-of-College-
Students11 Melanie M. Reyes (2008). Migration and Filipino Children Left-
Behind. www.unicef.org/philippines/Synthesis_StudyJuly12008.pdf
12 Eric L. Dimar (2011). Contingencies Of Filipino Adolescent Self-
Esteem And The Possible Effect Of Direction Of Social Comparison.
(University of the Philippines Diliman Undergraduate Thesis)
13 David Watkins and Estela Astilla (1980). Self-esteem and family
relationships: A Filipino study.
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/11587764/self-
esteem-family-relationships-filipino-study14 Abe, Sherry. Bagus, Jasmin. Francisco, Mellisa Joy (March
2004). The Self-Esteem Of Students In The Cream Section From Second
30
Year To Fourth Year Of The BS Psychology Program School Year 2003-
2004 (Centro Escolar University Undergraduate Thesis)15 Claudette P. Nuguid, Mary Cris P. Cabahug, Theresa Joy C.
Liwanag (March 2012). Comparative Study Of The Father's Absence
And The Mother's Absence On The Cognitive Ability And Academic
Performance Of Freshmen Students Of The School Of Science And
Technology (Centro Escolar University Undergraduate Thesis)
16 Christian Mary G. Avinante, Elaine C. Domingo, Monette M.
Mirano (March 2003). Perceived Effects Of Paternal Absence On The
Child's Social And Emotional Development (CEU Undergraduate Thesis)17 Claudette P. Nuguid, Mary Cris P. Cabahug, Theresa Joy C.
Liwanag (March 2012). Comparative Study Of The Father's Absence
And The Mother's Absence On The Cognitive Ability And Academic
Performance Of Freshmen Students Of The School Of Science And
Technology (Centro Escolar University Undergraduate Thesis)18 Asis Maruja (2000). A Study of Migration and Families in Asia
31
CHAPTER 3
Methods and Procedure
This chapter includes the methods and procedures that will be
used in gathering data, the subjects of the study, the instruments that
will be adapted, the sampling technique, and the statistical treatment
that will be employed in interpreting the data.
Research Methodology
The Descriptive Research Method will be used in this study.
This type of research method describes and interprets what is. It
is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist, practices that
prevail, beliefs, processes that are going on, effects that are being felt,
or trends that are developing.1
The process of Descriptive Research goes beyond mere
gathering and tabulation of data. It involves the elements or
interpretation of the meaning or significance of what is described and
is often combined with comparison and contrast. 2
In other words, Descriptive Research may be defined as a
purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating
data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends
32
and cause-effect relationships and then making adequate and accurate
interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical
method.
32
Since the present study is concerned with the effects of having
OFW parents on self-esteem of selected First Year students, the
Descriptive method of research was the most appropriate kind of
research design to use.
Subjects of the Study
The researchers choose the entire First year students studying in
Centro Escolar University Makati-Gil Puyat. The total number of first
year students, excluding irregular students, is 1335. The age range is
from 15-19 years old.
Sampling Technique
The researchers will use Purposive sampling - a non-Scientific
Sampling.
This type of non-scientific sampling is based on selecting the
individuals as samples according to the purposes of the researchers as
their controls. An individual is selected as part of the sample due to
good evidence that he is a representative of the population. 3
Generally speaking, statisticians do not use this type of sampling
design because not all of the individuals are given equal chance to be
included in the sample since the criteria are based on the purposes of
the investigator.
33
Procedure of Data Gathering
The researchers will utilize the following procedure to gather the
data for this study:
1. The researchers will write a permission letter to the Dean and
the Vice President of Centro Escolar University Makati City, to conduct
a study.
2. The researchers will request from the Student Records
Management Department for the schedule and room assignment of the
respondents.
Instruments that will be in this Study
Below are the instruments that will be used by the researchers in
conducting this study:
1. The researchers will prepare a survey questionnaire for the
respondents. It will consist of ten (10) major questions with a multiple
choice type of responses. This questionnaire will intend to gather data
that will show the effects on self-esteem in having OFW parents.
2. The researchers will use the Rosenburg's Self-esteem scale. It
consists of ten (10) questions, which will determine the self-esteem
level of the respondents.
34
(FOR THE SAMPLE OF ROSENBURG'S SELF-ESTEEM SCALE, GO TO
www.wwnorton.com/college/psych/psychsci/media/rosenberg.htm)
Statistical Treatment of Data
The following formulas will be used by the researchers to treat
and interpret their data.
The researchers will use Mean. This is to know what the average
self-esteem level of the respondents is.
X = (∑ƒixi) / nWhere:
X = mean
n = level of self-esteem
ƒi = frequency
Xi = grade or mark per question
The next statistical formula is the Standard Deviation. It is used
to know the range of each grade or mark of every answer in each
question of the questionnaire.
SD = √[n∑x2 – (∑x2)] / √n
Where:
SD = standard deviation x = mean
35
n = number of
respondents in a group
Below is the formula for the Two-Tailed T-Test to determine the
significance of the difference in the stress levels of the two groups.
t = -
n1 n2
Where t = t-Test
= mean of the first sample
= mean of the second sample
S1 = sample standard deviation of the first sample
S2 = sample standard deviation of the second
sample
This test was used in rejecting the (Ho) Null hypothesis. The
results will be used to find out the effects of having OFW parents on
the self-esteem of selected first year students.
36
NOTES1 Jose Calderon, Expectacion Gonzales (1993). Methods of
Research and Thesis Writing. (Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg. 125 Pioneer
Street, Mandaluyong City 1550: National Book Store, 2007 Reprint)
Page 612 Custodiosa Sanchez (1980). Methods and Techniques of
Research, (Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.) Page 833 Laurentina Paler-Calmorin, Melchor A. Calmorin (2010).
Research Methods and Thesis Writing, (856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St.,
Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.) Page 104