01. Research Title : Bio Environtmental Management of Oil Palm Plantation in

Riau-Indonesia

02. Brief outline of the project

The study is entitled Bio environtmental management of oil palm plantations

in Riau-Indonesia. It is based on problems that occur in oil palm plantations,

especially those related to climate factors (temperature, intensity of light, rainfall and

humidity), biological factors (weeds, plant age, types of seeds, space per hektar

(SPH), FFB productivity, pests and diseases) and land physical factors (topography

and soil type) and chemical factors (nutrient content, pH of soil, herbicides,

insecticides and fungicides). From all these factors, an entity should be integrated to

determine the policy decision of the problems in the oil palm plantations. This study

aims to gain technology, testing, and certification of oil palm plantation management

and implementation. The methodology in this study is included into the system as the

following framework:

Figure 1. Configuration data and models of oil palm plantations

DATA MODEL

DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODEL

Data Early Plantation Determination of

Productivity Indicator

Model Plantation Expert Data

Scoring models

Plantation Board Data Resume AHP

Plantation Model Combination

Productivity

Improvement Plantation

Productivity Indicator

Data Plantation

Simulation models

Plantation

Data Score Plantation

Centralized Management System

Dialog Management System

Users

The results of this study are expected to provide beneficial results for oil palm

plantation, which are capable of generating technology in certified management of

oil palm plantations. So that the plantation helps in answering problems that occur in

an integrated manner, improving the productivity of oil palm plantations to become

more effective and efficient.

03. Brief Introduction/Literature

Based on data from the ITC in June 2012, Malaysia is the country's largest palm oil

exporter in the world with a value of U.S. $ 17.49 billion in 2011. Second rank

followed by Indonesia with a value of U.S. $ 17.26 billion (ITC, 2012).

Table 1. Palm oil exporting country in the world

Rank Exportir 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Trend

07-11

Growth

%07-11

1 Malaysia 8.25 12.74 9.26 12.41 17.49 15.91 112.07%

2 Indonesia 7.87 12.38 10.37 13.47 17.26 18.01 119.37%

3 Netherlands 1.02 1.67 1.16 1.16 1.64 6.00 60.44%

Source: ITC, 2012(billion US $)

In 2011, the plantation area in Indonesia is estimated at 9 million hectares,

with production of more than 23 million tons of CPO per year, with a composition of

5 million tons are consumed domestically, while the remaining 80% is exported

(Ministry of agriculture, 2011). Total palm oil production in 2010 amounted to

499,726.2 tons (Wijono, 2012).

Table 2. Growth of oil palm plantations in Indonesia

Year Area Growth Area % CPO

Production

Growth CPO

Production

2007 6.766.836 2,6 17.664.725 1,8

2008 7.363.847 8,8 17.539.788 -0,7

2009 7.508.023 2,0 18.640.881 6,3

2010 7.824.623 4,2 23.200.000 24,5

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, 2011

Based on the data from existing Farmers Union Oil Palm, 8 provinces have

the largest oil palm plantations in Indonesia. Regency is one of the largest palm oil

producers in the province of Riau.

Table 3. 8 Provinces with the largest oil palm plantations in Indonesia

Province 2008 2009 2010

Sumatera Utara 3.882.401 3.862.399 3.981.649

Sumatera Barat 961.537 896.301 905.113

Riau 4.815.885 5.311.368 5.462.482

Jambi 1.626.461 1.499.891 1.530.821

Sumatera selatan 1.891.425 2.313.508 2.380.544

Kalimatan Barat 1.124.388 1.331.659 1.373.165

Kalimantan Tengah 1.295.729 1.798.102 1.828.662

Kalimantan Selatan 891.057 1.041.367 1.051.534

Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia and Directore General of Estate

Oil palm plantations in Indonesia are managed by the system nucleus,

plasma, goverment and farmer self-help plantations. Nucleus and plasma are

managed and supervised by the plantations, while the non-governmental estates that

have nurtured the company also expected RSPO standards (RSPO, 2005). The

nucleus and the plasma plantations is under supervision of a large company, but their

production quality and quantity are below the expectation.

Table 4. Productivity FFB nucleus and plasma plantation

Age

Productivity CPO Productivity Palm Kernel

Nucleus Plantation Plasma Plantation Nucleus Plantation Plasma Plantation

Rendem

en (%)

CPO

(Ton)

Rendem

en (%)

CPO

(Ton)

Rendem

en (%)

Palm

Kernel

(Ton)

Rendem

en (%) Palm

Kernel

(Ton)

7 20,00 13.850,00 19,00 17.887,12 5,10 3.464,10 4,45 4.137,50

8 21,00 22.316,66 19,50 29.458,30 5,40 5.630,88 4,60 6.853,00

9 23,00 31.692,64 20,00 41.225,20 5,70 7.952,69 4,80 9.669,80

10 23,00 39.022,70 20,50 50.378,00 5,70 9.814,48 5,00 11.957,00

11 23,00 44.182,75 20,50 56.268,50 5,70 11.089,80 5,00 13.483,00

Pelalawan is one of the areas in Riau province, an area for this study.

Pelalawan currently has approximately 320 thousand hectares of oil palm plantations,

both owned by company and community. Pelalawan government strongly supports

the development of industry and the development of Pelalawan, with the availability

of abundant natural resources becomes a major factor in the establishment of

regional development teknopolitan. Teknopolitan is a complex area, where research

institutes, universities and industrial relationships gather in synergy to create,

produce and develop productive activities based on knowledge (BPPT, 2012).

Oil palm, a vegetable oil crops, is one of the plantation belle which became a

source of foreign exchange. Success in the management of oil palm plantations can

be achieved through good farm management ranging from land clearing to harvesting

and post- harvest. Good and poor maintenance of oil palm plantations will be

reflected from the harvesting and production. One cause of low productivity of oil

palm plantations are human resources, because the applied production technology is

still relatively modest, ranging from nursery to harvest. With the application of

appropriate farming technologies, will have the potency to increase the productivity

of oil palm. In addition, the above mentioned problems are usually fundamental

issues, such as the biology, climate, physical and chemical factors did not become an

integrated management policy at the plantation. Whereas if everything must wait for

the test results from the testing companies, it requires a long time to generate a

solution on recently faced problems. This is caused by laboratory testing and experts

who understand the problems in plantation are not even available in other areas, so it

requires an additional fee to obtain solutions to these problems. Therefore, we need a

model of control in oil palm plantation productivity that management of fresh fruit

bunches (FFB) remained stable. To manage the productivity, it is necessary to study

the composition of the necessary nutrients better after FFB are harvested and the

cause of nutrients loss due to the immobilization. So, the need of nutrients to the

roots, stems, leaves, and fruiting a always fulfilled.

Oil palm has a very wide range of usefulness of upstream and downstream

industries. Oil Palm Plantation requires proper management to produce the desired

productivity. There have been many studies on oil palm conducted and reported with

all sorts of advantages, but this study is different from previous existing research.

This study focuses on fundamental studies of FFB that affect the productivity due to

biologiical, climatic, physical, and chemical factors in integrated land management in

this study. The control is managed in an integrated and implemented way through the

design expert system models that can be used by users in the oil palm plantation. The

main advantages of this study is the ability of an expert system design models to

address problems in the field and obtain a solution, so as to reduce the costs as low as

possible because of the expertise possessed by the system, so that the productivity of

oil palm FFB remains high.

a. Bio Environtmental Management

Environment is complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act

upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and

survival. The major components of the physical environment are discussed in the

articles atmosphere, climate, continental landform, hydrosphere, and ocean. The

surroundings of an organism are known as its environment. Environments consist of

many components including both physical features, such as climate and soil type,

and biological features, such as predators and prey. The bio environmental has wider

connotations than ecology because it includes the study of humans in the

environment, so you will nd such subjects as agriculture, pollution and the

unnatural surroundings (Reiss & Chapnam, 2010).

Many technologies that have been used for development are basically

technologies or strategies for managing the environment, since they were developed

for the purpose of increasing mans power to extract resources and production from

nature, and/or to reduce the impacts of natures variability on society. A prime

example is modern industrial agriculture, which in order to solve the basic problem

of hunger, replaced natural nutrient cycles, climate, plant-plant/herbivore

interactions, and diverse ecosystems with fossil fuel energy, irrigation, man-made

chemical pesticides and specialized monocultural agro-ecosystems (Colby, 1991).

b. Morphology of Oil Palm Productivity Support influenced by Bio

Environtmental factors

- Root of Oil Palm

Oil palm is a monocot plant that has root fibers (Fahmi, 2012). Root has the

function to (1) support the structure above ground stems, (2) absorb water and

nutrients from the soil, (3) run respiration apparatus. Palm root system consists of a

primary root diameter of 5-10 mm, 2-4 mm in diameter secondary, tertiary diameter

1-2 mm, and quaternary diameter of 0,1 0,3 mm with a distance of 2-3 m from the

base of the tree. Many palm roots are near the soil surface around 5-35 cm, rarely

exceeding a depth of 90 cm, whereas the water table is deep enough (Lubis and

Widanarko, 2012).

Table 5. dry weight and root length in the oil palm plantations of Malaysia

Plant

Age

(year)

Dry weight root (kg/tree) Estimates of root length (m/tree)

Primer Sekunder Tersier &

Kuartener

Primer Sekunder Tersier Kuartener

1.5 3.8 3.1 1.2 530 2,540 5,820 16,150

2.5 8.1 6.2 1.8 1,130 4,030 8,730 24,320

4.5 19.1 12.5 4.9 2,660 7,460 16,220 45,010

6.5 28.1 9.0 3.5 3,920 3,690 11,580 32,130

8.5 25.1 14.1 4.3

10.5 33.4 11.5 4.1

14.5 48.7 15.8 4.4

17.5 44.1 14.2 3.2

27.5 90.4 30.3 10.1

Source Gray (1969)

Growth and root branching can inflame when the concentration of soil

nutrients (especially N and P) is quite large (Wright, 1951). Although feeding root

(root absorption) are mostly located in gawangan, fertilizer can be justified on the

disc for ease of control and execution of fertilizer dose. Based on the assumption that

each 1 cm tertiary roots (diameter 0.9 mm) has a root quaternary 2.75 cm (diameter

0.2 mm), each gram of root weight (fresh) is equivalent to the length of 520 cm, or

about 1,500 cm by 1 gram weight dry. If the root dry weight of tertiary and

quaternary 4 kg per tree root length mencapa then 60 km / tree or about 9,000 km /

ha at planting density is common. Thus, fertilizer plants on the disc is likely to be

absorbed by the plant roots ketaknya 1-2 tree of the disc. However, the amount of

fertilizer that is absorbed is not influenced by fertilizer placement on disk or

gawangan (Pahan, 2012).

- Stem of Oil Palm

In the first year or two of oil palm growth, the growth of stems visible once

enlarged at the base, reaching 60 cm in diameter. After that, the stems will shrink,

usually only 40 cm in diameter, but faster growth. Generally, increase in plant height

can reach 35-75 cm per year, depending on environmental conditions and the

growing diversity genetik.Batang covered by the base of the leaf midrib old smpai

approximately 11-15 years of age (Pahan, 2012).

Stem has 3 main functions, (1) as a structure that supports the leaves, flowers

and fruit, (2) as vascular system that transports water and mineral nutrients from the

roots to the top as well as a result of photosynthesis from the leaves to the bottom,

(3) serves as a food hoarding (Lubis and Widanarko, 2012).

Table 6. Nutrient content of oil palm stem at different ages of plants

Plant age

(year) 1,5 2,5 4,5 6,5 8,5 10,5 14,5 17,5 27,5

Kandungan

N (g/tree) 76 186 160 410 353 419 765 1,132 1,340

Kandungan

N (g/tree) 155 631 1.328 2,285 2,153 3,268 3,357 2,307 2,047

Source. 1969

- Leaves of oil palm

Leaves consists of several parts, (1) set of leaflets has a leaf blade (lamina)

and the child leaves (midrib), (2) leaf rachis is attached as a child, (3) the leaf stalk

(petiole), (4) sheath leaf as the protection of the bud and give strength to the stem.

Leaf area depends on soil fertility and moisture as well as the level of water stress

(stomata closure). Leaf production is also influenced by the seasons, the rainy

season, all leaves on the dashed phase and after the opening leaf, opening rate back

to normal. Production of leaves with the same genetic but grown on different

production environments will differ.

Leaf area depends on soil fertility and moisture as well as the level of water

stress (stomatal closure). N and K fertilizer application can increase leaf area, in

addition to the increase in leaf area with plant age due to increasing child and

average leaf size, including the length of the leaf . Leaf production is also influenced

by the seasons, the rainy season, all the leaves on the dashed phase and after the

opening leaf opening rate back to normal. Production of leaves with the same genetic

but grown in different environments will be different production.

The total number of leaves in the oil palm plantations is highly dependent on

the method of harvesting and pruning is done. In addition to light intensity factor to

the crop canopy also affect the number of leaves. On the normal density of 140-150

trees / ha with no leaf buds , leaves senescense started at 48-50. However, at high

density, can occur from the 35 of leaf. Filotaksis spiral arrangement of leaves

following the Fibonacci sequence, 1:1:2:3:5:8:13:21 and so on (Pahan, 2012).

- Fruit of oil palm

Oil palm is a monoecious plant, male and female flower relationship

contained in one tree, but not in the same cluster. Sometimes there is also a

hermaphrodite. Flowers appear from the armpit leaves. Each leaf produces a

infloresen armpit (compound interest). Infloresen development of early initiation of

the process forms a complete infloresen in 2.5-3 years. Oil palm fruit considered

drupe fruit, composed of pericarp is encased by exocarp (skin), mesocarp, and

endocarp (shell) that wraps the 1-4 core / kernel (usually only one). Core has testa

(skin), the solid endosperm, and an embryo. Pisifera fruit types have alela

homozygous recessive so it does not form shells. Pisifera generally failed to form a

fruit that is not grown commercially in plantations. Type dura (2-8 mm thick shell)

has a dominant 9ontrollin alela which produces a thick shell. Hybrid of dura x

Pisifera are the types of plants that have alela 9ontrolling9 Tenera. Tenera has a thin

shell (0.5-4 mml) and is surrounded by a ring of fiber on mesocarpnya. Tenera

varieties are preferred for commercial cultivation because the oil content in

mesocarpnya is higher than the dura (Pahan, 2012).

c. Integrated various bio environtmental factors

- Climate factors

Climatic factors that affect the productivity of oil palm plantations are the

intensity of sunlight, temperature, rainfall, and humidity. Palm plants require high

light intensities that are sufficient to perform photosynthesis, except in conditions of

juveniles in pre nursery. In the clear sky conditions in the equatorial zone, light

intensity of 1410-1540 J/cm2/day. Intensity of 1,410 occurred in June and

December,while 1,540 took place in March and September. The further a region of

the equatorial light intensity will decrease. Photosynthesis in leaves of palm oil will

increase in the cloudy sky conditions. FFB production/year was also influenced by

the number of hours of effevtive solar radiation. The fffect of irradiation time on

increasing production of 5.7 kg per 100 hour increases the effectivity of exposure

per tree. In the equatorial regions received more than 2,400 hours of effective

exposure time of year, the average yield per tree to a minimum of 125 kg or 18 tons

FFB / ha / year (Pahan, 2012).

According to Fauzi et al. (2008), oil palms in commercial plantations can

grow well in the temperature range 24-280C. FFB production is obtained from the

highest average annual temperature ranges from 25-270C. Water requirements for oil

palms in commercial plantations are around 1,950 mm / year. This may mean that oil

palm plantations require around 2.000 mm of rainfall that is evenly distributed

throughout the year without the dry months (water deficit) is real. Oil Palm Research

Center (2006) explains that there are some effects of drought and water deficit for the

production of oil palm. Water deficit is the available water supply conditions are not

able to meet the water requirements for crops. Length of exposure of the required

palm oil is 5-12 hours / day with 18% humidity conditions. Wind speed of 5-6

km/hours is very good to help pollination of oil palm.

- Biological factors

Biological factors that affect the productivity of oil palm are weeds, pests,

diseases, plant age, Stand Per Hektar (SPH), and plant material. Weeds are easy to

grow in a nutrient-poor to nutrient-rich. Generally, weeds are easy to regenerate so

excelled in competing with the crop. Physically, weeds that compete with the crop in

terms of acquisition of space, light, water, nutrients, essential gases, and chemicals

(residues) are secreted. Unwanted weeds in the plantation can lead to the following

condition:

a) Reduction of the production of FFB due to compete in the retrieval of

nutrients, water, sunlight, and living space.

b) Reduction of the quality of FFB production due to contamination by weed

parts.

c) Removing residues compounds that can interfere with plant growth.

d) Being the host for pests, as well as pathogens that attack plants.

e) Interfering water use planning.

f) Increasing the cost of farming because it resulted in additional activities on the

estate (Pahan, 2012)

Efforts to detect pests and diseases at an earlier time must be executed. In

addition to facilitate the prevention and control measures, the advantage of early

detection is also intended to prevent uncontrolled explosion attack. Economically,

control costs through early detection certainly much lower than that of control of

pests and diseases that have spread widely. Pests that often attack oil palm crops are

such as fire caterpillar, caterpillar bags, mice, termites, Adoratus, Apogonia, and wild

boar. While the types of diseases that often attack them are palm leaf diseases on

seedlings, stem rot disease (ganoderma), bunches of fruit rot disease (Marasmius),

and bud rot disease (spear root).

High and low productivity of oil palm plantations is affected by the age

composition of plants. Lubis (1992) stated that the maximum productivity of oil palm

plantations can be achieved when plants are 7-11 years old. According to Pahan

(2012) optimal production can be achieved when the average age of the plant is 15

years. Reference for determining the age limit of 15 years based on the age of 15

years will reach peak production. According Sunarko (2007), the number of female

flowers on young plants is increasing, so that the fruit produces more, but the weight

of the resulting only reaches approximately 10-15 kg. Such conditions lead to low

crop productivity. Old crop weighs heavier bunches than young plants. Slender

weight average will be the same for each year when the plants are more than 10 years

(Adiwiganda, 2002).

Space Per Hektar (SPH) is one of the factors that affect the productivity of oil

palm plantations. Risza (2008) stated that there is a relationship between the

declining in production with planting density. Palm that live in a protected and get

less sunlight to elevated growth, abnormal, looks skinny, weak, little leaf number,

and reduced production of female flowers. The success of oil palm plantation

business, among others is also influenced by the plant material that has superior

properties. Seeds will ensure good growth and high level of productivity when

implemented optimally.

- Physical factors

Optimal land for oil palm should be based on three factors, namely,

environmental, soil physical properties, and chemical properties of soil or soil

fertility. Oil palm can live in mineral soil, peat, and tides. The physical properties of

peat soils of them always under water, slow decomposition of organic materials,

loose consistency, low density period, and is like a sponge (to absorb and hold water

in bulk). Peatland drainage is usually followed by a mass depreciation and land

subsidence.

Aweto and Enaruvbe (2010) findings of this study, however, indicate that

within a limited area of a few hectares, soil properties vary along the catena on the

sedimentary soils, even under the same land use. Topographical position and ground

slope are the main factors accounting for variations in soil properties in the catena

studied. Soil pH, base saturation, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable calcium

and magnesium and extractable iron vary significantly between the upper, middle

and lower slope positions of the catena. The middle slope, which had higher clay

content and is also characterized by more gentle slopes, had higher cation exchange

capacity and exchangeable calcium while the lower slope had higher extractable iron

on account of the higher moisture content.

Grouping soil fertility aimed at physical and chemical properties of the soil

by the method of storie (Adiwiganda, 2005). Following parameters to determine the

level of fertility:

1. Effective depth

2. soil texture and structure

3. thickness of the peat

4. coarse ingredients

5. mineral reserves

6. cation exchange capacity of clay

7. base saturation

- Chemical factors

Chemical properties of the peat soil, raw organic content is very high, and

fulfill high humid acid, soil acidity (pH 3-3.5), high N content, the content of C/N is

high, and the content of the element P, K, Mg, Cu, Zn and B deficient conditions

(Nurida et al. 2011). Diagnosis is done by chemical analysis of soil and tissue

(leave).

Table 7. Soil analysis data interpretation

No. Type of

Nutrient

Available Nutrients (ppm) Extraction

Method Very Low Low Normal High Very High

1 P 200 Bray II

2 K 300 Mehlich

3 Mg 180 Mehlich

No. Type of

Nutrient Defisiensi Normal Berlebih

Extraction

Method

4 Mn 1,300 AAAc

5 Zn 10 DTPA

6 Cu 7 AAAc-EDTA

7 B 3 Hot water

Source: Pahan (2012)

Much research has been done to look for the best part of the plant to assess

the nutrient status of plants. According to Chapman and Gray (1949), leaves to 17 is

the most sensitive because it shows the greatest difference in the levels of N, P, K.

Table 8. Nutrient concentrations in the leaves of oil palm

Nutrien

t

Unit

Keficience Conditions Optimum Conditions Excessive Conditions

Young

plants 6 years

Young plants

6 years

Young plants

6 years

N % 3,0

P % 0,25

K % 1,90

Mg % 0,70

Ca % 1,00

S % 0,60

Cl % 1,00

B Ppm 40

Cu Ppm 15

Zn Ppm 80

Source: Von Uexkull (1992)

d. Nucleus and Plasma Oil Palm Plantations

Oil palm plantations began cultivated again as agro-industries since

the end of 1960 by a large plantation in the late 1970 and has been introduced

back to the community through a pattern of nucleus oil palm plantations

or Nucleus Estate Smallhoders (NES) (Deptan, 2011). The purpose of the model

nucleus oil palm plantations is not only limited to the physical construction of the

garden alone, but the wider community that builds planters are self-employed,

prosperous, and in harmony with the environment is carried out in the area of new

openings ultimately expected formation of the modern farmer. Conceptually, the

notion nucleus oil palm plantations is a pattern of implementation of plantation

development by using large estates as a core which helps and guides people's

plantation surrounding the plasma in a system of mutual cooperation, intact,

and sustainable, through the agribusiness system that starts from the provision of

inputs, production, processing and marketing (Budiasa, 2000).

Plasma core relationships and more likely just a business relationship, ie

(1). Farmers are required to sell the production to the company and the company's

core obliged to buy it. (2). As a result of the relationship that has not been well

established, farmers have always been in a weak position. Farmers as if only as

thus producing frequent conflicts between farmers and the nucleus plantations

(Malini & Aryani, 2012). The yield of FFB from smallholdings to practice

not transparently done by the company's core, consequently farmers

just received a report of CPO production amount of palm oil mill, this happens

because until now there is no agency special independent oversight of the

yield. Inequality between knowledge and market information core enterprise with

farmers, often occurs when purchase of FFB, the core company of farmers to buy

FFB local prices (dollars), while the core company sells CPO at $ (U.S. Dollars), this

happens because of the nucleus plantations have access to the export market, while

farmers have never know the price of CPO in the overseas market, the price disparasi

so often detrimental to the farmers (Budiasa, 2000).

The raw material is processed to result in palm oil and palm kernel is

FFB produced from the nucleus and plasma plantations. FFB produced from the

Plasma plantations was bought by a nucleus plantations with a price set and agreed

by both parties between the nucleus and plasma.

e. Integrating Expert System (ES) and Decision Support System (DSS)

Decision support system provides the flexibility and adaptability in dealing

with ill-defined problems, partial information, conflicting objectives and ad hoc

questions. Such a system is found particularly useful to support the solutions of a

wide range of semistructured and unstructured problems like strategic and tactic

planning. Knowledge-based expert system incorporates knowledge from experts to

provide users with expert level considerations. Most expert systems are developed to

support specific and narrow application domains. DSS and ES represent two kinds of

information technology tools serving for distinct purposes, yet they are not

necessarily conflicting to each other. In most situations, they can actually

complement each other . A combination of DSS and ES can yield an even better

result. User may use DSS regarding information acquisition and information

evaluation, and at the same time use ES to get intelligence for a particular domain

and a suggestion for the tentative decision. The joint effort can provide users with

better information to make final decisions (Chia & Jimming, 1990).

Expert system is a computer program that is designed to model problem

solving, like a human expert. An expert is an individual that has the superior

capability to solve the problem. The capability of the expert, such as recognizing and

formulating the problem, solving the problem in short time accurately, explaining the

solution, learning from experiences, restructurizing the knowledge, defining the

relevancy/relationship, and understanding the borderline of the capability (Tolle

2010)

Table 9. A Comparison of Human expert with Expert System

Factors Human Expert Expert System

Time Availability Business Day any time

Geografis Local / specific Wherever

Security not replaceable can be replaced

Perishable Yes not

Performance Variables consistent

Speed Variables Consistent & Faster

Cost High low

The Category Expert System Problems in general includes: (a) Interpretation

make inferences or description of a set of raw data. (b) Prediction projecting

possible consequences of certain situations. (c) Diagnosis determining cause

malfunctions in complex situations based on the observed symptoms. (d) Design

determining the configuration of the system components that matched with specific

performance goals that fulfill constraints. (e) Planning planning a series of actions

that will be able to achieve a number of goals with specific initial conditions (f)

Debugging and Repair defining and interpreting the ways to cope with

malfunctions. (g) Instructions detecting and correcting deficiencies in the

understanding of the subject domain. (h) Control 15controlling the behavior of a

complex environment (i) Selection identifying the best choice of a set of (list)

possibilities. (j) Simulation modeling the interactions between system components.

(k) Monitoring comparing the observations with the expected conditions.

Figure 2. Step expert systems work (http://obiwannabe.co.uk)

A main argument of the Decision Support System approach is that effective

design necessitates the technician's detailed understanding of management decision

processes and then relies on the manager's clear recognition of the requirements for

developping useful computer-based decision aids (Despres & Sabroux, 1992).

Moreover, the Decision Support System approach allows managers to initiate,

design, and control the implementation of a system. That is, a DSS is built around the

decision-making process. As Keen (1978) comments, there has been no universal

definition of a Decision Support System. Consequently we selected two definitions

stating our understanding. The first one according to Keen et al. (1978) where "DSS

improve the effectiveness of decision making rather than its efficiency" underlines

the effectiveness of decision making. The second provided by Levine and Pomerol

(1989) is: "DSS is a problem solver by making heuristic search. It constitutes an

interactive computer system where decision making is controlled by the user. The

control is founded on the user's evaluations". It emphasizes the end user role in the

decision-making process.

Many research have been done before, namely, design performance

improvement model agro on government plantations can provide a new achievement

of performance achieved plantations and the palm oil industry (Farida, 2012).

Sustainable oil palm plantations plasma enables achieved through engineering

management model supported by biophysical conditions, human resources and

government (Wigena, 2009). Design system with the oil palm agro-industry

development strategy could include farmer empowerment by having palm oil mills

that are economically profitable, and empowering farmers with this model can

increase the production of FFB farmers (Jatmika, 2007).

04. Problem Statement/Significance of Research

There are many inefficiencies oil palm plantation in Indonesia, since accurate

and quick information management system is not always available, such as eligible

laboratories for analyzing nutrients, weeds, pests, diseases; and experts who can

solve the problems.

Field maintenance and operations recommendations are implemented based

company set schedule, but the yield productivity is not obtained as expected.

Therefore integration among various environmental factors such as climate, biology,

chemistry, physics are necessary to take into planning consideration. Oil palm

plantations are very dependent on a few key climate elements and influence each

other in precipitation, sunlight, temperature, humidity, and wind. When the soil is

dry, the roots of plants are difficult to absorb minerals from the soil. Therefore,

prolonged drought will reduce production. Some regions such as Riau, Jambi, South

Sumatra have frequent sun exposure less than 5 hours on certain months. Less

radiation can lead to reduced assimilation and disease. Some of the aspects that

determine the physical properties of soil are texture, structure, consistency, land

slope, permeability, thickness of the soil layer, and the depth of the ground water

surface. Land is less suitable soil sandy beaches and thick peat soil. In addition to

low production, management does not meet the standards, and therefore it affects the

economic life of oil palm shorter than normal about 25 years. However, the reality in

the field is that the existing factors (such as climatic factors, biology, chemistry and

physics plantations) are not integrated. These are the aspects that need to be taken

into account in decision making for plantation management. This is the evidence

from policies of fertilization, spreading herbicides and insecticides, and other

policies that is still based on the schedule. On the other hand, the climate change and

crop conditions at the field and the productivity are not always the same. It takes a

political decision that combines all these factors in the decision making on the estate.

The nucleus and the plasma plantations is under supervision of a large

company, but their production quality and quantity are below the expectation. In

spite of various attempts that have been made from the company's plasma, simple

and suitable approach are necessary. Common problems faced by the smallholding

are that a farm management does not meet the recommended standard management,

especially after the conversion of the nucleus plantation to farmers. From the

physical aspect, this condition raises the risk of long-term decline in land

productivity and environmental pollution. Productivity of plasma plantation lands

which reflected lower average production of palm oil.

From the above mentioned explanation, differences in the quality of the oil

palm fruit production reveals ineffectiveness in organizing all factors in oil palm

plantations management. Moreover, the difference was compared between the

company, the nucleus and plasma plantations. Therefore the need for a management

decision to be developing the nucleus and plasma plantations. This suggests that

opportunities to increase the productivity of various types of orchard cultivation is

still there, so the movement increased productivity Riau-Indonesian oil palm

plantations should be an important focus in the development of oil palm forward.

Significance of study required in this study will determine the need for this

research. A Study for collecting and integrating several of eficient technology for

monitoring and management oil palm plantations is necessary. Expert and decision

support system and early warning are necessary for solution in oil palm plantations.

Simple and suitable approach that needs to be take into account for local wisdom is

necessary.

However, the highlight of this research is an approach to model a

management system that bio environtmental factors: combines biology, climate,

chemistry and physics in managing oil palm plantations. This model is expected to

be integrated into a decision as well as knowledge that can be applied by all

plantation companies, either for nucleus or plasma plantations, to generate optimal

and certified products. Expected contribution of this research: Efficient Technology

and management of oil palm plantations to produce high quality and quantity Fresh

fruit bunch. An Integrated decision and knowledge system that can be applied by all

plantation companies, either for nucleus or plasma plantations to generate optimal

and certified products.

05. Research Objectives

This study aims:

1. To determine some of the best simple and suitable technology / management

systems for the of efficient oil palm plantation.

2. To integrate various bio-environtmental factors that influence such biological,

climate, chemistry, and physic factors, in managing oil palm plantation so as to

obtain tested and certified products.

3. To design Expert Systems and Decision Support System for the nucleus and

plasma oil palm plantation companies in Indonesia

06. Brief Methodology / Flow chart

Data used in this study include primary data and secondary data. Primary data

obtained through a survey, interviews with experts and relevant actors (employees,

management of plantations) to obtain data on issues and policy management of

plantation productivity improvements both internally and externally on oil palm

plantations. The selection of experts is made to acquire the appropriate knowledge

base. Secondary data were obtained from the literature, benchmarking and the

publication of the institutions associated with this research study. Secondary data

include monthly and annual report data related components required data in this

research that bio environtmental factors: climatic factors (temperature, rainfall,

humidity, light intensity), biological factors ( type of seeds, weeds, pests, diseases,

SPH, palm age, FFB productivity), physical factors of land (land topography, soil

type), and chemical factors (Nutrient content, pH of soil, herbicides, insecticides,

fungicides) including data on the size, the production of palm oil plantations,

improvement and development of plantation done.

The research will be carried out at oil palm companies in the province of Riau

Indonesia, from Januari 2013 to Agustus 2015. Riau Province was chosen as the

study case because it is included as the province with an area of oil palm plantations

in Indonesia and it is possible to run the development of oil palm plantations

governmental organizations. Data results of the literature and the data processed

condition 3 estates in accordance with the method of analysis used, namely:

Stage 1:

a. Identify the factors that affect the productivity of the BSC and interview

techniques.

b. Process the data to determine the estates strategy based on SWOT analysis and

expert interviews.

c. Perform data processing to determine the strategy map and BSC method

plantation with expert interviews

d. Perform data processing to determine the productivity of the BSC method and

expert interviews

e. Perform data processing to determine the alternative criteria in determining the

with BSC method, fuzzy pairwise comparison (Bojadziev, 1997) and expert

interviews.

Stage 2:

a. Analysis of soil and plant nutrients through laboratory testing, observation and

experts interview.

b. Processing the data to determine the target plantation with interview techniques

and benchmarking of various factors affecting the productivity of oil palm

plantations.

c. Perform data processing for plantation management assessment scoring board in

the sub- models is done by filling out the questionnaire and collection of

secondary data (data plantation year period from 2009 to 2013).

d. Policy decisions on fertilizer recommendations , crop management , and solution

of the problems on the estate

Stage 3:

a. Application of appropriate simulation models increase productivity desired target.

b. Verification and validation of models of DSS in oil palm plantations.

c. Implementation of the model in oil palm plantations.

Stage of the study can be seen in the following flow chart:

Figure 3. Flow Chart

07. Expected result

1. The best technology and management systems for the management of

efficient oil palm plantation.

2. Plant nutrition flow model, in managing oil palm plantation so as to obtain

tested and certified products.

3. Plantation management for Expert Systems to the nucleus and plasma oil

palm plantation companies in Indonesia.

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