“ Analysis and evaluation of cotton textile supply chain in India”

RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TOVEER BHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY,

JAUNPUR

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submited by Under the supervision ofShashank prakash Mr.Vijay pandey

BBA 6th SEMESTER Lecturer ROLL NO. 1347 DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

2012

TECHNICAL EDUCTION & RESEARCH INSTITUTE Post-Graduate College, Ravindrapuri

Ghazipur – 233001

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Shashank prakash Pursuing BBA 6th Semester from this

institute, has prepared the research project report entitled “ Analysis and evaluation of

cotton textile supply chain in India” in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the

degree of Bachelor of Business Administration from Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal

University, Jaunpur During the session 2011-2012.

This report is based on Research report undertaken by Mr.Vijay Pandey under my

supervision during the course of 6th semester and fulfills the requirements relating to the

nature and standard of BBA course of V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur.

I recommend that this project may be sent for evaluation.

Rahul Ananad Singh (Mr.Vijay Pandey )

Reader & Head (Lecturer)

Dept . of Business Administration Dept . of Business Administration

DECLARATION

I Shashank prakash hereby declare that this Research report entitled “ Analysis and

evaluation of cotton textile supply chain in India”. Has been prepared by me on the basis

of survey done during the course of my 6th semester BBA programmed under the

supervision of Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, TERI, Ghazipur.

This survey project is my bonafide work and has not been submitted in any University of

Institute for the award of any degree or diploma prior to the under mentioned date. I bear

the entire responsibility of submission of this project report.

April 2012

BBA 6TH SEMSETER

Department of Business Administration

Technical Education & Research Institute

P.G. College, Ghazipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Vijay Pandey (Lectures, T.E.R.I. P.G.College

Ghazipur) who supervise and guide me entire whole Research Report premarital.

I am grateful to Dr. Rahul Anand Singh (HOD-BBA T.E.R.I., P.G. College, Ghazipur) and

Shri D.N. Singh (Director T.E.R.I. P.G. College, Ghazipur) for their support &

encouragement .

I would also like to thanks to all the respondents who directly provide the data for

Research Report .

Place: Shashank Prakash

Date Roll Number: 1347

CONTENTS

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Objective

CHAPTER 2

Research Methodology

Limitation

CHAPTER 3

Finding & Conclusion

CHAPTER 4

Appendix

Bibliography

PREFACE

B.B.A programme is one of the most reputed professional courses in the field of

management. This course includes both theory and its application contents of curriculum.

Project Report is an integral part of the B.B.A. program at “V.B.S. Purvanchal University

Jaunpur ”. Each student is required to prepare research report in his or her 6th semester.

This programmed intends to get familiar with practical aspect of management through

survey. The importance of any academic course would give advantage and acceptance of

the true from only through practical experience. The topic assigned for the research report

is: “Analysis and evaluation of cotton textile supply chain in India”

I know the opinion of the sample by personal interview & questionnaire. The

Research programmed is an integral constant of the cause curriculum of programmed in

Management. This survey is divided into forth chapters. Each chapter has its own relevance

and importance.

The chapters are divided and defined in a logical, systematic and scientific manner

to cover every nook and corner of the topic. The Introductory stage of this survey report is

based on introduction of lemon flavor soft drinks company profile, it’s objective,

importance, scope & limitation.

Second chapter dealt with Research Methodology. The process of carrying out the

whole research problem is defined in it. It contains information about the methods of data

collection, sampling, sample design, Data analysis & interpretation.

Third chapter is finding and conclusion. Contains the findings and conclusion of

the study. This based on the data analyzed and interrelated in previous chapters. This is the

most important section of the report, for repot is evaluated on the validity and correctness

of its findings. Depicted conclusion which concludes the whole repot, that is, gives a brief

description of the process employed so far. It also showed annexure which contains a

format of the questionnaire used for the purpose of data collection.

Fourth Chapter one title bibliography contains the list of sources from where the

matter and information is collected. It contains the list of books, author, volume number,

issue year, publisher etc.

INTRODUCTION

Cotton textile industry

The cotton textile industry predominantly uses cotton and also synthetic fibers in staple

lengths not exceeding 51 millimeter. It does not use wool and continuous filament yarns.

The cotton textile industry converts staple fiber into finished textile products through four

manufacturing stages.

Spinning: conversion of staple fiber into yarn.

Weaving & knitting: conversion of yarn into gray fabrics.

Wet processing: conversion of gray fabrics into finished fabrics.

Garment making: conversion of finished fabrics into garments.

Thus the spinners are the primary producers followed by the weavers/knitters (intermediate

producers), the finishers who produce finished fabrics for retail sales or sales to garment

converters and converters or manufacturers of garments/bed linen.

Finished fabrics#include:

a.Apparel - outer and inner wear.

b.Household fabrics - furnishings, bed linen etc.

c. Accessories- bags, belts, handkerchiefs, etc.

d .Industrial fabrics - filter cloth, parachute cloth etc.

Of these, apparel and household fabrics are major segments for the cotton textile industry

since they mainly use cotton in addition to polyester and different types of viscose or

blends thereof.Units in the cotton textile industry are segmented by the degree of

integration achieved and the technology used. Thus, they may not convert all the yarn

produced into gray fabrics or all the gray fabrics produced internally into finished fabrics.

Cotton is a white fibrous agricultural product that has a wide variety of uses, from textile

production, to creating paper, to producing oil and food products. Cotton is grown all

around the globe, and is traded internationally as well – the international trade in cotton is

led by the United States and the African nations, and totals more than $12 billion annually.

This article will discuss the basics of cotton’s development through history, its cultivation

today, and the large array of applications for this amazing plant.Cotton (from the Arabic

word ‘al-qutn) is a member of the malvaceae family of flowering plants that includes

hibiscus, pavonia and mallow plants.

More specifically, cotton is classified with a genus of tropical and subtropical shrubs

known as gossypium. There four commercial species of cotton, the most common of which

is gossypium hirsutum, a variety native to Mesoamerica, Mexico, Florida and the

Caribbean. The other three are g. arboreum, or “tree cotton,” which is grown primarily in

India and Pakistan; g. barbadebse, also called “Creole,” or “Egyptian” cotton, a South

American variety; and g. herbaceum, the “Levantine” cotton native to southern Africa and

the Middle East. Cotton was first cultivated more than 6000 years ago, in the Harappan

cultural region of southeast Asia. Its use spread from there and farmers around the world

adopted the plant for their own specific climate needs.There are also several wild species;

experiments in cross-breeding these with domesticated varieties have been ongoing in

attempts to produce cotton plants with greater drought tolerance and disease resistance.

  The domestication of cotton appears to have begun in present-day Pakistan approximately

6,000 years ago. The Harrappan civilization of the Indus River Valley exported cotton

fabrics to the early Semitic peoples of the Middle East as well as the Egyptians starting

around 3000 B.C.E.; from there, cotton made its way into Nubia, Meroë and the interior of

Africa. Similar domestication of cotton apparently took place in the Americas

independently, albeit later: the ancient Peruvian Moche and Nazca civilizations, which

flourished as Rome was declining in Europe, made extensive use of cotton fabric.

Eventually, cotton fabric was introduced to Europe by way of the Greeks, who described

cotton as “tree wool.” Until the Renaissance, Europeans folklore held that cotton trees bore

“vegetable lambs,” whose wool was used to create cotton fabric (cotton is still called

Baumwolle, or “tree wool” in Germany).

 

In addition to the creation of several different fabrics, including terrycloth, denim,

corduroy, twill and flannel, cotton is used to make fishnets and reusable coffee filters.

Cotton’s versatility, durability and utility have led to entire sectors of the fabric industry

being entirely dependent on it, although this dominance has diminished in the age of

synthetic fabrics.

 Cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal are by-products of the ginning process; the invention

of the cotton gin, which permitted mechanical separation of the cotton boll, opened the

door to economically practical use of cotton byproducts. The oil and meal are edible; the

former can be used in cooking, while the latter is generally fed to livestock. In addition,

cotton root bark has a place in folk medicine; it was used by female slaves in the early U.S.

to induce abortion.Before the age of inkjet and laser printing, the best typing paper was

made from cotton fabric. As with fabrics, this pride of place is somewhat less than in

previous decades, but cotton still is used in many paper product applications.

Traditionally, cotton cultivation has been extremely labor-intensive. The introduction of

mechanical cotton-pickers has changed this over the past 50 years or so, and it is still

picked by hand in many places in the world. Cotton requires great amounts of water and

pesticides as well as fertilizers. Some varieties of cotton have been genetically modified in

order to make them more pest and disease resistant; these varieties are grown primarily in

India. In the U.S., a variety of GM cotton has been developed which contains genetic

material from a bacterium that is toxic to the boll weevil and other insects that feed on

cotton.Cotton requires a fairly long growing season, heavy soil, plenty of light and at least

two feet of rain in order to thrive. Because it is so water-dependent, cotton cultivation has

led to major problems such as desertification and increased salinity in parts of the former

Soviet Union. Currently, the U.S. and several African countries are the largest exporters of

cotton, although the textile industry of the U.S. has largely moved to China and India.

 

The United States is still the world’s third-largest producer of cotton. The United States is

at the leading edge of the technological and research aspect of cotton production. Three

quarters of the US cotton crop is genetically modified, and at the same time the US leads

the world in experiments in organic cotton – non-genetically modified cotton that is raised

without pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Organic cotton is beginning to appear in small

quantities at a number of retailers in the U.S.

 Cotton production in the United States has also led the world, historically and in the

modern era, in the use of mechanical cultivation, harvesting, and processing tools. Cotton’s

utility in the world made a huge leap forward with the invention of cotton gin technology in

the 1800s, and with cotton picking and stripping machinery in the 20 th century. While

cotton may never again be king, the increasing scarcity of petroleum as a base for synthetic

fibers and the amazing utility of this versatile crop ensure that it will always be agricultural

royalty.

Cotton is a white fibrous agricultural product that has a wide variety of uses, from textile

production, to creating paper, to producing oil and food products. Cotton is grown all

around the globe, and is traded internationally as well – the international trade in cotton is

led by the United States and the African nations, and totals more than $12 billion annually.

This article will discuss the basics of cotton’s development through history, its cultivation

today, and the large array of applications for this amazing plant. Cotton (from the Arabic

word ‘al-qutn) is a member of the malvaceae family of flowering plants that includes

hibiscus, pavonia and mallow plants. More specifically, cotton is classified with a genus of

tropical and subtropical shrubs known as gossypium. There four commercial species of

cotton, the most common of which is gossypium hirsutum, a variety native to Mesoamerica,

Mexico, Florida and the Caribbean. The other three are g. arboreum, or “tree cotton,”

which is grown primarily in India and Pakistan; g. barbadebse, also called “Creole,” or

“Egyptian” cotton, a South American variety; and g. herbaceum, the “Levantine” cotton

native to southern Africa and the Middle East. Cotton was first cultivated more than 6000

years ago, in the Harappan cultural region of southeast Asia. Its use spread from there and

farmers around the world adopted the plant for their own specific climate needs.

  There are also several wild species; experiments in cross-breeding these with

domesticated varieties have been ongoing in attempts to produce cotton plants with greater

drought tolerance and disease resistance.The domestication of cotton appears to have begun

in present-day Pakistan approximately 6,000 years ago. The Harrappan civilization of the

Indus River Valley exported cotton fabrics to the early Semitic peoples of the Middle East

as well as the Egyptians starting around 3000 B.C.E.; from there, cotton made its way into

Nubia, Meroë and the interior of Africa. Similar domestication of cotton apparently took

place in the Americas independently, albeit later: the ancient Peruvian Moche and Nazca

civilizations, which flourished as Rome was declining in Europe, made extensive use of

cotton fabric.Eventually, cotton fabric was introduced to Europe by way of the Greeks,

who described cotton as “tree wool.” Until the Renaissance, Europeans folklore held that

cotton trees bore “vegetable lambs,” whose wool was used to create cotton fabric.

In addition to the creation of several different fabrics, including terrycloth, denim,

corduroy, twill and flannel, cotton is used to make fishnets and reusable coffee filters.

Cotton’s versatility, durability and utility have led to entire sectors of the fabric industry

being entirely dependent on it, although this dominance has diminished in the age of

synthetic fabrics. Cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal are by-products of the ginning

process; the invention of the cotton gin, which permitted mechanical separation of the

cotton boll, opened the door to economically practical use of cotton byproducts. The oil

and meal are edible; the former can be used in cooking, while the latter is generally fed to

livestock. In addition, cotton root bark has a place in folk medicine; it was used by female

slaves in the early U.S. to induce abortion.Before the age of inkjet and laser printing, the

best typing paper was made from cotton fabric.

As with fabrics, this pride of place is somewhat less than in previous decades, but cotton

still is used in many paper product applications .Traditionally, cotton cultivation has been

extremely labor-intensive. The introduction of mechanical cotton-pickers has changed this

over the past 50 years or so, and it is still picked by hand in many places in the world.

Cotton requires great amounts of water and pesticides as well as fertilizers. Some varieties

of cotton have been genetically modified in order to make them more pest and disease

resistant; these varieties are grown primarily in India. In the U.S., a variety of GM cotton

has been developed which contains genetic material from a bacterium that is toxic to the

boll weevil and other insects that feed on cotton.

Cotton requires a fairly long growing season, heavy soil, plenty of light and at least two

feet of rain in order to thrive. Because it is so water-dependent, cotton cultivation has led to

major problems such as desertification and increased salinity in parts of the former Soviet

Union. Currently, the U.S. and several African countries are the largest exporters of cotton,

although the textile industry of the U.S. has largely moved to China and India.

The United States is still the world’s third-largest producer of cotton. The United States

is at the leading edge of the technological and research aspect of cotton production. Three

quarters of the US cotton crop is genetically modified, and at the same time the US leads

the world in experiments in organic cotton – non-genetically modified cotton that is raised

without pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Organic cotton is beginning to appear in small

quantities at a number of retailers in the U.S.

 

Cotton production in the United States has also led the world, historically and in the

modern era, in the use of mechanical cultivation, harvesting, and processing tools. Cotton’s

utility in the world made a huge leap forward with the invention of cotton gin technology in

the 1800s, and with cotton picking and stripping machinery in the 20 th century. While

cotton may never again be king, the increasing scarcity of petroleum as a base for synthetic

fibers and the amazing utility of this versatile crop ensure that it will always be agricultural

royalty.

Since time immemorial India has been the producer of cotton and the finest andmost

beautiful cotton fabrics. India thus enjoys the distinction of being the earliestcountry in the

world to domesticate cotton and utilize its fiber for manufacture of fabrics.This affinity has

endured through the centuries and today India ranks first in cottoncultivated area and

second in production among all cotton producing countries in theworld next to

China.Cotton is one of the principal crops of the country.

 It plays a vital role in thecountry’s economy providing substantial employment and

making significantcontributions to export earnings. The ratio of the use of cotton to man-

made fiber andmade-made continuous filament yarn is 60: 40 for Indian textile industry

(based on thefinancial year 2005-06). It engages around 6 million farmers while another

about 40 to50 million people depends on activities relating to cotton cultivation, cotton

trade and itsprocessing for their livelihood. It is the principal raw material for the domestic

textileindustry.India has brought about a quantitative and qualitative transformation in

theproduction of cotton since her independence. Production and productivity of cotton

inIndia have improved significantly during the past six decades. It increased from

2.79millions of 170kgs each in 1947 to an estimated 310 millions of 170 kgs each in 2008-

09Cotton is an annual crop that is produced commercially in over 80 countries

in theworldlocated in the tropics and temperate climate zones. (Lundbaek,

2001). It is one of themost important internationally traded agricultural commodities in

terms of volumeandvalue traded (Serunjogi et al., 2001). Its main commercial uses are in

manufactureof textile and garment, edible oil, soap and livestock feeds.In Uganda cotton is

produced in all regions of the country, however most of theproduction is concentrated

in the Northern and Eastern regions. Total number of  cottonproducers in 2000

was approximately 300, 000- 400, 000. (Gordon and Goodland,2000).

Importance of Cotton

Today, the world uses more cotton than any other fiber, and cotton is a leading cash crop in

the U.S. At the farm level alone, the production of each year’s crop involves the purchase

of more than $5.3 billion worth of supplies and services. This stimulates business activities

for factories and enterprises throughout the country. Processing and handling of cotton after

it leaves the farm generates even more business activity. Annual business revenue

stimulated by cotton in the U.S. economy exceeds $120 billion,

making cotton America’s number one value-added crop.

Cotton is a part of our daily lives from the time we dry our faces

on a soft cotton towel in the morning until we slide between fresh cotton sheets at night. It

has hundreds of uses, from blue jeans to shoe strings. Clothing and household items are the

largest uses, but industrial products account from many thousands of bales.

All parts of the cotton plant are useful. The most important is the

fiber or lint, which is used in making cotton cloth. Linters – the

short fuzz on the seed – provide cellulose for making plastics,

explosives and other products. Linters also are incorporated into

high quality paper products and processed into batting for padding mattresses, furniture and

automobile cushions.

The cottonseed is crushed in order to separate its three products -oil, meal and

hulls.Cottonseed oil is used primarily for shortening, cooking oil

and salad dressing. The meal and hulls that remain are used either

separately or in combination as livestock, poultry and fish feed and

as fertilizer. The stalks and leaves of the cotton plant are plowed

under to enrich the soil.

Some cottonseed also is used as high-protein concentrate in baked goods and other food

products.

How Cotton is Grown

After cotton has been harvested, producers who use conventional tillage practices cut down

and chop the cotton stalks. The next step is to turn the remaining residue underneath the

soil surface. Producers who practice a style of farming called conservation tillage often

choose to leave their stalks standing and leave the plant residue on the surface of the soil.

In the spring, farmers prepare for planting in several ways. Producers who plant using no-

till or conservation tillage methods, use special equipment designed to plant the seed

through the litter that covers the soil surface. Producers who employ conventional tillage

practices, plow or “list” the land into rows forming firm seed-beds for planting. Producers

in south Texas plant cotton as early as February. In Missouri and other northern parts of the

Cotton Belt, they plant as late as June.

Seeding is done with mechanical planters which cover as many as

10 to 24 rows at a time. The planter opens a small trench or

furrow in each row, drops in the right amount of seed, covers

them and packs the earth on top of them. The seed is planted at

uniform intervals in either small clumps (“hill-dropped”) or

singularly (“drilled”). Machines called cultivators are used to

uproot weeds and grass, which compete with the cotton plant for soil nutrients, sunlight and

water.

About two months after planting, flower buds called squares appear on the cotton plants. In

another three weeks, the blossoms open. Their petals change from creamy white to yellow,

then pink and finally, dark red. After three days, they wither and fall, leaving green pods

which are called cotton boll.

Inside the boll, which is shaped like a tiny football, moist fibers grow and push out from

the newly formed seeds. As the boll ripens, it turns brown. The fibers continue to expand

under the warm sun. Finally, they split the boll apart and the fluffy cotton bursts forth. It

looks like white cotton candy.

Since hand labor is no longer used in the U.S. to harvest cotton, the crop is harvested by

machines, either a picker or a stripper. Cotton picking machines have spindles that pick

(twist) the seed cotton from the burrs that are attached to plants’ stems. Doffers then

remove the seed cotton from the spindles and knock the seed cotton into the conveying

system.

Conventional cotton stripping machines use rollers equipped with alternating bats and

brushes to knock the open bolls from the plants into a conveyor. A second kind of stripper

harvester uses a broadcast attachment that looks similar to a grain header on a combine. All

harvesting systems use air to convey and elevate the seed cotton into a storage bin referred

to as a basket. Once the basket is full, the stored seed cotton is

dumped into a boll buggy, trailer or module builder. 

How Cotton is Ginned and Marketed

Today, nearly all cotton is stored in modules, which look like giant loaves of bread.

Modules allow the cotton to be stored without loosing yield or quality prior to ginning.

Specially designed trucks pick up modules of seed cotton from the field and move them to

the gin. Modern gins place modules in front of machines called module feeders. Some

module feeders have stationary heads, in which case, giant conveyors move the modules

into the module feeder. Other module feeders are self-propelled and move down a track

that along side the modules. The module feeders literally break the modules apart and

“feed” the seed cotton into the gin. Other gins use powerful pipes to suck the cotton into

the ginbuilding.

Once in the cotton gin, the seed cotton moves through dryers and through cleaning

machines that remove the gin waste such as burs, dirt, stems and leaf material from the

cotton. Then it goes to the gin stand where circular saws with small, sharp teeth pluck the

fiber from the seed. From the gin, fiber and seed go different ways. The ginned fiber, now

called lint, is pressed together and made into dense bales weighting about 500 pounds. To

determine the value of cotton, samples are taken from each bale and classed according to

fiber length (staple), strength, micronaire, color and cleanness. Producers usually sell their

cotton to a local buyer or merchant who, in turn, sells it to a textile mill either in the United

States or a foreign country. The seed usually is sold by the producer to the gin. The ginner

either sells for feed or to an oil mill where the linters (downy fuzz) are removed in an

operation very much like ginning. Linters are baled and sold to the paper, batting and

plastics industries, while the seed is processed into cottonseed oil, meal and hulls.

HISTORY

The cotton cloth weavers of India have been known since the earliest days of recorded

history.  A fragment of madder-dyed cloth found in the Indus Valley excavation in northern

India showed that weaving and dyeing were flourishing arts over 5,000 years ago.  They

were skills that were to increase and diversify down the centuries, attracting wider and

more lasting acclaim.  The Roman historian, Pliny, bewailed the flight of Roman gold to

India because of the Roman passion for Indian fabrics.  St. Jerome's Latin translation of the

Bible (4th Century A.D.) quotes the ancient patriarch Job as saying that wisdom was more

enduring than the dyed colors of India.  Arab travelers in 9th Century India reported

that "...they make garments of such extraordinary perfection that nowhere else is their

likeness to be seen..."  Marco Polo observed that the art of embroidery, as practised in

Gujarat in the 13th Century, was incomparable.

It was not only the technique of dyeing that made India's textiles famous. The fabrics were

embellished with scintillating designs which India alone could offer. There were some of

which every thread of warp and weft was dyed before being placed on the loom; a design

appeared as the weaving progressed and was identical on either side. It was the craft of the

individual artist who inherited his skill from his forbears and who gave his own aesthetic

conception to the products he made with his own hands.

Cotton was first cultivated in the Old World 7,000 years ago (5th millennium BC), by the

inhabitants of western Pakistan, for example as the site of Mehrgarhwhere early cotton

thread has been preserved in copper beads. Cotton cultivation became more widespread

during the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered a huge swath of the northwestern part

of the South Asia, comprising today parts of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. The

Indus cotton industry was well developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and

fabrication continued to be used until the modern industrialization of India.Between 2000

and 1000 BC cotton became widespread in much of India. For example, it has been found

at the site of Hallus in Karnataka around 1000 BC. Well before the Common Era, the use of

cotton textiles had spread from India to the Mediterranean and beyond.

Cotton fabrics discovered in a cave near Tehuacán, Mexico have been dated to around 5800

BC, although it is difficult to know for certain due to fiber decay.Other sources date the

domestication of cotton in Mexico to approximately 5000 to 3000 BC.

The Greeks and the Arabs were not familiar with cotton until the Wars of Alexander the

Great, as his contemporary Megasthenes told Seleucus I Nicator of "there being trees on

which wool grows" in "Indica".

Cotton has been spun, woven, and dyed since prehistoric times. It clothed the people of

ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles

were woven in India with matchless skill, and their use spread to the Mediterranean

countries.

In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC);

however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The

planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In the poems of Persian

poets, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to cotton ("panbe"

in Persian).Marco Polo (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including

cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of 17th century, who had visited the Safavid Persia,

has approved the vast cotton farms of Persia.

General Information on Cotton

The cotton plant and its fibre

Cotton cultivation and its varieties can look very diverse in different parts of the world. For

an overview of cotton cultivation practices, to see which varieties are existing and for

getting summarised information about fibre properties.

The social and environmental impact of the cotton crop

The environmental and social impacts of cotton have been in the news for many years now.

Some of these stories maintain in the public image, although many things have changed.

For a summary of the most relevant aspects of the environmental and social implications of

cotton production  .

The cotton value chain

Many stages are required to process cotton from fibres to the final fabrics. Behind even a

simple textile product there might be a rather complex processing and manufacturing chain.

Moreover most of the textiles are not even produced from only one origin of fibres.

An insight into the most usual processing steps and some corresponding pictures .

The cotton world market

Cotton is the main traded agricultural raw material. It is produced in all continents, but also

shipped to all continents: Its pathways of trade are complex and in most cases not

transparent. 

An overview about the cotton world market is

Social & Environmental Impact of Cotton Production

Risks of cotton farming

Environmental risks

Socio-economic risks   

Risks of cotton processing

Environmental risks

Socio-economic risks     

World Market in cotton production

The history of cotton production

Several countries claim to be the real origin of the cotton fibre. In fact the genetic history of

the nowadays cotton plant can be traced back to different continents. 

Major facts of these historical background are explained here.

The cotton production worldwide

With worldwide annual production of some 25 million tonnes of cotton fibre grown in

some 35 countries, cotton is among the most important commodities in international trade. 

Millions of people around the world are dependant on cotton production and its processing.

Different to other crops it is grown on large farms as well as on smallholdings. 

Cotton processing

East and Southeast Asian countries are not only the largest cotton producers, they also

account for the bulk of the worldwide textile industry. 

The variety of cotton products

Everybody knows cotton as relevant textile fibre, but actually its uses are much more

flexible. Some things of everyday use contain cotton or its by-products some of them may

be in your kitchen or passes through your hands every day. 

The cotton market prices

As internationally traded commodity cotton is subject to a high volatility in price thereby

influencing the livelihood of cotton farmers, processors, traders and textile mills. Given the

fact that there are a lot of different fibre qualities, one may wonder how an international

price fixing can be realized.

Risks of cotton textile processing

Environmental risks

All major processing stages along the cotton value chain such as dyeing, bleaching and

finishing use large amounts of chemicals of various toxicity and hazardousness.

Water treatment of dyeing mill (India 2003)

Most of these chemicals, such as heavy metals, formaldehyde, azo dyes, benzidine or

chlorine bleach, cause environmental pollution by the mills’ waste water and many can be

found as residues in the finished product. Some of them affect consumers’ health and are

suspected of causing allergies, eczema or cancer (PAN UK, 2006).

Over the past two decades, many improvements have been made: chemicals are

increasingly recycled or replaced by safer alternatives, and waste water is treated so as to

reduce pollution. However, these improvements mainly concern processing mills in rich

countries, and sub-standard environmental practices are common in developing countries,

where most clothes are made. In Northern countries, many hazardous chemicals have been

restricted or banned. Recently, the European Union prohibited the use of azo dyes and

restricted the use of formaldehyde. The Öko-Tex Standard 100  is one of the most widely

recognised standards in textiles. It sets strict limits on the amount of harmful substances

contained in textiles. A standard called “Global Organic Textile Standard” (GOTS)  was

developed by the “International Working Group on a Global Organic Textile Standard”.

The standard sets criteria for all stages of production and processing along the entire textile

value chain.

Energy use in cotton processing is high due to two main factors. Firstly, there are many

different, highly mechanised processing stages that mainly depend on finite energy sources.

Secondly, due to the increasing globalisation of the cotton value chain, the processing mills

of different stages are located in far-flung regions of the world. For this reason, transport

distances from the place where the cotton is harvested along the various processing steps to

the final cotton product are normally huge.

 

Socio-economic risks

There has recently been a strong trend among retailers to shift their processing mills to low-

wage countries in order to increase their competitiveness. However, many textile factories

in these countries do not comply with national and international minimum regulations

regarding labour rights. Common problems for workers in textile processing factories

include: Low wages: Workers are paid wages below the minimum required to guarantee

decent living conditions for them and their families.Long working hours: Many employees

have to work more than 48 hours a week, which is the maximum number of working hours

according to Convention 1 of the International Labour Organisation (ILO)  Risks at

work: Workers often face health risks due to a lack of safety precautions and appropriate

equipment. The workers are exposed to hazardous chemicals used for cotton dyeing or

finishing, to dust and to equipment without safety mechanisms.Employee

participation: Freedom of assembly and the ability to participate in trades unions, which

allow employees to express their view in a company, are often restricted or banned. Child

labour: It is still common to find children employed not only in cotton processing mills but

also in large-scale cotton production. An alarming example is Uzbekistan  where every

year the government closes schools down and sends children to pick cotton in the pesticide-

contaminated fields.  Discrimination: There is frequent discrimination against women,

elderly or disabled people in factories. The lack of binding labour agreements adds to the

problem.

   

Scope of the cotton textile in india

India textile industry is one of the leading textile industries in the world.through was

prederninantly unorganized industry even a few years backs,but the scenario started

changing after the economic liberalization of Indian economy in 1991.

The opening up of economic gave the much-needed thrust to the Indian textile

industry,Which has now successfully become one of the largest in the world.

Objective of the Study

There is Some Objective of the Research Report they are given bellow.

1. Genetic improvement with in built resistence to biotic and a biotic stresses for

quality cotton production .

2. Develop from worthy cotton production techonologies through effective resources

management.

3. Quality nucleus and breeder seed production commensurate with speed

replacement rates.

4. Conduct former’s participatory trails for promotion and awareness of the potential

technologies.

5. Utilise cotton by produce for the manufacture of value –added products.

Research Methodology

Research

Research is a purposeful investigation. It is a scientific & systematic search for

knowledge & intimation on a specific topic research is use full & research objective can be

achieved if it is done in proposes process.

Methodology

The world methodology spell the meaning itself if the method used by the

researches in obtaining information. The data ( information can be collected from primary

sources & secondary sources.) By primary data we mean data collected by researches

himself for the first time to collaborate the data which has previously not been used is

known as primary data By secondary data we mean the data collected from various

published matters, a Magazine newspapers status of previous research report etc. In other

words we can say that the data which has already been used your different purpose by

different people is known as secondary Primary data can be collected through questionnaire

and personal interview as for as concern my research is limited to dealers personality

Secondary data are collected from the various books journals new spapereditional expert

suggestions web sites & internet & etc .Research is a common language refers to a search

of knowledge. Research is scientific & systematic search for pertinent information on a

specific topic, infect research is an art of scientific investigation. Research Methodology is

a scientific way to solve research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying

how research is don’t scientifically. In it we study various steps that are generally adopted

by researchers in studying their research problem. It is necessary for researchers to know

not only know research method techniques but also technology.The scope of Research

Methodology is wider than that of research methods.The research problem consists of

series of closely related activities. At times, the first step determines the native of the last

step to be undertaken. Why a research has been defined, what data has been collected and

what a particular methods have been adopted and a host of similar other questions are

usually answered when we talk of research methodology concerning a research problem or

study. The project is a study where focus is on the following points:

RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design is defined, as the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring

the Information needed. It is a plant or organizing framework for doing the study and

collecting the data.

Designing a research plan requires decisions all the data sources, research approaches,

Research instruments, sampling plan and contact methods.

Research design is mainly of following types: -

1. Exploratory research.

2. Descriptive studies

3. Experimental

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

The major purposes of exploratory studies are the identification of problems, the

more precise Formulation of problems and the formulations of new alternative courses of

action. The design of exploratory studies is characterized by a great amount of flexibility

and ad-hoc veracity.

DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES

Descriptive research in contrast to exploratory research is marked by the prior

formulation of specific research Questions. The investigator already knows a substantial

amount about the research problem. Perhaps as a Result of an exploratory study, before the

project is initiated. Descriptive research is also characterized by a Preplanned and

structured design.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: - A casual design investigates the cause and effect

relationships between two or more variables. The hypothesis is tested and the experiment is

done. There are following types of casual designs:

I. After only design

II. Before after design

III. Before after with control group design

IV. Four groups, six studies design

V. After only with control group design.

VI. Consumer panel design

VII. Exposit facto design

B) DATA COLLECTION METHOD

PRIMARY SECONDARY

Direct personal Interview

Indirect personal Interview

Govt. publication

Information from correspondents Report Committees & Commissions

Mailed questionnaire Private Publication

Question filled by enumerators. Research Institute

Published Sources Unpublished Sources

PRIMARY DATA

These data are collected first time as original data. The data is recorded as observed or

encountered. Essentially they are raw materials. They may be combined, totaled but they

have not extensively been statistically processed. For example, data obtained by the

peoples.

SECONDARY DATA

Sources of Secondary Data

Following are the main sources of secondary data:

1. Official Publications.

2. Publications Relating to Trade:

3. Journal/ Newspapers etc.:

4. Data Collected by Industry Associations:

5. Unpublished Data: Data may be obtained from several companies, organizations,

working in the same areas like magazines.

Period of Study: This study has been carried out for a maximum period of 4 weeks.

Area of study: The study is exclusively done in the area of marketing. It is a process

requiring care, sophistication, experience, business judgment, and imagination for which

there can be no mechanical substitutes.

Sampling Design: The convenience sampling is done because any probability sampling

procedure would require detailed information about the universe, which is not easily

available further, it being an exploratory research.

Sample Procedure: In this study “judgmental sampling procedure is used. Judgmental

sampling is preferred because of some limitation and the complexity of the random

sampling. Area sampling is used in combination with convenience sampling so as to collect

the data from different regions of the city and to increase reliability.

Sampling Size: The sampling size of the study is 100 users.

Method of the Sampling:

Probability Sampling

It is also known as random sampling. Here, every item of the universe has an equal chance

or probability of being chosen for sample.

Probability sampling may be taken inform of:

Simple Random Sampling A simple random sample gives each member of the

population an equal chance of being chosen.  It is not a haphazard sample as some people

think!  One way of achieving a simple random sample is to number each element in the

sampling frame and then use random numbers to select the required sample.Random

numbers can be obtained using your calculator, a spreadsheet, printed tables of random

numbers, or by the more traditional methods of drawing slips of paper from a hat, tossing

coins or rolling dice.

Systematic Random Sampling

This is random sampling with a system! From the sampling frame, a starting point is

chosen at random, and thereafter at regular intervals.

Stratified Random Sampling

With stratified random sampling, the population is first divided into a number of parts or

'strata' according to some characteristic, chosen to be related to the major variables being

studied. For this survey, the variable of interest is the citizen's attitude to the redevelopment

scheme, and the stratification factor will be the values of the respondents' homes. This

factor was chosen because it seems reasonable to suppose that it will be related to people's

attitudes

Cluster and area Sampling

Cluster sampling is a sampling technique used when "natural" groupings are evident in a

statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this technique, the total

population is divided into these groups (or clusters) and a sample of the groups is selected.

Then the required information is collected from the elements within each selected group.

This may be done for every element in these groups or a sub sample of elements may be

selected within each of these groups.

Non Probability Sampling

It is also known as deliberate or purposive or judge mental sampling. In this type of

sampling, every item in the universe does not have an equal, chance of being included in a

sample.

It is of following type:

Convenience Sampling

A convenience sample chooses the individuals that are easiest to reach or sampling that is

done easy. Convenience sampling does not represent the entire population so it is

considered bias.

Quota Sampling

In quota sampling the selection of the sample is made by the interviewer, who has been

given quotas to fill from specified sub-groups of the population.

Judgment Sampling

The sampling technique used here in probability > Random Sampling.

The total sample size is 100 profiles.

I have selected Probability sampling method for this research study.

Data Collection : - Data is collected from various customers through personal interaction.

Specific questionnaire is prepared for collecting data. Data is collected with more

interaction and formal discussion with different respondents and we collect data about

investment pattern of people by face to face contact with the persons from whom the

information is to be obtained (known as informants). The interviewer asks them

questions pertaining to the survey and collects the desired information.

Limitation

Survey Area:-

The survey area is limited to only Ghazipur district (Urban). Hence, the

finding cannot be generalized.

Sampling Design:-

There are different type of Sampling like, probability, Area, random,

purposive, convenience and judgmental.

Along these, the researcher choose only convenience, purposive and

judgmental sampling.

The data are collected on the convenience basis, which was suited to the

researcher is survey. Whenever he found the related individual, he asks

some questions to them and field up this questionnaire.

Judge metal means, the researcher know that; who me get have to give

preference. The person who was suitable for his research. He selected and

asked questions to home & left others. These three designs were suitable for

the survey and without them the researcher cannot reach to any condition.

Finding & Conclusion

In my topic, “A Study On Roll of market intermediaries in Insurance

Industry.”

I collect lots of information about market intermediaries in Insurance

Industry.

I found that.

1. Under 100 population 95% people knows that the investment advisor &

5% of the population.

2. I found that 90% of the population says that investment advisor are

beneficiary for the company and 10% of the population does not agree.

3. There are 85% of the population has positive, 5% population has negative

role of an agent on investment & 10% population has no idea.

4. There are 60% of the population has agreed & 10% of the population has

disagree & 30% population says sometimes satisfied the agent information

regarding investment.

5. There are 50% of the population imposed LIC, 30% population Bajaj

Allianz, 10% population Birla Sun life & 10% population imposed other

investme

6.

Conclusion

Suggestions

In my topic “Aanalysis And Evaluation Of Cotton Textile Supply Chain In

India” I asked to every responded to have a suggestion about the

improvement of the roles of an agent on investment then by the help of my

respondent, I got lots of suggestion relating to my topic.

I want to suggest every Company agents who imposed the investment

they must be gathered information about the investment procedure so that

consumers are totally satisfied to his investment.

Now a day, the role of agent on investment increasing day by day but in

Ghazipur city it is not become so much increase be case of the communication

skill no so much properly in Ghazipur city & most important suggestion the

agent that they should be the right information relating to the “SWITCH” on

time the investment & they should be reached information relating to the new

scheme & the document premium etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION INTERNET

www.google.com

www.search.com

www.cottontextile.com

C.R. KOTHARI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

PHILIP KOTLER MARKETING MANAGEMENT

MAGAZINES

JOURNALS