RESEARCH PROJECTRESEARCH PROJECT

Self Defense Training To Self Defense Training To Cabin CrewCabin Crew

PREVIOUS ASSIGNMENTS

Unit 1&3Personality &

communication

Unit 2Grooming & fitness

Unit 4Aviation

Unit 7 Hospitality

Unit 9 Operational

training

Unit 8 Food &

Beverage

Unit 5Travel

management

SELECTION OF RESEARCH SELECTION OF RESEARCH TOPICTOPIC

During my aviation module I came During my aviation module I came across different training provided to across different training provided to a cabin crew.a cabin crew.

ServiceServiceFlight kitchen operationFlight kitchen operationFirst aid First aid Swimming etc.Swimming etc.

SELECTION OF TOPICSELECTION OF TOPIC

The question came to my mind The question came to my mind weather self defense training should weather self defense training should be provided to a cabin crew. As it be provided to a cabin crew. As it may be a part of safety for a may be a part of safety for a passenger as well as the crew.passenger as well as the crew.

Following question came into Following question came into my mind…..my mind…..

Weather it will be feasible?Weather it will be feasible? What type of people we should be

hired to give the training ? Can the cabin amenities could be

used for the self defence ?

I found this topic I found this topic quiet interesting so quiet interesting so I decided to do the I decided to do the research on research on “should self “should self defense training defense training provided to the provided to the cabin crew”cabin crew”

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Frankfinn I would like to thank Frankfinn Institute of Air Hostess Training for Institute of Air Hostess Training for giving me this project. I would like to giving me this project. I would like to thank my faculty Ms. Harsha thank my faculty Ms. Harsha Ramchandani for helping me during Ramchandani for helping me during this project. Last but not the least I this project. Last but not the least I would like to thank my friends for would like to thank my friends for helping me in making this project.helping me in making this project.

THE RESEARCH METHOD…….THE RESEARCH METHOD…….“Experimental method”“Experimental method”

MERITSMERITS

Control over Control over variables.variables.

Nearest Nearest manifesting manifesting casualties.casualties.

DEMERITSDEMERITS

Lot of time and Lot of time and money required.money required.

Hard to Hard to generalize /small generalize /small sample size.sample size.

Ethical issues.Ethical issues.• Hard to

generalize/small sample size.

SURVEYS……SURVEYS……Questionnaire methodQuestionnaire method

MERITSMERITS

Easy to measure.Easy to measure. Broader Broader

perspective.perspective. Cheap & quicker.Cheap & quicker.

DEMERITSDEMERITS

Not quality data & Not quality data & rapport than rapport than interview.interview.

Not observing Not observing actual behaviour.actual behaviour.

INTERVIEW METHODINTERVIEW METHOD

MERITSMERITS

Establish rapport Establish rapport with respondent.with respondent.

Good Good understanding of understanding of respondent’s view.respondent’s view.

DEMERITSDEMERITS

Expensive and time Expensive and time consuming.consuming.

Hard to quantify & Hard to quantify & smaller sample smaller sample size.size.

OBSERVATIONAL METHODOBSERVATIONAL METHOD MERITSMERITS

First hand look at First hand look at behavior.behavior.

Close involvement Close involvement with group brings with group brings in understanding.in understanding.

DEMERITSDEMERITS

Time and money Time and money consuming, smaller consuming, smaller sample size.sample size.

Possible danger Possible danger and ethical issues.and ethical issues.

Loosing objectivity Loosing objectivity by identifying with by identifying with group.group.

EXISTING DATAEXISTING DATA

MERITSMERITS

Saves time, money Saves time, money and effort.and effort.

DEMERITSDEMERITS

Inherit errors and Inherit errors and biases.biases.

May not meet May not meet needs of current needs of current study. study.

Choosing methodsChoosing methodsAccessibilityAccessibility

Most of the self defence training is provided on international sectors…

CommunicationNo phone nos provided not able to call…

Lack of Acknowledgement Sent emails but no response…

DataData is available on net like comparison, statistics etc..

I decided to conduct the I decided to conduct the research for this project research for this project

using “EXISTING METHOD”using “EXISTING METHOD”

MY CODE OF ETHICSMY CODE OF ETHICS

I will make structured Plan…I will make structured Plan…

I will find my areas I will find my areas of work.of work.

All the tasks and All the tasks and activities will be activities will be completed on time.completed on time.

Update my Update my resources.resources.

Make a plan of ActionMake a plan of Action (POA)….(POA)….

Make a structured Make a structured

approach.approach. Note down all my Note down all my

activities.activities. Find and collect Find and collect

resources.resources. Start data search.Start data search.

Feedback from facultiesFeedback from faculties

Discuss the Discuss the findings.findings.

Make a note of the Make a note of the important points.important points.

Do necessary Do necessary changes.changes.

Left out on Left out on something will do it something will do it next day..next day..

Interpret data and progressInterpret data and progress

I will sort out the I will sort out the data.data.

I will make a I will make a quantitative and quantitative and qualitative qualitative analysis..analysis..

Recording the Recording the data.data.

Noting down all the Noting down all the progress… progress…

I will finish my I will finish my research on time, research on time, record it on a PPT , record it on a PPT , submit and give submit and give my presentationmy presentation

SELF DEFENCE TRAININGSELF DEFENCE TRAINING It is the act of defending oneself, one's It is the act of defending oneself, one's

property or the well-being of another from property or the well-being of another from physical harm. While the term may define physical harm. While the term may define any form of personal defense, it is strongly any form of personal defense, it is strongly associated with civilian hand-to-hand associated with civilian hand-to-hand defense techniques. Self-defense defines a defense techniques. Self-defense defines a civilian activity as opposed to Hand-to-civilian activity as opposed to Hand-to-hand combat in a military context. The use hand combat in a military context. The use of self-defense as a legal justification for of self-defense as a legal justification for violence is available in many jurisdictions, violence is available in many jurisdictions, but the interpretation varies widely.but the interpretation varies widely.

UNARMEDUNARMED Many styles of martial arts are Many styles of martial arts are

practiced for self-defense or practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other self-defense, while other martial/Combat sports can be martial/Combat sports can be effectively applied for self-effectively applied for self-defense. To provide more defense. To provide more practical self-defense, many practical self-defense, many modern day martial arts schools modern day martial arts schools now use a combination of martial now use a combination of martial arts styles and techniques, and arts styles and techniques, and will often customize self-defense will often customize self-defense training to suit the participants' training to suit the participants' lifestyles, occupations, age lifestyles, occupations, age groups and gender. The practice groups and gender. The practice of combining martial arts styles of combining martial arts styles for competitive sport is most for competitive sport is most often referred to as Mixed Martial often referred to as Mixed Martial Arts or MMA. In order to assist Arts or MMA. In order to assist people in learning self-defense people in learning self-defense techniques, dojos and self-techniques, dojos and self-learning videos have sprung up. learning videos have sprung up. Self-defense courses are intended Self-defense courses are intended to give the layperson some to give the layperson some instruction in self-defense in a instruction in self-defense in a short period of time, but the short period of time, but the effectiveness of these is debated.effectiveness of these is debated.

ARMEDARMED In some countries, it is legal to carry weapons (for example knives, In some countries, it is legal to carry weapons (for example knives,

firearms or pepper spray) for purposes of self-defense. In other firearms or pepper spray) for purposes of self-defense. In other countries this may be illegal or may require a license, or some countries this may be illegal or may require a license, or some items may be legal to carry without a license, while others, most items may be legal to carry without a license, while others, most commonly firearms, are not. Limitations on the use of weapons for commonly firearms, are not. Limitations on the use of weapons for personal defense are a source of controversy in some countries, personal defense are a source of controversy in some countries, pitting self-defense rights against efforts to combat violent crime pitting self-defense rights against efforts to combat violent crime via restricting access to common weapons.via restricting access to common weapons.

Everyday objects, such as baseball bats or body spray, can also be Everyday objects, such as baseball bats or body spray, can also be used as improvised weapons for self-defense, however they are used as improvised weapons for self-defense, however they are not likely to be as effective as purpose built weapons. Some non-not likely to be as effective as purpose built weapons. Some non-lethal weapons as the Kubotan have also been built to resemble lethal weapons as the Kubotan have also been built to resemble everyday objects, such as keychains. The other aspects of everyday objects, such as keychains. The other aspects of weapons is that unless a person is well trained under adrenal weapons is that unless a person is well trained under adrenal stress in the use of the weapon, they are frequently at a stress in the use of the weapon, they are frequently at a disadvantage using them in an adrenalized situation where disadvantage using them in an adrenalized situation where cognitive and fine-motor movement abilities are lowered. cognitive and fine-motor movement abilities are lowered. Furthermore, one of the legal concepts behind self-defense is that Furthermore, one of the legal concepts behind self-defense is that one is defending oneself; using a weapon means the police often one is defending oneself; using a weapon means the police often view the one wielding the weapon as the aggressor.view the one wielding the weapon as the aggressor.

OTHER FORMSOTHER FORMS

De-escalationDe-escalation De-escalation is the use of voice, De-escalation is the use of voice,

tone, and body language to calm a tone, and body language to calm a potentially violent situation before potentially violent situation before violence actually ensues. Terms such violence actually ensues. Terms such as 'verbal judo' are used in reference as 'verbal judo' are used in reference to de-escalation, because the verbal to de-escalation, because the verbal tactics are similar to the physical tactics are similar to the physical tactics in the martial art of judotactics in the martial art of judo

AVOIDENCEAVOIDENCE

Being aware of and avoiding potentially Being aware of and avoiding potentially dangerous situations is a method of self-dangerous situations is a method of self-defense. Leaving the situation where defense. Leaving the situation where possible is often considered to be safer possible is often considered to be safer than attempting physical contact with an than attempting physical contact with an attacker. Due to its non-physical nature, attacker. Due to its non-physical nature, awareness and flight are emphasized in awareness and flight are emphasized in women's self defense classes where it is women's self defense classes where it is assumed that the attacker would be assumed that the attacker would be larger and stronger than the victim. larger and stronger than the victim.

PERSONAL ALARMSPERSONAL ALARMS Personal alarms are a way to practice Personal alarms are a way to practice

passive self-defense. A personal alarm is a passive self-defense. A personal alarm is a small, hand-held device that emits strong, small, hand-held device that emits strong, loud, high pitched sounds to deter loud, high pitched sounds to deter attackers because the noise will draw the attackers because the noise will draw the attention of passersby, they may also be attention of passersby, they may also be used as sonic weapons to distract an used as sonic weapons to distract an attacker. Child alarms often function as attacker. Child alarms often function as locators or device alarms such as locators or device alarms such as triggering an alert when a swimming pool triggering an alert when a swimming pool is in use to help prevent dangerous is in use to help prevent dangerous situations in addition to being a deterrent situations in addition to being a deterrent against would-be aggressors.against would-be aggressors.

WHY SELF DEFENCE TRAINING?WHY SELF DEFENCE TRAINING?

Training flight and cabin crew members (pilots and flight attendants) to handle potential threats against domestic commercial aircraft is an important element in securing our nation’s aviation system.

These flight and cabin crew members play a key role in ensuring the security of commercial aircraft and the safety of airline passengers and are the last line of defense in the event of an attempted terrorist attack onboard a commercial aircraft. The responsibility for ensuring that flight and cabin.

FEASIBLITYFEASIBLITY Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,

TSA enhanced guidance and standards for flight and cabin crew member security training with input from stakeholders.

Specifically, TSA revised the guidance and standards to include additional training elements required by law and to improve the organization and clarity of the guidance and standards.

Some stakeholders we interviewed and our own review generally found that the revised guidance and standards improved upon previous versions in terms of organization and clarity of the information provided.

COMPONENTS & COMPONENTS & CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION

ENVIRONMENT:ENVIRONMENT: Flight decks and cabins are very confined spaces, Flight decks and cabins are very confined spaces,

with numerous obstacles that impede free with numerous obstacles that impede free movement of both potential attackers and movement of both potential attackers and defenders.  For this reason, high kicks (anything defenders.  For this reason, high kicks (anything above the level of the abdomen) and acrobatics above the level of the abdomen) and acrobatics (jumping, spinning techniques) do not belong in a (jumping, spinning techniques) do not belong in a crewmember’s in-flight arsenal.  Galleys, lavatories crewmember’s in-flight arsenal.  Galleys, lavatories and flight decks are in effect blind spots, which and flight decks are in effect blind spots, which reduce a crewmember’s reaction time to a threat.  reduce a crewmember’s reaction time to a threat.  Because attacks may come with little or no Because attacks may come with little or no warning, close-range (less than two feet between warning, close-range (less than two feet between opponents) techniques should be emphasized over opponents) techniques should be emphasized over long-range techniqueslong-range techniques..

  Striking and GrapplingStriking and Grappling An effective self-defense program must An effective self-defense program must

address both striking and grappling.  address both striking and grappling.  The most obvious form of striking is The most obvious form of striking is punching, but training should include punching, but training should include elbow and knee strikes, open hand elbow and knee strikes, open hand techniques and low kicks.  Grappling techniques and low kicks.  Grappling can be defined as any situation where can be defined as any situation where one or both opponents grab onto the one or both opponents grab onto the other.  This usually happens because other.  This usually happens because one opponent is trying to control the one opponent is trying to control the other, execute a takedown, or simply other, execute a takedown, or simply avoid the other’s strikes. avoid the other’s strikes.

REALISMREALISM                         It is critical that self-defense training resemble as It is critical that self-defense training resemble as

closely as possible the real life attacks that a crewmember closely as possible the real life attacks that a crewmember will most likely encounter.  To use a military adage, “train will most likely encounter.  To use a military adage, “train the way you fight”.the way you fight”.

                  Training should include drills in which students apply Training should include drills in which students apply as much contact, power and resistance against each other as much contact, power and resistance against each other as they can without undue risk of injury.  Takedowns, joint as they can without undue risk of injury.  Takedowns, joint locks, chokes and other grappling techniques can only be locks, chokes and other grappling techniques can only be validated when the student’s sparring partner is validated when the student’s sparring partner is determined to defend against those techniques, just as an determined to defend against those techniques, just as an actual adversary would be.  A padded mat area and clear actual adversary would be.  A padded mat area and clear rules of engagement are necessary for effective grappling rules of engagement are necessary for effective grappling training.  Heavy bags, pads and protective gear allow training.  Heavy bags, pads and protective gear allow students to safely practice full power strikes.  students to safely practice full power strikes. 

WEAPONSWEAPONS With the exception of Federal Flight Deck Officers, With the exception of Federal Flight Deck Officers,

crewmembers do not have access to conventional deadly crewmembers do not have access to conventional deadly weapons.  Improvised weapons such as crash axes, fire weapons.  Improvised weapons such as crash axes, fire extinguishers, and wine bottles can be very effective, but extinguishers, and wine bottles can be very effective, but crewmembers should not count on those items being crewmembers should not count on those items being available in a time of crisis.   available in a time of crisis.   

                        Some traditional martial arts focus significant time Some traditional martial arts focus significant time on exotic weapons training.  These weapons range from on exotic weapons training.  These weapons range from broadswords to ancient Asian farm implements.  It is a safe broadswords to ancient Asian farm implements.  It is a safe bet that none of these will be available to a crewmember in bet that none of these will be available to a crewmember in flight.  Similarly, a hijacker’s weapon of choice would flight.  Similarly, a hijacker’s weapon of choice would probably not be a six-foot staff or a Samurai sword.probably not be a six-foot staff or a Samurai sword.

Concealable edged weapons and handguns are the most Concealable edged weapons and handguns are the most likely armed threat to a crewmember.  Weapons training likely armed threat to a crewmember.  Weapons training should be limited to defenses against opponents wielding should be limited to defenses against opponents wielding those weapons.those weapons.    

PHYSICAL LIMITATIONSPHYSICAL LIMITATIONS In an ideal world, crewmembers would all be in In an ideal world, crewmembers would all be in

top physical condition so as to better perform in top physical condition so as to better perform in crisis situations.  We all know that the reality is crisis situations.  We all know that the reality is quite different.  While we are concerned here quite different.  While we are concerned here about self-defense, physical fitness is a critical about self-defense, physical fitness is a critical component in any survival situation.  component in any survival situation. 

Try to choose a program that will challenge you Try to choose a program that will challenge you physically.  To paraphrase another military physically.  To paraphrase another military adage, “the more you sweat in training, the less adage, “the more you sweat in training, the less you bleed in combat”.  Having said that, some you bleed in combat”.  Having said that, some crewmembers may have physical conditions that crewmembers may have physical conditions that may prevent them from safely participating in may prevent them from safely participating in some of the more demanding programs.some of the more demanding programs.

INSTRUCTIONAL QUALITY & INSTRUCTIONAL QUALITY & STYLESTYLE

For long-term training, the individual crewmember will have For long-term training, the individual crewmember will have to find a school or instructor with a personality that he or to find a school or instructor with a personality that he or she is comfortable with.  When shopping for a school or she is comfortable with.  When shopping for a school or program, be alert for several “red flags” which may indicate program, be alert for several “red flags” which may indicate sub-par training. sub-par training. 

Classes should be adults only.  Realistic self-defense Classes should be adults only.  Realistic self-defense training is not a family activity.  The presence of children training is not a family activity.  The presence of children slows the pace and reduces the intensity of training.  slows the pace and reduces the intensity of training. 

Avoid programs that focus excessively on achieving rank or Avoid programs that focus excessively on achieving rank or competing in tournaments.  Belts and trophies are not a competing in tournaments.  Belts and trophies are not a good indication of an individual’s true fighting abilities.  good indication of an individual’s true fighting abilities.  Martial arts school owners can be very aggressive Martial arts school owners can be very aggressive salesmen.  Be sure you are satisfied with the program salesmen.  Be sure you are satisfied with the program before you sign a long-term contract. before you sign a long-term contract.

If an instructor talks up his extensive hand-to-hand combat If an instructor talks up his extensive hand-to-hand combat experience, walk away.  Most Americans are able to make it experience, walk away.  Most Americans are able to make it to their middle ages with only a few minor scuffles, if any to their middle ages with only a few minor scuffles, if any fights at all.  If this instructor is not lying, he might have fights at all.  If this instructor is not lying, he might have questionable judgment or self-control. Either way, he may not questionable judgment or self-control. Either way, he may not be the best choice. be the best choice. 

Instructors with law enforcement and, to a lesser extent, Instructors with law enforcement and, to a lesser extent, military special operations backgrounds may have military special operations backgrounds may have considerable real-life experience in unarmed self-defense.  considerable real-life experience in unarmed self-defense.  You should expect these instructors to be quiet professionals You should expect these instructors to be quiet professionals who hold self-aggrandizing words and actions in disdain.who hold self-aggrandizing words and actions in disdain.

Any claims of “secret”, “deadly” or “lethal” arts or techniques Any claims of “secret”, “deadly” or “lethal” arts or techniques should be met with great skepticism. With one’s bare hands, a should be met with great skepticism. With one’s bare hands, a person can only cause another’s death through asphyxiation, person can only cause another’s death through asphyxiation, strangulation or direct trauma to the brain or upper spinal strangulation or direct trauma to the brain or upper spinal cord.  It is best to base your self-defense training on science, cord.  It is best to base your self-defense training on science, not on ancient Asian mysticism.not on ancient Asian mysticism.

REVIEW OF COMMON STYLES REVIEW OF COMMON STYLES AND PROGRAMSAND PROGRAMS

ASIAN MARTIAL ARTSASIAN MARTIAL ARTSThese styles tend to emphasize These styles tend to emphasize

discipline and self-improvement.  discipline and self-improvement.  Training is conducted in an Training is conducted in an atmosphere of formality and atmosphere of formality and regimentation.  For these reasons, regimentation.  For these reasons, children often make up a large children often make up a large percentage of the students at percentage of the students at schools teaching these styles.schools teaching these styles.

Tae Kwon DoTae Kwon Do The Korean form of Karate and perhaps the most The Korean form of Karate and perhaps the most

prevalent martial art in the United States.  prevalent martial art in the United States.  Acrobatic, high kicks are emphasized over short-Acrobatic, high kicks are emphasized over short-range strikes.  Strong emphasis is placed on range strikes.  Strong emphasis is placed on forms, light contact  “point sparring” and forms, light contact  “point sparring” and tournaments.  tournaments. 

PROS: Unless you live in a rural area, there is PROS: Unless you live in a rural area, there is probably a Tae Kwon Do school within minutes of probably a Tae Kwon Do school within minutes of your home. Most schools will accommodate any your home. Most schools will accommodate any student regardless of physical condition or student regardless of physical condition or limitations.  limitations. 

CONS: Little focus on short range fighting, less on CONS: Little focus on short range fighting, less on grappling, and none on ground fighting.  Forms grappling, and none on ground fighting.  Forms and tournament training take time away from and tournament training take time away from self-defense training.self-defense training.    

KarateKarate and and Kung FuKung Fu These Japanese and Chinese styles usually These Japanese and Chinese styles usually

mix hand strikes and kicks more evenly mix hand strikes and kicks more evenly than Tae Kwon Do.  Some styles than Tae Kwon Do.  Some styles emphasize rigid stances while others emphasize rigid stances while others practice graceful, flowing movement.  practice graceful, flowing movement.  Strong emphasis on forms and weapons. Strong emphasis on forms and weapons. 

PROS:  Like Tae Kwon Do, very accessible PROS:  Like Tae Kwon Do, very accessible to almost anyone.  More focus on short to almost anyone.  More focus on short range striking than Tae Kwon Do.  range striking than Tae Kwon Do. 

CONS: Little focus on grappling and no CONS: Little focus on grappling and no ground fighting.  Forms and weapons ground fighting.  Forms and weapons training take time away from self-defense training take time away from self-defense training.training.

JudoJudo Derived from Jiu-Jitsu, Judo emphasizes Derived from Jiu-Jitsu, Judo emphasizes

flipping or throwing ones opponent to the flipping or throwing ones opponent to the ground and submitting them with chokes ground and submitting them with chokes and painful joint manipulations (joint and painful joint manipulations (joint locks).  Judo training is mostly found in locks).  Judo training is mostly found in collegiate clubs or teams.  Training is often collegiate clubs or teams.  Training is often based around tournament rules that based around tournament rules that discourage extended ground fighting.  discourage extended ground fighting.  Physically demanding, with a moderate risk Physically demanding, with a moderate risk of injury.  of injury. 

PROS: Excellent grappling training.  PROS: Excellent grappling training.  CONS: No striking training, limited ground CONS: No striking training, limited ground

fighting. fighting.

          Thai BoxingThai Boxing or or Muay Muay ThaiThai

Thailand’s national sport, Muay Thai Thailand’s national sport, Muay Thai emphasizes powerful shin kicks and emphasizes powerful shin kicks and short range strikes including knees and short range strikes including knees and elbows.  Unlike Western boxers and elbows.  Unlike Western boxers and Karate/Tae Kwon Do competitors, Thai Karate/Tae Kwon Do competitors, Thai boxers continue to fight after they boxers continue to fight after they “clinch” or grab onto each other.  “clinch” or grab onto each other.  Extensive full power and full contact Extensive full power and full contact training.  Physically demanding, with a training.  Physically demanding, with a moderate risk of injury.  moderate risk of injury. 

PROS: Excellent short range striking, PROS: Excellent short range striking, some some grappling.  grappling. 

CONS: No ground fighting.CONS: No ground fighting.  

Philippine and Indonesian Philippine and Indonesian Styles (Kali, Arnis, Escrima)Styles (Kali, Arnis, Escrima)These martial arts focus largely on These martial arts focus largely on

knife and stick fighting.  Practitioners knife and stick fighting.  Practitioners develop lightning fast attacks from develop lightning fast attacks from multiple angles and effective multiple angles and effective counters to those attacks.  counters to those attacks. 

PROSPROS: Excellent stick and knife : Excellent stick and knife defenses.  defenses. 

CONSCONS: Limited striking and grappling, : Limited striking and grappling, no ground fighting. no ground fighting. 

Western Martial ArtsWestern Martial Arts Like Westerners in Like Westerners in

general, practitioners general, practitioners of these arts are less of these arts are less concerned with concerned with formality, tradition formality, tradition and ritual than their and ritual than their Eastern counterparts.  Eastern counterparts.  Training in street or Training in street or gym clothes instead of gym clothes instead of uniforms is common.uniforms is common.

Fitness Center Fitness Center Kickboxing. Kickboxing. 

These are fitness programs and have These are fitness programs and have no real application to self-defense.  no real application to self-defense.  Aerobics instructors who have taken Aerobics instructors who have taken a short certification course usually a short certification course usually teach these classes.  teach these classes. 

PROS: Nice scenery.  PROS: Nice scenery.  CONS: No self-defense applications.CONS: No self-defense applications.

    BOXINGBOXING

A well trained boxer is a formidable A well trained boxer is a formidable opponent.  Boxers develop fast, powerful opponent.  Boxers develop fast, powerful punches and nimble footwork.  Training is punches and nimble footwork.  Training is physically demanding with a moderate risk physically demanding with a moderate risk of injury.  of injury. 

PROS:  Powerful, fluid punches.  PROS:  Powerful, fluid punches.  CONS:  No kicks, open hand, elbow or knee CONS:  No kicks, open hand, elbow or knee

strikes. No grappling or ground fighting.strikes. No grappling or ground fighting.

WRESTLINGWRESTLING Wrestlers are trained to take their opponents to Wrestlers are trained to take their opponents to

the ground and immobilize them.  Like a boxer, a the ground and immobilize them.  Like a boxer, a proficient wrestler can easily overcome an proficient wrestler can easily overcome an untrained, unarmed opponent.  Unlike other untrained, unarmed opponent.  Unlike other ground fighters, wrestlers are not trained to ground fighters, wrestlers are not trained to submit their opponents through chokes or joint submit their opponents through chokes or joint locks and may be vulnerable to those attacks locks and may be vulnerable to those attacks themselves.  Physically demanding training with a themselves.  Physically demanding training with a moderate risk of injury.  moderate risk of injury. 

PROS: Excellent grappling and ground fighting PROS: Excellent grappling and ground fighting skills.  skills. 

CONS: No striking or submissions.  CONS: No striking or submissions.  

BRAZILIAN JIU-JITSUBRAZILIAN JIU-JITSU Derived from Japanese Jiu-jitsu, this grappling art was Derived from Japanese Jiu-jitsu, this grappling art was

developed by the Gracie family in Rio de Janeiro over the developed by the Gracie family in Rio de Janeiro over the last century.  Through countless “no holds barred” last century.  Through countless “no holds barred” tournaments, challenge fights and street altercations they tournaments, challenge fights and street altercations they modified classical techniques and created new ones to deal modified classical techniques and created new ones to deal with modern violence.  Practitioners prefer to submit or with modern violence.  Practitioners prefer to submit or disable their opponents with chokes and joint locks instead disable their opponents with chokes and joint locks instead of strikes, thus protecting themselves from injury and of strikes, thus protecting themselves from injury and blood-borne diseases.  Physically demanding with a blood-borne diseases.  Physically demanding with a moderate risk of injury.  moderate risk of injury. 

PROS: Arguably the most proven martial arts style in PROS: Arguably the most proven martial arts style in modern times.  Excellent grappling, ground fighting and modern times.  Excellent grappling, ground fighting and submissions.  submissions. 

CONS: Very limited striking.  Practitioners may become CONS: Very limited striking.  Practitioners may become predisposed to “go to the ground” at inopportune times.  predisposed to “go to the ground” at inopportune times.  

Jeet Kune DoJeet Kune Do

Developed in the United States by martial Developed in the United States by martial arts legend Bruce Lee, Jeet Kune Do takes arts legend Bruce Lee, Jeet Kune Do takes a modern approach to classical Asian a modern approach to classical Asian martial arts.  Practitioners are encouraged martial arts.  Practitioners are encouraged to take what works for them and discard to take what works for them and discard the rest.  the rest. 

PROS: Excellent close-range striking and PROS: Excellent close-range striking and grappling.  grappling. 

CONS: Little or no ground fighting. CONS: Little or no ground fighting. 

KRAV MAGAKRAV MAGA Krav Maga was originally the Israeli Defense Krav Maga was originally the Israeli Defense

Forces fighting system and is based on traditional Forces fighting system and is based on traditional Asian martial arts techniques.  Strong emphasis Asian martial arts techniques.  Strong emphasis on knife and gun defense.  Krav Maga may be on knife and gun defense.  Krav Maga may be suffering from it’s own success.  Conceptually a suffering from it’s own success.  Conceptually a solid program, Krav Maga has been franchised solid program, Krav Maga has been franchised out across the country.  Traditional martial arts out across the country.  Traditional martial arts instructors can attend a weeklong certification instructors can attend a weeklong certification course and begin teaching at their own schools.  course and begin teaching at their own schools.  Instructors may lack proficiency or understanding Instructors may lack proficiency or understanding of realistic self-defense.  of realistic self-defense. 

PROS: Good, basic defenses to common attacks.  PROS: Good, basic defenses to common attacks.  CONS: Questionable instructor quality control.CONS: Questionable instructor quality control.   

Defensive Tactics and Close Defensive Tactics and Close Quarter Combative.Quarter Combative.

Primarily offered to law enforcement personnel Primarily offered to law enforcement personnel and military special operators, this type of and military special operators, this type of training emphasizes a mixture of close range training emphasizes a mixture of close range striking, grappling and ground fighting along with striking, grappling and ground fighting along with weapon retention and disarming techniques.  weapon retention and disarming techniques.  Some commercial organizations are now offering Some commercial organizations are now offering civilian versions of this training in one to five day civilian versions of this training in one to five day courses.  courses. 

PROS: All-encompassing, reality based training.  PROS: All-encompassing, reality based training.  CONS: Can be expensive, often requiring cross-CONS: Can be expensive, often requiring cross-

country travel to the training site.country travel to the training site.

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.comwww.google.com www.wikipedia.orgwww.wikipedia.org

SUMMARYSUMMARY In this article I discussed what crewmembers In this article I discussed what crewmembers

should look for in a self-defense training should look for in a self-defense training program.  I also review some of the more program.  I also review some of the more popular martial arts styles and programs and popular martial arts styles and programs and their pertinence to flight deck and cabin self-their pertinence to flight deck and cabin self-defense.  I acknowledge in advance that this defense.  I acknowledge in advance that this article reflects my own perspective, and is article reflects my own perspective, and is subject to debate.  My conclusions come from subject to debate.  My conclusions come from my training in various martial arts, law my training in various martial arts, law enforcement and aviation security enforcement and aviation security experience, and discussions and workshops experience, and discussions and workshops with some of the foremost self-defense with some of the foremost self-defense trainers in private industry and the trainers in private industry and the government.government.

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

If you have the time and money, a tailored If you have the time and money, a tailored aircrew self-defense course is a valuable aircrew self-defense course is a valuable investment in your personal security.  For investment in your personal security.  For continuous, local training consider boxing continuous, local training consider boxing or Muay Thai for striking skills, Brazilian or Muay Thai for striking skills, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu for grappling and ground fighting, Jiu-Jitsu for grappling and ground fighting, and a Philippine/Indonesian Martial Art for and a Philippine/Indonesian Martial Art for weapons.  There are progressive schools in weapons.  There are progressive schools in most large cities that teach a mixture of most large cities that teach a mixture of these styles under the same roof.  these styles under the same roof. 

THANK YOUTHANK YOU