Research Presentation Richard E. Cleveland Georgia Southern University Monday February 3 rd , 2014

Psychometric Reanalysis of Happiness, Temperament, and Spirituality Scales with Children in Faith-Based Elementary Schools

Research PresentationRichard E. ClevelandGeorgia Southern UniversityMonday February 3rd, 2014Room1100-J

Materials & Handouts available at: http://richardcleveland.me/

Outline•Background•Dissertation Research•Application•Questions

Helping Students Flourish•Resiliency

Positive Psychology (Lopez et al., 2009)

•Spirituality Professional recognition (ACA, ASCA, CACREP) Conceptualizing Spirituality

▫Internal & Possibly Secular (Noddings, 2006)▫Religious (Fowler, 1981)▫constructivist (Phillips, 1995)

•Spirituality & General Well-Being Developmental/Psychological (Kim & Esquivel, 2011)

Holder, Coleman & Wallace (2010)•Correlations between Spirituality,

Religiosity & Happiness in Children▫ 3 Happiness (FACES, OHQ-SF, SHS)▫ 1 Spirituality (SWBQ)▫ 1 Religiosity (PBS)▫ 1 Temperament (EAS)

•Spirituality, but not Religiosity, correlated to Happiness

But What About Children?

•Instruments Created/Administered with Adult Samples

Dissimilar samples Developmental level of item wording Exploratory Factor Analysis

Guiding Questions•Revisiting Holder, Coleman & Wallace

(2010)

•Guiding Questions:▫Are the instruments psychometrically

sound?▫Are the derived factors similar to the

original theorized structures?

Sample• 2 ES Schools• Classroom teacher

administration• Return rate approx. 92%

ES1n

ES2n N

Gender

Male 110 105 215

Female 118 95 213

Missing 2 7 9

Total 230 207 437

Grade Level

4th Grade 71 62 133

5th Grade 62 75 137

6th Grade 94 70 164

Missing 3 0 3

Total 230 207 437

• The FACES Scale (FACES)

• Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form (OHQ-SF)

• Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)• Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ)• Practices & Beliefs Scale – Behaviors (PBS-B)• Emotionality Activity and Sociability

Temperament Survey (EAS)

Methodology•Aggregated Dataset

▫Descriptive Statistics

•Instruments▫Descriptive Statistics▫Reliability & Factorial Validity▫Exploratory Factor Analysis (PAF)

Skewness & Kurtosis•EFA Parameters

▫Skewness <│2│▫ Kurtosis <│7│

(Fabrigar & Wegener, 2012)

SWBQ Item #06“I worship God.”

Parallel Analysis• Determining the

appropriate number of factors▫ Random data generated in

a parallel (similar) model▫ Non trivial components in

the model influence both raw & random data

▫ Eigenvalues: Raw > Random

▫ SPSS Syntax O’Connor (2000)

(Fabrigar & Wegener, 2012; Fabrigar, Wegener, MacCallum, & Strahan, 1999; Hayton, Allen, & Scarpello, 2004; O’Connor, 2000)

ResultsFACES Scale(Andrews & Withey, 1976)

• Likert-type Scale• 7 facial drawings

• Limited

% of Ratings Within Categories of FACES Scale

DissertationHolder et al. (2010)

Very Unhappy .23 .00

Unhappy 1.83 .00

Somewhat Unhappy 3.21 3.00

Neutral 13.30 7.00

Somewhat Happy 29.82 19.00

Happy 37.16 47.00

Very Happy 14.45 24.00

ResultsPBS-B(Holder et al., 2010)

• Indices of sampling adequacy

• EFA (PAF) no rotation• Scree Plot & Parallel

Analysis

• Support theorized unidimensionality

• Less than adequate

Factor Loadings (PBS-B)Item Factor

Item 2: I pray or meditate .61

Item 3: I read religious books .53

Item 1: I go to a place of worship .45

Eigenvalue .86

% of Variance 28.74

Cronbach’s Alpha .54

ResultsOHQ-SF(Hills & Argyle, 2002)



Analysis


• Reasonable

Factor Loadings (OHQ-SF)Item Factor

Item 3: comfortable with my life .75

Item 1: happy with way I am .73

Item 2: life is rewarding .67

Item 6: time to do what I enjoy .54

Item 8: happy memories of the past .53

Item 5: see beauty around me .50

Item 4: think I look attractive .47

Item 7: pay attention .35

Eigenvalue 2.72

% of Variance 33.95


ResultsSHS(Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999)



Analysis


• Reasonable

Factor Loadings (SHS)Item Factor

Item 1: usually happy .78

Item 2: happier than most kids .76

Item 3: enjoy life most of time .59

Item 4: want to be happier .12

Eigenvalue 1.55

% of Variance 38.69


ResultsSWBQ(Gomez & Fisher, 2003)


• EFA (PAF) oblimin rotation

• Scree Plot & Parallel Analysis

• Support theorized 4 dimensional model

Factor Inter-Correlation Matrix (SWBQ)Factor 1(C) 2(E) 3(T) 4(P)

1(C) .40 -.48 .54

2(E) -.23 .41

3(T) -.34

4(P)

Eigenvalue 6.39 2.26 1.19 .46

% of Variance 31.93 11.27 5.96 2.31

Cronbach’s Alpha .77 .88 .86 .70

Note. C = Communal; E = Environmental; T = Transcendental; P = Personal.

Factor Loadings (SWBQ)

Item 1 (C) 2 (E) 3 (T) 4 (P) h2

Item 19: I am kind to other people (C) .83 .68

Item 17: I respect other people (C) .76 -.13 -.10 .60

Item 8: I trust other people (C) .49 .13 .26

Item 1: I love other people (C) .42 .11 .24 .25

Item 3: I forgive other people (C) .42 .11 -.20 .23

Item 10: I like being in nature (E) .91 -.13 .85

Item 4: I enjoy nature (E) .91 -.12 .84

Item 12: I feel peaceful in nature (E) .69 .47

Item 20: I feel special in nature (E) .66 .12 .45

Item 7: I feel joyous when I am outside (E) .51 .28 .33

Item 11: I feel close to God (T) -.96 .91

Item: 2: I feel close to God (T) -.93 .86

Item 6: I worship God (T) -.77 .59

Item 15: I pray (T) .13 -.57 .35

Item 13: I am at peace with God (T) -.57 .21 .36

Item 14: I am joyful (P) .29 .45 .29

Item 18: I have meaning in life (P) .44 .21

Item 5: I really know myself (P) .40 .18

Item 16: I am peaceful (P) .34 .39 .26

Item 9: I leave about myself (P) .18 .33 .14

Note. Loadings > .40 are in bold and underlined. Delta = 0.00; Loadings < .10 are omitted; C = Communal; E = Environmental; T = Transcendental; P = Personal.

ResultsSWBQ(Gomez & Fisher, 2003)




• Support theorized 4 dimensional model

• Adequate

Factor % Variance (SWBQ)

Factor Eigenvalue% of

VarianceCronbach’s

Alpha

Communal 6.39 31.93 .77

Environmental 2.26 11.27 .88

Transcendental 1.19 5.96 .86

Personal .46 2.31 .70

ResultsEAS(Buss & Plomin, 1984)




Factor Inter-Correlation Matrix (EAS)

Factor 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 .19 -.06 .43 -.31 -.16

2 .12 .21 .06 -.36

3 -.14 .02 -.24

4 -.30 -.06

5 .01

6

Eigenvalue 4.43 1.65 .98 .83 .59 .41

% of Variance 22.14 8.25 4.90 4.16 2.95 2.04

Factor Loadings (EAS – Initial Rotated Extraction)

Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 h2

Item 16R: I get upset easily (ED) .78 .60

Item 8R: I get angry easily (EA) .77 .60

Item 18: It takes a lot to upset me (EA) .64 .40

Item 13R: I get annoyed easily (EA) .51 .26

Item 1: I like to be with people (S) .79 .63

Item 15: I like to work with other people (S) .69 .47

Item 20: I would rather spend time with people than do anything else (S) .43 .18

Item 10: I am always doing things (A) .56 .32

Item 2: I usually seem to be in a hurry (A) .53 .28

Item 7: I like to be busy (A) .00

Item 11R: I feel nervous about things that happen every day (ED) .72 .52

Item 4R: I am usually stressed (ED) .53 .28

Item 6R: I often feel alone (S) .52 .27

Item 9R: I feel frustrated a lot (ED) .49 .50 .48

Item 12: I usually feel confident (EF) .40 .16

Item 3R: I am easily frightened (EF) -.70 .48

Item 14R: I panic when I get scared (EF) -.55 .30

Item 19: I only have a few fears (EF) -.54 .29

Item 5: I let people know when I am unhappy (EA) -.48 .23

Item 17: I have a lot of energy (A) -.33 .11

Note. R = reverse-coded item; EA = Emotionality: Anger; ED = Emotionality: Distress; EF = Emotionality: Fearfulness; A = Activity; S = Sociability; Loadings > .40 are in bold and underlined; PAF delta = 0.00; loadings < .10 are omitted.


• Scree Plot & Parallel Analysis suggest 2-factor model

• Oblimin delta increased for parsimonious solution

Factor Inter-Correlation Matrix (EAS)

Delta Value r

-.20 .05

.00 .05

.20 .06

.40 .06

.60 .08

.80 .24

Factor Loadings (EAS – Final Rotated Extraction)

Item 1 2 h2

Item 16R: I get upset easily (ED) .78 -.12 .62

Item 8R: I get angry easily (EA) .75 .56

Item 9R: I feel frustrated a lot (ED) .72 .14 .53

Item 14R: I panic when I get scared (EF) .63 -.33 .50

Item 4R: I am usually stressed (ED) .62 .10 .40

Item 13R: I get annoyed easily (EA) .61 .37

Item 6R: I often feel alone (S) .49 .24

Item 3R: I am easily frightened (EF) .49 -.26 .31

Item 18: It takes a lot to upset me (EA) .49 .24

Item 11R: I feel nervous about things that happen every day (ED) .49 .24

Item 12: I usually feel confident (EF) .43 .21 .23

Item 2: I usually seem to be in a hurry (A) -.36 .13

Item 19: I only have a few fears (EF) .34 -.11 .13

Item 1: I like to be with people (S) .63 .40

Item 15: I like to work with other people (S) .61 .37

Item 20: I would rather spend time with people than do anything else (S) .53 .28

Item 5: I let people know when I am unhappy (EA) -.16 .33 .14

Item 17: I have a lot of energy (A) .12 .31 .11

Item 7: I like to be busy (A) .23 .05

Item 10: I am always doing things (A) -.12 .16 .04

Note. R = reverse-coded item; EA = Emotionality: Anger; ED = Emotionality: Distress; EF = Emotionality: Fearfulness; A = Activity; S = Sociability; Loadings > .40 are in bold and underlined; PAF delta = 0.00; loadings < .10 are omitted.


• Not supportive of theorized 5 dimensional model

• Inadequate

Factor % Variance (EAS)

Factor Eigenvalue% of

VarianceCronbach’s

Alpha

Emotionality 4.28 21.41 .81

Sociability 1.52 7.61 .55

Summary of Results•Empirical Support

▫PBS-B, OHQ-SF, SHS, SWBQ•Reliability with Children

▫Lower: PBS-B, SHS, SWBQ▫Higher: OHQ-SF

•Adequate Measures▫OHQ-SF, SHS, SWBQ

Limitations•Sampling•Instrument Administration•EAS Instrument

Sampling•Purposeful sampling•ES-aged (4th through 6th) respondents•Majority identifying as European

American/White

Instrument Administration•Classroom teach administered•Minimal researcher footprint•IRB requirements

EAS (Buss & Plomin, 1984)

• Based on 4-dimensional model of temperament (EASI, 1973)

• High correlations between Emo↔Act and Soc ↔ Imp

• Emotionality & Activity items revised, Impulsivity dropped (EASI-II, ~1975)

• New York Longitudinal Study paired with 54 EASI-II items (EAS, 1977)

• Sociability & Shyness distinct and not a continuum

• Sociability revised/renamed Shyness and “experimental” Sociability created (EAS, 1984)

EASI: Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, &

Impulsivity (1973)

EASI-II: Emotionality, Activity, & Sociability

(~1975)

EAS: Emotionality, Activity, & Sociability

(1977)

EAS: Emotionality, Activity, & Shyness –

Experimental Sociability (1984)

Future Research Possibilities•Foundation for Correlational Analyses•Instrument Refinement

▫ PBS-B▫ SHS

•Defining the EAS▫ Clarifying the most recent version▫ Administering as self-report with children

•Psychometrics of Mindfulness Instruments▫ Exploratory Factor Analysis

Application•Empirical Support

▫ Happiness/Subjective Well-Being (SWB)▫ Spirituality & Religiosity

•Clinical Settings▫ Sound Instruments for Children

•P-12 Educational Settings▫ “Expansion” of School Climate (Cohen, 2010)▫ School Improvement Plans (SIP)

Questions & Conversation

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Research Presentation Richard E. Cleveland Georgia Southern University Monday February 3 rd , 2014

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