Research Opportunities at LCLS September 2011
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Research Opportunities at LCLS
September 2011
Joachim Stöhr
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Five Revolutions in “light”
• 1879 - Invention of the light bulb
• 1895 - Discovery of X-Rays
• 1960 - Invention of the LASER
• 1970 - Synchrotron radiation x-rays - SSRL
• 2009 - The first x-ray laser - LCLS
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The speed of things – the smaller the fast manifestation of the physical concept of “inertia” = resistance to motion, action, or change
atoms
“electrons” & “spins”
macromolecules
molecular groups
Laser flash
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The new science paradigm: Static “structure” plus dynamic “function”
Future technological
speeds
Present technological
speeds
Lasers
X-ray Lasers
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Important areas of LCLS research
Because of their size, atoms and “bonds” can change fast but how do systems evolve? key areas of interest:
equilibrium (phase diagrams of complex materials…)
close to equilibrium (operation or function of a system…)
far from equilibrium (transient states like a chemical reaction…)
far, far from equilibrium(matter during inertial confinement fusion…)
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“Equilibrium”: What is the structure of water?
Small angle x-ray scattering shows inhomogeneity
Disordered soup Ice like clusters
Components probably dynamic – form and dissolve - can we take an ultrafast snapshot??
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How do we image with LCLS?
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magnetic switching today in 1 ns how fast can it be done?
Electronic circuit Memory cell Magnetic structure of “bit”Computer chip
100 nm
“Close to equilibrium” – how does a device function:e.g. how does a spin current turn the magnetization ?
“bit” in cell
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What are the key intermediate reactive species?
end reaction products reaction dynamics & intermediates
“Far from equilibrium”:How does a chemical reaction proceed?
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“Far, far from equilibrium”:Warm and hot dense matter
The properties of matter in extreme states - which on earth can only be created transiently on ultrafast time scale-
Sample
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“Image before destroy” snapshots femtosecond protein crystallography
• Atoms = electronic cores move slow enough so that “image before destruction” becomes possible at LCLSrequirements: maximum intensity for signal-to-noise pulse length (~10 fs) shorter than atomic motion (100 fs)
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LCLS facilities overview
electron beam
x-ray beam
Injector
1km linac 14GeV
AMOSXR
XPP
XCS
CXI
MEC
Near-hall: 3 stations
Far-hall: 3 stations
Undulator hall
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132 meters of FEL undulators
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Far Experimental Hall
Near Experimental Hall
AMOSXR XPP
XCSCXIMEC
X-ray Transport Tunnel
200 m
Start of operation
Oct-09AMO
Spring-12XCS
February-11CXI
October-10XPP
May-10SXR
MEC Fall-12
Experimental Halls and Operations Schedules
< 30Hz 60Hz 60Hz, 120Hz since Jan 2011
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Optical laser versus X-ray free electron laser
Optical laser X-ray laser
• electrons in discrete energy states
• stimulated emission amplified through mirrors
• fixed photon energy
• low energy, long wavelength photons
• compact
• a bunch (~109) of free electrons
• stimulated emission amplified through electron ordering
• tunable photon energy
• high energy, short wavelength photons
• large
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The end