RESEARCH METHODS IN EDUCATION

Dr. James L. PaglinawanMicrosoft Philippines TechMentor

Graduate Studies Secretary/ Registrar College of Education

Central Mindanao UniversityUniversity Town, Musuan, Bukidnon

Definitions

Types of

Research

Sources of Knowledge

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Characteristics of

Research and

Researcher

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DEFINITIONS OF

RESEARCH

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RESEARCH Systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.

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RESEARCH

Systematic, controlled and empirical inquiry about a subject/topic through problem-solving process using a method application of the scientific method to the study of a problem.

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Purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for intervention, for the discovery of truth, or for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of human life.

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Systematic inquiry- inquiry that is characterized bythe certain amount of rigor and governed by sets of principles and guidelines for procedures.

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According to Collinds in Newman (1997)

“Modern philosophy of science does not destroy sociological science; it does say that science is impossible, but it gives us a more flexible picture of what science is.”

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The approaches help link abstract issues in philosophy to concrete research techniques.

They prescribe what good social research in values, justify why research is done, relate values to research, and guide ethical behavior.

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Figure 1. Relationship between the sets of assumption as basis for the difference in the approaches/models of social research

Ontological Assumptioms

Epistomological Assumptions

Methodological Implications

Techniques of Data Collection

Will give rise to

Which have

The choice for the particular

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TYPESOF

RESEARCH

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Figure 2. The Positivistic Analytic Research Tradition Empirical

Inquiry

Purpose: To promote the authority of

scientific knowledge

Positivistic Analytic Research Tradition

Meta-Analys

is

Control Treatment Experiment

Correlation

StudiesSurvey

Naturalistic

descriptive

Requirements

Empirical Objective Value free Scientific

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Figure 3. The Symbolic, Interpretative Research Tradition

Interpretative InquirySymbolic,

Interpretative Research Tradition

Purpose: To understand the

human experiences

(cognitive and perceptions)

Folklore of Education

Ethnomethodology of

Classroom

Ethnography of

schools

Anthropological

linguistic tools

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Figure 4. The Neo-Maxist Revisionist Research Tradition

Critical Inquiry

Neo-Marxist Revisionist Research

Tradition

EducationalPoliticalSocialHuma

n

PhenomenaReject the idea of value free research, focus on relevant

historical-idealogical elements and their influence

Purpose: To demystify education institutions and practices. A marriage

between theory and practice

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Figure 5. Comparison of Opposing Traditions for Doing Social Research

SCIENTIFIC MODEL THE INTERPRETATIVE MODELPOSITIVISM INTERPRETATIVISM

Natural Science Based Humanities Base LineObjectivity SubjectivityCausality Interpretation

quantification Language and MeaningFalsification Development of Grounded

TheoryNomothetic Ideographic

Generalization Praticular CasesResearch Techniques includes: Statistical

Procedures, Experiment, Socio Survey

Research Techniques includes: Participant

Observation, Ethnography, Life History, Instructional

InterviewTends to be MACRO and

QUANTITATIVETends to be MICRO and

QUALITATIVE

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Figure 6. A Positivistic Scientific Research Design

Identification of a topicReview of Previous Literature on

the TopicTheories Formulated or Hypothesis

to be TestedResearch Design, Techniques

ChoosenData

AnalysisData

CollectionDo results support existing theory or

hypothesis?

GENERAL

Report Findings

Look for alternative explanations

Begin process again PARTICULAR

NO YES

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Figure 7. An Interpretative, Ethnographic Model

Identification of a topicReview of Previous Literature on

the Topic

PARTICULAR

Research Design, Techniques Choosen

Data Collected via:

ObservationParticipationInteraction

Documentation

Simultaneous Anaysis &

Initial Theory

FormulationDo results support existing theory or

hypothesis?Report Published

Research PaperComplete

EthnographyGENERAL

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Trochim (2001) presents five terms that could help describe some key aspects of contemporary social research as follows:

1) Social research is theoritical;2) Social research is empirical;3) Social research is nomothetic;4) Social research is probabilistic;

and5) Social research is interested in

causal relationships.

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Sources of KnowledgeSOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE

Experience

Deductive Reasonin

g

Scientific Method

Inductive Reasonin

g

AuthorityA person is considered

intelligent when he is able to learn to from his and

other’s experiences

A thinking process where one stars from the general

and proceeds to the specific

Experts statements are a matter of opinion and less

of fact

Make conclusions on the basis of facts gathered

through direct observation

A process in which an investigator moves inductively from his observations to hypotheses and deductively to their logical

implications

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Characteristics of Research

systematic

controlled

critical

reductiveReplicable and transmittable

cyclical

analytical

empirical

logical

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Characteristics of a ResearcherR

ESEARCHER

Research-orientedEfficientScientificEffective

Resourceful Creative Honest EconomicalReligious

Active

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Ethics of Research

Ethics in

Research

Voluntary Participation

Informed Consent

No Risk of harm

PrivacyEquality

of Service

No Deception

Knowledge of Outcome Ethics

in Resear

ch

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General Types of Research

Historical Research

What was?(Past)

Primary Sources Secondary Sources

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Primary Source- are original documents or remains, an eyewitness to the event, with no interpretation coming between the original event and the user of the material.

Secondary Source- are reports of those who relate what happened as gathered from primary sources.

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Research Questions

Feasible

ClearSignifica

ntEthical

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Types of ResearchDescriptive Research• Questions are addressed when a study is

designed to describe what is going on or what exists.Relational Questions

• When a study is designed to look at the relationships between two or more variables.Causal Questions

• When a study is designed to determine whether one or more variables cause or effect one or more outcome variables.

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Approaches to Research

Experimental Research

Single-Subject Research

Correlational Research

Causal-ComparativeResearch

Survey Research

Quantitative ResearchHOME PAGE

Qualitative Research• Tells the story of the special event

in the Life of a single individualBiography

• Tries to discover an individual’s experiences from the subject’s

Phenomenology

• Forms a theory inductively from the data collected as a part of the study

Grounded Theory

• A detailed study of one or (at most) a few individuals or other social units, such as a classroom, a school or a neighborhood

Case Studies

• Ethonographic research focuces on the study of culture

• Historical research concentrates exclusively on the past

Ethnographic and Historical

Research

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Mixed-Method Designs• The researcher simultaneously

collects both quantitative and qualitative data, compares results, and then uses those findings to see whether they validate each other.

Triangulation Design

• The researcher first collects and analyzes quantitative data, and then obtains qualitative data to follow up and refine the quantitative findings.

Explanatory Design

• The researcher first collects qualitative data and then uses the findings to give direction to quantitative data collection

• This data thneu used to validate or extend the qualitative findings

Exploratory Designs

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Figure 8. The Hourglass Structure of Research

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Figure 9. The New Research Paradigm RESEARCH MATERIALS

Are systematically described

For IMMEDIATE GOALS

- People- Things- Concepts- Symbols- Phenomena- Events- Situations

- New information/relationships

- Expansion/correction verification of existing knowledge

To the IMMEDIATE GOALS

For theULTIMATE GOALS

GOOD LIFE WITH OTHERS

- new/ revised/ alternative theory of knowledge

- new/ revised/ alternative principle for art/ profession

SYSTEMATIC EXAMINATION

RESEARCH PROCESS

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

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Progress as, we know it today, is impossible without research.

Research is responsible for new products, new knowledge, new ways of undertaking projects.

Government agencies and private firms spend huge sums of money on various research programs in health, economics, agriculture, etc.

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All significant research contributes to development that leads to progress in the various fields of human endeavor.

To sustain this progress, the challenge to prepare quality proposals must be addressed. end

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References Cooper, D. R. And Emory, C.W. 1995. Business

Research Methods. London: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Hitchcock, g. And Hughes, d. 1989. Research and the Teacher. London Rontlege, Chapman and Hall, Inc.

Kubiszyn, A. And Borich, G. 2000. Educational Testing and Measuring. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Nathanielsz, R. A. 1999. CHED Priorities for CHED funding. A paper delivered during the Seminar-Workshop on the Preparation of Research, Development and Extension Agenda at CMU on October 4-5, 1999.

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Navarro, R. L. 1998. The National Higher Education Research Agenda (1998-2007): Zonal Response. A paper presented at the Annual conference of the Philippines Society for Educational Research and Evaluation (PSERE) on May 15-16, 1998 at Centro Escolar University, Mendiola, Manila.

Navarro, R. L. 2003. The Changing Research Scenario. A paper delivered during the PAGE National convention at Bacolod convention Center, Bacolod City on February 26-28, 2003.

Prado, N. I.; Penaso, A.M; Cimene, F.T., Aves, L, & Simbulan, S. G. 2011. Methods of Research. Instructional Development Center, Central Mindanao University.

Trochim, W.M. K. Research Methods Knowledge Base. http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/contents.htm.

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