A Novel Method for the Current Harmonic Elimination of Industrial
RESEARCH METHOD (IN Industrial Management ) Dr. Golamreza Babaei Design :WHO Manual.
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Transcript of RESEARCH METHOD (IN Industrial Management ) Dr. Golamreza Babaei Design :WHO Manual.
RESEARCH METHOD(IN Industrial Management)
• Dr. Golamreza Babaei
• Design :WHO Manual
STEPS TO FOLLOWED IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS:
STEP I -
DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVE
STEP II -
APPRAISAL OF EXISTING INFORMATION
STEP III -
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES
STEP IV –
METHODOLOGY
STEP V –
DATA COLLECTION
STEP VI–
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
STEP VII
REPORTING
STEP I : DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES
A. - SELECTION OF RESEARCH TOPIC
CRITERIA
a) PROJECT SHOULD ADDRESS PRIORITY MANAGEMNT NEEDS OR PROBLEMS b) THE PROBLEM SHOULD HAVE SOME CHANCE TO BE SOLEVED BY THE TYPE OF RESEARCH AND METHODLOGY PROPOSED
C) RESEARCH PROJECT SHOULD BE FEASIBLE WITHIN THE TIME AVAILABLE d) THE RESULTS SHOULD BECOMEl AVAILABLE BEFORE THE INFORMATION IS NEEDED FOR DECISION e) NECESSARY RESEARCHERS AND RESOURCES ( INCLUDING FINANCIAL ) SHOULD BE AVAILABLE f) THE RESEARCH PROJECT SHOULD BE COST EFFECTIVE
BY WHOM
a) POLICY-MAKERS AND PROGRAM MANAGERS
b) MANAGEMENT PROVIDERS
c) COMMUNITY LEADERS
d) ACADEMICIANS AND OTHER RESEARCH WORKERS
__________________________________________________________________________
JOINT SELECTION OF THE TOPIC IS PREFERABLE
STEP I - DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES
B - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
a) BACKGROUND CONCERNING MANAGEMENT STATUS AND MANAGEMENT CARE IN THE COUNTRY IN RELATION TO THE PROBLEM UNDER STUDY b) DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM c) WHY THE PROBLEM IS IMPORTANT d) DESCRIPTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL , CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PROBLEM e) EXISTING SERVICES TO ALLEVIATE THE PROBLEM f) POSITION OF GOVERNMENT ON THE ISSUE g) WHY IN YOUR OPINION DOES THE PROBLEM MEED TO BE RESEARCHED? FROM WHAT ASPECTS ? HOW WILL THE RESULTS BE USED ? ______________________________________________________________
- WRITE PRECISELY AND CONCISELY AND CONCISELY BUT DO NOT FORGET ESSENTIAL POINTS - DO NOT DROWN THE READER IN DETAILS
STEP I - DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES
C - OBJECTIVES
a) IMMEDIATE AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES b) ULTIMATE AND GENERAL OBJECTIVES
STEP IV –
METHODOLOGY
BE WHOM a) POLICY-MAKERS AND PROGRAM MANAGERS
b) MANAGEMENT PROVIDERS
c) COMMUNITY LEADERS
d) ACADEMICIANS AND OTHER RESEARCH WORKERS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
JOINT SELECTION OF THE TOPIC IS PREFERABLE
STEP I - DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES
B - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
a) BACKGROUND CONCERNING MANAGEMENT STATUS AND MANAGEMENT IN THE COUNTRY IN RELATION TO THE PROBLEM UNDER STUDY b) DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM c) WHY THE PROBLEM IS IMPORTANT d) DESCRIPTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL , CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PROBLEM e) EXISTING SERVICES TO ALLEVIATE THE PROBLEM f) POSITION OF GOVERNMENT ON THE ISSUE g) WHY IN YOUR OPINION DOES THE PROBLEM MEED TO BE RESEARCHED? FROM WHAT ASPECTS ? HOW WILL THE RESULTS BE USED ? ______________________________________________________________
- WRITE PRECISELY AND CONCISELY AND CONCISELY BUT DO NOT FORGET ESSENTIAL POINTS - DO NOT DROWN THE READER IN DETAILS
STEP I - DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES
C - OBJECTIVES
a) IMMEDIATE AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES b) ULTIMATE AND GENERAL OBJECTIVES
STEP I - DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES
D - WORKABLE DEFINITION OF TERMS
a) PREPARE LIST OF DEFINITIONS b) CLARIFY THE MEANING OF EACH TERM c) MENTION THE FULL MANING OF ALL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
STEP II - APPRAISAL OF EXISTING INFORMATION
A - WHY THIS IS IMPORTANT
a) TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM IN GENERAL AND IN THE COUNTRY CONTEXT b) TO LEARN OUT HOW OTHERS HAVE DEALT WITH THE PROBLEM c) TO BECOM FAMILIAR WITH VARIOUS APPROPRIATE METHODOLOGIES d) TO AVOUD 'REINVENTION OF THE WHEEL ' e) TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL JUSTIFICATION CONVINCE DECISION MAKERS AND FUNDING AUTHORITIES FOR SUPPORT
STEPP II : APPRAISAL OF EXISTING INFORMATION
B - SOURCES
a) BOOK
b) INDEXES AND PERIODICALS c) SUMMARIES AND ABSTRACTS d) COMPUTER BASED LITERATURE SEARCHES ( e.g. MEDLINE ) e) BIBLIOGRAPHIES AT THE END OF ARTICLES, CHAPTERS OF BOOKS, THESES , ETC. f) NEWSPAPERS , MAGAZINES , ETC. ( LOCAL AND NATIONAL ) g) STATISTICS COLLECTED AT THE NATIONAL, REGTONAL , DISTRICT LEVEL - HOSPITAL AND BEALTH CENTERS DATA h) INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS AGENCIES ( NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ) i) OPINIONS ( OF EXPERTS AND NON- EXPERTS ) BELIEFS, POINTS OF VIEWS j) CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS k) ANECDOTAL INFORMATION
__________________________________________________________________
- SEARCH WIDELY
- BEWARE OF BIASES
STEP II - APPRAISAL OF EXISTING INFORMATION
C - HOW IT IS DONE
a) IDENTIFY REFERENCES b) READ THEM CAREFULLY - SELECT THE ONES c) PREPARE A SUMMARY OF INFORMAION ON AN INDEX CARD d) HOW TO SUMMARIZE ON INDEX CARD: AUTHOR , LAST NAME FIRST . TITLE OF THE BOOK , PLACE OF PUBLICATION , PUBLISHER , YEAR OF ARTICLE AUTHOR , LAST NAME FIRST , 'TITLE OF THE ARTICLE ' , NAME OF JOURNAL , VOLUME, NUMBER, DATE , PAGE NUMBERS MAKE A BRIEF ANALYSIS MENTION YOUR COMMENTS ON - APPROPRIATENESS OF METHODOLOGY - STRONG POINTS OF STUDY. SOURCES OF BIAS IF ANY e) CLASSIFY INDEX CARDS IN A WAY THAT CAN BE EASILY RETRIEVED f) MAKE A MASTER TABLE IF THERE ARE ONLY A FEW REFERENCES
STEP III - FORMULATION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES
a) LIST AS MANY QUESTIONS FOR WHICH YOU WANT TO FIND ANSWERS FOR THEM IN THIS RESEARCH b) IDENTIFY QUESTIONS THAT CAN BE ABOUT THE PROBLEM c) IDENTIFY THOSE QUESTIONS FOR WHICH YOU WANT TO FIND ANSWERS FOR THEM IN THIS RESEARCH d) FORMULATE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES IN RELATION TO EACH QUESTION e) CHECK YOUR HYPOTHESES WHICH YOU HAVE ALREADY STUDIED IN THE APPRAISAL OF EXISTING INFORMATION f) SELECT THOSE HYPOTHESES THAT STILL MIGHT BE VALID g) CONSTRUCT STEP IV ( METHODOLOGY ) TO TEST THESE HYPOTHESES
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY
A: QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED IN DECISION ABOUT METHODOOGY
a) WHAT VARIABLES DO WE WANT TO MEASURE ? b) HOW CAN WE MEASURE THEM ? c) WHERE SHOULD WE DO THE STUDY AND WHEN ? d) HOW CAN WE CHECK THAT OUR METHODS FOR MEASURING ARE CORRECT BEFORE BEGINNING A LARGE STUDY? HOW CAN WE AVOID BIAS? e) WHAT PROFESSIONAL AND NON-PROFESSIONAL STAFF DO WE NEED TO CARRY OUT THIS STUDY? f) WHAT TYPE OF LOGISTICAL SUPPORT DO WE NEED ? g) ARE THERE ETHICAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE STUDY? h) WHAT CONSTRAINTS MAY AFFECT THIS STUDY?
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY
B: VARIABLES
VARIABLES ARE CHARACTERISTICS WHICH TAKE ONDIFERENT VALUES IN RESEARCH AND ARE MEASURED TYPES OF VARIABLES - QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES - QUALITATIVE VARIABLES - INDEPENDENT VARIABLES - DEPENDENT VARIABLES - BACKGROUND VARIABLES ( e.g. AGE , SEX , MARITAL STATUS , ETC.) ______________________________________________________
- VARIABLES SHOULD BE CLEARLY DEFINED - METHODS OF THEIR MEASUREMENT AND UNIT OF MEASUREMENT CLEARLY INDICATED - NUMBER OF VARIABLES SHOULD BE AS MANY AS NECESSARY, AS FEW AS POSSIBLE
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY
C: DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND TECHNIOUES
METHODS a) USE OF EXISTING DATA b) OBSERVATION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION OBSERVATION OF OBJECTS OBSERVATION AGAINST A DEFINED SCALE ( MEASUREMENT ) TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS OF OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES a) DESCRIPTIVE, CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ( SURVEY ) b) ANALYTICAL , CASE- CONTROL STUDY ( RETROSPECTIVE ) c) ANALYTICAL , COHORT STUDY ( PROSPECTIVE ) d) INTERVENTIONAL STUDY ( EXPERIMENTAL AND QUAST-EXPERIMENTAL ) e) TIME MOTION STUDY
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY D: DESIGN OF QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW
SCHEDULE
a) OPEN AND CLOSED QUESTIONS ( DEFINITIONS , ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ) b) LIST VARIABLES c) MAKE CLEAR AND SHORT QUESTIONS FOR EACH VARIABLE d) EACH QUESTION SHOULD MEASURE ONE THING e) PUT MORE DELICATE QUESTIONS AT THE END f) MAKE QUESTIONNAIRE AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE g) ARRANGE QUESTIONS IN A RATIONAL WAY h) TRANSLATE QUESTIONNAIRE INTO LOCAL LANGUAGE IF NECESSARY i) ALWAYS PRE-TEST QUESTIONNAIRE INTO LOCAL LANGUAGE IF NECESSARY
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY E: SAMPLING
a) DEFINITION OF SAMPLE - PROBABILITY SAMPLING - NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING b) COMMON METHODS OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING 1- SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING 2- SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING 3- STRATIFIED SAMLING 4- CLUSTER SAMPLING 5 - MULTISTAGE SAMPLING c) COMMON METHODS OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING 1- CONVENIENCE SAMPLING 2- QUOTA SAMPLING d) SAMPLE SIZE
IN RELATION TO YOUR STUDY 1- DEFINE THE POPULATION 2- DEFINE THE UNIT OF STUDY 3- DECIDE ABOUT SAMPLING METHOD 4- CALCULATE THE SAMPLE SIZE
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY
F: PLAN FOR DATA COLLECTION
a) PLACE b) TIME , DURATION , AND FREQUENCY c) DATA COLLECTION TEAM ( AVAILABILITY , NEED FOR TRAINING ) d) PERMISSION FROM AUTHORITIES e) ARRANGEMENT FOR CONFIDENTIALITY f) REWARD FOR PARTICIPATING SUBJECT ( IF DESIRED ) g) LOGISTIC SUPPORT (TRANSPORT, REPAIR, LODING AND FOOD FOR DATA COLLECTION TEAM, RECREATIONAL FACILITIES, ETC.) h) MONITORING OF ALL ACTIVITIES (AS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS) i) SAFE STORAGE FOR COMPLETED FORMS
STEP IV – METHODOLOGY G: PLAN FOR ANALYSIS
a) PLANS FOR QUALITY OF DATA IN THE FIELD FOR COMPLETENESS b) RECEPTION OF DATA SENT FROM THE FIELD ,LLABELING , STORAGE , CODING , CLASSIFICATION c) DECISION ABOUT TYPE OF PROCESSING 1- BY HAND2- BY MACHINE ( MECHANICAL SORTING , ETC.)3- BY COMPUTER d) PLAN FOR ANALYSIS - PREPARATION OF DUMMY TABLES - SEQUENCE OF TABLES - SPECIFICATION OF STAFF REQUIRED FOR ANALYSIS- ESTIMATION OF THE TIME FOR EACH PARTOF ANALYSIS - ESTIMATION OF THE COST OF ANALYSIS
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY
H: STAFFING AND ADMINISTRATION
a) DETERMINE THE TYPE OF PERSONNEL YOU NEED CONSIDERING THE TASKS TO BE
ACCOMPLISHED b) MAKE A LIST OF TYPES AND NUMBERS OF
HOURS THEY WILL SPEND IN THE PROJECT c) USE CONSULTANTS ONLY WHEN PROJECT STAFF DO NOT HAVE THE NECESSARY SKILLS FOR CERTAIN TECHNICAL TASKS d) MAKE ARRANGEMENT FOR TRAINING IF
NECESSARY e) PREPARE PLAN FOR ADMINISTRATION OF THE
PROJECT ( STAFF , MATERIALS , EQUIPMENTS, TRANSPORT, ETC(.
f) MAKE ARRANGEMENT FOR SMOOTH FLOW OF FUNDS
g) ENSURE CONTINUITY OF ADMINISTRATION EVEN WHEN PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR IS ABSENT
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY
I: BUDGETING
a) GO OVER THE STEPS AND CONSIDER ALL NECESSARY EXPENSES IN RELATION TO :
1 -PERSONEL ( SALARIES, PER DIEM ,
ALLOWANCES, FRINGE BENEFITS,ETC (.
2 -TRAINING OF PERSONNEL
3 -FACILITIES ( OFFICES, LABORATORY, LODGING, ETC (.
4 -OFFICE COSTS ( DUPLICATING , MIMEOGRAPH,
POSTAGE , SHIPMENT , INSURANCE, TAXES AND DUTIES, TELEPHON , ETC (.
5 -TRANSPORTATION
6 -SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT
7 - DATA ANALYSIS
8 - DISSEMINATION OF THE RESULTS ( TYPING, REPRODUCTION , PUBLICATION , POSTAGE , FILMS , SLIDE SHOWS , ETC .) b) CONSIDER THE BUDGET LEVEL THAT DONOR AGENCY MIGHT ACCEPT. TAILOR YOUR ACTIVITIES AROUND THIS LEVEL c) GIVE JUSTIFICATION FOR EACH ITEM OF BUDGET
STEP IV – METHODOLOGY J: ETHICAL ASPCTS
a) RESEARCH TOPIC SHOULD BE ACCEPTABLE TO THE POPULATION UNDER STUDY b) SERVICES OR STANDARD TREATMENTS SHOULDNOT BE WITHDRAWN WHEN NECESSARY c) RESEARCH SHOULD NOT PRODUCE PHYSICALOOR EMOTIONAL HARM d) ACCEPTABLE INFORMED CONSENT SHOULD BE ‘TTAKEN IF APPLICABLE e) CONFIDENTIALITY OF DATA SHOULD BE ASSURED f) SCIENTIFIC QUALITY AND ITS BENEFITS FOR POPULATION UNDER STUDY SHOULD BE ENSURED g) DOUBLE STANDARDS ( UNDERTAKING STUDIES NOT PERMITTED IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ) SHOULD BE AVOIDED h) NATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ETHICAL APPROVAL SHOULD BE PROVIDED IF APPLICABLE
STEP IV - METHODOLOGY
K : CONSTRAINTS
a) UNAVAILABILITY OF MANPOWER b) UNAVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES ( BUDGET,SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT ) c) TIME LIMITS d) POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS e) CULTURAL , SOCIAL AND TRIBAL CONSTRAINTS f) GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTRAINTS g) OTHER CONSTRAINTS h) HOW IS IT POSSIBEL TO OVERCOME THESECONSTRAINT ?
STEP V – DATA COLLECTION
A: PRETEST AND PILOT STUDIES
ASPECTS TO BE EXAMINED DURING PRETEST a) THE INSTRUMENT, TO DETERMINE: 1- VALIDITY 2- RELIABILITY 3- TIME NEEDED TO LOCATE THE STUDY UNIT AND TO ADMINISTER THE INSTRUMENT 4- ANY NEED FOR REVISION ( PAPER, FORMATWORDING, SEQUENCE OF QUESTIONS,SPACES FOR ANSWERS , ACCURACY OF
TRANSLATION, ETC.)
b) PROBLEMS OF BIAS THAT MAY ARISE
c) EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES NEEDED
d) RECTION OF RESPONDENTS ( ACCEPTABILITY OF THE METHOD , ACCEPTABILITY OF
QUESTION , CLARITY OF QUESTIONS AND LANGUAGE )
e) APPROPRIATENESS OF PLACE AND TIME
f) APPROPRIATENESS OF DATA TABULATION AND
STATISTICAL PROCEDURES
STEP V - DATA COLLECTION
B : MAIN STUDY
a) PERSONNEL RECRUITMENT b) TRAINING OF PERSONNEL ( BOTH TO BE DONE BEFORE PRETESTING INSTRUMENTS AND PILOT STUDIES) c) CONDUCT OF STUDY ACCORDING TO THE DESIGN d) DAY- TO – DAY COORDINATION AND SUPERVISION e) RECORD- KEEPING , EDITING ( ACCORDING TO PLAN )0 f) PRELIMINARY DATA PROCESSING g) PROGRESS REPORT
STEP VI – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
A: ANALYSIS
a) TABULATION b) GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS c) RATES AND RATIOS d) COMPARISONS e) STATISTICAL TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
B: INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
STEP VI – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
a) PERSONNEL RECRUITMENT b) TRAINING OF PERSONNEL ( BOTH TO BE DONE BEFORE PRETESTING INSTRUMENTS AND PILOT STUDIES) c) CONDUCT OF STUDY ACCORDING TO THE DESIGN d) DAY- TO – DAY COORDINATION AND SUPERVISION e) RECORD- KEEPING , EDITING ( ACCORDING TO PLAN )0 f) PRELIMINARY DATA PROCESSING g) PROGRESS REPORT
STEP VI – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
A: ANALYSIS
a) TABULATION b) GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS c) RATES AND RATIOS d) COMPARISONS e) STATISTICAL TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
B: INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
STEP VI – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
a) REVIEW THE RESULTS IN RELATION TO RESEARCH HYPOTHESES b) REVIEW THE RESULTS IN RELATION TO KNOWN c) DISCUSS ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS d) PRESENTATION OF CONCLUSIONS DRAWN AND REASONS FOR THEM – PRESENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION e) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES
C: UTILIZATION OF RESULTS
STEP VI – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
a) PRESENTATION OF A PLAN OF ACTION FOR UTILIZATION OF RESULTS b) SUGGESTED TIME FRAME WHICH TO EFFECT CHANGE
STEP VII - REPORTING
PREPARATION , PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF THE REPORT
a) REPORT SHOULD BE PREPARED AND DISTRIBUTED AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE b) REPORT NEED TO BE PUBLISHED FOR WIDER DISTIBUTION AND LONG- LASTING EFFECT c) AN ABBREVIATED REPORT SHOULD BE GIVENTO CONCERNED PLANNERS /DECISION MAKERS AS SOON AS FINAL RESULTS ARE READY d) INCLUDE THE NAMES OF ALL TECHNICAL PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN THE STUDY IN YOUR FINAL PUBLICATION e) ACKNOWLEDGE THE SUPPORT ( FINANCIAL ,TECHNICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE ) RECEIVEDFROM INDIVIDALS OR ORGANIZATIONS f) DETAILED REPORT SHOULD HAVE ANAPPROPRIATE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS