WHY DO WE ASK QUESTIO

NS?

RESEARCH

Definition

s of Researc

h

It is searching for a theory, for testing theory, or for solving a

problem.

It is to search again, to take another more careful look, to find out more (Selltiz, et.al.,

1976).

It is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth (Leedy,

1974).

It is a systematic attempt to provide answers to questions

(Tuckman, 1972).

Purpose of

Research

For the quality of life to progress

To provide solutions to problems

For scientific and technological advancement of the new

millennium

Characteristi

cs of Research

Research is logical and objective.

Research is expert, systematic and

accurate investigation.

Research gathers new knowledge and data from primary and

secondary sources.

Research endeavors to organize data in

quantitative (measurable) terms if possible and to

express these data in numerical measures.

Researchers require

courage.

Research is carefully

recorded and reported.

Products of

Research

Basic necessities

Technological gadgets

Appliances

Infrastructures

Transportation

Communication

Types of research

Based on inquiryBased on purpose

Based on method

Based on inquiry

Rationalistic

Naturalistic

Rationalistic Inquiries

Begin with an existing theoryFormal instruments are usedFindings are generalizedProblem is converted into dependent and independent variables after which the researcher develops strategies and instruments to control relationships between and among naturally occurring variables.

Naturalistic InquiriesState that we must understand the framework within which the subjects under study interpret their environment to be able to understand human behaviorThe individual’s thoughts, values, perceptions and actions are studied.

Basic/ fundamental/ pureApplie

d/ actionDevelo

p-mental

Based on purpose

Basic Research

Directed towards developing new or fuller scientific knowledge or understanding of the subject rather than its practical applicationResearcher’s intellect is triggered and social implications of existing social problems are uncovered.

Applied ResearchAlso known as action researchDirected towards the practical application of knowledgeTheory may be supported, modified or revised.New theory may even be provided.Covers mostly social science areasEntails large-scale studies with subsequent problems on data collection

Developmental Research

Refers to the systematic work drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience that is directed to producing new materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems and services; and to improving substantially those already produced or installedOften used in engineering and technology areas

Based on methodEvaluation

Formative

summative

Descriptive

Qualitative

Case study

Ethnography

content

Quantitative

Survey

Cross-sectional

longitudinal

Ex-post facto

Correlational

historical

experimental

Field experimental

Quasi experimental

Historical ResearchCritical investigation of events, developments and experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of sources of information on the past and the interpretation of the weighed evidence (Kellinger, 1972)Data are gathered through the collection of original documents or interviewing eye witnesses.

Descriptive ResearchDescribes the population’s characteristicsA study where the major emphasis is on the discovery of ideas and insights (Selltiz, et.al., 1979)

Correlational ResearchInvolves the collection of two or more sets of data from a group of subjects with the attempt to determine the subsequent relationship between those sets of data (Tuckman, 1972)

Ex Post Facto Research

A systematic empirical inquiry in which the researcher does not have direct control of the independent variables

Evaluation Research

Judges the value, worth or merit of an existing programFormative and summative evaluation are applied in training programs, textbooks, manuals or curricula.

Experimental Research

A study conducted in the laboratoryInvolves two groups:

Experimental groupControl group