Research for Nurses: Methods and Interpretation Chapter 1 What is research? What is nursing...
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Research for Nurses: Methods and Interpretation
Chapter 1
What is research?What is nursing research?What are the goals of Nursing research?
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Research
A planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and relationships and/or the discovery of solutions to problems or questions.
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Nursing Research• Is research into phenomena that are the
primary responsibility of nurses in their professional practice
• It follows the same rigorous steps as other disciplines
• It is a systematic investigation of nursing practice, nursing education, & administration of health services
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VARIETIES OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE
• Research-Based Knowledge
• Nonresearch-Based Knowledge
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Goals of Nursing Research
•produce an understanding of human responses to health and illness•improve care and promote health•acknowledge nursing as a science •enhance autonomy over nursing services•empower nurses to change practice
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Sources of Nonresearch-Based Nursing Knowledge
• Tradition
• Authority
• Trial and Error
• Personal Experience
• Intuition
• Common Sense Reasoning
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WAYS OF KNOWING IN NURSING
• AESTHETICS or the art of nursing
• ETHICS or the moral component of nursing knowledge
• PERSONAL or the interpersonal interactions and relationships in nursing
• EMPIRICS or the science of nursing
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Scientific Method• Used by quantitative researchers to
acquire knowledge
• Combines the process of logical reasoning with systematic planned investigation, data collection, analysis, and evaluation
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PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING• Provides a framework for
identifying central concepts
• Provides assumptions that guide theory development
• Relates nursing to a world view
• Shapes how one learns about the world
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STAGES OF A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT
• Problem Identification
• Literature Review
• Selection of a Framework or Theory
• Formulation of a Research Question or Hypothesis
• Implementation of Methodology Plan
• Interpretation of Findings
• Communication of Results
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RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Experimental & Quasi-Experimental
• Survey
• Qualitative
• Field Studies
• New Wave Applied
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PERSPECTIVES IN NURSING SCIENCE
• Positivist
• Interpretive
• Critical
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Positivist Assumptions
• All behavior is naturally determined
• Humans are part of the natural world
• Nature is orderly
• All objective phenomena are knowable
• Nothing is self-evident
• Truth is relative
• Knowledge comes from experience
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Criticisms of Positivism• Value-free
research is not possible
• some aspects of nursing are not scientifically measurable
• value neutrality is itself a value
• People perceive reality differently
• Treat data as isolated parts rather than holistically
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INTERPRETIVE ASSUMPTIONS
• Humans act and interact on the basis of symbols that have meaning for them
• a single reality does not exist
• reality is different for each person and can change with time
• all values are valid
• meaning is produced by putting pieces together to make wholes
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Criticisms of Interpretive Perspective
• subjectivity
• can not make clear generalizations
• can not replicate findings
• emphasis on small samples leads to knowing more and more about less and less
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CRITICAL PERSPECTIVEASSUMPTIONS
• Groups with power enhance their position at the expense of less powerful groups
• scientists have an obligation to work as advocates for positive social change
• research knowledge empowers citizens to become agents of social transformation
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Criticisms of Critical Perspective
• May report only findings that are compatible with researchers’ values
• Unlikely to make an attempt to exclude competing explanations or find support for competing value systems
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Quantitative Research• Quantifies observations
• emphasizes precise measurement, testing of hypotheses based on a sample of observations, and statistical analysis of data
• describes relationships among variables mathematically
• treats subject matter like an object
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Qualitative Research
• Emphasizes verbal descriptions and explanations of human behavior
• focus on detailed descriptions of life experiences to understand how participants experience and give meaning to their own world
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Qualitative Research
• Tools for data collection include participant observation, in-depth interviews, or an in-depth analysis of a case
• Macro level-look at whole institutions
• Micro level-focus on individual behavior and responses
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Methodological Triangulation
• application of diverse methods to generate and collect data about a phenomenon
• Navigational term, refers to use of multiple referents to draw conclusions about what is truth
• based on assumption that bias would be neutralized when multiple methods, data sources, and investigators are used
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Descriptive Research• Concerned with accurate description
• States “What is”
• Involves observation of a phenomenon in its natural setting
• Case study, survey, grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology
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Explanatory Research• Goal is to understand or explain
relationships
• study relationships between characteristics of individuals, groups, situations, or events
• engage correlational designs
• ask “Why” questions
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Predictive Research
• Aims to predict precise relationships between dimensions of a phenomenon or differences between groups
• Typically involves experimentation with manipulation of some phenomenon to determine its effect on some other phenomenon or aspect of it
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Pure vs Applied
PURE• Aim is to test existing
theories of human behavior
• Explain observed patterns
• Document knowledge of the persistence of patterned human behavior
APPLIED• Aim is to discover
knowledge that will bring about specific changes in practice, education, or administration