Research Design in Market Reasearch
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Transcript of Research Design in Market Reasearch
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Business Research Methods
Research Design
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Definition
A research design is a blueprint for conducting researchproject
It specifies details of how the project should beconducted
Although a broad approach to the problem has alreadybeen designed ,research design specifies details (nuts &bolts) of implementation of that approach
A good research design ensures that the project isconducted effectively and efficiently
It involves six components or tasks
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Six Components of a research design
Design the exploratory, descriptive and/orcausal phases of the research design
Define the information needed
Specify the measurement and scalingprocedure
Construct and pre test a questionnaire or anappropriate form for data collection
Specify the sampling process & sample size
Develop a plan of data analysis
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Classification of research design
The research designs may be broadly classified
as Exploratory & Conclusive
The primary purpose of exploratory research is
to provide insights into the problem
Conclusive research is conducted to test specific
hypotheses and test specific relationships
The findings from conclusive research are used
as inputs in managerial decision making
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Types of conclusive research
Conclusive research may either bedescriptive or causal
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Descriptive research
Cross sectional designs involves collectionof information from a sample of population
elements at a single point in time
In longitudinal design repeated
measurements are taken on a fixed sample
over a period of time
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Causal Design
Causal research is designed for the primary
purpose of identifying cause and effect
relationships
Studying effect of advertising on sales
Impact of 4 Ps on Sales or on Brand Image
or on Brand awareness
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Difference Between Exploratory and Conclusive Research
Objective
Exploratory: To provide insights & understanding
Conclusive: To test specific hypothesis & test relationships
Characteristics
Exploratory: Information needed is defined only loosely
Research process is flexible & unstructured
Sample is small & non representative
Analysis of primary data is qualitative Conclusive :Information needed is clearly defined
Research process is formal & structured
Sample is large & representative
Data analysis is quantitative
Findings/Results Exploratory : Tentative
Conclusive : Conclusive
Outcome
Exploratory : Generally followed by further exploratory or conclusive
research Conclusive : Findings used as inputs into decision making
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Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Causal Research
(Unaware of Problem) (Aware of Problem) (Problem Clearly Defined)
OBJECTIVESDiscover ideas and insights Describe characteristics Determine cause and effect
of the sample units relationships
CHARACTERISTICS
Flexible Marked by prior formulation of Manipulation of one or more
Versatile specific hypothesis independent variables
Often front end of total Preplanned and structured design Control of mediating variablesresearch design
METHODS
Expert Surveys Secondary data ( Analyzed Experiments
Pilot Surveys quantitatively)
Secondary data ( Analyzed Surveys
qualitatively) PanelsQualitative research Observational and other data
Comparison of basic research designs
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Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Causal Research
(Unaware of Problem) (Aware of Problem) (Problem Clearly Defined)
Our sales are declining and What kind of people are buying Will buyers purchase more of
we dont know why. our product? Who buys our our products in a new package?
competitors product?Would people be interested Which of two advertising
in our new product idea? What features do buyers prefer campaigns is more effective?
in our product?
Degree of Problem Definition
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Examples of descriptive research
Market studies-
Which describe-size of the market ,buying power
of consumers, availability of distributors
&consumer profiles
Market share studies-
which determine proportion of total sales received
by a company & its competitors
Sales analysis studies-
which describe sales by geographic regions,
product line, type & size of account
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Image studies-
Which determine consumer perception of the firm & its
products
Product usage studies-
which describe consumption patterns
Distribution studies- which determine traffic flow patterns and number & location
of distributors
Pricing studies-
which describe the range & frequency of price changes &probable consumer response to proposed price changes
Advertising studies-
which describe media consumption habits, audience profile for
specific TV programmes and magazines
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Causal relationships
Three types of possible relationships
Symmetrical- Two variables fluctuate together-
Changes in either variable are not due to changes in
other but due to another cause variable-
Number of cell phones & consumption of water (
both related to population)
Attendance & sales of cold drinks (Rainfall)
Low attendance of youth in martial art clubs and
active participation in discotheques & parties is a
result of lifestyle preference
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Reciprocal-
Two variables mutually influence eachother-
R&D expenditure & Annual profits
Manpower & deposits Reading an ad. leads a person to buy a
productAfter usage it sensitises the person
to notice & read successive ads
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Asymmetrical- Changes in one variable are responsible for
changes in another variable-
Increase in price may lead to fall in sales Rainfall & growth in crops
Height & weight
Income & expenditure
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Examples of Exploratory research
Department Store Patronage Project
-Review of academic & trade literature to identifyrelevant demographic & psychographic factorsthat influence consumer patronage
-Interviews with retailing experts to determine trends
:new types of outlets ,shifts in consumer patronagepatterns (Internet shopping)
-Comparative analysis of 5 best & 5 worst stores ofthe same chain to get some idea of factors thatinfluence store performance
-Focus group to determine factors consideredimportant by consumers in store selection
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More Example of Descriptive Research
Department Store Patronage Project
Who-
Who should be considered a patron of a
particular department store
-Anyone who enters the store
-Anyone who purchases from the store
-Anyone who purchase at least once amonth
-Person in the HH responsible for shopping
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What-
What information should be obtained from therespondents
Frequency with which different stores are
patronised for specific product categories
Evaluation of various stores in terms of salient
choice criteria
Information pertaining to specific hypotheses to betested
Psychographics & lifestyles, media consumption
habits, Demographics
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When-
When should the information be obtainedfrom the respondents
-Before shopping
-While shopping - Immediately after shopping
-Some time after shopping to allow time for
evaluating their shopping experience
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Where-
Where should the respondents be contactedto obtain required information
-In the store
-Outside the store but in the mall -In the parking lot
-At home
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Why-
Why are we obtaining information fromrespondents ? Why is the marketing
research project being conducted
-improve the image of sponsoring store
-Improve patronage and market share
-Change the product mix
-Develop a suitable promotional campaign
-Decide on the location of a new store
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Way-
In what way are we going to obtain
information from the respondents
-Observation of respondents behaviour
-Personal interviews
-Telephone interviews
-Mail interviews -Electronic (Email or internet) interviews
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Examples of causal Studies
Test Marketing-
Application of controlled experiment done in
limited but carefully selected test markets-
marketing mix variables (independent variables)
are varied and sales (dependent variable) aremonitored so that an appropriate marketing
strategy can be determined
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Choosing a research design
Various factors help in selection of the research
design & its various aspects These are listedbelow
-Degree of formality desired :
Informal or Formal depending on immediateobjectives:
Exploratory studies are conducted for developingguidelines & hypothesis for future research &are
informal in nature with loose structure :Conclusive studies are initiated with proper
hypothesis & are formal in nature with a proper
structure
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Purpose of the study:
If the study is being conducted to find out
what,when where,who or how much then a
descriptive study is best suited:
If study aims at finding out why a causal study is
suitable:
How many employees are leaving ,when they
are leaving & such other issues are covered by
descriptive studies:
For finding why they are leaving a causal study
is suitable.
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Method of data collection :
Selection of method for data collection can be done based
on the study to be conducted
:If research has to be done on traffic flow at a particular
junction observation method is the best:
If consumer perceptions about a product are to beestimated then questionnaire method is appropriate
Control of variables:
If certain variables need to be controlled to find out cause
& effect relationship Experiments are conducted by
manipulating them.
Ti Di i
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Time Dimension:
Studies could be either cross sectional or longitudinal
or both:
Cross sectional studies are conducted once while
longitudinal studies are repeated over a period of tim
Scope of the study:
Scope of the study could be limited or wide
depending on the problem at hand:
Scope of exploratory study could be limited Scope of conclusive study could be wide involving
selection of statistical sample to represent the entire
population
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Research Environment:
Field conditions or laboratory conditions :under
field conditions research is carried out as it iswhile in laboratory conditions real life situationsare enacted and an artificial environment iscreated for research.
Subjects perception: Effectiveness of a research study varies according
to perceptions of subjects under study: Ifrespondents know that research is being carried
or they are being observed they may responddifferently. One has to be watchful about suchchanges to ensure effectiveness