IntroductionIntroduction

““A research design is the arrangement of A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine data in a manner that aims to combine relevant to the research purpose with relevant to the research purpose with economy in procedure.”Infact, the economy in procedure.”Infact, the research design is the conceptual research design is the conceptual structure within which research is structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes a blueprint for conducted; it constitutes a blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis the collection, measurement and analysis of data.”of data.”

Concepts relating to Concepts relating to research designresearch design

1)Dependent and independent 1)Dependent and independent variablesvariables

2)Extraneous variable2)Extraneous variable

3)Control3)Control

4)Research hypothesis4)Research hypothesis

5)Experimental and non-experimental 5)Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-testing researchhypothesis-testing research

6)Experimental and control groups6)Experimental and control groups

7)Treatments7)Treatments

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGNGOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

Scientific method-Scientific method- Effective research uses the principles of scientific method, Effective research uses the principles of scientific method,

careful observation, formulation of hypothesis, prediction careful observation, formulation of hypothesis, prediction and testing.and testing.

Research creativity-Research creativity- At its best research develops innovative ways to solve a At its best research develops innovative ways to solve a

problem, so every research must contain the elements of problem, so every research must contain the elements of creativity.creativity.

Multiple methods:Multiple methods: Competent researchers shy away from over reliance on Competent researchers shy away from over reliance on

any one method, preferring to adapt many methods to the any one method, preferring to adapt many methods to the problem rather than the other way around. They also problem rather than the other way around. They also recognize the desirability of gathering information from recognize the desirability of gathering information from multiple sources to give greater confidence.multiple sources to give greater confidence.

Types of research designTypes of research design Types of research designTypes of research design

Experimental design refers to the Experimental design refers to the framework or structure of an framework or structure of an experiment.experiment.

There are basically three types of There are basically three types of Informal experimental designs i.e.;Informal experimental designs i.e.;

1) Before-and-after without control design1) Before-and-after without control design

2) After-only with control design2) After-only with control design

3) Before-and-after with control design3) Before-and-after with control design

1)Before-and-after without 1)Before-and-after without control designcontrol design

In this design, a single test group or area is In this design, a single test group or area is selected and the dependent variable is selected and the dependent variable is measured before the introduction of the measured before the introduction of the treatment. The treatment is then introduced treatment. The treatment is then introduced and the dependent variable is measured and the dependent variable is measured again after the treatment has been again after the treatment has been introduced. The effect of treatment will be introduced. The effect of treatment will be equal to the level of the phenomenon after equal to the level of the phenomenon after the treatment minus the level of the the treatment minus the level of the phenomenon before the treatment. The phenomenon before the treatment. The design can be represented as after treatmentdesign can be represented as after treatment

Before and After without Before and After without control designcontrol design

For example:For example:

Test area: selling of cold drink →selling of Test area: selling of cold drink →selling of cold cold

without advstt(X) Drink without advstt(X) Drink with with

advstt advstt

(Y)(Y)

Treatment effect: (Y)-(X)Treatment effect: (Y)-(X)

2)After –only with control 2)After –only with control designdesign::

In this design two groups or areas are In this design two groups or areas are selected and the treatment is selected and the treatment is introduced into the test area introduced into the test area only .The dependent variable is then only .The dependent variable is then measured in both areas and the measured in both areas and the same time .Treatment impact is same time .Treatment impact is assessed by subtracting the value of assessed by subtracting the value of the dependent variable in the control the dependent variable in the control area from its value in the test area .area from its value in the test area .

After – onlyAfter – onlywith control designwith control design

For example:For example:Test area: treatment introduced sales of tooth paste Test area: treatment introduced sales of tooth paste (free tooth brush with tooth brush(free tooth brush with tooth brush with (Y)with (Y) tooth paste)tooth paste) Control area: --------------------------- sales of tooth paste Control area: --------------------------- sales of tooth paste without tooth without tooth

brush(X) brush(X)

Treatment effect: (Y)-(X)Treatment effect: (Y)-(X)

3)Before and after with 3)Before and after with control designcontrol design

In this design two areas are selected and In this design two areas are selected and the dependent variable is measured in both the dependent variable is measured in both the areas for an identical time period before the areas for an identical time period before the treatment .The treatment is then the treatment .The treatment is then introduced into the test area only and the introduced into the test area only and the dependent variable is measured in both for dependent variable is measured in both for an identical time period after the an identical time period after the introduction of the treatment. The introduction of the treatment. The treatment effect is determined by treatment effect is determined by subtracting the change in the dependent subtracting the change in the dependent variable in the control area from the change variable in the control area from the change in the dependent variable in test area .in the dependent variable in test area .

Before-and-after with control Before-and-after with control designdesign

For e.g.:For e.g.: Time period (I) Time period(II)Time period (I) Time period(II)

Test area: teacher is treatment introduced effect of Test area: teacher is treatment introduced effect of teaching on teaching on

teaching to (teaching via ppt) students with teaching to (teaching via ppt) students with pptppt

students → (Y)students → (Y)

(X)(X)

Control: students studying effect of self Control: students studying effect of self studystudy

Area on their own (B)Area on their own (B)

(A)(A)

Treatment effect : (Y-X)-(B-A)Treatment effect : (Y-X)-(B-A)

Importance of research Importance of research design:design:

It is a conceptual structure within which research It is a conceptual structure within which research or investigation is conducted.or investigation is conducted.

Its function is to make research as efficient as Its function is to make research as efficient as possible in terms of expenditure, effort, time & possible in terms of expenditure, effort, time & money.money.

It tells us what observation to make, how to make It tells us what observation to make, how to make and how to analyze the quantitative and how to analyze the quantitative representation of the observations.representation of the observations.

It suggests the direction of observation, how It suggests the direction of observation, how many observations to be made, which variables many observations to be made, which variables rare active & what type of statistical tools to use.rare active & what type of statistical tools to use.

Also helps in drawing possible conclusions from Also helps in drawing possible conclusions from the stastical analysis.the stastical analysis.

ConclusionConclusion

Research design is the basis of the Research design is the basis of the whole study. If it is not properly whole study. If it is not properly formulated whole study will almost formulated whole study will almost collapse and the very purpose of collapse and the very purpose of conducting the study will be conducting the study will be defeated.Ofcourse, preparing a research defeated.Ofcourse, preparing a research design is not an easy task but it is design is not an easy task but it is always worth the labour that is spent on always worth the labour that is spent on its preparation, because without that the its preparation, because without that the purpose of conducting the study will be purpose of conducting the study will be defeated.defeated.

REFFRENCESREFFRENCES

Research methodology - C.R. KothariResearch methodology - C.R. KothariResearch methodology in social Research methodology in social

sciences-P.C Tripathisciences-P.C TripathiTheory and practice in social Theory and practice in social

research-Hans Rajresearch-Hans Raj

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