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T he Fantastic V oyageResearch 2- The Cell Cycle

CompiledbyEmilyClarkson

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Duplicating Cells

Everycellhasits6me;itgrows,works,eventuallyitwearsoutanddies.Tokeepthebalanceofan

organism,dyingcellsarereplacedthroughadividingprocessknownasMitosis.Howeverbefore

mitosiscanoccur,anumberofchangesmusttakeplaceinacellbeforeitcansplitintotwo

iden6calones.Thelifecycleofacellcanbeseeninthediagrambelow.

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The Cell Cycle- Interphase

ThecyclebeginsonthisdiagramatG1.G1isaperiodofgrowthinthecell,maturingand

increasinginsize.FollowingthiscomestheSPhase(DNASynthesis).Thecellcreatesanexact

copyofallthechromosomesofDNAinthenucleus.AJerthiscomesasecondaryperiodofgrowth

G2.ThesethreephasesG1SPhaseandG2allcomeundertheMitosisperiodnamed

InterphaseItmakesupthemajorityofacellslife.Thenextfewstagesseethecellac6vely

duplicatetoformadaughtercell.

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The Cell Cycle- ProphaseThebeginningoftheMstageofthecycle(otherwiseknownasMitosis)isknownasProphase.

HeretheDNAchromosomescoilandcondense,sotheycanbeclearlyseenunderamicroscope.

TheyappearxshapedandareknownasChroma6ds(seenmoreclearlyontheillustra6oninthe

nextstage)Thechroma6dscompriseofapairofiden6calchromosomes,producedinthe

synthesisstage.Atthis6methenucleolus(thedensepartofthenucleus)disappears.The

organellesknownascentriolesbegintomigrate,sothatoneislocatedoppositetheother,atpole

endsofthecell.

Centrioles

Nucleus

DNA

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The Cell Cycle- Metaphase

FollowingProphasecomestheMetaphase.Atthisstagetheen6renuclearmembranebreaks

downtoallowthechroma6dstolineupinthecentreofthecell.Thebreakingdownofthenuclear

membranealsogiveswaytothespindles.Thespindlesare6nymicrotubules,producedbythe

centrioles,nowateitherendofthecell.Thosespindleslatchontothecentresofthechroma6ds,

eachchroma6disheldbyonespindlefromeachcentriole.Readyforthenextstagecalled

Anaphase.

Centriole

Spindle

Chroma6d

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The Cell Cycle- AnaphaseAnaphaseistheperiodinwhichthecentriolespullawayfromeachother,theirspindlespulling

andbreakingthechroma6dsintwo.Eachhalfisnowtechnicallyonechromosome,theybare

iden6calgene6cinforma6on.Thecentriolespullthetwoiden6calpairsawayfromeachotherto

oppositeendsofthesamecellreadyforthefinalpartofthedivisionintotwoiden6calcells.

SisterChroma6ds Chromosome

Centriole

Spindle

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The Cell Cycle- TelophaseTelophaseisthefinalstep.Thetwocompletesetsofgene6cinforma6onhavenucleus

membranesformaroundthem.Laterthosechromosomesunravelagainsotheycannolongerbe

seenunderamicroscope.Thecytoplasmcon6nuestodivideun6lafullcellisformed,resul6ngin

apairofiden6calcells,onemotherandonedaughter.Fromherethecyclebeginsagainandthe

cellsbegintogrowbackattheG1stage

Centriole

NucleusDNA

Cytoplasm

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BibliographyIllustra6onsCellCycle

hp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells2.html

hp://dedunn.edublogs.org/2011/0/08/cellcycle/

hp://ms6boldo.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/mytosisoryourtosis.html

Variousinforma6on

Overviewofcellcycle

hp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2aVnN4RePyI

hp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells2.html

hp://ms6boldo.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/mytosisoryourtosis.html