Research Article Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Antibodies in...

Research ArticlePrevalence of Newcastle Disease Antibodies in Local Chicken inFederal Capital Territory Abuja Nigeria

Joseph Abraham-Oyiguh1 L K Sulaiman2 C A Meseko2 S Ismail2 I Suleiman3

S J Ahmed3 and E C Onate1

1 Department of Science Laboratory Technology Federal Polytechnic Idah Kogi State Nigeria2 Regional Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Other Trans-Boundary Avian Diseases National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI)Vom Plateau State Nigeria

3 Central Diagnostic Laboratory National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) Vom Plateau State Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to Joseph Abraham-Oyiguh josephoyiguhyahoocom

Received 26 July 2014 Accepted 7 September 2014 Published 30 October 2014

Academic Editor Tom Aire

Copyright copy 2014 Joseph Abraham-Oyiguh et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Newcastle disease is a contagious disease of birds and is the greatest constraint to the development of rural poultry productionin Nigeria and most developing countries The only effective means of control is vaccination which is not properly carried out inNigeria Therefore this project determined the prevalence rate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in local chicken in the FederalCapital Territory Abuja Nigeria About 5mL of bloodwas collected from each of 200 chickens at the point of sale by exsanguinationand sera obtained were analyzed using Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test to determine the prevalence of NDV Of the 200samples screened 34 were positive for HI antibody to NDV giving a prevalence rate of 17 The prevalence rate obtained in thisstudy is significant (119875 lt 005) and indicates endemicity of the disease There was no statistically significant (119875 gt 005) differencein the seroprevalence of NDV antibodies among the four markets studied Further studies are required to determine the strainscirculating for appropriate preventive and control measures

1 Introduction

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral infectionof avian species especially poultry caused by Newcastle dis-ease virus (NDV) a Paramyxovirus called avian Paramyx-ovirus type 1 (APMV-1) Although other host species are usu-ally susceptible the disease has a significant economic impacton poultry production [1] There are about nine strains ofNDV which are distinguished on the basis of pathogenicitytest [2]

ND is mostly caused by velogenic strains of NDV ratherthan mesogenic or lentogenic strains which about 80ndash100and 25 mortality respectively from disease [3ndash5] Overallseropositive rate of 325was reported by [6] for Sokoto StateNigeria

Reference [4] reported a prevalence of 32 for NDV inclinically healthy chickens in Nsukka area Nigeria Reference[7] reported a higher incidence rate (684) ofNDduring the

dry season against 346 in the rainy season and higher ratein the young (207) against 121 in the adult Newcastledisease can cause great mortality in birds without any clin-ical signs sometimes reaching 100 percent in unvaccinatedpoultry flocks and even in vaccinated poultry [4]This diseaseis endemic causing huge economic loses to farmers andhampering growth of poultry industries in Nigeria whichhas an estimated poultry population of 1376 million withbackyard poultry population constituting 84 (1158 million)and 16 (217 million) of exotic poultry

There is no means of treatment for this disease exceptvaccination which is not effective as outbreaks are reportedyearly in vaccinated chickens Lack of data regarding theprevalence of this disease in most parts of Nigeria hasmade policy formulation on controls and prevention difficultTherefore this research was carried out to determine theprevalence of NDV in local chicken in the Federal CapitalTerritory Abuja Nigeria

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Scholarly Research NoticesVolume 2014 Article ID 796148 3 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014796148

2 International Scholarly Research Notices

Table 1 Seroprevalence of NDV in local chicken in Kubwa and Lugbe Markets

Markets Number of samples Number of positive samples of positive samples Mean HI titerKubwa village market 50 15 300 51Kubwa Monday market 50 7 140 49Gaso Lugbe market 50 6 120 50Sabo Lugbe market 50 6 120 55Total 200 34 17

2 Material and Methods

21 Study Area This study was carried out in local chickenof different sexes in Kubwa and Lugbe Abuja-FCT NigeriaAbuja is located on longitude 7∘ 291015840 East and latitude 9∘ 41015840North The annual rainfall is high which begins from Apriland ends in October The mean maximum temperature isabout 275∘C [8]

22 Sample Collection About five milliliter (5mL) of bloodwas collected into a sample bottle containing ACD from eachof two hundred (200) local adult chickens by exsanguinationin Kubwa and Lugbe markets in Abuja Federal CapitalTerritory Nigeria Efforts were made to prevent discomfortto the chickens Sera were obtained by centrifugation andtransported to the Avian Viral Research Unit NationalVeterinary Research Institute (NVRI) Vom Plateau State forlaboratory analysis

23 Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Test Antibody titerfor NDV was determined from each serum sample using theOIE HI test protocol Briefly 0025mL of PBS was dispensedinto all wells of a plastic 96-well microtiter plate (v-bottomedwells) and 0025mL of serum was placed in the first well0025mL of the positive control serum (with known HI titer)and negative control sera were added to two respective wellsof the microtiter plates With the aid of a multichannel micropipette twofold dilutions of the sera were made across plate(A1ndashA12) The last 0025mL was discarded and 0025mL ofantigen containing 4HAU was added to all the wells exceptrow H which serves as back titration

Newcastle disease virus (very virulent Kudus strain) wasused as antigen Back titrationwas carried out thus 0025mLof antigen suspension containing 4HAUwas added into eachof the first two wells of row H (4HAU control from H1ndashH6)and twofold dilutionwasmade fromH2 to theH6 and the last0025mL was discarded in order to obtain 4 2 1 05 025and 025HAU 0025mL of PBS and albumin was added inall wells of row H and mixed by tapping gently and plateswere placed at 20∘C for 30 minutes 0025mL of 1 washedchicken-RBCwas added to eachwellMixingwas done gentlyby tapping and the plates were placed on the bench at 20∘C for30 minutes and observed for HI

24 Data Analysis Geometric mean of HI antibody titer(GMT) and percentages of detectable NDVHI antibody titer

were calculated The Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) Programme (version 13) was used to compare if therewas any significant difference between the geometric meansof the HI antibody titer

3 Result

31 Seroprevalence of NDV in Local Chicken in Kubwa andLugbe Markets Result showed that the seroprevalence rateof NDV antibodies for Kubwa village market was 15 positivesamples (300) Kubwa Monday market had 7 positivesamples (140) Gaso Lugbe market had 6 positive samples(120) and Sabo Lugbe Market had 6 positive samples(120)ThemeanHI titer for the respectivemarkets includes51 49 50 and 55 (Table 1)

4 Discussion

The present study revealed the prevalence of haemagglutina-tion antibodies in samples from the four markets in Kubwaand Lugbe and this indicates that Newcastle disease virusinfection is endemic in the area and the markets are servingas mixing point of infected birds with susceptible ones Thesellers and buyers as well as those processing the meat areveritable vehicle of transmission of the disease There istherefore a great threat to commercial poultry production inthe Federal Capital Territory The implication of the spreadand the carrier status of the rural household chickens couldbe of importance considering the fact that rural chickenswere reported to constitute over 90 of chicken populationin Nigeria and are capable of scavenging around the environ-ment spreading of the NDV to vaccinated and unvaccinatedhealthy exotic birds [9]

Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) antibody titerbetween 0log

2and 3log

2is considered negative because they

produce no antibody against the virus while HI antibody titerbetween 4log

2and 8log

2is considered positive for antibodies

production against the virus based on OIE recommendationof 2000 [8 9] In all the four (4) markets studied an HIantibody titer of 4log

2and the above ones were observed

and this is indicative of exposure to the virus at one time orthe other and eventual production of neutralizing antibodiesto protect the chicken up to the point of sale The high HIantibody titer may be due to infection by a virulent strain ofthe virus such as mesogenic strains which are viruses causingclinical signs consisting of respiratory andneurological signs

International Scholarly Research Notices 3

with low mortality and lentogenic strains which are virusescausing mild infection of the respiratory tract without visiblemorbidity and mortality [3] In the US however the virushas been eradicated due to stringent adherence to poultrymanagement rules and any virulent strains are of foreignorigin from places where strict compliance to managementregulations and good sanitary practices is lacking [10]

From the table the overall NDV seroprevalence of 170obtained was lower than the result obtained by Ibitoye et al[11] in a retrospective study where they reported an NDVseroprevalence of 809 for chicken in Sokoto StateThismaybe due to the seasonality of NDV having high occurrence inthe months of March and October [11] which coincide withonset of the rainy season and dry season respectively Thehigh wind movement transfers infection from one poultryhouse or flock to the other [7 9] FCT is neighbour to PlateauState where the National Veterinary Research Institute issituated and thus could be benefiting from the surveillanceservices of the institute thus stemming the tide of the disease

The seroprevalence of NDV antibody was higher inKubwa villagemarket (300) than inKubwaMondaymarket(140) and other markets studied Reference [9] observedvariation in prevalence rate ofNDV fromdifferent study sitesThe high rate may be due to the higher concentration ofcommercial poultry in Kubwa village market than the othermarkets studiedHigher seroprevalence rate ofNewcastle dis-ease virus antibodies was detected in both household (268)and live bird markets (358) and an overall seropositive rateis 325 by Jibril et al [6]

Village chickens are naturally resistant and can with-stand the infection without showing any clinical symptomsthus acting as potential source of infection for commercialchicken This means that village chickens act as hostcarrierofNDV thus chickens raised in the backyard of farmworkerscould increase the threat of ND outbreaks [9 12]

Management practices such as disease monitoring pro-gramme appropriate prevention and control measuresshould be put in place in order to prevent loss of poultry andincome due to outbreaks of the disease New birds shouldbe quarantined and local poultry farmers should ensure thatthey vaccinate their flocks [9]

Most importantly awareness programme among thefarmers about the disease and routine survey to assess thedegree of Newcastle disease distribution will help in planningappropriate intervention strategy

5 Conclusion

Newcastle disease virus is prevalent in local chickens sold inthe four markets studied in FCT which are likely to serve ashostcarrier of NDV to commercial flocks Further studiesare required to determine the strains circulating in order tocontrol them appropriately

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

This research was self-funded however the authors wishto acknowledge the assistance of the technical staff ofRegional Laboratory for Avian Influenza and other Trans-Boundary Avian Diseases National Veterinary ResearchInstitute (NVRI) Vom Plateau State Nigeria

References

[1] D Alexander ldquoParamyxoviridae infection and immunityrdquo inEncyclopedia of Immunology vol 37 pp 63ndash99 Academic PressLondon UK 1992

[2] D J Alexander ldquoNewcastle disease and other avian paramyx-ovirusesrdquo Revue Scientifique et Technique vol 19 no 2 pp 443ndash462 2000

[3] C W Beard ldquoVelogenic newcastle diseaserdquo in Foreign AnimalDiseaseThe Grey Book part IV US Animal Health AssociationRichmond Va USA 6th edition 1998

[4] O E Chukwudi E D Chukwuemeka and UMary ldquoNewcastledisease virus shedding among healthy commercial chickens andits epidemiological importancerdquo Pakistan Veterinary Journalvol 32 no 3 pp 354ndash356 2012

[5] A K M Rakibul Hasan M H Ali M P Siddique M MRahman and M A Islam ldquoClinical and laboratory diag-noses of newcastle and infectious bursal diseases of chickensrdquoBangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine vol 8 no 2 pp 131ndash140 2010

[6] A H Jibril J U Umoh J Kabir et al ldquoNewcastle disease inlocal chickens of live bird markets and households in ZamfaraState Nigeriardquo ISRN Epidemiology vol 2014 Article ID 5139614 pages 2014

[7] T KManchang VAbdu and L Saidu ldquoEpidemiology and clin-icopathologic manifestations of Newcastle disease in Nigerianlocal chickensrdquo Revue drsquoElevage et de Medecine Veterinaire desPays Tropicaux vol 57 no 1-2 pp 35ndash39 2004

[8] J A Nwanta Field vaccination trials with chicken in KadunaState Nigeria [PhD thesis] Ahmadu Bello University ZariaNigeria 2003

[9] U Musa P A Abdu I I Dafwang et al ldquoSeroprevalenceseasonal occurrence and clinical manifestation of newcastledisease in rural household chickens in plateau state NigeriardquoInternational Journal of Poultry Science vol 8 no 2 pp 200ndash204 2009

[10] P Yuan R G Paterson G P Leser R A Lamb and TS Jardetzky ldquoStructure of the ulster strain Newcastle diseasevirus haemagglutinin neuraminidase reveals auto-inhibitoryinteractions association with low virulencerdquo PLoS Pathogensvol 8 no 8 Article ID e1002855 2012

[11] E B Ibitoye A A Jimoh and H U Mungadi ldquoA retrospective(2007ndash2011) analysis of newcastle disease diagnosed at Avianclinic of veterinary teaching hospital Usmanu Danfodio Uni-versity SokotoNigeriardquoCurrent Research in Poultry Science vol3 no 1 pp 12ndash17 2013

[12] R Ananth J J Kirubaharan M L M Priyadarshini andA Albert ldquoIsolation of newcastle disease viruses of highvirulence in unvaccinated healthy village chickens in SouthIndiardquo International Journal of Poultry Science vol 7 no 4 pp368ndash373 2008

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


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Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

2 International Scholarly Research Notices

Table 1 Seroprevalence of NDV in local chicken in Kubwa and Lugbe Markets

Markets Number of samples Number of positive samples of positive samples Mean HI titerKubwa village market 50 15 300 51Kubwa Monday market 50 7 140 49Gaso Lugbe market 50 6 120 50Sabo Lugbe market 50 6 120 55Total 200 34 17

2 Material and Methods

21 Study Area This study was carried out in local chickenof different sexes in Kubwa and Lugbe Abuja-FCT NigeriaAbuja is located on longitude 7∘ 291015840 East and latitude 9∘ 41015840North The annual rainfall is high which begins from Apriland ends in October The mean maximum temperature isabout 275∘C [8]

22 Sample Collection About five milliliter (5mL) of bloodwas collected into a sample bottle containing ACD from eachof two hundred (200) local adult chickens by exsanguinationin Kubwa and Lugbe markets in Abuja Federal CapitalTerritory Nigeria Efforts were made to prevent discomfortto the chickens Sera were obtained by centrifugation andtransported to the Avian Viral Research Unit NationalVeterinary Research Institute (NVRI) Vom Plateau State forlaboratory analysis

23 Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Test Antibody titerfor NDV was determined from each serum sample using theOIE HI test protocol Briefly 0025mL of PBS was dispensedinto all wells of a plastic 96-well microtiter plate (v-bottomedwells) and 0025mL of serum was placed in the first well0025mL of the positive control serum (with known HI titer)and negative control sera were added to two respective wellsof the microtiter plates With the aid of a multichannel micropipette twofold dilutions of the sera were made across plate(A1ndashA12) The last 0025mL was discarded and 0025mL ofantigen containing 4HAU was added to all the wells exceptrow H which serves as back titration

Newcastle disease virus (very virulent Kudus strain) wasused as antigen Back titrationwas carried out thus 0025mLof antigen suspension containing 4HAUwas added into eachof the first two wells of row H (4HAU control from H1ndashH6)and twofold dilutionwasmade fromH2 to theH6 and the last0025mL was discarded in order to obtain 4 2 1 05 025and 025HAU 0025mL of PBS and albumin was added inall wells of row H and mixed by tapping gently and plateswere placed at 20∘C for 30 minutes 0025mL of 1 washedchicken-RBCwas added to eachwellMixingwas done gentlyby tapping and the plates were placed on the bench at 20∘C for30 minutes and observed for HI

24 Data Analysis Geometric mean of HI antibody titer(GMT) and percentages of detectable NDVHI antibody titer

were calculated The Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) Programme (version 13) was used to compare if therewas any significant difference between the geometric meansof the HI antibody titer

3 Result

31 Seroprevalence of NDV in Local Chicken in Kubwa andLugbe Markets Result showed that the seroprevalence rateof NDV antibodies for Kubwa village market was 15 positivesamples (300) Kubwa Monday market had 7 positivesamples (140) Gaso Lugbe market had 6 positive samples(120) and Sabo Lugbe Market had 6 positive samples(120)ThemeanHI titer for the respectivemarkets includes51 49 50 and 55 (Table 1)

4 Discussion

The present study revealed the prevalence of haemagglutina-tion antibodies in samples from the four markets in Kubwaand Lugbe and this indicates that Newcastle disease virusinfection is endemic in the area and the markets are servingas mixing point of infected birds with susceptible ones Thesellers and buyers as well as those processing the meat areveritable vehicle of transmission of the disease There istherefore a great threat to commercial poultry production inthe Federal Capital Territory The implication of the spreadand the carrier status of the rural household chickens couldbe of importance considering the fact that rural chickenswere reported to constitute over 90 of chicken populationin Nigeria and are capable of scavenging around the environ-ment spreading of the NDV to vaccinated and unvaccinatedhealthy exotic birds [9]

Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) antibody titerbetween 0log

2and 3log

2is considered negative because they

produce no antibody against the virus while HI antibody titerbetween 4log

2and 8log

2is considered positive for antibodies

production against the virus based on OIE recommendationof 2000 [8 9] In all the four (4) markets studied an HIantibody titer of 4log

2and the above ones were observed

and this is indicative of exposure to the virus at one time orthe other and eventual production of neutralizing antibodiesto protect the chicken up to the point of sale The high HIantibody titer may be due to infection by a virulent strain ofthe virus such as mesogenic strains which are viruses causingclinical signs consisting of respiratory andneurological signs








5 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References


















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of























5 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References


















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of





















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
















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