Research Article On Angrisani and Clavelli Synthetic...
Transcript of Research Article On Angrisani and Clavelli Synthetic...
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Research ArticleOn Angrisani and Clavelli Synthetic Approaches to Problems ofFixed Points in Convex Metric Space
Ljiljana GajiT,1 Mila StojakoviT,2 and Biljana CariT2
1 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Correspondence should be addressed to Mila StojakovicΜ; [email protected]
Received 30 March 2014; Accepted 22 June 2014; Published 7 July 2014
Academic Editor: Poom Kumam
Copyright Β© 2014 Ljiljana GajicΜ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The purpose of this paper is to prove some fixed point results formapping without continuity condition on Takahashi convexmetricspace as an application of synthetic approaches to fixed point problems of Angrisani and Clavelli. Our results are generalizationsin Banach space of fixed point results proved by Kirk and Saliga, 2000; Ahmed and Zeyada, 2010.
1. Introduction and Preliminaries
It is well-known that continuity is an ideal property, whilein some applications the mapping under consideration maynot be continuous, yet at the same time it may be βnot verydiscontinuous.β
In [1] Angrisani and Clavelli introduced regular-global-inf functions. Such functions satisfy a condition weakerthan continuity, yet in many circumstances it is preciselythe condition needed to assure either the uniqueness orcompactness of the set of solutions in fixed point problems.
Definition 1. Function πΉ : π β R, defined on topologicalspace π, is regular-global-inf (r.g.i.) in π₯ β π if πΉ(π₯) >infπ(πΉ) implies that there exist an π > 0 such that π < πΉ(π₯) β
infπ(πΉ) and a neighbourhoodπ
π₯such that πΉ(π¦) > πΉ(π₯) β π
for each π¦ β ππ₯. If this condition holds for each π₯ β π, then
πΉ is said to be an r.g.i. onπ.
An equivalent condition to be r.g.i. on metric space forinfππ ΜΈ= ββ is proved by Kirk and Saliga.
Proposition 2 (see [2]). Let π be a metric space and πΉ :π β R. Then πΉ is an r.g.i. on π if and only if, for anysequence {π₯
π} β π, the conditionslimπββ
πΉ (π₯π) = infπ
(πΉ) , limπββ
π₯π= π₯ (1)
imply πΉ(π₯) = infπ(πΉ).
One of the basic results in [1] is the following one.(Here we use π to denote the usual Kuratowski measure ofnoncompactness on metric space (π, π) and πΏ
π:= {π₯ β π |
πΉ(π₯) β€ π} for πΉ : π β R, π β R.)
Theorem 3 (see [1]). Let πΉ : π β R be an r.g.i. defined on acomplete metric spaceπ. If lim
πβ (infπ(πΉ))+π(πΏπ) = 0, then theset of global minimum points of πΉ is nonempty and compact.
Remark 4. The last theorem assures that if π is a mappingof compact metric space into itself with inf
π(πΉ) = 0, and
if πΉ(π₯) := π(π₯, ππ₯), π₯ β π, is an r.g.i. on π, then thefixed point set of π is nonempty and compact even when πis discontinuous.
Example 5. Let (π, π) be a complete metric space and π :π β π amapping such that, for some π > 1 and allπ₯, π¦ β π,
π (ππ₯, ππ¦) β€ π max {π (π₯, π¦) , π (π₯, ππ₯) , π (π¦, ππ¦) ,
π (π₯, ππ¦) , π (π¦, ππ₯)}
(2)
(CΜiricΜ quasi-contraction). Then π is discontinuous andπΉ(π₯) = π(π₯, ππ₯), π₯ β π, is r.g.i. (see [1]).
Let π΄ be a bounded subset of metric space π. TheKuratowski measure of noncompactness π(π΄) means the infof numbers π such that π΄ can be covered by a finite numberof sets with a diameter less than or equal to π. With π½(π΄) we
Hindawi Publishing CorporationAbstract and Applied AnalysisVolume 2014, Article ID 406759, 5 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/406759
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are going to denote theHausdorffmeasure of noncompactness,where π½(π΄) is the infimum of numbers π such that π΄ can becovered by a finite number of balls of radii smaller than π.
It is easy to prove that for πΌ β {π, π½} and bounded subsetsπ΄, π΅ β π
(1) πΌ(π΄) = 0 β π΄ is totally bounded;(2) πΌ(π΄) = πΌ(π΄);(3) π΄ β π΅ β πΌ(π΄) β€ πΌ(π΅);(4) πΌ(π΄ βͺ π΅) = max{πΌ(π΄), πΌ(π΅)}.
Moreover, these two measures of noncompactness are equiv-alent in the sense that π½(π΄) β€ π(π΄) β€ 2π½(π΄) so lim
ππ(π΄π) =
0 if and only if limππ½(π΄π) = 0 (for any sequence {π΄
π}
of bounded subsets of π). The last property indicates thatfixed point results are independent of choice of measure ofnoncompactness.
In Banach spaces this function has some additionalproperties connected with the linear structure. One of theseis
πΌ (convπ΄) = πΌ (π΄) (3)
(convπ΄ is a convex hull of π΄βthe intersection of all convexsets inπ containing π΄).
This property has a great importance in fixed pointtheory. In locally convex spaces this is always true, but whentopological vector space is not locally convex it need not betrue (see [3]).
In the absence of linear structure the concept of convexitycan be introduced in an abstract form. In metric spaces atfirst it was done by Menger in 1928. In 1970 Takahashi [4]introduced a new concept of convexity in metric space.
Definition 6 (see [4]). Let (π, π) be a metric space and πΌ aclosed unit interval. A mappingπ : π Γ π Γ πΌ β π is saidto be convex structure onπ if for all π₯, π¦, π’ β π, π β πΌ,
π (π’,π (π₯, π¦, π)) β€ ππ (π’, π₯) + (1 β π) π (π’, π¦) . (4)
π together with a convex structure is called a (Takahashi)convex metric space (π, π,π) or abbreviated TCS.
Any convex subset of a normed space is a convex metricspace withπ(π₯, π¦, π) = ππ₯ + (1 β π)π¦.
Definition 7 (see [4]). Let (π, π,π) be a TCS. A nonemptysubsetπΎ ofπ is said to be convex if and only ifπ(π₯, π¦, π) β πΎwhenever π₯, π¦ β πΎ and π β πΌ.
Proposition 8 (see [4]). Let (π, π,π) be a TCS. If π₯, π¦ β πand π β πΌ, then
(a) π(π₯, π¦, 1) = π₯ andπ(π₯, π¦, 0) = π¦;(b) π(π₯, π₯, π) = π₯;(c) π(π₯,π(π₯, π¦, π)) = (1 β π)π(π₯, π¦) and π(π¦,π(π₯, π¦,π)) = ππ(π₯, π¦);
(d) balls (either open or closed) in π are convex;(e) intersections of convex subsets ofπ are convex.
For fixed π₯, π¦ β π let [π₯, π¦] = {π(π₯, π¦, π) | π β πΌ}.
Definition 9. A TCS (π, π,π) has property (π) if for everyπ₯1, π₯2, π¦1, π¦2β π, π β πΌ,
π (π (π₯1, π₯2, π) ,π (π¦
1, π¦2, π))
β€ ππ (π₯1, π¦1) + (1 β π) π (π₯2, π¦2) .
(5)
Obviously in a normed space the last inequality is alwayssatisfied.
Example 10 (see [4]). Let (π, π) be a linear metric space withthe following properties:
(1) π(π₯, π¦) = π(π₯ β π¦, 0), for all π₯, π¦ β π;(2) π(ππ₯ + (1 β π)π¦, 0) β€ ππ(π₯, 0) + (1 β π)π(π¦, 0), for allπ₯, π¦ β π and π β πΌ.
Forπ(π₯, π¦, π) = ππ₯ + (1 β π)π¦, π₯, π¦ β π, π β πΌ, (π, π,π) is aTCS with property (π).
Remark 11. Property (π) implies that convex structureπ iscontinuous at least in first two variables which gives that theclosure of convex set is convex.
Definition 12. A TCS (π, π,π) has property (π) if for anyfinite subset π΄ β π convπ΄ is a compact set.
Example 13 (see [4]). Let πΎ be a compact convex subsetof Banach space and let π be the set of all nonexpansivemappings onπΎ into itself. Define a metric onπ by π(π΄, π΅) =supπ₯βπΎβπ΄π₯ β π΅π₯β, π΄, π΅ β π and π : π Γ π Γ πΌ β π by
π(π΄, π΅, π)(π₯) = ππ΄π₯ + (1 β π)π΅π₯, for π₯ β πΎ and π β πΌ. Then(π, π,π) is a compact TCS, so π is with property (π). Theproperty (π) is also satisfied.
Talman in [5] introduced a new notion of convexstructure for metric space based on Takahashi notionβtheso called strong convex structure (SCS for short). In SCScondition (π) is always satisfied so it seems to be βnatural.β
Any TCS satisfying (π) and (π) has the next importantproperty.
Proposition 14 (see [5]). Let (π, π,π) be a TCS with proper-ties (π) and (π). Then for any bounded subset π΄ β π
πΌ (conv A) = πΌ (π΄) . (6)
Some, among themany studies concerning the fixed pointtheory in convex metric spaces, can be found in [6β13].
2. Main Results
Measures of noncompactness which arise in the study of fixedpoint theory usually involve the study of either condensingmappings or π-set contractions. Continuity is always implicitin the definitions of these classes ofmappings. Kirk and Saliga[2] show that in many instances it suffices to replace thecontinuity assumption with the weaker r.g.i. condition. Weare going to follow this idea in frame of TCS.
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Theorem 15. Let (π, π,π) be a complete TCS with properties(π) and (π), πΎ a closed convex bounded subset of π, and π :πΎ β πΎ a mapping satisfying the following:
(i) infπΆ(πΉ) = 0 for any nonempty closed convex π-
invariant subset πΆ of πΎ, where πΉ(π₯) = π(π₯, ππ₯), π₯ βπΎ;
(ii) πΌ(π(π΄)) < πΌ(π΄) for all π΄ β πΎ for which πΌ(π΄) > 0;(iii) πΉ is r.g.i. on πΎ.
Then the fixed point set fix (π) of π is nonempty and compact.
Proof. Choose a point π β πΎ. Let π denote the family of allclosed convex subsetsπ΄ ofπΎ for whichπ β π΄ andπ(π΄) β π΄.SinceπΎ β π, π ΜΈ= 0. Let
π΅ := β
π΄βπ
π΄, πΆ := conv {π (π΅) βͺ {π}}. (7)
Convex structureπ has property (π) so πΆ is a convex set asa closure of convex set. We are going to prove that π΅ = πΆ.
Since π΅ is a closed convex set containing π(π΅) and{π}, πΆ β π΅. This implies that π(πΆ) β π(π΅) β πΆ so πΆ β πand hence π΅ β πΆ. The last two statements clearly force π΅ = πΆ.
Properties (1)β(4) of measure πΌ and Proposition 14 implythat
πΌ (π΅) = πΌ(conv {π (π΅) βͺ {π}}) = πΌ (π (π΅)) , (8)
so in view of (ii) π΅must be compact.Now, Proposition 2 ensures that π has a fixed point on
π΅ so fix(π) is nonempty. Condition (ii) implies that fix(π)is totally bounded. Since πΉ is r.g.i. fix(π) has to be closed.Finally, we conclude that fix(π) is compact.
The assumption infπΎ(πΉ) = 0 is strong, especially in
the absence of conditions which at the same time implycontinuity. So we are going to give some sufficient conditionswhich are easier to check and more suitable for application.
Let us recall some well-known definitions. Amapping π :πΎ β πΎ is called nonexpansive if π(ππ₯, ππ¦) β€ π(π₯, π¦), forall π₯, π¦ β πΎ, and directionally nonexpansive if π(ππ₯, ππ¦) β€π(π₯, π¦) for each π₯ β πΎ and π¦ β [π₯, ππ₯]. If there exists πΌ β(0, 1) such that this inequality holds forπ¦ = π(ππ₯, π₯, πΌ), thenwe say that π is uniformly locally directionally nonexpansive.
Proposition 16. Let (π, π,π) be a complete TCS with prop-erty (π), πΎ a closed convex bounded subset of π, and π :πΎ β πΎ a uniformly locally directionally nonexpansive. LetππΌπ₯ = π(ππ₯, π₯, πΌ). For the fixed π₯
0β πΎ, sequences {π₯
π} and
{π¦π} are defined as follows:
π₯π+1= ππΌπ₯π, π¦
π= ππ₯π, π = 0, 1, 2, . . . . (9)
Then for each π, π β N
π (π¦π+π, π₯π) β₯ (1 β πΌ)
βπ(π (π¦π+π, π₯π+π) β π (π¦
π, π₯π))
+ (1 + ππΌ) π (π¦π, π₯π) ,
(10)
limπββ
π (π₯π, ππ₯π) = 0. (11)
Proof. We prove (10) by induction on π. For π = 0 inequality(10) is trivial. Assume that (10) holds for given π and all π.
In order to prove that (10) holds for π + 1, we proceed asfollows: replacing π with π + 1 in (10) yields
π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+1) β₯ (1 β πΌ)
βπ(π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+π+1) β π (π¦
π+1, π₯π+1))
+ (1 + ππΌ) π (π¦π+1, π₯π+1) .
(12)
Also
π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+1)
β€ π (π¦π+π+1,π (π¦
π+π+1, π₯π, πΌ))
+ π (π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π, πΌ) ,π (ππ₯
π, π₯π, πΌ))
β€ (1 β πΌ) π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π) + πΌπ (π¦π+π+1, ππ₯π)
β€ (1 β πΌ) π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π) + πΌ
π
β
π=0
π (ππ₯π+π+1, ππ₯π+π)
β€ (1 β πΌ) π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π) + πΌ
π
β
π=0
π (π₯π+π+1, π₯π+π)
(13)
since π₯π+π+1
= π(ππ₯π+π, π₯π+π, πΌ) and π is uniformly locally
directionally nonexpansive. Combining (12) and (13)
π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π)
β₯ (1 β πΌ)β(π+1)
(π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+π+1) β π (π¦
π+1, π₯π+1))
+ (1 β πΌ)β1(1 + ππΌ) π (π¦π+1, π₯π+1)
β πΌ(1 β πΌ)β1
π
β
π=0
π (π₯π+π+1, π₯π+π) .
(14)
By Proposition 8 (c),
π (π₯π+π+1, π₯π+π) = π (π (ππ₯
π+π, π₯π+π, πΌ) , π₯
π+π)
= πΌπ (π¦π+π, π₯π+π) ,
(15)
so
π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π)
β₯ (1 β πΌ)β(π+1)
(π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+π+1) β π (π¦
π+1, π₯π+1))
+ (1 β πΌ)β1(1 + ππΌ) π (π¦π+1, π₯π+1)
β πΌ2(1 β πΌ)
β1
π
β
π=0
π (π¦π+π, π₯π+π) .
(16)
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4 Abstract and Applied Analysis
On the other hand,
π (π¦π, π₯π) = π (ππ₯
π,π (ππ₯
πβ1, π₯πβ1, πΌ))
β€ π (ππ₯π, ππ₯πβ1) + π (ππ₯
πβ1,π (ππ₯
πβ1, π₯πβ1, πΌ))
β€ π (π₯π, π₯πβ1) + (1 β πΌ) π (ππ₯πβ1, π₯πβ1)
= πΌπ (π¦πβ1, π₯πβ1) + (1 β πΌ) π (π¦πβ1, π₯πβ1)
= π (π¦πβ1, π₯πβ1)
(17)
for any π β N, meaning that {π(π¦π, π₯π)} is a decreasing
sequence.Now, using inequality (1 + ππΌ) β (1 β πΌ)βπ β€ 0, we have
that
π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π)
β₯ (1 β πΌ)β(π+1)
(π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+π+1) β π (π¦
π+1, π₯π+1))
+ (1 β πΌ)β1(1 + ππΌ) π (π¦π+1, π₯π+1)
β πΌ2(1 β πΌ)
β1(π + 1) π (π¦π, π₯π)
= (1 β πΌ)β(π+1)
(π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+π+1) β π (π¦
π, π₯π))
+ ((1 β πΌ)β1(1 + ππΌ) β (1 β πΌ)
β(π+1)) π (π¦
π+1, π₯π+1)
+ ((1 β πΌ)β(π+1)
β πΌ2(1 β πΌ)
β1(π + 1)) π (π¦π, π₯π)
β₯ (1 β πΌ)β(π+1)
(π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+π+1) β π (π¦
π, π₯π))
+ ((1 β πΌ)β1(1 + ππΌ) β (1 β πΌ)
β(π+1)) π (π¦
π, π₯π)
+ ((1 β πΌ)β(π+1)
β πΌ2(1 β πΌ)
β1(π + 1)) π (π¦π, π₯π)
= (1 β πΌ)β(π+1)
(π (π¦π+π+1, π₯π+π+1) β π (π¦
π, π₯π))
+ (1 + (π + 1) πΌ) π (π¦π, π₯π) .
(18)
Thus (10) holds for π + 1, completing the proof of inequality.Further, the sequence {π(π¦
π, π₯π)} is decreasing, so there
exists limπββ
π(π¦π, π₯π) = π β₯ 0. Let us suppose that π > 0.
Select positive integer π0β₯ π/(π β πΌ), π = diamπΎ, and π > 0,
satisfying π(1 βπΌ)βπ0 < π. Now choose positive integer π suchthat
0 β€ π (π¦π, π₯π) β π (π¦
π+π0, π₯π+π0) < π. (19)
Using (10), we obtain
π + π β€ π (πΌπ0+ 1) β€ (πΌπ
0+ 1) π (π¦
π, π₯π)
β€ π (π¦π+π0, π₯π) + π(1 β πΌ)
βπ0 < π + π.
(20)
By the last contradiction we conclude that π = 0 andlimπββ
π(π¦π, π₯π) = lim
πββπ(ππ₯π, π₯π) = 0 what we had to
prove.
Remark 17. This statement is a generalization of Lemma 9.4from [14].
Combining the last result with Theorem 15 we have thefollowing consequence.
Corollary 18. Let πΎ be a bounded closed convex subset ofcomplete TCS (π, π,π) with properties (π) and (π) and letπ : πΎ β πΎ satisfy the following:
(i) π is uniformly locally directionally nonexpansive onπΎ;(ii) πΌ(π(π΄)) < πΌ(π΄), for all π΄ β πΎ for which πΌ(π΄) > 0;(iii) πΉ is r.g.i. on πΎ.
Then the fixed point set fix (π) of π is nonempty and compact.
Moreover, using Proposition 16 we also get generaliza-tions of some other Kirk and Saliga [2] fixed point results.
Corollary 19. Let πΎ be a bounded closed convex subset of acomplete TCS (π, π,π) with properties (π) and (π) and letπ : πΎ β πΎ satisfy the following:
(i) π is uniformly locally directionally nonexpansive onπΎ;(ii) π(ππ₯, ππ¦) β€ π(max{π(π₯, ππ₯), π(π¦, ππ¦)}), where π :
R+ β R+ is any function for which limπ‘β0+π(π‘) = 0.
Then π has a unique fixed point π₯0β πΎ if and only if πΉ is an
r.g.i. on πΎ.
Proof. Proposition 16 gives infπΎ(πΉ) = 0 and as in [2] one can
prove that limπβ0+ diam(πΏ
π) = 0. ByTheorem 1.2 [1], π has a
unique fixed point if and only if πΉ is r.g.i. onπΎ.
Theorem 20. Let πΎ be a bounded closed convex subset ofa complete TCS (π, π,π) with properties (π) and (π) andsuppose π : πΎ β πΎ satisfies the following:
(i) π is directionally nonexpansive on πΎ;(ii) π(π(πΏ
π)) β€ π β π(πΏ
π), for some π < 1 and all π > 0;
(iii) πΉ is an r.g.i. on πΎ.Then the fixed point set fix (π) of π is nonempty and compact.Moreover, if {π₯
π} β πΎ satisfies lim
πββπ(π₯π, ππ₯π) = 0, then
limπββ
π(π₯π, fix (π)) = 0.
Proof. By Proposition 16, infπΎ(πΉ) = 0. Since (i) implies that
π (ππ₯, π2π₯) β€ π (π₯, ππ₯) , βπ₯ β πΎ, (21)
the conclusion follows immediately from Theorem 2.3[2].
We established that limπββ
π(π₯π, ππ₯π) = 0 for every
sequence {π₯π} defined by π₯
π= ππΌπ₯πβ1
, π β N, where π₯0β πΎ
and πΌ β (0, 1). Therefore limπββ
π(π₯π, fix(π)) = 0 meaning
that {π₯π} converges to the set fix(π), but the convergence to
the specific point from fix(π) is not provided. Putting someadditional assumption, we could arrange that the sequence{π₯π} converges to a fixed point of the mapping π.Next, we recall the concept of weakly quasi-nonexpansive
mappingswith respect to sequence introduced byAhmed andZeyada in [15].
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Abstract and Applied Analysis 5
Definition 21 (see [15]). Let (π, π) be a metric space and let{π₯π} be a sequence in π· β π. Assume that π : π· β π is
a mapping with fix(π) ΜΈ= 0 satisfying limπββ
π(π₯π, fix(π)) =
0. Thus, for a given π > 0 there exists π1(π) β N such that
π(π₯π, fix(π)) < π for all π β₯ π
1(π). Mapping π is called weakly
quasi-nonexpansive with respect to {π₯π} β π· if for each π > 0
there exists π(π) β fix(π) such that, for all π β N with π β₯π1(π), π(π₯
π, π(π)) < π.
The next result is improvement of Theorem 20 and also ageneralisation of Theorem 2.24 from [15].
Theorem 22. Let πΎ be a bounded closed convex subset of acomplete TCS (π, π,π) with properties (π) and (π) and letπ : πΎ β πΎ satisfy the following:
(i) π is directionally nonexpansive on πΎ;(ii) πΌ(π(πΏ
π)) β€ ππΌ(πΏ
π) for some π < 1 and all π > 0;
(iii) πΉ is r.g.i. on πΎ;(iv) {π₯
π} β πΎ satisfies lim lim
πββπ(π₯π, ππ₯π) = 0 and π is
weakly quasi-nonexpansive with respect to {π₯π}.
Then {π₯π} converges to a point in fix(π).
Proof. Our assertion is a consequence of Theorem 20 andTheorem 2.5(b) from [15].
Using Proposition 16, the next corollary holds.
Corollary 23. Let πΎ be a bounded closed convex subset of acomplete TCS (π, π,π) with properties (π) and (π) and letπ : πΎ β πΎ satisfy the following:
(i) π is directionally nonexpansive on πΎ;(ii) πΌ(π(πΏ
π)) β€ ππΌ(πΏ
π) for some π < 1 and all π > 0;
(iii) πΉ is r.g.i. on πΎ;(iv) π is weakly quasi-nonexpansive with respect to
sequence π₯π= ππ
πΌπ₯0, π β N, π₯
0β πΎ, πΌ β (0, 1).
Then {π₯π} converges to a point in fix(π).
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to the anonymous referees fortheir careful reading of the paper and suggestions which havecontributed to the improvement of the paper. This paper ispartially supported by Ministarstvo nauke i Μzivotne sredineRepublike Srbije.
References
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