Research Article Field Measurement of PV Array...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of PhotoenergyVolume 2013 Article ID 502503 8 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013502503

Research ArticleField Measurement of PV Array Temperature for Tracking andConcentrating 1 k Wp Generators Installed in Malaysia

M Effendy Yarsquoacob1 H Hizam12 M Amran M Radzi12 and M Z A A Kadir12

1 Department of Electrical amp Electronic Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia2 Centre of Advanced Power and Energy Research (CAPER) Universiti Putra 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to M Effendy Yarsquoacob fendyupmgmailcom

Received 9 April 2013 Revised 5 September 2013 Accepted 7 October 2013

Academic Editor Chun-Sheng Jiang

Copyright copy 2013 M Effendy Yarsquoacob et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The effect of temperature elements for PV array with tracking and concentrating features installed in the tropical ground conditionis presented The temperature segment covers ambient temperature and surface and bottom temperature for three types of PVgenerator systems namely Fixed Flat (FF) Tracking Flat (TF) and Concentrating PV (CPV) generatorsThe location of measuringthe cell temperature 119879c for the PVmodule is still being debated by researchers with the issue of howmuch the cell temperature (119879c)is being affected by the surface temperature (119879s) bottom temperature (119879b) and surrounding temperature (119879a) furthermore whenit is located in fluctuating weather conditions In this study Δ119879 is calculated based on the difference between surface temperatureand bottom-side temperaturewhichever the highest recorded at site for different kinds of PV generator systems but using the sameCEEG 95W monocrystalline PV module The study embraces the direct correlation of various temperature elements in tropical-based condition with Δ119879 values of 219∘C for FF module 222∘C for TF module and 272∘C for CPV module These values whichreflect the different unique configurations are further analyzed using multiple linear regression (MLR) and analysis of variance(ANOVA) test for 119879array models This study supports the continuous research in adapting PV technology for Malaysia

1 Introduction

Energy generation via photovoltaic technology and applica-tion has been the most economical viable green resourcesespecially in tropical-based countries [1ndash7] Based on groundcondition of the tropics with fluctuating environmentalweather condition temperature element is a crucial factor tobe determined based on standard testing condition (STC) andnominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) equations

Electricity generation is one of the biggest energy sectorsutilizing a lot of fossil fuels as the main supply and thiscontributes significantly to the emission of greenhouse gas(GHG) that pollutes the environment Because of this adverseeffect on the environment the government ofMalaysia underthe Ministry of Energy Green Technology and Water hasintroduced Green Technology initiatives to promote thistechnology application in the country Malaysia which islocated near the equator naturally has an abundance ofsunshine which produces solar radiation Although Malaysia

enjoys a uniform temperature throughout the year it ishowever extremely rare to have a full day with completelyclear sky in various seasons even in periods of severe droughtOn the average Malaysia receives about 6 hours of directsunshine per day where it is seasonal and spatial variationsare thus verymuch the same as in the case of sunshine [8ndash12]

Maximum radiation received during a sunny day pro-duces peak power (Wp) where 90 of the extraterrestrialradiation becomes direct radiation while the rest is beingdeflected as diffuse radiation [5]

This research intends to explore the effect of varioustemperature factors which correlates directly to the groundradiation level and crystalline PV energy generation Twosegments of temperature have been classified which are sur-face and bottom temperatures for three types of PV generatorsystems namely Fixed Flat (FF) Tracking Flat (TF) andConcentrating (CPV) The solar PV pilot plant with ratedcapacity of 10 kW ismonitored recorded and analysed in real

2 International Journal of Photoenergy

time via solar PVmonitoring system (SPMS) using LabVIEWprogramming embedded in Compact Reconfigurable InputOutput (cRIO) platform for system integrationThe data havebeen collected for the duration of thirty consecutive days inJune 2012

11 Harvesting Energy from the Sun Harvesting energy fromthe sun is a zero-carbon energy production activity wherethe sun reflects a solar fusion reactor emitting huge powerof 6311MW For every square metre surface the earthreceives approximately 39 times 1024 J which is equivalent to108 times 10

18 kWh of solar energy annually [13] This figureis about ten thousand times more than the annual globalprimary energy demand and much more than all availableenergy reserves on earth Solar energy can be subdividedin two forms which are the direct and the indirect solarenergy sources Technical systems using direct solar energyconvert incoming solar radiation directly into useful energyapplication for instance heat and electricity Natural processsystems using indirect solar energy convert solar energy intoother types of energy before coming to the user applicationfor instance wind river and plant growth

Banos et al [14] define solar energy as radiant energythat is produced by the sun where in many parts of theworld direct solar radiation is considered to be one ofthe best prospective sources of energy Direct solar energyapplications are usually based on the building design andconcept where an active design converts solar energy intoelectricity or heat bymeans of solar energy conversion systemand contrarily a passive design utilizes the light energy fromthe sun for artificial lighting and heating Based on MS IEC618362010 [15] the photovoltaic panels are defined as PVmodules which are mechanically integrated preassembledand electrically interconnected whereas photovoltaic systemis assembly of components that produce and supply electricityby the conversion of solar energy

Generally a photovoltaic solar cell consists of two-layer semiconductor material which in nonradiated condi-tion behaves like a diode whose I-V curve is traditionallydescribed by the equation 119868

119863= 1198680(exp(119902119881

119863119899119896119879) minus 1) minus

119868119871where 119868

0is the reverse saturation current or leakage

current of the diode 119868119871is the light generated current or the

photocurrent 119881119863is the voltage accross diode is the reverse

saturation current of the diode 119902 the electron charge (1602times10minus19 C) 119896 the Boltzmann constant (1381 times 10minus23 JK) and119879 the junction temperature which depends on the kind of thesemiconductor used [16]

Around the globe research on photovoltaic cell andprocessing technologies are focusing on new approach toreduce cost via reducing the number of processing stepswith high consideration of overall performance and efficiency[17] Photovoltaic conversion can be defined as the directconversion of pure energy sunlight into electricity withoutany heat engine to interfere as described by Parida et al in[18] Photovoltaic devices are rugged and simple in designrequiring very little maintenance and their biggest advantageis their construction as portable standalone systems to giveoutputs from microwatts to megawatts MS IEC 618362010

defines PV conversion efficiency as ratio of maximum PVoutput to the product of PV device area and incidentirradiance measured under specified test conditions usuallyat standard testing condition (STC)

12 Temperature Factor in PV Cell Equation Skoplaki andPalyvos [19] explain the effect of temperature rise in the PVcell as the thermally excited electron begins to dominate theelectrical properties of the semiconductor bands Wu et al[20] further supported the temperature rise effect towards PVenergy performance due to losses created when lattice vibra-tions interfere with the free passing of charge carriers andthe junction begins to lose its power to separate charges andproposes temperature-dependent charge controller devise foreffective solution

The importance and effect of radiation toward the energygeneration in Oman have been studied by Gastli and Charabi[21] with the application of GIS-based solar radiation mapPower conversion efficiency and overall output power ofthe solar cells change with temperature and solar irradiancelevel and this statement is further supported via conductingfield study for four different types of solar panels in realperformance under tropical weather condition

A significant positive correlation between PV moduletemperature and spectral irradiance distribution parame-ter by means of energy production has been proven byMinemoto et al [22] in which both parameters were char-acterized using contour plots The influence of moduletemperature variations towards the energy efficiency whichcan be described using contour graph created from statisticalanalysis method based on average photon energy (APE) andfield output factor (FOF) of the silicon PV Module has beenanalysed by Nagae et al [23] This technique also proves thattemperature rise really affects the PV module performanceratio (PR) by producing contour graph for the temperatureimpact towards single-crystalline and amorphous siliconmodules [24]

Skoplaki and Palyvos [25] found that there are otherforms of heat energy transfer besides internal processestaking place within the semiconductor material during itsbombardment by photons where convection mechanismin front and back sides of PV module panels plus heatconduction through mounting frames should be includedin defining the energy balance Park et al [26] conducted astudy to prove that there are such significant effects of the PVmodulersquos thermal characteristics on its electrical generationperformance building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) whereapproximately 05 reduction of energy generated based on1∘C increase of the module temperature This statement issupported by Kim et al [27] where they emphasize thatthrough a proper method of cooling PV module by means ofheat dissipation process using fins interestingly the energyefficiency from a common PV module usually falls at a rateof 05∘C and it can be increased due to the drop in surfacetemperature especially on the highest heated portions of PVcell and ribbon where all means of cooling approach comesinto the picture

International Journal of Photoenergy 3

The effect of temperature in PV system can be practicallycalculated based on cell temperature (119879c) of each PVmoduleNevertheless the location of measuring 119879c in the PV moduleis still being debated by researchers [16 28 29] with the issueof how much the cell temperature (119879c) is being affected bythe surface temperature (119879s) bottom temperature (119879b) andsurrounding temperature (119879a) An in-depth review on thePV module temperature by Iyengar et al [17] highlighted aconstant value of 119896 known as Ross coefficient as described in(1) based on simple expression of (2)

119879c = 119879a + 119896119866119879 (1)

119879c = 119879b +119866119879

119866refΔ119879 (2)

Ross coefficient 119896 is derived by the ratio Δ119879Δ119866 where Δ119879is the difference between cell temperature (119879c) and ambienttemperature (119879a) and in this case it represents seven types ofPV arrays commonly appliedThe values of 119879c have also beeninvestigated by several studies [30ndash33] as follows

119879c = 119879a + 0035119866119879

119879c = 119879a + 0028119866119879 minus 1

119879c = 119879a + 0031119866119879

119879c = 119879a + 0031119866119879 minus 0058

(3)

In this study the value of Δ119879 are calculated based onthe difference between surface temperature and bottom-sidetemperature whichever the highest recorded at site and thevalue is suggested to be 3∘C [17] Highest temperature value ischosen to be the benchmark of Δ119879mainly because of the PVperformance degradation due to increase in temperature asdescribed earlier The value is derived based on average dailydata in themonth of June 2012 for different kinds of PV gener-ator system but using the same CEEG 95WmonocrystallinePV module This study embraces the justification of directcorrelation of various temperature elements in tropical-basedground condition with a specified Δ119879 value for Fixed FlatTracking Flat and Concentrating PV modules purposely tosupport the continuous research in adapting green resourcesof Solar PV in Malaysia Statistical analysis of multiple linearregression (MLR) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) arefurther applied to develop mathematical modelling for 119879arrayequations

2 Experimental Procedures

Three types of PV generator systems with a rated (at STC)capacity of 1 kW each with the total sum energy of 10 kWphave been successfully configured in the Universiti PutraMalaysia (UPM) Serdang Malaysia at GPS coordinate of2∘5910158402010158401015840N101∘4310158403010158401015840E as illustrated in Figure 1 The PVsystem is equipped with precalibrated temperature sensorsone solar-radiation sensor and one wind-speed sensor Thetemperature sensors are for measuring the ambient tempera-ture (sensor located close to the PV arrays) the PV cell facetemperature and the PV cell bottom temperature

Figure 1 PVgenerator system configuration at site comprisingCPVTracking Flat and Fixed Flat arrays

Figure 2 Arrangement of distribution box for DC and AC breakersconnecting to the data logger and UPM Electricity Grid (FeederPillar)

The system is directly connected to UPM electricaldistribution line via Feeder Pillar (FP)which links to themainswitch board (MSB) as shown in Figure 2 Grid-connectedsystem ensures full capacity generation with assumption ofthe highest generator efficiency during the operation periodcompared to a standalone systemwhich has some limitationsThe ten units of PV generator are connected to three units ofAurora inverter system with the capacity of 2 times 36 kW and60 kW for the purpose of Grid-tied operation

The build-up areas for all PV generators are the sameincluding the type of crystalline PV module used which is36m (L) times 24m (W) times 28m (H) with surface area of864m2 The differences between the 3 systems are quantityof PV module either 6 units or 12 units tracking mechanismfor 360∘ rotation (dual-axis) and concentrating mirror Theopen-circuit voltage (119881oc) for TF and FF is 270119881dc while CPVgenerates 135119881dc The short-circuit current (119868sc) for all PVarrays is the same which is 556119860dc

Field evaluation and comparison of the temperature effectare verified via installation of 10 units of type-K thermocouplesensor at the surface and bottom side of each PV generatorsystem The other temperature elements of internal invertertemperature and surrounding temperature are taken directlyfrom the weather station and Aurora inverter internal tem-perature sensor link to solar PV monitoring system (SPMS)as illustrated in Figure 3


Host (monitoring system)

- Setting

- HMI∙ Home∙ RT display∙ Environmental

impact analysis∙ Performance

analysis∙ Summary and

report

∙ Save

∙ Save

∙ Setting

∙ Continuousacquisition

(INV + weather stat)

Sys configDataUser input

RT target (DAQ system)

Figure 3 Data flow in Solar PV Monitoring Station (SPMS)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

752

57

932

13

747

03

191

658

151

651

901

33

601

10

183

117

153

107

133

058

121

548

113

038

104

527

945

18

845

08

714

59

182

954

161

444

144

434

132

923

144

412

142

901

728

46

121

333

135

822

125

808

121

256

185

740

557

19

195

713

152

716

Sample in time-series

Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

G (Wm2)

Ta (∘C)

Figure 4 Correlation between sun radiation (Wm2) and ambienttemperature (∘C) in time-series dependence for tropical conditionat site

To achieve the research objective of investigating corre-lations of real-time and synchronize mode between temper-ature elements in PV system application the data loggingand monitoring process are done using NI compact RIOdevice (cRIO) platform with preembedded combination ofLabVIEW programming to represent the overall system flowThemonitoring process is done continuously throughout theduration of 30 days in the month of June 2012 and the datafor radiation (119866) and ambient temperature (119879a) are describedin Figure 4 The sample data is taken for the whole 30 daysby 15-minute interval so as to show fluctuating pattern at aspecific time of the day

The fluctuation pattern of radiation 119866 ranges from3Wm2 at 430AM up to 1023Wm2 at 2 PM which is thehighest value in the month On the other hand ambienttemperature fluctuates at the value of 228∘Cup to 367∘CThe

Table 1 Sample of average daily data for surface and bottomtemperature for different PV generator systems

FFs (∘C) FFb (

∘C) TFs (∘C) TFb (

∘C) CPVs (∘C) CPVb (

∘C)3868 4067 4082 4443 5201 49763829 408 4096 438 5167 49213699 3883 3937 4147 4684 44914009 4169 4353 4679 562 53543549 3752 3749 3927 4296 4143395 3525 3479 3607 3883 37563742 3958 4107 4319 508 48453665 3875 3944 4165 4773 45783065 3108 3176 3228 3326 3333749 3969 4065 4261 4915 46993622 3881 3889 4115 4854 4613633 3837 3927 4189 4974 46893194 3361 3389 36 408 38863622 3846 3835 4223 5026 4273713 3957 4098 431 5187 49073453 3625 3577 37 3998 3849

sun hours calculated for the whole month are 240 hours with200Wm2 as the minimum sun radiation reference

3 Results and Discussion

Sample data showing correlations between surface bottomand ambient temperature is illustrated in Figure 5 with 700samples of one-minute intervals

The measured data for all temperature elements in thisstudy is plotted with respect to radiation level at site as shownin Figure 6

Based on Figure 6 the maximum value recorded for eachtemperature elements is 54∘C for surface temperature 48∘Cfor bottom temperature and 333∘C for ambient temperatureat the same time interval The overall comparison of tem-perature elements for all 3 types of PV generator systems isdescribed in Table 1 for average daily data with the highesttemperature value comes from surface temperature of CPVgenerator

For all the three types of PV generators the surface andbottom temperatures fluctuate in the range from30∘C to 60∘Cwhich is an important value to determine cell or moduletemperature For CPV generator the surface temperatureis much higher than the bottom value due to the mirrorconcentrating effect of heat convection The surrounding orambient temperature fluctuates in the range from 25∘C to33∘C which reflects the nominal operating cell temperature(NOCT) in MSIEC Standards with an average daily value of2956∘C

Based on the average daily data analysis the relationshipbetween surface temperature (119879s) and the bottom tempera-ture (119879b) are described in Table 2


Table 2 Relationship between temperature effects towards 3 types of PV generator systems

Temperature effect Comments

Fixed Flat PVgenerator

ΔT = 219∘CSurface temperature (119879s) is lower by the AE value of563 compared to the bottom temperature (119879b)

Most researchers adapt the bottom-side values as thecellmodule temperature for crystalline PV due to thehigher temperature value

Tracking FlatPV generator


The same concept as above The tracking mechanism whichreceives peak radiation level most of the time results inhigher bottom temperature values compared to FFgenerator

CPV generatorΔT = 272∘CSurface temperature (119879s) is higher by the AE value of58 compared to the bottom-side temperature (119879b)

The uniqueness of adapting two elements of trackingmechanism and mirror concentrator creates much highervalue on the surface side of the PV module whichcontradicts the normal concept of 119879c

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 30 59 88 117

146

175

204

233

262

291

320

349

378

407

436

465

494

523

552

581

610

639

668

697

Sample data recorded on 6th June 2012

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

FFsFFbTa

Figure 5 Correlation between ambient surface and bottom tem-peratures recorded on June 6 2012

Furthermore based on MLR and ANOVA test PV arraytemperature model with respect to the radiation and ambienttemperature is described as follows

For FF array

119879array (FF) = minus0117lowast

119879a + 0002lowast

119866

+ 1189lowastFFs (119877

2

= 0975 SE = 0444) (4)

For TF array

119879array (TF) = 0356lowast

119879a minus 0007lowast

119866

+ 108lowastTFs (119877

2

= 0946 SE = 0885) (5)

For CPV array

119879array (CPV) = 0233lowast


119866

+ 1053lowastCPVb (119877

2

= 0956 SE = 1417) (6)

0

100

200

300

400

500

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Sample data

G

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

FFsFFbTFsTFbCPVs

CPVbTaTinv

Figure 6 Plotted data for measured temperature elements withradiation levels in June 2012

From the plotted data in Figure 6 an interesting temperaturecorrelation can be obtained for internal inverter temperature(119879inv) as folllow

119879inv = 0867lowast


119866 (1198772

= 0875 SE = 065) (7)

The linear regression model in (4) to (7) shows fairly strongcorrelation of the temperature elements with the tropicalconditions of radiation and ambient temperature

4 Conclusion

Review and field analysis on correlation between four tem-perature elements are presented It was concluded that alltemperature elements discussed have significant contribu-tion either direct or indirect influences which affect theperformance of photovoltaic generator system in providingsufficient energy supply It is a known fact that PV conversionprocess does produce heat as energy wastage and PVmodule


Table 3 CEEG PV module specification

Electrical typical data CEEG CSUN 95W-36M119875mpp [W] 95119881oc [V] 225119868sc [A] 556119881mpp [V] 183119868mpp [A] 521Practical module efficiency 1705Voltage temperature coefficients minus0307KCurrent temperature coefficients +0039KPower temperature coefficients minus0423KSeries fuse rating [A] 10Cells 4 times 9 36 piecesmonocrystalline solar cells seriesstrings

125mm times 125mm

Junction box with 2 bypass diodesCable length 600mm 1 times 4mm2

Front glass White toughened safety glass32mm

Cell encapsulation EVA (Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate)Back sheet composite filmFrame Anodised aluminium profile

Dimensions 1211 times 546 times 35mm(119871 times119882 times119867)

Maximum surface load capacity 2400 Pa

Hail Maximum diameter of 25 mmwith impact speed of 23msdotsminus1

Temperature range minus40∘C to +85∘C

Table 4 (a) Summary output (FF) (b) and (c) ANOVA

(a)

Regression statisticsMultiple R 0987429459R Square 0975016936Adjusted R Square 0972134275Standard error 0444029697Observations 30

(b)

df SS MS F Significance FRegression 3 2000616483 6668722 338235 610857119864 minus 21Residual 26 5126221676 0197162Total 29 20518787

(c)

Coefficients Standard errorIntercept minus1678085319 2015645509119879a minus0117136967 0071238145Radiation (G) 0001492943 0001202588FFs 1188748497 004219168

Table 5 (a) Summary output (TF) (b) and (c) ANOVA

(a)


(b)


(c)

Coefficients Standard errorIntercept minus9503340876 4063070816119879a 0356280226 0135307719Radiation (G) minus0006620823 0002569022TFs 1080144819 0056718604

Table 6 (a) Summary output (CPV) (b) and (c) ANOVA

(a)


(b)


(c)

Coefficients Standard errorIntercept minus4542469701 6027512011119879a 0232758421 0216798907Radiation (G) minus0006474561 0004029298CPVb 1053363488 0048316856

efficiency degrades with the increase in temperature whichusually falls at a rate of 05∘C The highest Δ119879 valuecomes from the CPV array with the surface side producinghigher heat energyThis study shares some findings of linearlycorrelated 119879array model with respect to radiation and ambienttemperature for three types of uniquely configurated PVarrays installed in the tropics

Appendix

See Table 3MLR and ANOVA Test See Tables 4 5 6 and 7


Table 7 (a) Summary output ( 119879inv) (b) and (c) ANOVA

(a)


(b)


(c)

Coefficients Standard errorIntercept 1403251613 2691542602119879a 0867171815 0099396709Radiation (G) 0004692967 000174276

Nomenclature

DART Data acquisition and real-timecRIO Compact reconfigurable input outputSPMS Solar PV monitoring station119866ref Reference radiation value of 1000Wm2119866119879 Measured radiation value in Wm2119879a Ambient temperature119879c Cell temperature119879m Module temperature119879array Array temperatureFFs Surface temperature for fixed flat PV

generatorFFb Bottom-side temperature for fixed flat PV

generatorTFs Surface temperature for tracking flat PV

generatorTFb Bottom-side temperature for tracking flat PV

generatorCPVs Surface temperature for concentrating PV

generatorCPVb Bottom-side temperature for concentrating

PV generatorSE Standard errorNI National instrumentANOVA Analysis of varianceMLR Multiple linear regression1198772 Significant correlation factor

DAQ Data acquisitionRT Real timeHMI Human machine interface

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Sichuan Zhonghan SolarPower Co Ltd for the generous support on setting up the

PV pilot plant assisting in data monitoring and analysisand sharing of technologies throughout the research processFurthermore they delegate their thanks to the ResearchManagement Centre (RMC) Universiti Putra Malaysia forthe approval of research funding under the Project MatchingGrant (Vote no 9300400) andMinistry of Higher EducationMalaysia for the approval of Fundamental Research GrantScheme (FRGS Vote no 5524167)

References

[1] H Hashim and W S Ho ldquoRenewable energy policies and ini-tiatives for a sustainable energy future in Malaysiardquo Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 15 no 9 pp 4780ndash47872011

[2] M S Ngan andCW Tan ldquoAssessment of economic viability forPVwinddiesel hybrid energy system in southern PeninsularMalaysiardquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 16no 1 pp 634ndash647 2012

[3] M H Hasan T M I Mahlia and H Nur ldquoA review on energyscenario and sustainable energy in Indonesiardquo Renewable andSustainable Energy Reviews vol 16 no 4 pp 2316ndash2328 2012

[4] C Jivacate ldquoPV development in Thailandrdquo Solar Energy Mate-rials and Solar Cells vol 34 no 1ndash4 pp 57ndash66 1994

[5] A Chimtavee and N Ketjoy ldquoPV generator performanceevaluation and load analysis of the PV microgrid system inThailandrdquo Procedia Engineering vol 32 pp 384ndash391 2012

[6] A Q Malik ldquoAssessment of the potential of renewablesfor Brunei Darussalamrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 1 pp 427ndash437 2011

[7] W W Kyaw S Sukchai N Ketjoy and S Ladpala ldquoEnergyutilization and the status of sustainable energy in Union ofMyanmarrdquo Energy Procedia vol 9 pp 351ndash358 2011

[8] httpwwwmetgovmy[9] Energy Commisson of Malaysia ldquoElectricity supply industry

in malaysia performance and statistical Information 2009rdquohttpwwwstgovmy

[10] WN Chen article inMalaysia Energy Guide 20102011 pp 42ndash56 entitle Solar Photovoltaic Plug into the SunMBIPVProject

[11] httpwwwmbipvnetmy[12] S AhmadM Z A A Kadir and S Shafie ldquoCurrent perspective

of the renewable energy development in Malaysiardquo Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 15 no 2 pp 897ndash904 2011

[13] V Quaschning Understanding Renewable Energy SystemsEarthscan 1st edition 2006

[14] R Banos F Manzano-Agugliaro F G Montoya C Gil AAlcayde and J Gomez ldquoOptimization methods applied torenewable and sustainable energy a reviewrdquo Renewable andSustainable Energy Reviews vol 15 no 4 pp 1753ndash1766 2011

[15] Malaysian Standard MS IEC ldquoSolar Photovoltaic EnergySystemsmdashTerms Definitions and Symbolsrdquo 61836 2010

[16] M Mattei G Notton C Cristofari M Muselli and P PoggildquoCalculation of the polycrystalline PV module temperatureusing a simple method of energy balancerdquo Renewable Energyvol 31 no 4 pp 553ndash567 2006

[17] V V Iyengar B K Nayak andM C Gupta ldquoSilicon PV devicesbased on a single step for doping anti-reflection and surfacepassivationrdquo Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells vol 94 no12 pp 2205ndash2211 2010


[18] B Parida S Iniyan and R Goic ldquoA review of solar photovoltaictechnologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol15 no 3 pp 1625ndash1636 2011

[19] E Skoplaki and J A Palyvos ldquoOn the temperature dependenceof photovoltaic module electrical performance a review ofefficiencypower correlationsrdquo Solar Energy vol 83 no 5 pp614ndash624 2009

[20] M-J Wu E J Timpson and S E Watkins ldquoTemperatureconsiderations in solar arraysrdquo in Proceedings of the IEEERegion5 Conference Annual Technical and LeadershipWorkshop pp 1ndash9 April 2004

[21] A Gastli and Y Charabi ldquoSolar electricity prospects in Omanusing GIS-based solar radiation mapsrdquo Renewable and Sustain-able Energy Reviews vol 14 no 2 pp 790ndash797 2010

[22] T Minemoto H Takahashi Y Nakada and H TakakuraldquoOutdoor performance evaluation of photovoltaic modulesusing contour plotsrdquo Current Applied Physics vol 10 no 2 ppS257ndashS260 2010

[23] S Nagae M Toda T Minemoto H Takakura and YHamakawa ldquoEvaluation of the impact of solar spectrum andtemperature variations on output power of silicon-based pho-tovoltaic modulesrdquo Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells vol90 no 20 pp 3568ndash3575 2006

[24] S Fukushige K Ichida T Minemoto and H Takakura ldquoAnaly-sis of the temperature history of amorphous silicon photovoltaicmodule outdoorsrdquo Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells vol93 no 6-7 pp 926ndash931 2009

[25] E Skoplaki and J A Palyvos ldquoOperating temperature of photo-voltaic modules a survey of pertinent correlationsrdquo RenewableEnergy vol 34 no 1 pp 23ndash29 2009

[26] K E Park G H Kang H I Kim G J Yu and J TKim ldquoAnalysis of thermal and electrical performance of semi-transparent photovoltaic (PV) modulerdquo Energy vol 35 no 6pp 2681ndash2687 2010

[27] J P Kim H Lim J H Song Y J Chang and C H JeonldquoNumerical analysis on the thermal characteristics of pho-tovoltaic module with ambient temperature variationrdquo SolarEnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 95 no 1 pp 404ndash407 2011

[28] A Q Jakhrani A-K Othman A R H Rigit and S R SamoldquoDetermination and comparison of different photovoltaicmod-ule temperaturemodels for Kuching Sarawakrdquo inProceedings ofthe IEEE 1st Conference on Clean Energy and Technology (CETrsquo11) pp 231ndash236 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia June 2011

[29] J A Jiang J C Wang K C Kuo Y L Su J C Shiehand J J Chou ldquoAnalysis of the junction temperature andthermal characteristics of photovoltaic modules under variousoperation conditionsrdquo Energy vol 44 no 1 pp 292ndash301 2012

[30] R G Ross and M I Smokler ldquoFlat-plate solar array projectfinal reportmdashvolume VI engineering sciences and reliabilityrdquoReport DOEJPL 1986

[31] T Schott ldquoOperation temperatures of PVmodulesrdquo in Proceed-ings of the 6th ECPhotovoltaic Solar EnergyConference pp 392ndash396 London UK 1985

[32] J D Mondol Y G Yohanis and B Norton ldquoComparisonof measured and predicted long term performance of grid aconnected photovoltaic systemrdquo Energy Conversion and Man-agement vol 48 no 4 pp 1065ndash1080 2007

[33] J D Mondol Y G Yohanis and B Norton ldquoThe effect of lowinsolation conditions and inverter oversizing on the long-termperformance of a grid-connected photovoltaic systemrdquo Progressin Photovoltaics vol 15 no 4 pp 353ndash368 2007

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time via solar PVmonitoring system (SPMS) using LabVIEWprogramming embedded in Compact Reconfigurable InputOutput (cRIO) platform for system integrationThe data havebeen collected for the duration of thirty consecutive days inJune 2012

11 Harvesting Energy from the Sun Harvesting energy fromthe sun is a zero-carbon energy production activity wherethe sun reflects a solar fusion reactor emitting huge powerof 6311MW For every square metre surface the earthreceives approximately 39 times 1024 J which is equivalent to108 times 10

18 kWh of solar energy annually [13] This figureis about ten thousand times more than the annual globalprimary energy demand and much more than all availableenergy reserves on earth Solar energy can be subdividedin two forms which are the direct and the indirect solarenergy sources Technical systems using direct solar energyconvert incoming solar radiation directly into useful energyapplication for instance heat and electricity Natural processsystems using indirect solar energy convert solar energy intoother types of energy before coming to the user applicationfor instance wind river and plant growth

Banos et al [14] define solar energy as radiant energythat is produced by the sun where in many parts of theworld direct solar radiation is considered to be one ofthe best prospective sources of energy Direct solar energyapplications are usually based on the building design andconcept where an active design converts solar energy intoelectricity or heat bymeans of solar energy conversion systemand contrarily a passive design utilizes the light energy fromthe sun for artificial lighting and heating Based on MS IEC618362010 [15] the photovoltaic panels are defined as PVmodules which are mechanically integrated preassembledand electrically interconnected whereas photovoltaic systemis assembly of components that produce and supply electricityby the conversion of solar energy

Generally a photovoltaic solar cell consists of two-layer semiconductor material which in nonradiated condi-tion behaves like a diode whose I-V curve is traditionallydescribed by the equation 119868

119863= 1198680(exp(119902119881

119863119899119896119879) minus 1) minus

119868119871where 119868

0is the reverse saturation current or leakage

current of the diode 119868119871is the light generated current or the

photocurrent 119881119863is the voltage accross diode is the reverse

saturation current of the diode 119902 the electron charge (1602times10minus19 C) 119896 the Boltzmann constant (1381 times 10minus23 JK) and119879 the junction temperature which depends on the kind of thesemiconductor used [16]

Around the globe research on photovoltaic cell andprocessing technologies are focusing on new approach toreduce cost via reducing the number of processing stepswith high consideration of overall performance and efficiency[17] Photovoltaic conversion can be defined as the directconversion of pure energy sunlight into electricity withoutany heat engine to interfere as described by Parida et al in[18] Photovoltaic devices are rugged and simple in designrequiring very little maintenance and their biggest advantageis their construction as portable standalone systems to giveoutputs from microwatts to megawatts MS IEC 618362010

defines PV conversion efficiency as ratio of maximum PVoutput to the product of PV device area and incidentirradiance measured under specified test conditions usuallyat standard testing condition (STC)

12 Temperature Factor in PV Cell Equation Skoplaki andPalyvos [19] explain the effect of temperature rise in the PVcell as the thermally excited electron begins to dominate theelectrical properties of the semiconductor bands Wu et al[20] further supported the temperature rise effect towards PVenergy performance due to losses created when lattice vibra-tions interfere with the free passing of charge carriers andthe junction begins to lose its power to separate charges andproposes temperature-dependent charge controller devise foreffective solution

The importance and effect of radiation toward the energygeneration in Oman have been studied by Gastli and Charabi[21] with the application of GIS-based solar radiation mapPower conversion efficiency and overall output power ofthe solar cells change with temperature and solar irradiancelevel and this statement is further supported via conductingfield study for four different types of solar panels in realperformance under tropical weather condition

A significant positive correlation between PV moduletemperature and spectral irradiance distribution parame-ter by means of energy production has been proven byMinemoto et al [22] in which both parameters were char-acterized using contour plots The influence of moduletemperature variations towards the energy efficiency whichcan be described using contour graph created from statisticalanalysis method based on average photon energy (APE) andfield output factor (FOF) of the silicon PV Module has beenanalysed by Nagae et al [23] This technique also proves thattemperature rise really affects the PV module performanceratio (PR) by producing contour graph for the temperatureimpact towards single-crystalline and amorphous siliconmodules [24]

Skoplaki and Palyvos [25] found that there are otherforms of heat energy transfer besides internal processestaking place within the semiconductor material during itsbombardment by photons where convection mechanismin front and back sides of PV module panels plus heatconduction through mounting frames should be includedin defining the energy balance Park et al [26] conducted astudy to prove that there are such significant effects of the PVmodulersquos thermal characteristics on its electrical generationperformance building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) whereapproximately 05 reduction of energy generated based on1∘C increase of the module temperature This statement issupported by Kim et al [27] where they emphasize thatthrough a proper method of cooling PV module by means ofheat dissipation process using fins interestingly the energyefficiency from a common PV module usually falls at a rateof 05∘C and it can be increased due to the drop in surfacetemperature especially on the highest heated portions of PVcell and ribbon where all means of cooling approach comesinto the picture



119879c = 119879a + 119896119866119879 (1)

119879c = 119879b +119866119879

119866refΔ119879 (2)


119879c = 119879a + 0035119866119879

119879c = 119879a + 0028119866119879 minus 1

119879c = 119879a + 0031119866119879

119879c = 119879a + 0031119866119879 minus 0058

(3)











- Setting




report

∙ Save

∙ Save

∙ Setting






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

752

57

932

13

747

03

191

658

151

651

901

33

601

10

183

117

153

107

133

058

121

548

113

038

104

527

945

18

845

08

714

59

182

954

161

444

144

434

132

923

144

412

142

901

728

46

121

333

135

822

125

808

121

256

185

740

557

19

195

713

152

716


Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

G (Wm2)

Ta (∘C)





FFs (∘C) FFb (



∘C)3868 4067 4082 4443 5201 49763829 408 4096 438 5167 49213699 3883 3937 4147 4684 44914009 4169 4353 4679 562 53543549 3752 3749 3927 4296 4143395 3525 3479 3607 3883 37563742 3958 4107 4319 508 48453665 3875 3944 4165 4773 45783065 3108 3176 3228 3326 3333749 3969 4065 4261 4915 46993622 3881 3889 4115 4854 4613633 3837 3927 4189 4974 46893194 3361 3389 36 408 38863622 3846 3835 4223 5026 4273713 3957 4098 431 5187 49073453 3625 3577 37 3998 3849



















0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 30 59 88 117

146

175

204

233

262

291

320

349

378

407

436

465

494

523

552

581

610

639

668

697


Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

FFsFFbTa



For FF array


119879a + 0002lowast

119866

+ 1189lowastFFs (119877

2

= 0975 SE = 0444) (4)

For TF array



119866


2

= 0946 SE = 0885) (5)

For CPV array



119866


2

= 0956 SE = 1417) (6)

0

100

200

300

400

500

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Sample data

G

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

FFsFFbTFsTFbCPVs

CPVbTaTinv





119866 (1198772

= 0875 SE = 065) (7)


4 Conclusion





125mm times 125mm









(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



Appendix




(a)


(b)


(c)


Nomenclature









Acknowledgments



References












































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



119879c = 119879a + 119896119866119879 (1)

119879c = 119879b +119866119879

119866refΔ119879 (2)


119879c = 119879a + 0035119866119879

119879c = 119879a + 0028119866119879 minus 1

119879c = 119879a + 0031119866119879

119879c = 119879a + 0031119866119879 minus 0058

(3)











- Setting




report

∙ Save

∙ Save

∙ Setting






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

752

57

932

13

747

03

191

658

151

651

901

33

601

10

183

117

153

107

133

058

121

548

113

038

104

527

945

18

845

08

714

59

182

954

161

444

144

434

132

923

144

412

142

901

728

46

121

333

135

822

125

808

121

256

185

740

557

19

195

713

152

716


Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

G (Wm2)

Ta (∘C)





FFs (∘C) FFb (



∘C)3868 4067 4082 4443 5201 49763829 408 4096 438 5167 49213699 3883 3937 4147 4684 44914009 4169 4353 4679 562 53543549 3752 3749 3927 4296 4143395 3525 3479 3607 3883 37563742 3958 4107 4319 508 48453665 3875 3944 4165 4773 45783065 3108 3176 3228 3326 3333749 3969 4065 4261 4915 46993622 3881 3889 4115 4854 4613633 3837 3927 4189 4974 46893194 3361 3389 36 408 38863622 3846 3835 4223 5026 4273713 3957 4098 431 5187 49073453 3625 3577 37 3998 3849



















0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 30 59 88 117

146

175

204

233

262

291

320

349

378

407

436

465

494

523

552

581

610

639

668

697


Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

FFsFFbTa



For FF array


119879a + 0002lowast

119866

+ 1189lowastFFs (119877

2

= 0975 SE = 0444) (4)

For TF array



119866


2

= 0946 SE = 0885) (5)

For CPV array



119866


2

= 0956 SE = 1417) (6)

0

100

200

300

400

500

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Sample data

G

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

FFsFFbTFsTFbCPVs

CPVbTaTinv





119866 (1198772

= 0875 SE = 065) (7)


4 Conclusion





125mm times 125mm









(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



Appendix




(a)


(b)


(c)


Nomenclature









Acknowledgments



References












































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



- Setting




report

∙ Save

∙ Save

∙ Setting






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

752

57

932

13

747

03

191

658

151

651

901

33

601

10

183

117

153

107

133

058

121

548

113

038

104

527

945

18

845

08

714

59

182

954

161

444

144

434

132

923

144

412

142

901

728

46

121

333

135

822

125

808

121

256

185

740

557

19

195

713

152

716


Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

Am

bien

t tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

G (Wm2)

Ta (∘C)





FFs (∘C) FFb (



∘C)3868 4067 4082 4443 5201 49763829 408 4096 438 5167 49213699 3883 3937 4147 4684 44914009 4169 4353 4679 562 53543549 3752 3749 3927 4296 4143395 3525 3479 3607 3883 37563742 3958 4107 4319 508 48453665 3875 3944 4165 4773 45783065 3108 3176 3228 3326 3333749 3969 4065 4261 4915 46993622 3881 3889 4115 4854 4613633 3837 3927 4189 4974 46893194 3361 3389 36 408 38863622 3846 3835 4223 5026 4273713 3957 4098 431 5187 49073453 3625 3577 37 3998 3849



















0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 30 59 88 117

146

175

204

233

262

291

320

349

378

407

436

465

494

523

552

581

610

639

668

697


Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

FFsFFbTa



For FF array


119879a + 0002lowast

119866

+ 1189lowastFFs (119877

2

= 0975 SE = 0444) (4)

For TF array



119866


2

= 0946 SE = 0885) (5)

For CPV array



119866


2

= 0956 SE = 1417) (6)

0

100

200

300

400

500

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Sample data

G

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

FFsFFbTFsTFbCPVs

CPVbTaTinv





119866 (1198772

= 0875 SE = 065) (7)


4 Conclusion





125mm times 125mm









(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



Appendix




(a)


(b)


(c)


Nomenclature









Acknowledgments



References












































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 30 59 88 117

146

175

204

233

262

291

320

349

378

407

436

465

494

523

552

581

610

639

668

697


Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

FFsFFbTa



For FF array


119879a + 0002lowast

119866

+ 1189lowastFFs (119877

2

= 0975 SE = 0444) (4)

For TF array



119866


2

= 0946 SE = 0885) (5)

For CPV array



119866


2

= 0956 SE = 1417) (6)

0

100

200

300

400

500

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Sample data

G

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Radi

atio

n (W

m2)

FFsFFbTFsTFbCPVs

CPVbTaTinv





119866 (1198772

= 0875 SE = 065) (7)


4 Conclusion





125mm times 125mm









(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



Appendix




(a)


(b)


(c)


Nomenclature









Acknowledgments



References












































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




125mm times 125mm









(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



(a)


(b)


(c)



Appendix




(a)


(b)


(c)


Nomenclature









Acknowledgments



References












































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



(a)


(b)


(c)


Nomenclature









Acknowledgments



References












































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

Research Article Field Measurement of PV Array...

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