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Research Article Ethnoveterinary Study of Medicinal Plants in ...knowledge from their forefathers...
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Research ArticleEthnoveterinary Study of Medicinal Plants ina Tribal Society of Sulaiman Range
Akash Tariq,1 Sakina Mussarat,1 Muhammad Adnan,1 Naser M. AbdElsalam,2
Riaz Ullah,3 and Abdul Latif Khan4
1 Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan2 Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia3 Department of Chemistry, Government College Ara Khel, FR Kohat 26000, Pakistan4Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, 616 Nizwa, Oman
Correspondence should be addressed to Akash Tariq; [email protected]
Received 24 July 2014; Accepted 24 September 2014; Published 21 October 2014
Academic Editor: Michael J. Myers
Copyright © 2014 Akash Tariq et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The aims of the present study were (i) to document ethnoveterinary plants and their formulation techniques in an unexploredregion of Pakistan and (ii) to select candidate medicinal plants with high consensus factor and fidelity value for further in vitroinvestigation. A total of 60 informants were interviewed using semistructured questionnaire. A total of 41 plants belonging to 30families were used to treat livestock ailments in study area. Mostly leaves (47%) were used in recipes formulation mostly in theform of decoction. Gastrointestinal infections were found more common and majority of the plants were used against cow (31)and buffaloes (24) ailments. Recovery time of majority of the recipes was three to four days. Informant consensus factor (Fic)results have shown a high degree of consensus for gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive (0.95 each) ailments. Fidelity level(FL) results showed that Asparagus gracilis ranked first with FL value 93% followed by Rumex hastatus ranked second (91%) andTinospora cordifolia ranked third (90%). Aged farmers and nomads had more traditional knowledge as compared to younger ones.Plants with high Fic and FL values could be further investigated in vitro for the search of some novel bioactive compounds andyoung generation should be educated regarding ethnoveterinary practices.
1. Introduction
Traditional veterinary medicine was experienced as early as1800 B.C. at the time of King Hammurabi of Babylon whodevised laws on veterinary fees and charged for treatinganimals [1]. Many ethnoveterinary medicines were neglecteddue to the development of initial western drugs. Ethnovet-erinary practices have gained tremendous importance for thelast decade due to the discovery of some effective ethnoveteri-nary products [2]. Traditional veterinary medicines providea cheap therapy and easy accessibility in comparison withwestern drugs [3].
Ethnoveterinary practices are more common in devel-oping countries due to different socioeconomic factors [4].Pakistan is an agriculture country and almost 80% of its pop-ulation is dependent on agriculture and livestock. Pakistan is
the world’s 5th largest milk producing country due to its highdependency on agriculture and livestock [5]. Resource-poorfarmers of Pakistan greatly rely on traditional medicine dueto their limited access to modern prevention health practicesand particularly lack of modern health facilities in theirareas [6]. Despite the fact that traditional knowledge is verymuch important for the livestock health and productivity, thedocumentation of this knowledge is very much neglected inmajority of the remote areas of Pakistan. Livestock farmers allover Pakistan can draw on over 4000 years of knowledge andexperience [7]. This traditional knowledge has been passedorally from generation to generation but it may be extinct ormay be endangered due to the current rapid socioeconomic,environmental, and technological changes [8]. Therefore, thedocumentation of such knowledge is very crucial before itsextinction for future developments.
Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2014, Article ID 127526, 10 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/127526
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Figure 1: Study area map.
The present research study was therefore designed todocument detailed ethnoveterinary knowledge of an unex-plored region of Pakistan. The present study was designedwith the objectives (i) to document ethnoveterinary plants ofthe Kohat region, (ii) to document the detailed formulationtechniques of the reported ethnoveterinary plants, and (iii)to select candidate medicinal plants with high consensusfactor and fidelity value for further in vitro investigation.The present study would provide baseline information tophytochemists, pharmacologists, and conservationists forfurther future research studies. This work would also makea great contribution to the conservation of this valuableknowledge.
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area. Kohat is a medium sized town in Khy-ber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan. It is located at 33∘3513N,71∘2629 E, with an altitude of 489m, and is the capital ofthe Kohat District (Figure 1). Summer temperatures usuallyshoot above 50∘C and winters are mild [9]. The dominantvegetation of the study area is Zizyphus species, Acaciaspecies, and other xerophytes plants. The area is rural innature and inhabitants are very much dependent on livestockfor agricultural, economic, and food purposes. Locals of theregion use a variety of medicinal plants for the treatment oflivestock ailments due to expensive veterinary drugs.
2.2. Sampling andData Collection. Field work was done fromJanuary to May 2014. Initially, local administrative officersand representative (Malik) of the study area were visited,who provided information on key resource persons in thefield of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants. They suggested 60
informants having strong traditional knowledge regardinglivestock treatment. Out of 60 informants 45 were farmersand 15 were nomadic people. A brief group discussion washeld with the informants prior to data collection for explain-ing to them the main theme of the present study and to gettheir consent for the publication of their traditional knowl-edge. This was done in order to acknowledge informants’cooperation in preserving the traditional knowledge of thestudy area and build their confidence for providing reliableinformation. Each informant was separately interviewed intheir local languages. Semistructured questionnaires weredesigned addressing detailed ethnoveterinary information(Hindko). Informants were asked about the number of plantsthey use to treat their livestock, which part of plant used,recipe formulation, recovery, and other essential questions.
2.3. Data Organization. Data collected from informants wasorganized using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Microsoft Word2007. Plant habit was categorized into four classes, that is,herb, shrub, tree, and climbers. Plant parts were classified intoleaves, stem, root, stem, whole plant, seeds, and fruit. Medic-inal plants uses were categorized into 8 major categories,that is, gastrointestinal, dermatological, respiratory, repro-ductive, wound healing, antipyretic, parasitic, and generalbody tonic. Recipes were classified into different groups, thatis, decoction, powder, crushed, juice, paste, poultice, infusion,and concoction. Route of administration was divided into 3categories, that is, oral, dermal, and nasal.
2.4. Data Analysis. Informant consensus and fidelity levelwere used to verify the importance of medicinal plants.
2.5. Informant Consensus (Fic). Fic on the reported cures ofa given group of ailments was calculated as an informantconsensus factor. Fic within a community designates thewidely used plants and thus helps in the selection of plants forphytochemical and pharmacological studies [10]. Reportedveterinary problems were grouped into 8 major ailments. Ficvalues are high when one or few plants are reported by thelarge number of respondents to treat a specific ailment, whilelow Fic values give an indication that informants do not agreeover which plant to use [11, 12].
The Fic can be calculated using the formula as follows:
Fic = nur − ntnur − 1
, (1)
where Fic = Informants consensus factor, nur = number ofused citations in each category, and nt = number of speciesused.
2.6. Fidelity Level (FL). FL is useful for recognizing themost preferred plants used for curing certain ailments bythe respondents. Highly preferred plants have always greaterFL values than those that are less preferred. FL is alwayscalculated in terms of percentage of informants claiming theuse of a certain plant species for the samemajor purpose.Themain purpose of FL is to calculate the importance of plantspecies for a specific purpose. Prior to the calculation of FL
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values all of the ailments that were reported are grouped intomajor classes [10]. FL value was estimated using the formulaFL = Ip/Iu × 100, where Ip is the number of respondentswho reported the utilization of medicinal plants for a specificmain ailment and Iu is the total number of respondents whomentioned the same plant for any ailment [13]. It is assumedthat those medicinal plants which are plants used in somerecurring manner for the same disease category are morelikely to be biologically active [14].
2.7. Collection and Preservation of the Reported MedicinalPlants. Field trips were made with local informants for thecollection of the reported medicinal plants. Collected medic-inal plants were brought to the laboratory of Kohat Universityof Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan, forfurther processing. Specimen identification and confirmationwere undertaken by using Flora of Pakistan and taxonomicexperts. Plants were dried and pressed on herbarium sheetsand deposited at the Herbarium of Department of Botany,KUST, Kohat, Pakistan.
3. Results
The present study revealed that local farmers of Kohatregion utilize 41 medicinal plants belonging to 30 familiesfor the treatment of different types of livestock ailments(Table 1). Among all the families, Asteraceae was foundto be dominant (4 species) in the study area being inuse in ethnoveterinary practices in the region. Traditionalfarmers mostly used herbs (55%) for the preparation ofethnomedicines (Table 2) followed by shrubs (27%). Almostall plant parts were being used for medicinal purposes butleaves (47%) were found to be the most frequently used plantpart followed by whole plant (32%) and roots (17%) (Table 2).Local farmers used these ethnomedicines to treat differenttypes of domestic animals like buffaloes, cows, goats, sheep,and donkeys. A total of 31 plants were found to be usedfor treatment of cow ailments followed by 24 plants againstbuffalo’s ailments and 17 for goats (Figure 2). Different typesof ailments were treated which were categorized into 8 majorcategories. Gastrointestinal infections were found to be mostcommon in domestic animals and a total of 13 plants wereused against them followed by 7 plants which are used asantipyretic while 6 are used for wounds treatment (Table 3).Local farmers prepare different types of ethnomedicines butthe most preferred techniques were decoction and powder(10 plants each) followed by crushing (7 plants) in thestudied region (Figure 3). Monotherapy was most commonin the study area; only few plants were found to be usedin concoction form (Table 1). For example, stem of Alliumsativum is mixed with flower of Punica granatum and milkandused against gastrointestinal infection; roots ofAsparagusgracilis are mixed with leaves of Coriandrum sativum tomake fine concoction and given with water to cattle fordelivery purposes. Different types of vehicles were found tobe used for preparation and administration of plant recipeslike sugar, flour, water, and milk (Table 1).Themost commonroute of administration was oral (75%) followed by dermal(24%) and only single species is administered through nasal
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101520253035
Cow
Buffa
loes
Goa
t
Shee
p
Don
key
Num
ber o
f pla
nts u
sed
Animals treated
Figure 2: Number of plants used to treat different domestic animals.
0
2
4
6
8
10
Preparation techniques
Dec
octio
n
Pow
der
Crus
hed
Paste
Con
coct
ion
Poul
tice
Juic
e
Infu
sion
Num
ber o
f pla
nts
Figure 3: Traditional medicines preparation.
pathway (Table 1). Recovery time of majority of the recipeswas three to four days. Informant consensus (Fic) resultshave shown a high degree of consensus for gastrointestinal,respiratory, and reproductive (0.95 each) ailments, whichwere followed by parasitic infections and wound healing(0.90 each) (Table 3). The highest plant use citation was forgastrointestinal (260) followed by wound healing (53) andreproductive (47) ailments. The present study revealed 10medicinal plants having high FL value (Table 4). FL values inthis study varied from 1.0% to 100%.Asparagus gracilis rankedfirst with the highest FL value (93%) followed by Rumexhastatus ranked second (91%), Tinospora cordifolia rankedthird (90%), and Aloe barbadensis ranked fourth (85%).The entire informants interviewed were aged people rangingbetween 40 and 70 years old. No use of ethnoveterinarymedicine by women or young generation was recorded.
4. Discussion
Livestock keeping is one of the most important economicsources of rural community of study area. The farmers andnomadic people of the area not only depend on plants toget fodder for their animals but also use different medicinalplants to treat various animal diseases. The majority of thepeople interviewed using ethnoveterinary plants have got thisknowledge from their forefathers while some have learned
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4 The Scientific World JournalTa
ble1:Ethn
oveterinaryplantsused
forthe
treatmento
flivestock
ailm
entsin
Kohatregion.
Plantn
ames/fa
milies
name/voucher
number
Localn
ames
Habit
Partused
Ailm
enttreated
Animaltre
ated
Recipe
Vehicle
sRo
ute
Recovery
Acaciamodesta
Wall.Fabaceae
KUH-421
Kikar
Tree
Leaves,seeds
Delivery
Buffa
loes,cow
Decoctio
nWater
Oral
Twodays
Achyranthesa
speraLinn
.Amaranthaceae
KUH-422
Gish
kay
Herb
Who
leplant
Anthelm
intic
anddelivery
Buffa
loes,cow
,goat,sheep
Powder
Sugar
Oral
One
day
Alliu
mcepa
L.Amaryllid
aceae
KUH-423
Pyaz
Herb
Who
leplant
Febrifu
ge,ton
icSheep,goat
Decoctio
nFlou
rOral
Threed
ays
Alliu
msativ
umL.Liliaceae
KUH-424
Thoo
mHerb
Stem
Gastro
intestinal
Goat
Con
coction
Milk
Oral
Tendays
Aloe
barbadensis
Mill.Liliaceae
KUH-425
Kunw
arSh
rub
Root
Gastro
intestinal
Sheep,cow,
buffa
loes
Powder
Milk
Oral
Sixdays
Artemisiabrevifolia
Wall.
Asteraceae
KUH-426
Jauk
ayHerb
Leaves
Removalof
placenta
Cow
Decoctio
nSugar
Oral
AsparagusgracilisRo
yle.Liliaceae
KUH-427
Lachgawa
Herb
Root
Delivery
Goat
Con
coction
Water
Oral
Brassicacampestr
isL.Brassic
aceae
KUH-428
Sarson
Herb
Who
leplant
Externallice
(blood
feeding)
Cow
,buff
aloes
Paste
Dermal
Five
days
Calotro
pisp
rocera
(Willd.)R
.Br.
Apocyn
aceae
KUH-429
Spulmaey
Shrub
Fruit,leaves
Intestinal
wormsa
ndskin
infections
Buffa
loes,cow
,goat,sheep
Paste
,concoctio
nSugar
Oral,
derm
alTh
reed
ays
Cann
abissativaL.Ca
nnabaceae
KUH-430
Bhang
Shrub
Leaves
External
parasite,
appetizer
Cow
,don
key,
buffa
loes
Poultic
e,po
wder
Dermal,
oral
Twodays
Chenopodium
album
L.Amaranthaceae
KUH-431
Samaray
Herb
Who
leplant
Wou
ndhealing
Goat,sheep,cow
Paste
Dermal
One
day
Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum
L.As
teraceae
KUH-432
Chittip
ulari
Herb
Who
leplant
Increase
milk
prod
uctio
nGoat,cow,
buffa
loes
Powd
erFlou
rOral
Con
tinuo
usly
Citru
lluscolocynthis(L.)Schrad.
Cucurbita
ceae
KUH-433
Karthu
ma
Herb
Root
Skin
infection
Buffa
lo,cow
,goat,sheep
Juice
Dermal
Twodays
Convolvulusa
rvensis
L.Con
volvulaceae
KUH-434
Shankpuspi
Herb
Who
leplant
Con
stipatio
nCow
,buff
aloes,
sheep
Crushed
Sugar
Oral
Four
days
Coria
ndrum
sativ
umL.Ap
iaceae
KUH-435
Dhania
Herb
Leaves,roo
tAntidiuretic
Buffa
loes
Decoctio
nWater
Oral
One
week
Curcum
alongaL.Zing
iberaceae
KUH-436
Haldi
Tree
Leaves
Wou
ndhealing
Cow
Decoctio
nSugar
Oral
Twodays
Cynodondactylon
L.Po
aceae
KUH-437
Wakha
Herb
Who
leplant
Wou
ndhealing,
analgesic
Cow
,buff
aloes
Con
coction
Milk
Oral
Twodays
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Table1:Con
tinued.
Plantn
ames/fa
milies
name/voucher
number
Localn
ames
Habit
Partused
Ailm
enttreated
Animaltre
ated
Recipe
Vehicle
sRo
ute
Recovery
Cynoglo
ssum
lanceolatum
Forssk.
Boraginaceae
KUH-438
Pachy
Herb
Root
Com
mon
cold
Cow
,buff
aloes
Crushed
Water
Oral
Twodays
Cyperusn
iveusR
etz.Cy
peraceae
KUH-439
Kulio
Herb
Who
leplant
Com
mon
cold,
stomachworms,
jointp
ains
Cow
,goat
Crushed
Water
Oral
Four
tofived
ays
DaturainoxiaMill.Solanaceae
KUH-440
Mangaz
Herb
Who
leplant
Antilice
Sheep,cow
Paste
Milk
Dermal
Threed
ays
Hederanepalen
sisK.
Koch
Araliaceae
KUH-441
Zalai
Shrub
Leaves
Toremove
leeches
Sheep
Infusio
nNasal
Threed
ays
MeliaazedarachL.Meliaceae
KUH-442
Dhrek
Tree
Leaves
Stom
ach
flatulence
Cow
,buff
aloes
Powder
Sugar
Oral
Four
days
MenthaarvensisLinn
.Lam
iaceae
KUH-443
Pudina
Herb
Leaves
External
parasite
Cow
Paste
Dermal
Four
days
Morus
alba
L.,M
oraceae
KUH-444
Toot
Tree
Leaves,fruit
Laxativ
eBu
ffaloes
Crushed
Milk
Oral
Twodays
Morus
nigraL.Moraceae
KUH-445
Tortoo
tTree
Leaves
Tonic,laxativ
eCow
,buff
aloes
Powder
Water
Oral
Threed
ays
Neriu
moleand
erL.Ap
ocyn
aceae
KUH-446
Ghand
eray
Shrub
Who
leplant
Stom
achache
Sheep
Con
coction
Water
Oral
One
week
Ocim
umbasilicu
mL.Lamiaceae
KUH-447
Kashmalay
Shrub
Leaves
Gastro
intestinal
Buffaloes
Decoctio
nWater
Oral
Four
days
Punica
granatum
L.Lythraceae
KUH-448
Anar
Shrub
Fruit,leaves
Anthelm
intic
Cow
,buff
aloes,
goat
Decoctio
nMilk
Oral
Twodays
Ricin
uscommun
isLinn
.Eu
phorbiaceae
KUH-449
Arund
Shrub
Leaves,stem
Com
mon
cold
Buffa
loes,cow
Powder
Flou
rOral
Threed
ays
Rumex
hasta
tusD
.Don
.Po
lygonaceae
KUH-450
Tarooky
Shrub
Root
and
leaves
Wou
ndhealing
Goat,cow,
buffa
loes
Powder
Flou
rOral
Four
days
Solanu
msurrattenseB
urm.f.
Solanaceae
KUH-451
Kand
iari
Herb
Who
leplant
Fever,coug
h,intestinal
infections
Cow
,buff
aloes,
goat,sheep
Crushed
Flou
rOral
One
week
Sonchu
sasper
(L.)Hill.A
steraceae
KUH-452
Spingu
lHerb
Who
leplant
Milk
prod
uctio
nGoat,cow,
buffa
loes
Decoctio
nFlou
rOral
Con
tinuo
usly
Tagetesm
inutaL.As
teraceae
KUH-453
Banhanjari
Herb
Leaves
Skin
infections
Cow
,buff
aloes
Juice
Dermal
Five
days
Tamarixaphylla
(L.)H.K
arst.
Tamaricaceae
KUH-454
Khagal
Tree
Leaves
Killwormso
fwou
nds
Cow
Paste
Dermal
Four
days
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Table1:Con
tinued.
Plantn
ames/fa
milies
name/voucher
number
Localn
ames
Habit
Partused
Ailm
enttreated
Animaltre
ated
Recipe
Vehicle
sRo
ute
Recovery
Tinosporacordifolia
Miers.
Menisp
ermaceae
KUH-455
Gilo
eClim
ber
Who
leplant
Skin
infections
Cow
,goat
Poultic
eDermal
Threed
ays
Tribulus
terrestrisL
inn.
Zygoph
yllaceae
KUH-456
Markond
aiHerb
Who
leplant
Chronicc
ough
Cow
,buff
aloes,
goat
Crushed
Sugar
Oral
One
week
Trifoliu
mrepens
L.Papilio
naceae
KUH-457
Shou
tal
Shrub
Root
Tonic,laxativ
eGoat,cow
Powder
Flou
rOral
One
day
Triticum
aestivum
L.Po
aceae
KUH-458
Gandam
Herb
Seeds
Com
mon
cold,
dysentery
Cow
Powder
Flou
rOral
Twodays
Verbenaoffi
cinalisL.Ve
rbenaceae
KUH-459
Sham
akay
Herb
Stem
,leaves
Wou
ndhealing
Buffa
loes
Decoctio
nMilk
Oral
Threed
ays
Vitexnegund
oL.Ve
rbenaceae
KUH-460
Marmandi
Shrub
Stem
Mange,fever,
stomach
prob
lems
Cow
,goat
Crushed,
decoction
Sugar
Oral
Four
tosix
days
Zizyphus
nummulariaW.&
A.
Rham
naceae
KUH-461
Kurkun
daTree
Leaves
Wou
ndhealing
Cow
Decoctio
nSugar
Oral
Threed
ays
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Table 2: Habit and parts used of ethnoveterinary plants.
General attributes Total plants PercentageHabit
Herbs 22 55Shrubs 11 27Trees 06 15Climbers 01 02
Parts usedLeaves 19 47Whole plant 13 32Root 07 17Stem 04 10Fruit 03 07Seed 01 02
from the other people. The majority of the farmers andnomadic pastoralists were not very well off and heavilydependent on medicinal plants due to their unaffordablepotential of using modern veterinary drugs for their animalstreatment.
The present study revealed that people of the region use41 medicinal plants for their livestock health care. Similarstudies have also been documented in other parts of Pakistan[5, 15]. Traditional healers of the region mostly use herbsfor the treatment of their animals that might be due to thefact that herbs are available everywhere and easy to collectas compared with other growth forms. The results indicatethe abundance of herbs in the study area and their highusage might also be due to the strong efficacy of herbaceousplants against livestock ailments.The same findings were alsoreported from other studies conducted at different parts ofthe world [16, 17].
The wider utilization of this Asteraceae family mightbe due to its higher abundance in the study area or mightbe due to high bioactivity. Similar studies have also beenreported from other parts of world [18] and from Pakistan[19, 20] where traditional healers mostly use the member ofAsteraceae family for the preparation of traditionalmedicinesfor the treatment of different livestock and human ailments.This observation is however different from that of Appidiet al. [21] and Offiah et al. [22] who in an ethnoveterinarysurvey reported Fabaceae family as the highest.Thedifferenceamong studies might be related to the different dominantvegetation of the areas ormight be associated with traditionalbeliefs of different cultures in using specific plants tradition-ally.
Most of the ethnoveterinary recipes in the study regionare prepared using leaves of plants.Thehighest use of leaves inlarge number of ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary studieshas also been documented from different parts of the world[23, 24]. Preferred use of leaves might be associated with easeof collection as compared to other plant parts. Leaves arethe main site of photosynthetic apparatus and are involvedin a variety of physiological processes of plants and producenumerous secondary metabolites that could be a possiblereason for their effectiveness and efficacy against different
Table 3: Informant consensus factor.
Disease categories Nur Nt FicGastrointestinal 260 13 0.95Respiratory 22 02 0.95Reproductive 47 03 0.95Dermatological 12 04 0.77Wounds 53 06 0.90Antipyretic 14 07 0.53Parasitic 45 05 0.90General body tonic 09 03 0.75
livestock diseases. Local people also use whole plants afterleaves for herbal formulation that could be a very destructivetype of harvesting for rare and slowly growing plants fromconservation point of view.Harvesting of leaves does not poseany serious impact on the life cycle of plants and is considereda sustainable type of harvesting. The present results are incontradiction with other studies where roots are the mostwidely used plant part in ethnoveterinary practices [25, 26].
Cows and buffaloes were themost commonly treated ani-mals followed by goats and sheep in the studied region. Sim-ilar results have also been conducted by van der Merwe et al.[27] and Benı́tez et al. [16]. There was almost no men-tion of treating dogs, cats, or donkeys. This is probablybecause rural people do not generally keep animals as petsand because nonproduction animals are perceived as beingmore resistant than humans to different kinds of ailments.Production animals are also more important because oftheir socioeconomic importance in the local inhabitant life.The majority of the plants in the region are used to treatdifferent types of gastrointestinal problems of the livestocklike diarrhea, expulsion of worms, constipation, and soforth. It has already been found that stomach infections aremore common in lactating animals which might be due topoor quality of fodder and drinking water [17]. Informantconsensus results also showed the highest informant citationfor gastrointestinal, respiratory, and gynecological problems.The highest informant citation against these infections givesan indication of high prevalence of these diseases in theregion. According to Heinrich et al. [11], high Fic valuesare very useful in the selection of specific plants for furthersearch of bioactive compounds.Widely usedmedicinal plantsfor species ailments always score the highest fidelity level.The present study determined different plants like Asparagusgracilis, Rumex hastatus, Tinospora cordifolia, Aloe barbaden-sis, and so forth, scored highest fidelity values and shouldbe further subjected to phytochemical and pharmacologicalinvestigation to prove their medicinal efficacy.
The method of drug preparation in many cases variedfrom individual to individual. The same plant material forthe same ailment was prepared in different ways by differenttraditional veterinary healers. Traditional healers prepareethnoveterinary recipes mostly in the form of powder anddecoction in the study area. Deeba [28] powdering or boilingis the most common method of drugs extraction. Thesefindings are in line with a study conducted in the Malakand
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Table 4: Fidelity level of highly utilized species.
Number Plant species Disease category Ip Iu FL %01 Asparagus gracilis Reproductive 29 31 9302 Rumex hastatus Wound healing 32 35 9103 Tinospora cordifolia Dermatological 28 31 9004 Aloe barbadensis Gastrointestinal 23 27 8505 Convolvulus arvensis Gastrointestinal 24 29 8206 Tribulus terrestris Respiratory 17 21 8007 Zizypus nummularia Wound healing 18 23 7808 Chenopodium album Wound healing 17 25 6809 Artemisia brevifolia Reproductive 19 30 6310 Cannabis sativa Parasitic 17 29 58
valley of Pakistan [5] while they are contradictory withthe studies conducted in other parts of the world [29, 30].Most of the recipes are prepared using single plant mixturewhile some of the recipes are also prepared in the form ofconcoction and it is generally believed that potency of thedrugs can be enhanced when used in concoction form [31].These recipes are mostly taken orally in the study area dueto the high prevalence of the internal diseases. These recipesare given to the livestock with their feed along with differenttypes of ingredients like sugar, flour, milk, and so forth, inthe region. Similar findings are also reported from otherregions of the world [18, 32]. The use of these vehicles mightbe due to their enhancing potential of taste and medicinalproperties of certain plant remedies. Uniformity was lackingregarding amount of medicines to be used among informantsduring the interview. It was determined that a contradictionin ethnoveterinary dosage is a serious drawback of traditionalmedicinal plants. Informants only provided the knowledgeof observed time of recovery of animals in response togiven recipes. Full recovery is confirmed when the animalsrestart proper feeding and activities. Similar findings arealso reported by other ethnoveterinary studies conductedelsewhere [5, 22].
It was confirmed from the present study that men hadbetter knowledge regarding ethnoveterinary practices ascompared to women.The reasonmight be due to the fact thatmen aremostly favored in shift of knowledge while women inthe majority of the cultures are considered for family’s care.This noticeable gender bias reflects the limited involvementof women in cattle production and herd health in Kohatregion of Pakistan. Aged males had much more indigenousknowledge as compared to young generation which mightbe due to the lack of interest in such practices. Therefore,documentation of ethnoveterinary practices is an essentialstep toward the conservation of such knowledge before itsextinction.
5. Conclusions
Local farmers and nomads of the region utilize differentmedicinal plants for the treatment of livestock due to theirlow income status and high expenses of western drugs. Tra-ditional healers possess tremendous expertise in preparing
herbal formulations of medicinal plants. Gastrointestinalinfectionsweremost common in the studied region; thereforeattention should be given to provide good quality fodder andwater to the livestock. Plants with high informant consensusand fidelity level should be subjected to further in vitroinvestigation for their phytochemical analysis and pharma-cological activities. Young generation should be mobilized totake interest in ethnoveterinary practices in order to conservethis knowledge.
Questionnaire of EthnoveterinaryData Collection
Informants’ Consent for the Participation in the Study
I (name of informant) hereby give my fullconsent and conscious to participate in this study and declarethat to the best of my knowledge the information that I haveprovided is true, accurate, and complete.
Date (signature/thumb impression of infor-mant).
Informants’ Details
NameGenderAgeOccupationEducationLocation/residence
Data about Medicinal Plant and Its Use
Number of plants knownNames of plants (local names)Plant part usedName of disease(s) treatedType of animal treatedMethod of crude drug preparationUse of single or mixture of plants
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Ingredients usedRecovery timeRoute of administrationDosage
Informant Consensus Factor and Fidelity Level
Name of plants used against disease category 1Name of plants used against disease category 2Name of plants used against disease category 3Name of plants used against disease category 4Name of plants used against disease category 5Name of plants used against disease category 6Name of plants used against disease category 7Name of plants used against disease category 8Name of plants used against disease category 9Name of plants used against disease category 10
Remarks
Plant identified as —— (botanical name and family)Signature of researcher
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ Contribution
Akash Tariq and Muhammad Adnan designed the researchproject. Akash Tariq and Sakina Mussarat conducted thefield work. Akash Tariq, Sakina Mussarat, Abdul Latif Khan,Naser M. AbdElsalam, and Riaz Ullah analyzed the dataand wrote the whole paper. Muhammad Adnan and AkashTariq supervised all the stages of research work and providedcomments on the draft. All the authors have read andapproved the final paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Deanship of ScientificResearch, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, forfunding the work through the Research Group Project no.RGP-210. The authors are also very thankful to the localinformants for sharing their valuable knowledge.
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