Research Article Cytotoxicity Potentials of Eleven Bangladeshi...
Transcript of Research Article Cytotoxicity Potentials of Eleven Bangladeshi...
Research ArticleCytotoxicity Potentials of Eleven Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants
Amina Khatun1 Mahmudur Rahman2 Tania Haque1 Md Mahfizur Rahman13
Mahfuja Akter1 Subarna Akter1 and Afrin Jhumur1
1 Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Research Laboratory Department of Pharmacy School of Science Engineering and TechnologyManarat International University 1B 11 Zoo Road Mirpur Dhaka 1216 Bangladesh
2Natural Product and Drug Discovery Lab Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Health SciencesNorthern University Bangladesh 24 Mirpur Road Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh
3 Product Management Department The IBN Sina Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd House No 41 Road No 10ADhanmondi RA Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh
Correspondence should be addressed to Amina Khatun amina aumonayahoocom
Received 17 July 2014 Accepted 16 October 2014 Published 9 November 2014
Academic Editor Valdir Cechinel Filho
Copyright copy 2014 Amina Khatun et alThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited
Various forms of cancer are rising all over the world requiring newer therapy The quest of anticancer drugs both fromnatural and synthetic sources is the demand of time In this study fourteen extracts of different parts of eleven Bangladeshimedicinal plants which have been traditionally used for the treatment of different types of carcinoma tumor leprosy anddiseases associated with cancer were evaluated for their cytotoxicity for the first time Extraction was conceded using methanolPhytochemical groups like reducing sugars tannins saponins steroids gums flavonoids and alkaloids were tested using standardchromogenic reagents Plants were evaluated for cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality bioassay using Artemia salina comparingwith standard anticancer drug vincristine sulphate All the extracts showed potent to moderate cytotoxicity ranging from LC
50
2 to 115120583gmL The highest toxicity was shown by Hygrophila spinosa seeds (LC50= 293 120583gmL) and the lowest by Litsea
glutinosa leaves (LC50= 11471 120583gmL) in comparison with standard vincristine sulphate (LC
50= 204 120583gmL) Among the
plants the plants traditionally used in different cancer and microbial treatments showed highest cytotoxicity The results supporttheir ethnomedicinal uses and require advanced investigation to elucidate responsible compounds as well as their mode ofaction
1 Introduction
Nature is the source of 87 of drugs used to treat all cate-gorized human diseases 25 of prescribed drugs originatedfrom plants Over 3000 species of plants have been reportedfor their anticancer property Uddin et al [1] stated thattill now about 80 people in developing countries rely ontraditional plant based medicines for their primary healthcare Focus on natural products is increasing day by day asit serves as an enormous source of new anticancer drugsAccording to Washart [2] natural products are vital in thetreatment of cancer as a number of important anticanceragents have been derived from natural products includingplant-derived agents such as the vinca alkaloids taxanesand topoisomerase I inhibitors According to intercontinentalmarketing services report [3] the anticancer drug market in
Bangladesh is growing at 20 percent a year due to an alarmingrise in cancer patients So search for new anticancer drugs isthe demand of time
Bangladesh has a rich and prestigious heritage of herbalmedicines among the South Asian countries Ghani [4]estimated that about 250 species of medicinal plants are usedfor the preparation of traditional medicines which is the halfof total species of plants grown in Bangladesh However themajority of these plants have not yet undergone chemicalpharmacological and toxicological studies to investigate theirbioactive compound(s) Traditional resources and ecologicaldiversity indicate that Bangladeshi plants represent an excit-ing resource for new drug discovery
Ahmed and Uddin [5 6] identified Melastoma mal-abathricum L synonym M polyanthum as a spreadingshrub leaves are opposite and lanceolate flowers are solitary
Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2014 Article ID 913127 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014913127
2 The Scientific World Journal
clustered purple in color The plant grows in the hill tractsand also in roadside of central and east region of BangladeshIt is also found in Thailand India and Sri Lanka Manyresearchers [7ndash10] recognized this plant as an ethnomedicinalplant in various countries of the world M malabathricumis reported as antiviral by Nazlina et al [11] antibacterial byChoudhury et al [12] antioxidant and cytotoxic by Alwashet al [13] antinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyreticby Zakaria et al [14] antidiarrhoeal by Sunilson et al [15]antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic by Kumar et al [16] andhepatoprotective by Mamat et al [17] Sirat et al [18] isolatedamides triterpenes and flavonoids
Litsea glutinosa (Lour) Roxb synonym L chinensis ismedium-sized deciduous or semievergreen tree leaves arearomatic ovate or elliptic The plant grows in BangladeshIndia Sri LankaMyanmar China andMalaysia as describedbyUddin [6]Mandal et al [19] reported antimicrobial Kar etal [20] cardiovascular and Menon et al [21] psychopharma-cological activity Agrawal et al [22] isolated four butenolidesWang et al [23] 21015840-oxygenated flavone glycoside and Herathet al [24] D-xylose and L-arabinose from the plant
Malpighia coccigera is not locally considered as a medici-nal plant rather it is an ornamental hedge plant Seipold et al[25] isolated floral oil from this plant Evans [26] consideredthat other species ofMalpighia are hallucinogenic
Baker [27] identified Pseudelephantopus spicatus L as aherb hairs are present on both the upper and lower surfacesof the leaf blade flowers are white borne in narrow bullet-shaped heads four flowers per head and the pappus ispresent on the end of each fruit Odonne et al [28] isolatedthree compounds two hirsutinolides and ursolic acid havingactivity against Leishmania amazonensis from P spicatus
According to Uddin [29] Viscum orientale Willd syn-onymV verticillatum Roxb is semiparasitic much-branchedshrub on trees leaves are opposite thick elliptic or obovaterarely lanceolate obtuse and glabrous flowers are in axillarysessile or shortly pedunculate acute deciduous and berryis ovoid or subglobose The plant grows on various speciesof trees at low and medium altitudes forests of ChittagongChittagong hill tracts and Sundarban mangrove forest inBangladesh It also occurs in India (Bihar West Bengal andKerala) Schneeweiss [30] stated that the plant parasitizingStrychnos nux-vomica tree is used in Indian medicine Satishet al [31] reported the parasite for antibacterial activity Leeet al [32] evaluated another species V album for inhibitoryactivities of pancreatic lipase and phosphodiesterase Parket al [33] reported that V album contains beta-galactoside-and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin II (60 kDa)polysaccharides and viscotoxin (5 kDa) with their antitumoractivity
Naser et al [34] described that Thuja occidentalis Lis indigenous to eastern North America and is grown inEurope as an ornamental tree with a maximal height Ithas coniferous pyramidal features with flattened branchesand twigs in one plane bearing small scale-like leaves Overthe whole year the leaves are green with the lower sideshowing a brighter greenwhere resin glands also reside Smallconiferous pins contain the seeds Kumar et al [35] reported
antibacterial anticancer anti-HIV antispasmodic antioxi-dant antidiabetic hepatoprotective insecticidal radiopro-tective antiatherosclerosis and neuropharmacological andNaser et al [34] anti-influenza activities of this plant
Ahmed [5] described Hoya parasitica (Roxb) synonymAsclepias parasitica as a tall climber its stems are stout orslender glabrous Its leaves are ovate elliptic or lanceolateacute or acuminate peduncles are solitary or in pairs shortor long slender or stout pedicels slender long glabourouscoronal-processes longer than the corolla tube the plantbears aesthetic flowers in May to June It is mostly grownparasite on giant trees found in the Chittagong Sylhetand Satkhira districts and in the Sundarbans of BangladeshIt also grows in Assam East Bengal Tippera CronullaMalacca Singapore and the Andaman Island One of thesame authors of this study [36 37] reported the antibacterialand antinociceptive activities of Hoya parasitica leaves andgrowth inhibitory effects of dihydrocanaric acid against bothHeLa and SW480 cells Mukherjee et al [38] reported theplant to contain triterpenic 34-seco acid 34-secolup-20(29)-en-3-oic acid along with lupeol and lupenone from stemand Sadhu et al [37] reported to contain an androstanoida sesquiterpene and a phenolic compound together with aknown triterpene dihydrocanaric acid
Ahmed [5] stated that Cnicus arvensis (L) Roth syn-onym Cirsium arvense (L) Scop is an erect herb leaves arealternate flower heads are solitary hermaphrodite pappusand purple It grows in sandy soils river banks and rice fieldsin Bangladesh No scientific study has been reported yet
According to Ghani Ahmed and Hooker Sir [4 5 39]Commelina benghalensis Linn is a pubescent and ascendingherb which grows all over Bangladesh The plant is reportedfor its antimicrobial by Khan et al [40] sedative and anxi-olytic byHasan et al [41] and anticancer activity byMbazimaet al [42]
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour synonym B sapida (Roxb)Muell-Arg is described byBrandis [43] It is a semievergreentree fruit is yellowish and velvety with pinkish white pulpM Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal [44] stated that it is nativeto Southeast Asia region The plant has antioxidant propertywhich was reported by Goyal et al [45] Yang et al [46]isolated vanilloid derivatives from this plant
Ahmed [5] described that Hygrophila spinosa T AndersynonymH auriculata is a stout erect herb coveredwith stiffhair leaves are opposite and lanceolate flowers are in axillarywhorls and purple It grows throughout the plain districts ofIndian subcontinent in dump areas such as marshy marginsof canals rice fields and so forth It is also seen in tropicalHimalaya CeylonMyanmar Indochina andMalaya Gomeset al [47] reported the plant for its haematinic Mazumdar etal [48] for antitumor and Kumari and Iyer [49] for diureticactivity Previously any class of constituents was not reportedFolklore uses of these plants are summarized in Table 1
2 Materials and Methods21 Collection and Identification of Plant Material The dif-ferent parts of eleven plants were collected from differentparts of BangladeshThe samples of the plants were mounted
The Scientific World Journal 3
Table1Fo
lklore
uses
ofthes
tudied
elevenplants
Species
Family
Tradition
aluse
BaccaurearamifloraLo
ur
Euph
orbiaceae
Udd
in[6]statedthatthep
lant
isused
indiarrhoeaflatulencegastric
ulcerureterolith
iasisand
jaun
dice
Cnicu
sarvensis
(L)Ro
th
Asteraceae
Ahm
ed[5]ind
icated
thatthep
lant
isused
ascholagogicanddiureticU
ddin
[6]w
rotethattradition
allyitis
used
inthetreatmento
fcirr
hosis
diabetesexcessivem
enstr
uatio
ngouthyperacidity
(gastritis)liver
cancer
jaun
diceand
scabies
Commelina
benghalen
sisLinn
Com
melinaceae
Accordingto
Ahm
ed[5]thep
lant
hasreputationto
beused
asantiseptic
dem
ulcentemollientand
refrigerantGhani
[4]statedthatitisalso
used
inleprosy
Hoyaparasitica
(Roxb)
Ascle
piadaceae
Ahm
ed[5]creditedleaves
ofthisplanttotre
atrheumatism
Hygrophila
spinosaTAnd
erAc
anthaceae
Ahm
ed[5]d
escribed
thattheleavesseedsandrootsa
retradition
allyused
asdiureticandalso
forjaund
ice
rheumatism
dise
ases
ofurogenita
ltractand
bladderstonesJoshi[50]and
Kapo
orandMitra[
51]reportedthat
itisar
eputed
remedyfora
rthritisItisalso
used
asaphrod
isiacrob
orantdemulcentand
diureticTh
eplant
isuseful
incancer
andtubercular
fistulaandjuiceinanaemiaItisthe
source
oflocally
used
AyurvedicUnani
andindigeno
usdrug
preparations
having
anabolic-cum
androgen-like
activ
ity
Litse
aglu
tinosa
(Lou
r)Ro
xb
Lauraceae
Udd
in[6]reportedthatthep
lant
isused
inthetreatmento
fank
litis
asthmabo
nefracturetum
orleucorrho
ea
hook
worm
infestation
rheumatoidarthritis
jaun
diceepilepsyliver
diseaseanddysentery
Malpighiacoccigera
Malpigh
iaceae
Not
foun
d
Mela
stomamalabathricu
mL
Mela
stomataceae
Kabire
tal[52]
repo
rted
thatthisplantisu
sedam
ongtheT
ripuratrib
esin
Bang
ladesh
forthe
treatmento
fjaun
diceA
hmed
[5]p
ointed
thatthep
lant
isused
indiarrhoeadysenterywou
ndhealingandskin
diseases
andUdd
in[6]creditedthep
lant
foru
sein
abdo
minalpainsores
intong
ueoedem
agynecologicald
iseases
andsnakeb
ite
Pseudelep
hantopus
spica
tusL
As
teraceae
Odo
nnee
tal[28]
repo
rted
thatthep
lant
isused
bythee
thnicg
roup
from
theP
eruvianAmazon
iain
leish
maniasis
Thujaoccid
entalis
LCu
pressaceae
Accordingto
Naser
etal[34]a
ndKu
mar
etal[35]in
folkmedicineToccid
entalis
hasb
eenused
totre
atbron
chialcatarrhenu
resiscystitis
psoriasisuterin
ecarcino
masamenorrheaexternalfun
galinfectio
nsof
the
skin
(ringw
orm
andthrush)headachescurvypreventio
neczemaanalor
genitalw
arts
andrheumatism
Itis
used
asabortifacientemmenagoguevermifu
gediureticand
digestivea
id
Viscum
orien
taleWilld
Loranthaceae
Stuar[53]the
plantw
asconsidered
poiso
nous
infolklore
medicinein
Indiau
sedas
asub
stitu
teforn
ux-vom
ica
andused
forp
ustularitchesLeaves
areb
urnedto
ashesw
hich
arethenmixed
with
sulphu
rand
coconu
toiland
rubb
edon
theb
odyPo
ultic
eisu
sedin
neuralgiainBa
ngladeshN
ayak
etal[54]statedthatthep
lant
isused
ingidd
inessa
ndstiffnessin
Oris
saInd
ia
4 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Botanical information of eleven medicinal plants of Bangladesh
Species Family Local name English name Collection area Collection time Acc numbera
Baccaurea ramiflora Euphorbiaceae Latkan Burmese grape Narsingdi August DACB-35863Cnicus arvensis Asteraceae Birhalkanta CreepingThistle Khulna March DACB-31544Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Kanchire Benghal dayflower Dhaka November DACB-32495Hoya parasitica Asclepiadaceae Bayupriya Wax flower Satkhira April DACB-30224Hygrophila spinosa Acanthaceae Talmakhana Marsh barbel Satkhira July DACB-31257Litsea glutinosa (Lour) Roxb Lauraceae Kukur chita Bollygum Munshiganj May DACB-25734Malpighia coccigera Malpighiaceae Khoi phool Dwarf Holly Dhaka January DACB-37527Melastoma malabathricum L Melastomataceae Dantrasha Malabar melastome Savar Dhaka July DACB-15161Pseudelephantopus spicatus L Asteraceae Kukur jihba Dogrsquos tongue Satkhira January DACB-35012Thuja occidentalis Cupressaceae Thuja White cedar Dhaka June DACB-37930Viscum orientaleWilld Loranthaceae Banda Mistletoe Satkhira mangrove July DACB-38174aAccession number
Table 3 Phytochemical evaluation of the fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants of Bangladesh
Plants Part used yield Red suga Alkb Strc Tand Gum Flve Sapf
Baccaurea ramiflora Leaves 500 minus + + + + minus minus
Baccaurea ramiflora Bark 300 + + minus + minus + +Cnicus arvensis Aerial part 317 NDg ND ND ND ND ND NDCommelina benghalensis Aerial part 300 ND ND ND ND ND ND NDHoya parasitica Stem 308 + + + + minus + minus
Hygrophila spinosa Seeds 120 + + + minus + + +Litsea glutinosa Leaves 290 minus + + + minus minus minus
Malpighia coccigera Leaves 492 minus + + minus minus + minus
Melastoma malabathricum Leaves 909 + + + + + minus minus
Melastoma malabathricum Stem 322 + + minus + minus minus minus
Pseudelephantopus spicatus Aerial part 34 minus + + + minus + minus
Thuja occidentalis Leaves 257 minus minus minus + minus minus minus
Thuja occidentalis Bark 525 minus + + + minus + +Viscum orientaleWilld Aerial part 435 + + minus + minus + minus
aReducing sugar balkaloid csteroid dtannin eflavonoid fsaponin and gnot done
on herbarium sheet and the species were taxonomicallyconfirmed by Sarder Nasir Uddin Principle ScientificOfficerBangladesh National Herbarium (BNH)Mirpur DhakaThevoucher specimens of the plants have been deposited andpreserved in BNH library for further collection and reference(Table 2)
22 Preparation of Methanol Extract The collected differentplant parts were separated from undesirable materials Theywere dried in open air for two weeks The shade dried plantparts were ground into a coarse powder with the help of asuitable grinder (capacitor start motor Wuhu motor factoryChina) The powders of the plant parts were stored in an air-tight container and kept in a cool dark and dry place until theanalysis commenced Powered materials were taken in someclean flat-bottomed glass containers and soaked inmethanolThe containers along with their contents were sealed and keptfor a period of 10 days with occasional shaking or stirringThemixtures then underwent a coarse filtration by cotton andWhatman filter paper (Bibby RE200 Sterilin Ltd UK) Thefiltrates were concentrated under air Different amounts of
concentrate extracts were obtained which were designated ascrude methanol extracts (Table 3) Extraction was concededfollowing the method depicted by Khatun et al [55]
23 Chemicals and Reagents Standard chromogenic rea-gents lead acetate potassium dichromate ferric chloridehydrochloric acid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragen-dorff rsquos reagent Wagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molischreagent Benedictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions usedfor preliminary phytochemical chemical group test wereof reagent grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich CoLLC Missouri United States Vincristine sulfate used as astandard drug in the cytotoxic assay was collected from theTechno Drugs Limited Bangladesh Methanol supplied byLaboratory Patterson Scientific UK was used as solvent formaceration of the plantmaterial Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSOge999 BioReagent formolecular biology Sigma-AldrichIndia) was used to dissolve the extracts
24 Instruments and Equipment Electronic balance (serialnumber 1508 OHAUS Germany) was used for this study
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 4 Cytotoxicity of the fourteen extracts of eleven plants
Test sample Concentration of extract (120583gmL)0 10 20 40 80 160 320 aLC50
Baccaurea ramiflora bark 0 15 30 35 55 70 100 8857Baccaurea ramiflora leaves 0 10 25 45 50 65 80 9676Cnicus arvensis aerial part 0 35 55 75 80 90 100 554Commelina benghalensis aerial part 0 30 45 55 70 90 95 4004Hoya parasitica stem 0 10 30 60 85 90 100 5174Hygrophila spinosa seed 0 45 55 75 85 100 100 293Litsea glutinosa leaves 0 10 10 29 45 62 80 11471Malpighia coccigera 0 25 45 65 75 80 100 3596Melastoma malabathricum leaves 0 10 40 65 70 80 100 5384Melastoma malabathricum stems 0 25 45 50 60 90 100 5271Pseudelephantopus spicatus aerial part 0 35 55 65 75 85 100 1490Thuja occidentalis bark 0 30 40 50 50 60 90 8638Thuja occidentalis leaves 0 15 65 80 90 90 90 1020Viscum orientale aerial part 0 30 45 75 80 90 100 2163Vincristine sulphate 0 55 70 75 75 100 100 204aMedian lethal concentration
Glass-made hatching tank air pump and cover lampto growshrimp were purchased locally Pipettes micropipette testtubes and other glass apparatus used were of laboratorystandard and procured from authorized dealer
25 Test for Different Chemical Groups The preliminaryphytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract wascarried out by using standard chromogenic reagents leadacetate potassium dichromate ferric chloride hydrochloricacid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragendorff rsquos reagentWagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molisch reagent Bene-dictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions were used to detectsteroids alkaloids gums flavonoids saponins tannins andreducing sugars using standard protocol [55] The colourintensity or the precipitate formation was used as analyticalresponses to these qualitative tests 10 (wv) solution ofthe extract in methanol was used for each of the above tests(Table 3)
26 Test for Cytotoxic Activity Brine shrimp lethality bioas-say was performed using the method of Meyer et al [56]Brine shrimp nauplii were obtained by hatching brine shrimp(Artemia salina) eggs (Carolina Biological Supply CompanyBurlington NC USA) in artificial sea-water (38 NaClsolution) for 24 hrs Dissolution of 30mg of each extract wasperformed in 3mL of artificial sea water containing 20DMSO to give concentration of 10120583g120583L From this solution10 20 40 80 160 and 320120583L were transferred to each 10mLvial and using artificial sea-water the volume was adjustedto 10mL by artificial sea water to give concentrations ofcompound of 10 20 40 80 160 and 320 120583gmL respectivelyBrine shrimp nauplii were grown in these solutions andtheir mortality was observed after 24 h The mortalities at 0and 320 120583gmL were excluded to get more accurate resultsexcept standard vincristine sulfate due to its high toxicityTheresulting data were transformed to probit analysis software(LdP Line software USA) developed by Finney [57] for
determination of LC50
values of the extracts Artificial sea-water medium containing DMSO used for the analysis wasemployed as negative control Vincristine sulfate was used asstandard in this assay
3 Results and Discussion
Fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants were evaluatedfor their cytotoxicity Among them four extracts aerial partof Cnicus arvensis Pseudelephantopus spicatus and Viscumorientale Thuja occidentalis leaves and Hygrophila spinosaseeds showed potent cytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 2 to
22120583gmL in comparison with standard vincristine sulfate(LC50
= 204 120583gmL) Other plants also showed quite highcytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 21 to 115 120583gmL (Table 4)
the highest cytotoxicity was found in H spinosa seeds (LC50
= 293 120583gmL) and the lowest in Litsea glutinosa leaves(LC50
= 11471 120583gmL) We evaluated two plants of thefamily Asteraceae (C arvensis and P spicatus) and bothof the plants showed significant cytotoxicity Leaves of Toccidentalis showed significant cytotoxicity where the barkof this plant showed moderate cytotoxicity T occidentalisH spinosa and C arvensis are used ethnomedicinally inthe treatment of cancer In our investigation we found thehighest cytotoxicity of these plants But L glutinosa leavesshowed the lowest cytotoxicity though it is traditionallyused in treatment of tumor On the other hand Malpighiacoccigera is not recognized as traditional medicinal plantbut showed significant cytotoxicity (LC
50= 3596 120583gmL) L
glutinosa andM coccigeramay be tested for their cytotoxicityby other method to evaluate the present result Melastomamalabathricum L glutinosa P spicatus Viscum orientaleand Commelina benghalensis are traditionally reputed aseither antimicrobial agent or poisonous plant Cytotoxicity ofMelastoma malabathricum was evaluated earlier in a processother than this by Alwash et al [13] and anticancer activity ofHoya parasitica is previously reported by Sadhu et al [37]
6 The Scientific World Journal
4 Conclusion
According to Sagar et al [58] a master herbalist can adviseon potential herbal treatments derived from centuries oftraditional observations and advanced traditional medicalsystems such as Ayurveda It will be imperative to developa new model of modern pharmacology based on traditionalpharmacognosy Traditionally used plants in cancer treat-ments proved their efficacy in different pathway like inhibi-tion of angiogenesis and metastasis induction of apoptosisand so forth The plants showing significant cytotoxicity canbe investigated for their bioactive compounds and theirmodeof action Compounds may be isolated from plants showingsignificant cytotoxicity to identify the cytotoxic compoundsand elucidate the possible mode of action using suitable tech-nique Most of the cytotoxic drugs possess serious adverseeffect and their efficacy is unpredictable New cytotoxiccompounds found from these plants may present us a groupof new well-tolerated anticancer and antimicrobial drugs
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the authorities of BangladeshNational Herbarium for identifying the plant and lettingthem use their library They are also grateful to the TechnoDrugs Ltd for supplying standard vincristine sulfate
References
[1] S J Uddin I D Grice and E Tiralongo ldquoCytotoxic effects ofBangladeshi medicinal plant extractsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID 5780927 pages 2011
[2] M LWashart ldquoAnticancer drug development a global perspec-tiverdquo 2014 httpwwwmedscapeorgviewarticle433928
[3] ldquoIntercontinental Marketing Services report First quarterrdquohttparchivethedailystarnetbeta2newsanti-cancer-drug-sales-growing-fast
[4] A Ghani Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh Chemical Con-stituents and Uses Asiatic society of Bangladesh DhakaBangladesh 2nd edition 2003
[5] N AhmedWild Flowers of BangladeshThe University PrintingPress Dhaka Bangladesh 1st edition 2007
[6] N S Uddin Traditional Uses of Ethnomedicinal Plants of theChittagongHill Tracts BangladeshNational HerbariumDhakaBangladesh 2006
[7] A L Sajem and K Gosai ldquoTraditional use of medicinal plantsby the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assamnortheast Indiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinevol 2 article 33 2006
[8] Y Uprety R C Poudel K K Shrestha et al ldquoDiversity of useand local knowledge of wild edible plant resources in NepalrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 8 article 162012
[9] R Y Jorim S KorapeW Legu et al ldquoAn ethnobotanical surveyof medicinal plants used in the eastern highlands of PapuaNew Guineardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol8 article 47 2012
[10] A Junsongduang H Balslev A Inta A Jampeetong andP Wangpakapattanawong ldquoMedicinal plants from swiddenfallows and sacred forest of theKaren and the Lawa inThailandrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 9 no 1 article44 2013
[11] I Nazlina S Norha AW Zarina and I B Ahmad ldquoCytotoxic-ity and antiviral activity ofMelastomamalabathricum extractsrdquoMalaysian Applied Biology vol 37 no 2 pp 53ndash55 2008
[12] M D Choudhury D Nath and A D Talukdar ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of Melastoma malabathricum Lrdquo Assam UniversityJournal of Science and Technology vol 7 no 1 pp 76ndash78 2011
[13] M S A Alwash N Ibrahim W A Yaacob and L B DinldquoAntibacterial antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of tradi-tionally used Melastoma malabathricum linn leavesrdquo AdvanceJournal of Food Science and Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 6ndash122014
[14] Z A Zakaria R N S R Mohd Nor G H Kumar et alldquoAntinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyretic proper-ties of Melastoma malabathricum leaves aqueous extract inexperimental animalsrdquo Canadian Journal of Physiology andPharmacology vol 84 no 12 pp 1291ndash1299 2006
[15] J A J Sunilson K Anandarajagopal A V A G Kumariand S Mohan ldquoAntidiarrhoeal activity of leaves of Melastomamalabathricum linnrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 71 no 6 pp 691ndash695 2009
[16] V Kumar D Ahmed P S Gupta F Anwar and M MujeebldquoAnti-diabetic anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activitiesof Melastoma malabathricum Linn leaves in streptozotocininduced diabetic ratsrdquo BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 13 article 222 2013
[17] S S Mamat M F F Kamarolzaman F Yahya et al ldquoMethanolextract ofMelastoma malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidantand liver protective activity in ratsrdquo BMC Complementary andAlternative Medicine vol 13 article 326 2013
[18] H M Sirat D Susanti F Ahmad H Takayama and MKitajima ldquoAmides triterpene and flavonoids from the leaves ofMelastomamalabathricum Lrdquo Journal of Natural Medicines vol64 no 4 pp 492ndash495 2010
[19] S C Mandal C K Kumar A Majumder R Majumder andB C Maity ldquoAntibacterial activity of Litsea glutinosa barkrdquoFitoterapia vol 71 no 4 pp 439ndash441 2000
[20] A Kar M K Menon and C S Chauhan ldquoEffect of essential oilof Litsea glutinosa (Lour) C B Robins on cardiovascular systemand isolated tissuesrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biology vol8 no 1 pp 61ndash62 1970
[21] M K Menon A Kar and C S Chauhan ldquoSome psychophar-macological actions of the essential oil ofLitsea glutinosa (Lour)CB Robinsrdquo Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacologyvol 14 no 3 pp 185ndash192 1970
[22] N Agrawal D Pareek S DobhalM C Sharma Y C Joshi andM P Dobhal ldquoButanolides from methanolic extract of Litseaglutinosardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 10 no 3 pp 394ndash400 2013
[23] Y-S Wang R Huang H Lu F-Y Li and J-H Yangy ldquoA New21015840-Oxygenated Flavone Glycoside from Litsea glutinosa (Lour)C B Robrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry vol 74no 3 pp 652ndash654 2010
The Scientific World Journal 7
[24] H M T B Herath N S Kumar and K M S WimalasirildquoStructural studies of an arabinoxylan isolated from Litseaglutinosa (Lauraceae)rdquo Carbohydrate Research vol 198 no 2pp 343ndash351 1990
[25] L Seipold G Gerlach and LWessjohann ldquoANew type of floraloil from Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae) and chemicalconsiderations on the evolution of oil flowersrdquo Chemistry andBiodiversity vol 1 no 10 pp 1519ndash1528 2004
[26] W C Evans Trease and Evansrsquo Pharmacognosy CambridgeUniversity Press Cambridge UK 13th edition 1994
[27] C F Baker ldquoA revision of the Elephanthopeaerdquo Transactions ofthe Academy of Science of St Louis vol 12 no 5 p 55 1902
[28] G Odonne G Herbette V Eparvier et al ldquoAntileishmanialsesquiterpene lactones from Pseudelephantopus spicatus a tra-ditional remedy from the Chayahuita Amerindians (Peru) PartIIIrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 875ndash8792011
[29] S B Uddin ldquoMedicinal plants of Bangladeshrdquo 2014 httpwwwmpbdinfoplantsviscum-orientalephp
[30] G M Schneeweiss ldquoCorrelated evolution of life history andhost range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plantsOrobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae)rdquo Journal of Evo-lutionary Biology vol 20 no 2 pp 471ndash478 2007
[31] S Satish M P Raghavendra and K A Raveesha ldquoEvaluationof the antibacterial potential of some plants against humanpathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Biological Research vol 2 no3-4 pp 44ndash48 2008
[32] Y M Lee Y S Kim Y Lee et al ldquoInhibitory activities of pan-creatic lipase and phosphodiesterase from Korean medicinalplant extractsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 26 no 5 pp 778ndash782 2012
[33] R Park M-S Kim H-S So et al ldquoActivation of c-JunN-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in mistletoe lectin II-inducedapoptosis of human myeloleukemic U937 cellsrdquo BiochemicalPharmacology vol 60 no 11 pp 1685ndash1691 2000
[34] B Naser C Bodinet M Tegtmeier and U Lindequist ldquoThujaoccidentalis (Arbor vitae) a review of its pharmaceuticalpharmacological and clinical propertiesrdquo Evidence-based Com-plementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 69ndash782005
[35] B Kumar R Rani S Das and S Das ldquoPhytoconstituents andtherapeutic potential ofThuja occidentalisrdquo Research Journal ofPharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences vol 3 no 2pp 354ndash362 2012
[36] F Ahmed M S H Reza I Z Shahid A Khatun K K Islamand M R Ali ldquoAntibacterial and antinociceptive activities ofHoya parasiticardquo Hamdard Medicus vol 51 no 3 pp 22ndash262008
[37] S K Sadhu A Khatun T Ohtsuki and M Ishibashi ldquoCon-stituents from Hoya parasitica and their cell growth inhibitoryactivityrdquo Planta Medica vol 74 no 7 pp 760ndash763 2008
[38] S Mukherjee P K Dutta M Chakrabarty A K Barua S Danand S S Dan ldquoTriterpenes fromHoya parasiticardquo Journal of theIndian Chemical Society vol 63 no 8 pp 782ndash783 1986
[39] J D Hooker The Flora of British India vol 4 L Reeve amp CoAshford UK 1961
[40] M A A Khan M T Islam M A Rahman and Q AhsanldquoAntibacterial activity of different fractions of Commelina beng-halensis LrdquoDer Pharmacia Sinica Pelagia Research Library vol2 no 2 pp 320ndash326 2011
[41] S M R Hasan M M Hossain R Akter M Jamila M E HMazumder and S Rahman ldquoSedative and anxiolytic effects of
different fractions of the Commelina benghalensis Linnrdquo DrugDiscoveries ampTherapeutics vol 3 no 5 pp 221ndash227 2009
[42] V G Mbazima M P Mokgotho F February D J G Rees andL J Mampuru ldquoAlteration of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio modulates theanticancer activity of methanolic extract of Commelina beng-halensis (Commelinaceae) in Jurkat T cellsrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 7 no 20 pp 3569ndash3576 2008
[43] D Brandis Indian Trees An Account of Trees Shrubs WoodyClimbers Bamboos and Palms Indigenous or Commonly Cul-tivated in the British Indian Empire Overseas Book DeportDehra Dun India 1906
[44] M Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal ldquoUnderutilized edible plantsof the Sikkim Himalaya need for domesticationrdquo CurrentScience vol 85 no 6 pp 731ndash736 2003
[45] A K Goyal T Mishra and A Sen ldquoAntioxidant profiling ofLatkan (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour) winerdquo Indian Journal ofBiotechnology vol 12 no 1 pp 137ndash139 2013
[46] X-W Yang H-P He Y-L Ma et al ldquoThree new vanilloidderivatives from the stems of baccaurea ramiflorardquo PlantaMedica vol 76 no 1 pp 88ndash90 2010
[47] A Gomes M Das and S C Dasgupta ldquoHaematinic effectof Hygrophila spinosa T Anderson on experimental rodentsrdquoIndian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 39 no 4 pp 381ndash382 2001
[48] U K Mazumdar M Gupta S Maiti and D MukherjeeldquoAntitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced micerdquo Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology vol 35 no 5 pp 473ndash477 1997
[49] G S Kumari and G Y Iyer ldquoPreliminary studies on the diureticeffects ofHygrophila spinosa and Tribulus terrestrisrdquoThe Indianjournal of medical research vol 55 no 7 pp 714ndash716 1967
[50] S G Joshi Medicinal Plants Oxford amp IBH publishing NewDelhi India 2000
[51] S L Kapoor and R Mitra Herbal Drugs in Indian Phar-maceuticals Echonomic Botany Information Service NationalBotanical Research Institute Lucknow India 1979
[52] M H Kabir N Hasan M M Rahman et al ldquoA survey ofmedicinal plants used by theDeb barma clan of theTripura tribeof Moulvibazar district Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 19 2014
[53] G U Stuar ldquoHerbal medicinemdashan illustrated compilationof Philippine medicinal plantsrdquo httpstuartxchangecomBogtohtml
[54] S Nayak S K Behera and M K Misra ldquoEthno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissardquo Indian Jour ofTraditional Knowledge vol 3 no 1 pp 72ndash79 2004
[55] A KhatunM Rahman and S Jahan ldquoPreliminary phytochem-ical and pharmacological screening of Murraya exotica Linnleaves extractrdquo Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicinevol 14 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2014
[56] B N Meyer N R Ferrigni J E Putnam L B Jacobsen DE Nichols and J L McLaughlin ldquoBrine shrimp a convenientgeneral bioassay for active plant constituentsrdquo Planta Medicavol 45 no 5 pp 31ndash34 1982
[57] D J Finney Probit Analysis Cambridge University PressCambridge UK 3rd edition 1971
[58] SM Sagar D Yance and R KWong ldquoNatural health productsthat inhibit angiogenesis a potential source for investigationalnew agents to treat cancermdashpart 1rdquo Current Oncology vol 13no 1 pp 14ndash26 2006
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Pharmaceutics
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
2 The Scientific World Journal
clustered purple in color The plant grows in the hill tractsand also in roadside of central and east region of BangladeshIt is also found in Thailand India and Sri Lanka Manyresearchers [7ndash10] recognized this plant as an ethnomedicinalplant in various countries of the world M malabathricumis reported as antiviral by Nazlina et al [11] antibacterial byChoudhury et al [12] antioxidant and cytotoxic by Alwashet al [13] antinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyreticby Zakaria et al [14] antidiarrhoeal by Sunilson et al [15]antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic by Kumar et al [16] andhepatoprotective by Mamat et al [17] Sirat et al [18] isolatedamides triterpenes and flavonoids
Litsea glutinosa (Lour) Roxb synonym L chinensis ismedium-sized deciduous or semievergreen tree leaves arearomatic ovate or elliptic The plant grows in BangladeshIndia Sri LankaMyanmar China andMalaysia as describedbyUddin [6]Mandal et al [19] reported antimicrobial Kar etal [20] cardiovascular and Menon et al [21] psychopharma-cological activity Agrawal et al [22] isolated four butenolidesWang et al [23] 21015840-oxygenated flavone glycoside and Herathet al [24] D-xylose and L-arabinose from the plant
Malpighia coccigera is not locally considered as a medici-nal plant rather it is an ornamental hedge plant Seipold et al[25] isolated floral oil from this plant Evans [26] consideredthat other species ofMalpighia are hallucinogenic
Baker [27] identified Pseudelephantopus spicatus L as aherb hairs are present on both the upper and lower surfacesof the leaf blade flowers are white borne in narrow bullet-shaped heads four flowers per head and the pappus ispresent on the end of each fruit Odonne et al [28] isolatedthree compounds two hirsutinolides and ursolic acid havingactivity against Leishmania amazonensis from P spicatus
According to Uddin [29] Viscum orientale Willd syn-onymV verticillatum Roxb is semiparasitic much-branchedshrub on trees leaves are opposite thick elliptic or obovaterarely lanceolate obtuse and glabrous flowers are in axillarysessile or shortly pedunculate acute deciduous and berryis ovoid or subglobose The plant grows on various speciesof trees at low and medium altitudes forests of ChittagongChittagong hill tracts and Sundarban mangrove forest inBangladesh It also occurs in India (Bihar West Bengal andKerala) Schneeweiss [30] stated that the plant parasitizingStrychnos nux-vomica tree is used in Indian medicine Satishet al [31] reported the parasite for antibacterial activity Leeet al [32] evaluated another species V album for inhibitoryactivities of pancreatic lipase and phosphodiesterase Parket al [33] reported that V album contains beta-galactoside-and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin II (60 kDa)polysaccharides and viscotoxin (5 kDa) with their antitumoractivity
Naser et al [34] described that Thuja occidentalis Lis indigenous to eastern North America and is grown inEurope as an ornamental tree with a maximal height Ithas coniferous pyramidal features with flattened branchesand twigs in one plane bearing small scale-like leaves Overthe whole year the leaves are green with the lower sideshowing a brighter greenwhere resin glands also reside Smallconiferous pins contain the seeds Kumar et al [35] reported
antibacterial anticancer anti-HIV antispasmodic antioxi-dant antidiabetic hepatoprotective insecticidal radiopro-tective antiatherosclerosis and neuropharmacological andNaser et al [34] anti-influenza activities of this plant
Ahmed [5] described Hoya parasitica (Roxb) synonymAsclepias parasitica as a tall climber its stems are stout orslender glabrous Its leaves are ovate elliptic or lanceolateacute or acuminate peduncles are solitary or in pairs shortor long slender or stout pedicels slender long glabourouscoronal-processes longer than the corolla tube the plantbears aesthetic flowers in May to June It is mostly grownparasite on giant trees found in the Chittagong Sylhetand Satkhira districts and in the Sundarbans of BangladeshIt also grows in Assam East Bengal Tippera CronullaMalacca Singapore and the Andaman Island One of thesame authors of this study [36 37] reported the antibacterialand antinociceptive activities of Hoya parasitica leaves andgrowth inhibitory effects of dihydrocanaric acid against bothHeLa and SW480 cells Mukherjee et al [38] reported theplant to contain triterpenic 34-seco acid 34-secolup-20(29)-en-3-oic acid along with lupeol and lupenone from stemand Sadhu et al [37] reported to contain an androstanoida sesquiterpene and a phenolic compound together with aknown triterpene dihydrocanaric acid
Ahmed [5] stated that Cnicus arvensis (L) Roth syn-onym Cirsium arvense (L) Scop is an erect herb leaves arealternate flower heads are solitary hermaphrodite pappusand purple It grows in sandy soils river banks and rice fieldsin Bangladesh No scientific study has been reported yet
According to Ghani Ahmed and Hooker Sir [4 5 39]Commelina benghalensis Linn is a pubescent and ascendingherb which grows all over Bangladesh The plant is reportedfor its antimicrobial by Khan et al [40] sedative and anxi-olytic byHasan et al [41] and anticancer activity byMbazimaet al [42]
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour synonym B sapida (Roxb)Muell-Arg is described byBrandis [43] It is a semievergreentree fruit is yellowish and velvety with pinkish white pulpM Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal [44] stated that it is nativeto Southeast Asia region The plant has antioxidant propertywhich was reported by Goyal et al [45] Yang et al [46]isolated vanilloid derivatives from this plant
Ahmed [5] described that Hygrophila spinosa T AndersynonymH auriculata is a stout erect herb coveredwith stiffhair leaves are opposite and lanceolate flowers are in axillarywhorls and purple It grows throughout the plain districts ofIndian subcontinent in dump areas such as marshy marginsof canals rice fields and so forth It is also seen in tropicalHimalaya CeylonMyanmar Indochina andMalaya Gomeset al [47] reported the plant for its haematinic Mazumdar etal [48] for antitumor and Kumari and Iyer [49] for diureticactivity Previously any class of constituents was not reportedFolklore uses of these plants are summarized in Table 1
2 Materials and Methods21 Collection and Identification of Plant Material The dif-ferent parts of eleven plants were collected from differentparts of BangladeshThe samples of the plants were mounted
The Scientific World Journal 3
Table1Fo
lklore
uses
ofthes
tudied
elevenplants
Species
Family
Tradition
aluse
BaccaurearamifloraLo
ur
Euph
orbiaceae
Udd
in[6]statedthatthep
lant
isused
indiarrhoeaflatulencegastric
ulcerureterolith
iasisand
jaun
dice
Cnicu
sarvensis
(L)Ro
th
Asteraceae
Ahm
ed[5]ind
icated
thatthep
lant
isused
ascholagogicanddiureticU
ddin
[6]w
rotethattradition
allyitis
used
inthetreatmento
fcirr
hosis
diabetesexcessivem
enstr
uatio
ngouthyperacidity
(gastritis)liver
cancer
jaun
diceand
scabies
Commelina
benghalen
sisLinn
Com
melinaceae
Accordingto
Ahm
ed[5]thep
lant
hasreputationto
beused
asantiseptic
dem
ulcentemollientand
refrigerantGhani
[4]statedthatitisalso
used
inleprosy
Hoyaparasitica
(Roxb)
Ascle
piadaceae
Ahm
ed[5]creditedleaves
ofthisplanttotre
atrheumatism
Hygrophila
spinosaTAnd
erAc
anthaceae
Ahm
ed[5]d
escribed
thattheleavesseedsandrootsa
retradition
allyused
asdiureticandalso
forjaund
ice
rheumatism
dise
ases
ofurogenita
ltractand
bladderstonesJoshi[50]and
Kapo
orandMitra[
51]reportedthat
itisar
eputed
remedyfora
rthritisItisalso
used
asaphrod
isiacrob
orantdemulcentand
diureticTh
eplant
isuseful
incancer
andtubercular
fistulaandjuiceinanaemiaItisthe
source
oflocally
used
AyurvedicUnani
andindigeno
usdrug
preparations
having
anabolic-cum
androgen-like
activ
ity
Litse
aglu
tinosa
(Lou
r)Ro
xb
Lauraceae
Udd
in[6]reportedthatthep
lant
isused
inthetreatmento
fank
litis
asthmabo
nefracturetum
orleucorrho
ea
hook
worm
infestation
rheumatoidarthritis
jaun
diceepilepsyliver
diseaseanddysentery
Malpighiacoccigera
Malpigh
iaceae
Not
foun
d
Mela
stomamalabathricu
mL
Mela
stomataceae
Kabire
tal[52]
repo
rted
thatthisplantisu
sedam
ongtheT
ripuratrib
esin
Bang
ladesh
forthe
treatmento
fjaun
diceA
hmed
[5]p
ointed
thatthep
lant
isused
indiarrhoeadysenterywou
ndhealingandskin
diseases
andUdd
in[6]creditedthep
lant
foru
sein
abdo
minalpainsores
intong
ueoedem
agynecologicald
iseases
andsnakeb
ite
Pseudelep
hantopus
spica
tusL
As
teraceae
Odo
nnee
tal[28]
repo
rted
thatthep
lant
isused
bythee
thnicg
roup
from
theP
eruvianAmazon
iain
leish
maniasis
Thujaoccid
entalis
LCu
pressaceae
Accordingto
Naser
etal[34]a
ndKu
mar
etal[35]in
folkmedicineToccid
entalis
hasb
eenused
totre
atbron
chialcatarrhenu
resiscystitis
psoriasisuterin
ecarcino
masamenorrheaexternalfun
galinfectio
nsof
the
skin
(ringw
orm
andthrush)headachescurvypreventio
neczemaanalor
genitalw
arts
andrheumatism
Itis
used
asabortifacientemmenagoguevermifu
gediureticand
digestivea
id
Viscum
orien
taleWilld
Loranthaceae
Stuar[53]the
plantw
asconsidered
poiso
nous
infolklore
medicinein
Indiau
sedas
asub
stitu
teforn
ux-vom
ica
andused
forp
ustularitchesLeaves
areb
urnedto
ashesw
hich
arethenmixed
with
sulphu
rand
coconu
toiland
rubb
edon
theb
odyPo
ultic
eisu
sedin
neuralgiainBa
ngladeshN
ayak
etal[54]statedthatthep
lant
isused
ingidd
inessa
ndstiffnessin
Oris
saInd
ia
4 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Botanical information of eleven medicinal plants of Bangladesh
Species Family Local name English name Collection area Collection time Acc numbera
Baccaurea ramiflora Euphorbiaceae Latkan Burmese grape Narsingdi August DACB-35863Cnicus arvensis Asteraceae Birhalkanta CreepingThistle Khulna March DACB-31544Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Kanchire Benghal dayflower Dhaka November DACB-32495Hoya parasitica Asclepiadaceae Bayupriya Wax flower Satkhira April DACB-30224Hygrophila spinosa Acanthaceae Talmakhana Marsh barbel Satkhira July DACB-31257Litsea glutinosa (Lour) Roxb Lauraceae Kukur chita Bollygum Munshiganj May DACB-25734Malpighia coccigera Malpighiaceae Khoi phool Dwarf Holly Dhaka January DACB-37527Melastoma malabathricum L Melastomataceae Dantrasha Malabar melastome Savar Dhaka July DACB-15161Pseudelephantopus spicatus L Asteraceae Kukur jihba Dogrsquos tongue Satkhira January DACB-35012Thuja occidentalis Cupressaceae Thuja White cedar Dhaka June DACB-37930Viscum orientaleWilld Loranthaceae Banda Mistletoe Satkhira mangrove July DACB-38174aAccession number
Table 3 Phytochemical evaluation of the fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants of Bangladesh
Plants Part used yield Red suga Alkb Strc Tand Gum Flve Sapf
Baccaurea ramiflora Leaves 500 minus + + + + minus minus
Baccaurea ramiflora Bark 300 + + minus + minus + +Cnicus arvensis Aerial part 317 NDg ND ND ND ND ND NDCommelina benghalensis Aerial part 300 ND ND ND ND ND ND NDHoya parasitica Stem 308 + + + + minus + minus
Hygrophila spinosa Seeds 120 + + + minus + + +Litsea glutinosa Leaves 290 minus + + + minus minus minus
Malpighia coccigera Leaves 492 minus + + minus minus + minus
Melastoma malabathricum Leaves 909 + + + + + minus minus
Melastoma malabathricum Stem 322 + + minus + minus minus minus
Pseudelephantopus spicatus Aerial part 34 minus + + + minus + minus
Thuja occidentalis Leaves 257 minus minus minus + minus minus minus
Thuja occidentalis Bark 525 minus + + + minus + +Viscum orientaleWilld Aerial part 435 + + minus + minus + minus
aReducing sugar balkaloid csteroid dtannin eflavonoid fsaponin and gnot done
on herbarium sheet and the species were taxonomicallyconfirmed by Sarder Nasir Uddin Principle ScientificOfficerBangladesh National Herbarium (BNH)Mirpur DhakaThevoucher specimens of the plants have been deposited andpreserved in BNH library for further collection and reference(Table 2)
22 Preparation of Methanol Extract The collected differentplant parts were separated from undesirable materials Theywere dried in open air for two weeks The shade dried plantparts were ground into a coarse powder with the help of asuitable grinder (capacitor start motor Wuhu motor factoryChina) The powders of the plant parts were stored in an air-tight container and kept in a cool dark and dry place until theanalysis commenced Powered materials were taken in someclean flat-bottomed glass containers and soaked inmethanolThe containers along with their contents were sealed and keptfor a period of 10 days with occasional shaking or stirringThemixtures then underwent a coarse filtration by cotton andWhatman filter paper (Bibby RE200 Sterilin Ltd UK) Thefiltrates were concentrated under air Different amounts of
concentrate extracts were obtained which were designated ascrude methanol extracts (Table 3) Extraction was concededfollowing the method depicted by Khatun et al [55]
23 Chemicals and Reagents Standard chromogenic rea-gents lead acetate potassium dichromate ferric chloridehydrochloric acid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragen-dorff rsquos reagent Wagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molischreagent Benedictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions usedfor preliminary phytochemical chemical group test wereof reagent grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich CoLLC Missouri United States Vincristine sulfate used as astandard drug in the cytotoxic assay was collected from theTechno Drugs Limited Bangladesh Methanol supplied byLaboratory Patterson Scientific UK was used as solvent formaceration of the plantmaterial Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSOge999 BioReagent formolecular biology Sigma-AldrichIndia) was used to dissolve the extracts
24 Instruments and Equipment Electronic balance (serialnumber 1508 OHAUS Germany) was used for this study
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 4 Cytotoxicity of the fourteen extracts of eleven plants
Test sample Concentration of extract (120583gmL)0 10 20 40 80 160 320 aLC50
Baccaurea ramiflora bark 0 15 30 35 55 70 100 8857Baccaurea ramiflora leaves 0 10 25 45 50 65 80 9676Cnicus arvensis aerial part 0 35 55 75 80 90 100 554Commelina benghalensis aerial part 0 30 45 55 70 90 95 4004Hoya parasitica stem 0 10 30 60 85 90 100 5174Hygrophila spinosa seed 0 45 55 75 85 100 100 293Litsea glutinosa leaves 0 10 10 29 45 62 80 11471Malpighia coccigera 0 25 45 65 75 80 100 3596Melastoma malabathricum leaves 0 10 40 65 70 80 100 5384Melastoma malabathricum stems 0 25 45 50 60 90 100 5271Pseudelephantopus spicatus aerial part 0 35 55 65 75 85 100 1490Thuja occidentalis bark 0 30 40 50 50 60 90 8638Thuja occidentalis leaves 0 15 65 80 90 90 90 1020Viscum orientale aerial part 0 30 45 75 80 90 100 2163Vincristine sulphate 0 55 70 75 75 100 100 204aMedian lethal concentration
Glass-made hatching tank air pump and cover lampto growshrimp were purchased locally Pipettes micropipette testtubes and other glass apparatus used were of laboratorystandard and procured from authorized dealer
25 Test for Different Chemical Groups The preliminaryphytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract wascarried out by using standard chromogenic reagents leadacetate potassium dichromate ferric chloride hydrochloricacid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragendorff rsquos reagentWagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molisch reagent Bene-dictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions were used to detectsteroids alkaloids gums flavonoids saponins tannins andreducing sugars using standard protocol [55] The colourintensity or the precipitate formation was used as analyticalresponses to these qualitative tests 10 (wv) solution ofthe extract in methanol was used for each of the above tests(Table 3)
26 Test for Cytotoxic Activity Brine shrimp lethality bioas-say was performed using the method of Meyer et al [56]Brine shrimp nauplii were obtained by hatching brine shrimp(Artemia salina) eggs (Carolina Biological Supply CompanyBurlington NC USA) in artificial sea-water (38 NaClsolution) for 24 hrs Dissolution of 30mg of each extract wasperformed in 3mL of artificial sea water containing 20DMSO to give concentration of 10120583g120583L From this solution10 20 40 80 160 and 320120583L were transferred to each 10mLvial and using artificial sea-water the volume was adjustedto 10mL by artificial sea water to give concentrations ofcompound of 10 20 40 80 160 and 320 120583gmL respectivelyBrine shrimp nauplii were grown in these solutions andtheir mortality was observed after 24 h The mortalities at 0and 320 120583gmL were excluded to get more accurate resultsexcept standard vincristine sulfate due to its high toxicityTheresulting data were transformed to probit analysis software(LdP Line software USA) developed by Finney [57] for
determination of LC50
values of the extracts Artificial sea-water medium containing DMSO used for the analysis wasemployed as negative control Vincristine sulfate was used asstandard in this assay
3 Results and Discussion
Fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants were evaluatedfor their cytotoxicity Among them four extracts aerial partof Cnicus arvensis Pseudelephantopus spicatus and Viscumorientale Thuja occidentalis leaves and Hygrophila spinosaseeds showed potent cytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 2 to
22120583gmL in comparison with standard vincristine sulfate(LC50
= 204 120583gmL) Other plants also showed quite highcytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 21 to 115 120583gmL (Table 4)
the highest cytotoxicity was found in H spinosa seeds (LC50
= 293 120583gmL) and the lowest in Litsea glutinosa leaves(LC50
= 11471 120583gmL) We evaluated two plants of thefamily Asteraceae (C arvensis and P spicatus) and bothof the plants showed significant cytotoxicity Leaves of Toccidentalis showed significant cytotoxicity where the barkof this plant showed moderate cytotoxicity T occidentalisH spinosa and C arvensis are used ethnomedicinally inthe treatment of cancer In our investigation we found thehighest cytotoxicity of these plants But L glutinosa leavesshowed the lowest cytotoxicity though it is traditionallyused in treatment of tumor On the other hand Malpighiacoccigera is not recognized as traditional medicinal plantbut showed significant cytotoxicity (LC
50= 3596 120583gmL) L
glutinosa andM coccigeramay be tested for their cytotoxicityby other method to evaluate the present result Melastomamalabathricum L glutinosa P spicatus Viscum orientaleand Commelina benghalensis are traditionally reputed aseither antimicrobial agent or poisonous plant Cytotoxicity ofMelastoma malabathricum was evaluated earlier in a processother than this by Alwash et al [13] and anticancer activity ofHoya parasitica is previously reported by Sadhu et al [37]
6 The Scientific World Journal
4 Conclusion
According to Sagar et al [58] a master herbalist can adviseon potential herbal treatments derived from centuries oftraditional observations and advanced traditional medicalsystems such as Ayurveda It will be imperative to developa new model of modern pharmacology based on traditionalpharmacognosy Traditionally used plants in cancer treat-ments proved their efficacy in different pathway like inhibi-tion of angiogenesis and metastasis induction of apoptosisand so forth The plants showing significant cytotoxicity canbe investigated for their bioactive compounds and theirmodeof action Compounds may be isolated from plants showingsignificant cytotoxicity to identify the cytotoxic compoundsand elucidate the possible mode of action using suitable tech-nique Most of the cytotoxic drugs possess serious adverseeffect and their efficacy is unpredictable New cytotoxiccompounds found from these plants may present us a groupof new well-tolerated anticancer and antimicrobial drugs
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the authorities of BangladeshNational Herbarium for identifying the plant and lettingthem use their library They are also grateful to the TechnoDrugs Ltd for supplying standard vincristine sulfate
References
[1] S J Uddin I D Grice and E Tiralongo ldquoCytotoxic effects ofBangladeshi medicinal plant extractsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID 5780927 pages 2011
[2] M LWashart ldquoAnticancer drug development a global perspec-tiverdquo 2014 httpwwwmedscapeorgviewarticle433928
[3] ldquoIntercontinental Marketing Services report First quarterrdquohttparchivethedailystarnetbeta2newsanti-cancer-drug-sales-growing-fast
[4] A Ghani Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh Chemical Con-stituents and Uses Asiatic society of Bangladesh DhakaBangladesh 2nd edition 2003
[5] N AhmedWild Flowers of BangladeshThe University PrintingPress Dhaka Bangladesh 1st edition 2007
[6] N S Uddin Traditional Uses of Ethnomedicinal Plants of theChittagongHill Tracts BangladeshNational HerbariumDhakaBangladesh 2006
[7] A L Sajem and K Gosai ldquoTraditional use of medicinal plantsby the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assamnortheast Indiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinevol 2 article 33 2006
[8] Y Uprety R C Poudel K K Shrestha et al ldquoDiversity of useand local knowledge of wild edible plant resources in NepalrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 8 article 162012
[9] R Y Jorim S KorapeW Legu et al ldquoAn ethnobotanical surveyof medicinal plants used in the eastern highlands of PapuaNew Guineardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol8 article 47 2012
[10] A Junsongduang H Balslev A Inta A Jampeetong andP Wangpakapattanawong ldquoMedicinal plants from swiddenfallows and sacred forest of theKaren and the Lawa inThailandrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 9 no 1 article44 2013
[11] I Nazlina S Norha AW Zarina and I B Ahmad ldquoCytotoxic-ity and antiviral activity ofMelastomamalabathricum extractsrdquoMalaysian Applied Biology vol 37 no 2 pp 53ndash55 2008
[12] M D Choudhury D Nath and A D Talukdar ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of Melastoma malabathricum Lrdquo Assam UniversityJournal of Science and Technology vol 7 no 1 pp 76ndash78 2011
[13] M S A Alwash N Ibrahim W A Yaacob and L B DinldquoAntibacterial antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of tradi-tionally used Melastoma malabathricum linn leavesrdquo AdvanceJournal of Food Science and Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 6ndash122014
[14] Z A Zakaria R N S R Mohd Nor G H Kumar et alldquoAntinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyretic proper-ties of Melastoma malabathricum leaves aqueous extract inexperimental animalsrdquo Canadian Journal of Physiology andPharmacology vol 84 no 12 pp 1291ndash1299 2006
[15] J A J Sunilson K Anandarajagopal A V A G Kumariand S Mohan ldquoAntidiarrhoeal activity of leaves of Melastomamalabathricum linnrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 71 no 6 pp 691ndash695 2009
[16] V Kumar D Ahmed P S Gupta F Anwar and M MujeebldquoAnti-diabetic anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activitiesof Melastoma malabathricum Linn leaves in streptozotocininduced diabetic ratsrdquo BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 13 article 222 2013
[17] S S Mamat M F F Kamarolzaman F Yahya et al ldquoMethanolextract ofMelastoma malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidantand liver protective activity in ratsrdquo BMC Complementary andAlternative Medicine vol 13 article 326 2013
[18] H M Sirat D Susanti F Ahmad H Takayama and MKitajima ldquoAmides triterpene and flavonoids from the leaves ofMelastomamalabathricum Lrdquo Journal of Natural Medicines vol64 no 4 pp 492ndash495 2010
[19] S C Mandal C K Kumar A Majumder R Majumder andB C Maity ldquoAntibacterial activity of Litsea glutinosa barkrdquoFitoterapia vol 71 no 4 pp 439ndash441 2000
[20] A Kar M K Menon and C S Chauhan ldquoEffect of essential oilof Litsea glutinosa (Lour) C B Robins on cardiovascular systemand isolated tissuesrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biology vol8 no 1 pp 61ndash62 1970
[21] M K Menon A Kar and C S Chauhan ldquoSome psychophar-macological actions of the essential oil ofLitsea glutinosa (Lour)CB Robinsrdquo Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacologyvol 14 no 3 pp 185ndash192 1970
[22] N Agrawal D Pareek S DobhalM C Sharma Y C Joshi andM P Dobhal ldquoButanolides from methanolic extract of Litseaglutinosardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 10 no 3 pp 394ndash400 2013
[23] Y-S Wang R Huang H Lu F-Y Li and J-H Yangy ldquoA New21015840-Oxygenated Flavone Glycoside from Litsea glutinosa (Lour)C B Robrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry vol 74no 3 pp 652ndash654 2010
The Scientific World Journal 7
[24] H M T B Herath N S Kumar and K M S WimalasirildquoStructural studies of an arabinoxylan isolated from Litseaglutinosa (Lauraceae)rdquo Carbohydrate Research vol 198 no 2pp 343ndash351 1990
[25] L Seipold G Gerlach and LWessjohann ldquoANew type of floraloil from Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae) and chemicalconsiderations on the evolution of oil flowersrdquo Chemistry andBiodiversity vol 1 no 10 pp 1519ndash1528 2004
[26] W C Evans Trease and Evansrsquo Pharmacognosy CambridgeUniversity Press Cambridge UK 13th edition 1994
[27] C F Baker ldquoA revision of the Elephanthopeaerdquo Transactions ofthe Academy of Science of St Louis vol 12 no 5 p 55 1902
[28] G Odonne G Herbette V Eparvier et al ldquoAntileishmanialsesquiterpene lactones from Pseudelephantopus spicatus a tra-ditional remedy from the Chayahuita Amerindians (Peru) PartIIIrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 875ndash8792011
[29] S B Uddin ldquoMedicinal plants of Bangladeshrdquo 2014 httpwwwmpbdinfoplantsviscum-orientalephp
[30] G M Schneeweiss ldquoCorrelated evolution of life history andhost range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plantsOrobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae)rdquo Journal of Evo-lutionary Biology vol 20 no 2 pp 471ndash478 2007
[31] S Satish M P Raghavendra and K A Raveesha ldquoEvaluationof the antibacterial potential of some plants against humanpathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Biological Research vol 2 no3-4 pp 44ndash48 2008
[32] Y M Lee Y S Kim Y Lee et al ldquoInhibitory activities of pan-creatic lipase and phosphodiesterase from Korean medicinalplant extractsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 26 no 5 pp 778ndash782 2012
[33] R Park M-S Kim H-S So et al ldquoActivation of c-JunN-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in mistletoe lectin II-inducedapoptosis of human myeloleukemic U937 cellsrdquo BiochemicalPharmacology vol 60 no 11 pp 1685ndash1691 2000
[34] B Naser C Bodinet M Tegtmeier and U Lindequist ldquoThujaoccidentalis (Arbor vitae) a review of its pharmaceuticalpharmacological and clinical propertiesrdquo Evidence-based Com-plementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 69ndash782005
[35] B Kumar R Rani S Das and S Das ldquoPhytoconstituents andtherapeutic potential ofThuja occidentalisrdquo Research Journal ofPharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences vol 3 no 2pp 354ndash362 2012
[36] F Ahmed M S H Reza I Z Shahid A Khatun K K Islamand M R Ali ldquoAntibacterial and antinociceptive activities ofHoya parasiticardquo Hamdard Medicus vol 51 no 3 pp 22ndash262008
[37] S K Sadhu A Khatun T Ohtsuki and M Ishibashi ldquoCon-stituents from Hoya parasitica and their cell growth inhibitoryactivityrdquo Planta Medica vol 74 no 7 pp 760ndash763 2008
[38] S Mukherjee P K Dutta M Chakrabarty A K Barua S Danand S S Dan ldquoTriterpenes fromHoya parasiticardquo Journal of theIndian Chemical Society vol 63 no 8 pp 782ndash783 1986
[39] J D Hooker The Flora of British India vol 4 L Reeve amp CoAshford UK 1961
[40] M A A Khan M T Islam M A Rahman and Q AhsanldquoAntibacterial activity of different fractions of Commelina beng-halensis LrdquoDer Pharmacia Sinica Pelagia Research Library vol2 no 2 pp 320ndash326 2011
[41] S M R Hasan M M Hossain R Akter M Jamila M E HMazumder and S Rahman ldquoSedative and anxiolytic effects of
different fractions of the Commelina benghalensis Linnrdquo DrugDiscoveries ampTherapeutics vol 3 no 5 pp 221ndash227 2009
[42] V G Mbazima M P Mokgotho F February D J G Rees andL J Mampuru ldquoAlteration of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio modulates theanticancer activity of methanolic extract of Commelina beng-halensis (Commelinaceae) in Jurkat T cellsrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 7 no 20 pp 3569ndash3576 2008
[43] D Brandis Indian Trees An Account of Trees Shrubs WoodyClimbers Bamboos and Palms Indigenous or Commonly Cul-tivated in the British Indian Empire Overseas Book DeportDehra Dun India 1906
[44] M Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal ldquoUnderutilized edible plantsof the Sikkim Himalaya need for domesticationrdquo CurrentScience vol 85 no 6 pp 731ndash736 2003
[45] A K Goyal T Mishra and A Sen ldquoAntioxidant profiling ofLatkan (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour) winerdquo Indian Journal ofBiotechnology vol 12 no 1 pp 137ndash139 2013
[46] X-W Yang H-P He Y-L Ma et al ldquoThree new vanilloidderivatives from the stems of baccaurea ramiflorardquo PlantaMedica vol 76 no 1 pp 88ndash90 2010
[47] A Gomes M Das and S C Dasgupta ldquoHaematinic effectof Hygrophila spinosa T Anderson on experimental rodentsrdquoIndian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 39 no 4 pp 381ndash382 2001
[48] U K Mazumdar M Gupta S Maiti and D MukherjeeldquoAntitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced micerdquo Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology vol 35 no 5 pp 473ndash477 1997
[49] G S Kumari and G Y Iyer ldquoPreliminary studies on the diureticeffects ofHygrophila spinosa and Tribulus terrestrisrdquoThe Indianjournal of medical research vol 55 no 7 pp 714ndash716 1967
[50] S G Joshi Medicinal Plants Oxford amp IBH publishing NewDelhi India 2000
[51] S L Kapoor and R Mitra Herbal Drugs in Indian Phar-maceuticals Echonomic Botany Information Service NationalBotanical Research Institute Lucknow India 1979
[52] M H Kabir N Hasan M M Rahman et al ldquoA survey ofmedicinal plants used by theDeb barma clan of theTripura tribeof Moulvibazar district Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 19 2014
[53] G U Stuar ldquoHerbal medicinemdashan illustrated compilationof Philippine medicinal plantsrdquo httpstuartxchangecomBogtohtml
[54] S Nayak S K Behera and M K Misra ldquoEthno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissardquo Indian Jour ofTraditional Knowledge vol 3 no 1 pp 72ndash79 2004
[55] A KhatunM Rahman and S Jahan ldquoPreliminary phytochem-ical and pharmacological screening of Murraya exotica Linnleaves extractrdquo Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicinevol 14 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2014
[56] B N Meyer N R Ferrigni J E Putnam L B Jacobsen DE Nichols and J L McLaughlin ldquoBrine shrimp a convenientgeneral bioassay for active plant constituentsrdquo Planta Medicavol 45 no 5 pp 31ndash34 1982
[57] D J Finney Probit Analysis Cambridge University PressCambridge UK 3rd edition 1971
[58] SM Sagar D Yance and R KWong ldquoNatural health productsthat inhibit angiogenesis a potential source for investigationalnew agents to treat cancermdashpart 1rdquo Current Oncology vol 13no 1 pp 14ndash26 2006
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Volume 2014
ToxinsJournal of
VaccinesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AntibioticsInternational Journal of
ToxicologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Drug DeliveryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Tropical MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AddictionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Autoimmune Diseases
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anesthesiology Research and Practice
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Pharmaceutics
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
The Scientific World Journal 3
Table1Fo
lklore
uses
ofthes
tudied
elevenplants
Species
Family
Tradition
aluse
BaccaurearamifloraLo
ur
Euph
orbiaceae
Udd
in[6]statedthatthep
lant
isused
indiarrhoeaflatulencegastric
ulcerureterolith
iasisand
jaun
dice
Cnicu
sarvensis
(L)Ro
th
Asteraceae
Ahm
ed[5]ind
icated
thatthep
lant
isused
ascholagogicanddiureticU
ddin
[6]w
rotethattradition
allyitis
used
inthetreatmento
fcirr
hosis
diabetesexcessivem
enstr
uatio
ngouthyperacidity
(gastritis)liver
cancer
jaun
diceand
scabies
Commelina
benghalen
sisLinn
Com
melinaceae
Accordingto
Ahm
ed[5]thep
lant
hasreputationto
beused
asantiseptic
dem
ulcentemollientand
refrigerantGhani
[4]statedthatitisalso
used
inleprosy
Hoyaparasitica
(Roxb)
Ascle
piadaceae
Ahm
ed[5]creditedleaves
ofthisplanttotre
atrheumatism
Hygrophila
spinosaTAnd
erAc
anthaceae
Ahm
ed[5]d
escribed
thattheleavesseedsandrootsa
retradition
allyused
asdiureticandalso
forjaund
ice
rheumatism
dise
ases
ofurogenita
ltractand
bladderstonesJoshi[50]and
Kapo
orandMitra[
51]reportedthat
itisar
eputed
remedyfora
rthritisItisalso
used
asaphrod
isiacrob
orantdemulcentand
diureticTh
eplant
isuseful
incancer
andtubercular
fistulaandjuiceinanaemiaItisthe
source
oflocally
used
AyurvedicUnani
andindigeno
usdrug
preparations
having
anabolic-cum
androgen-like
activ
ity
Litse
aglu
tinosa
(Lou
r)Ro
xb
Lauraceae
Udd
in[6]reportedthatthep
lant
isused
inthetreatmento
fank
litis
asthmabo
nefracturetum
orleucorrho
ea
hook
worm
infestation
rheumatoidarthritis
jaun
diceepilepsyliver
diseaseanddysentery
Malpighiacoccigera
Malpigh
iaceae
Not
foun
d
Mela
stomamalabathricu
mL
Mela
stomataceae
Kabire
tal[52]
repo
rted
thatthisplantisu
sedam
ongtheT
ripuratrib
esin
Bang
ladesh
forthe
treatmento
fjaun
diceA
hmed
[5]p
ointed
thatthep
lant
isused
indiarrhoeadysenterywou
ndhealingandskin
diseases
andUdd
in[6]creditedthep
lant
foru
sein
abdo
minalpainsores
intong
ueoedem
agynecologicald
iseases
andsnakeb
ite
Pseudelep
hantopus
spica
tusL
As
teraceae
Odo
nnee
tal[28]
repo
rted
thatthep
lant
isused
bythee
thnicg
roup
from
theP
eruvianAmazon
iain
leish
maniasis
Thujaoccid
entalis
LCu
pressaceae
Accordingto
Naser
etal[34]a
ndKu
mar
etal[35]in
folkmedicineToccid
entalis
hasb
eenused
totre
atbron
chialcatarrhenu
resiscystitis
psoriasisuterin
ecarcino
masamenorrheaexternalfun
galinfectio
nsof
the
skin
(ringw
orm
andthrush)headachescurvypreventio
neczemaanalor
genitalw
arts
andrheumatism
Itis
used
asabortifacientemmenagoguevermifu
gediureticand
digestivea
id
Viscum
orien
taleWilld
Loranthaceae
Stuar[53]the
plantw
asconsidered
poiso
nous
infolklore
medicinein
Indiau
sedas
asub
stitu
teforn
ux-vom
ica
andused
forp
ustularitchesLeaves
areb
urnedto
ashesw
hich
arethenmixed
with
sulphu
rand
coconu
toiland
rubb
edon
theb
odyPo
ultic
eisu
sedin
neuralgiainBa
ngladeshN
ayak
etal[54]statedthatthep
lant
isused
ingidd
inessa
ndstiffnessin
Oris
saInd
ia
4 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Botanical information of eleven medicinal plants of Bangladesh
Species Family Local name English name Collection area Collection time Acc numbera
Baccaurea ramiflora Euphorbiaceae Latkan Burmese grape Narsingdi August DACB-35863Cnicus arvensis Asteraceae Birhalkanta CreepingThistle Khulna March DACB-31544Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Kanchire Benghal dayflower Dhaka November DACB-32495Hoya parasitica Asclepiadaceae Bayupriya Wax flower Satkhira April DACB-30224Hygrophila spinosa Acanthaceae Talmakhana Marsh barbel Satkhira July DACB-31257Litsea glutinosa (Lour) Roxb Lauraceae Kukur chita Bollygum Munshiganj May DACB-25734Malpighia coccigera Malpighiaceae Khoi phool Dwarf Holly Dhaka January DACB-37527Melastoma malabathricum L Melastomataceae Dantrasha Malabar melastome Savar Dhaka July DACB-15161Pseudelephantopus spicatus L Asteraceae Kukur jihba Dogrsquos tongue Satkhira January DACB-35012Thuja occidentalis Cupressaceae Thuja White cedar Dhaka June DACB-37930Viscum orientaleWilld Loranthaceae Banda Mistletoe Satkhira mangrove July DACB-38174aAccession number
Table 3 Phytochemical evaluation of the fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants of Bangladesh
Plants Part used yield Red suga Alkb Strc Tand Gum Flve Sapf
Baccaurea ramiflora Leaves 500 minus + + + + minus minus
Baccaurea ramiflora Bark 300 + + minus + minus + +Cnicus arvensis Aerial part 317 NDg ND ND ND ND ND NDCommelina benghalensis Aerial part 300 ND ND ND ND ND ND NDHoya parasitica Stem 308 + + + + minus + minus
Hygrophila spinosa Seeds 120 + + + minus + + +Litsea glutinosa Leaves 290 minus + + + minus minus minus
Malpighia coccigera Leaves 492 minus + + minus minus + minus
Melastoma malabathricum Leaves 909 + + + + + minus minus
Melastoma malabathricum Stem 322 + + minus + minus minus minus
Pseudelephantopus spicatus Aerial part 34 minus + + + minus + minus
Thuja occidentalis Leaves 257 minus minus minus + minus minus minus
Thuja occidentalis Bark 525 minus + + + minus + +Viscum orientaleWilld Aerial part 435 + + minus + minus + minus
aReducing sugar balkaloid csteroid dtannin eflavonoid fsaponin and gnot done
on herbarium sheet and the species were taxonomicallyconfirmed by Sarder Nasir Uddin Principle ScientificOfficerBangladesh National Herbarium (BNH)Mirpur DhakaThevoucher specimens of the plants have been deposited andpreserved in BNH library for further collection and reference(Table 2)
22 Preparation of Methanol Extract The collected differentplant parts were separated from undesirable materials Theywere dried in open air for two weeks The shade dried plantparts were ground into a coarse powder with the help of asuitable grinder (capacitor start motor Wuhu motor factoryChina) The powders of the plant parts were stored in an air-tight container and kept in a cool dark and dry place until theanalysis commenced Powered materials were taken in someclean flat-bottomed glass containers and soaked inmethanolThe containers along with their contents were sealed and keptfor a period of 10 days with occasional shaking or stirringThemixtures then underwent a coarse filtration by cotton andWhatman filter paper (Bibby RE200 Sterilin Ltd UK) Thefiltrates were concentrated under air Different amounts of
concentrate extracts were obtained which were designated ascrude methanol extracts (Table 3) Extraction was concededfollowing the method depicted by Khatun et al [55]
23 Chemicals and Reagents Standard chromogenic rea-gents lead acetate potassium dichromate ferric chloridehydrochloric acid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragen-dorff rsquos reagent Wagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molischreagent Benedictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions usedfor preliminary phytochemical chemical group test wereof reagent grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich CoLLC Missouri United States Vincristine sulfate used as astandard drug in the cytotoxic assay was collected from theTechno Drugs Limited Bangladesh Methanol supplied byLaboratory Patterson Scientific UK was used as solvent formaceration of the plantmaterial Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSOge999 BioReagent formolecular biology Sigma-AldrichIndia) was used to dissolve the extracts
24 Instruments and Equipment Electronic balance (serialnumber 1508 OHAUS Germany) was used for this study
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 4 Cytotoxicity of the fourteen extracts of eleven plants
Test sample Concentration of extract (120583gmL)0 10 20 40 80 160 320 aLC50
Baccaurea ramiflora bark 0 15 30 35 55 70 100 8857Baccaurea ramiflora leaves 0 10 25 45 50 65 80 9676Cnicus arvensis aerial part 0 35 55 75 80 90 100 554Commelina benghalensis aerial part 0 30 45 55 70 90 95 4004Hoya parasitica stem 0 10 30 60 85 90 100 5174Hygrophila spinosa seed 0 45 55 75 85 100 100 293Litsea glutinosa leaves 0 10 10 29 45 62 80 11471Malpighia coccigera 0 25 45 65 75 80 100 3596Melastoma malabathricum leaves 0 10 40 65 70 80 100 5384Melastoma malabathricum stems 0 25 45 50 60 90 100 5271Pseudelephantopus spicatus aerial part 0 35 55 65 75 85 100 1490Thuja occidentalis bark 0 30 40 50 50 60 90 8638Thuja occidentalis leaves 0 15 65 80 90 90 90 1020Viscum orientale aerial part 0 30 45 75 80 90 100 2163Vincristine sulphate 0 55 70 75 75 100 100 204aMedian lethal concentration
Glass-made hatching tank air pump and cover lampto growshrimp were purchased locally Pipettes micropipette testtubes and other glass apparatus used were of laboratorystandard and procured from authorized dealer
25 Test for Different Chemical Groups The preliminaryphytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract wascarried out by using standard chromogenic reagents leadacetate potassium dichromate ferric chloride hydrochloricacid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragendorff rsquos reagentWagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molisch reagent Bene-dictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions were used to detectsteroids alkaloids gums flavonoids saponins tannins andreducing sugars using standard protocol [55] The colourintensity or the precipitate formation was used as analyticalresponses to these qualitative tests 10 (wv) solution ofthe extract in methanol was used for each of the above tests(Table 3)
26 Test for Cytotoxic Activity Brine shrimp lethality bioas-say was performed using the method of Meyer et al [56]Brine shrimp nauplii were obtained by hatching brine shrimp(Artemia salina) eggs (Carolina Biological Supply CompanyBurlington NC USA) in artificial sea-water (38 NaClsolution) for 24 hrs Dissolution of 30mg of each extract wasperformed in 3mL of artificial sea water containing 20DMSO to give concentration of 10120583g120583L From this solution10 20 40 80 160 and 320120583L were transferred to each 10mLvial and using artificial sea-water the volume was adjustedto 10mL by artificial sea water to give concentrations ofcompound of 10 20 40 80 160 and 320 120583gmL respectivelyBrine shrimp nauplii were grown in these solutions andtheir mortality was observed after 24 h The mortalities at 0and 320 120583gmL were excluded to get more accurate resultsexcept standard vincristine sulfate due to its high toxicityTheresulting data were transformed to probit analysis software(LdP Line software USA) developed by Finney [57] for
determination of LC50
values of the extracts Artificial sea-water medium containing DMSO used for the analysis wasemployed as negative control Vincristine sulfate was used asstandard in this assay
3 Results and Discussion
Fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants were evaluatedfor their cytotoxicity Among them four extracts aerial partof Cnicus arvensis Pseudelephantopus spicatus and Viscumorientale Thuja occidentalis leaves and Hygrophila spinosaseeds showed potent cytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 2 to
22120583gmL in comparison with standard vincristine sulfate(LC50
= 204 120583gmL) Other plants also showed quite highcytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 21 to 115 120583gmL (Table 4)
the highest cytotoxicity was found in H spinosa seeds (LC50
= 293 120583gmL) and the lowest in Litsea glutinosa leaves(LC50
= 11471 120583gmL) We evaluated two plants of thefamily Asteraceae (C arvensis and P spicatus) and bothof the plants showed significant cytotoxicity Leaves of Toccidentalis showed significant cytotoxicity where the barkof this plant showed moderate cytotoxicity T occidentalisH spinosa and C arvensis are used ethnomedicinally inthe treatment of cancer In our investigation we found thehighest cytotoxicity of these plants But L glutinosa leavesshowed the lowest cytotoxicity though it is traditionallyused in treatment of tumor On the other hand Malpighiacoccigera is not recognized as traditional medicinal plantbut showed significant cytotoxicity (LC
50= 3596 120583gmL) L
glutinosa andM coccigeramay be tested for their cytotoxicityby other method to evaluate the present result Melastomamalabathricum L glutinosa P spicatus Viscum orientaleand Commelina benghalensis are traditionally reputed aseither antimicrobial agent or poisonous plant Cytotoxicity ofMelastoma malabathricum was evaluated earlier in a processother than this by Alwash et al [13] and anticancer activity ofHoya parasitica is previously reported by Sadhu et al [37]
6 The Scientific World Journal
4 Conclusion
According to Sagar et al [58] a master herbalist can adviseon potential herbal treatments derived from centuries oftraditional observations and advanced traditional medicalsystems such as Ayurveda It will be imperative to developa new model of modern pharmacology based on traditionalpharmacognosy Traditionally used plants in cancer treat-ments proved their efficacy in different pathway like inhibi-tion of angiogenesis and metastasis induction of apoptosisand so forth The plants showing significant cytotoxicity canbe investigated for their bioactive compounds and theirmodeof action Compounds may be isolated from plants showingsignificant cytotoxicity to identify the cytotoxic compoundsand elucidate the possible mode of action using suitable tech-nique Most of the cytotoxic drugs possess serious adverseeffect and their efficacy is unpredictable New cytotoxiccompounds found from these plants may present us a groupof new well-tolerated anticancer and antimicrobial drugs
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the authorities of BangladeshNational Herbarium for identifying the plant and lettingthem use their library They are also grateful to the TechnoDrugs Ltd for supplying standard vincristine sulfate
References
[1] S J Uddin I D Grice and E Tiralongo ldquoCytotoxic effects ofBangladeshi medicinal plant extractsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID 5780927 pages 2011
[2] M LWashart ldquoAnticancer drug development a global perspec-tiverdquo 2014 httpwwwmedscapeorgviewarticle433928
[3] ldquoIntercontinental Marketing Services report First quarterrdquohttparchivethedailystarnetbeta2newsanti-cancer-drug-sales-growing-fast
[4] A Ghani Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh Chemical Con-stituents and Uses Asiatic society of Bangladesh DhakaBangladesh 2nd edition 2003
[5] N AhmedWild Flowers of BangladeshThe University PrintingPress Dhaka Bangladesh 1st edition 2007
[6] N S Uddin Traditional Uses of Ethnomedicinal Plants of theChittagongHill Tracts BangladeshNational HerbariumDhakaBangladesh 2006
[7] A L Sajem and K Gosai ldquoTraditional use of medicinal plantsby the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assamnortheast Indiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinevol 2 article 33 2006
[8] Y Uprety R C Poudel K K Shrestha et al ldquoDiversity of useand local knowledge of wild edible plant resources in NepalrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 8 article 162012
[9] R Y Jorim S KorapeW Legu et al ldquoAn ethnobotanical surveyof medicinal plants used in the eastern highlands of PapuaNew Guineardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol8 article 47 2012
[10] A Junsongduang H Balslev A Inta A Jampeetong andP Wangpakapattanawong ldquoMedicinal plants from swiddenfallows and sacred forest of theKaren and the Lawa inThailandrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 9 no 1 article44 2013
[11] I Nazlina S Norha AW Zarina and I B Ahmad ldquoCytotoxic-ity and antiviral activity ofMelastomamalabathricum extractsrdquoMalaysian Applied Biology vol 37 no 2 pp 53ndash55 2008
[12] M D Choudhury D Nath and A D Talukdar ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of Melastoma malabathricum Lrdquo Assam UniversityJournal of Science and Technology vol 7 no 1 pp 76ndash78 2011
[13] M S A Alwash N Ibrahim W A Yaacob and L B DinldquoAntibacterial antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of tradi-tionally used Melastoma malabathricum linn leavesrdquo AdvanceJournal of Food Science and Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 6ndash122014
[14] Z A Zakaria R N S R Mohd Nor G H Kumar et alldquoAntinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyretic proper-ties of Melastoma malabathricum leaves aqueous extract inexperimental animalsrdquo Canadian Journal of Physiology andPharmacology vol 84 no 12 pp 1291ndash1299 2006
[15] J A J Sunilson K Anandarajagopal A V A G Kumariand S Mohan ldquoAntidiarrhoeal activity of leaves of Melastomamalabathricum linnrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 71 no 6 pp 691ndash695 2009
[16] V Kumar D Ahmed P S Gupta F Anwar and M MujeebldquoAnti-diabetic anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activitiesof Melastoma malabathricum Linn leaves in streptozotocininduced diabetic ratsrdquo BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 13 article 222 2013
[17] S S Mamat M F F Kamarolzaman F Yahya et al ldquoMethanolextract ofMelastoma malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidantand liver protective activity in ratsrdquo BMC Complementary andAlternative Medicine vol 13 article 326 2013
[18] H M Sirat D Susanti F Ahmad H Takayama and MKitajima ldquoAmides triterpene and flavonoids from the leaves ofMelastomamalabathricum Lrdquo Journal of Natural Medicines vol64 no 4 pp 492ndash495 2010
[19] S C Mandal C K Kumar A Majumder R Majumder andB C Maity ldquoAntibacterial activity of Litsea glutinosa barkrdquoFitoterapia vol 71 no 4 pp 439ndash441 2000
[20] A Kar M K Menon and C S Chauhan ldquoEffect of essential oilof Litsea glutinosa (Lour) C B Robins on cardiovascular systemand isolated tissuesrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biology vol8 no 1 pp 61ndash62 1970
[21] M K Menon A Kar and C S Chauhan ldquoSome psychophar-macological actions of the essential oil ofLitsea glutinosa (Lour)CB Robinsrdquo Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacologyvol 14 no 3 pp 185ndash192 1970
[22] N Agrawal D Pareek S DobhalM C Sharma Y C Joshi andM P Dobhal ldquoButanolides from methanolic extract of Litseaglutinosardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 10 no 3 pp 394ndash400 2013
[23] Y-S Wang R Huang H Lu F-Y Li and J-H Yangy ldquoA New21015840-Oxygenated Flavone Glycoside from Litsea glutinosa (Lour)C B Robrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry vol 74no 3 pp 652ndash654 2010
The Scientific World Journal 7
[24] H M T B Herath N S Kumar and K M S WimalasirildquoStructural studies of an arabinoxylan isolated from Litseaglutinosa (Lauraceae)rdquo Carbohydrate Research vol 198 no 2pp 343ndash351 1990
[25] L Seipold G Gerlach and LWessjohann ldquoANew type of floraloil from Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae) and chemicalconsiderations on the evolution of oil flowersrdquo Chemistry andBiodiversity vol 1 no 10 pp 1519ndash1528 2004
[26] W C Evans Trease and Evansrsquo Pharmacognosy CambridgeUniversity Press Cambridge UK 13th edition 1994
[27] C F Baker ldquoA revision of the Elephanthopeaerdquo Transactions ofthe Academy of Science of St Louis vol 12 no 5 p 55 1902
[28] G Odonne G Herbette V Eparvier et al ldquoAntileishmanialsesquiterpene lactones from Pseudelephantopus spicatus a tra-ditional remedy from the Chayahuita Amerindians (Peru) PartIIIrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 875ndash8792011
[29] S B Uddin ldquoMedicinal plants of Bangladeshrdquo 2014 httpwwwmpbdinfoplantsviscum-orientalephp
[30] G M Schneeweiss ldquoCorrelated evolution of life history andhost range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plantsOrobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae)rdquo Journal of Evo-lutionary Biology vol 20 no 2 pp 471ndash478 2007
[31] S Satish M P Raghavendra and K A Raveesha ldquoEvaluationof the antibacterial potential of some plants against humanpathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Biological Research vol 2 no3-4 pp 44ndash48 2008
[32] Y M Lee Y S Kim Y Lee et al ldquoInhibitory activities of pan-creatic lipase and phosphodiesterase from Korean medicinalplant extractsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 26 no 5 pp 778ndash782 2012
[33] R Park M-S Kim H-S So et al ldquoActivation of c-JunN-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in mistletoe lectin II-inducedapoptosis of human myeloleukemic U937 cellsrdquo BiochemicalPharmacology vol 60 no 11 pp 1685ndash1691 2000
[34] B Naser C Bodinet M Tegtmeier and U Lindequist ldquoThujaoccidentalis (Arbor vitae) a review of its pharmaceuticalpharmacological and clinical propertiesrdquo Evidence-based Com-plementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 69ndash782005
[35] B Kumar R Rani S Das and S Das ldquoPhytoconstituents andtherapeutic potential ofThuja occidentalisrdquo Research Journal ofPharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences vol 3 no 2pp 354ndash362 2012
[36] F Ahmed M S H Reza I Z Shahid A Khatun K K Islamand M R Ali ldquoAntibacterial and antinociceptive activities ofHoya parasiticardquo Hamdard Medicus vol 51 no 3 pp 22ndash262008
[37] S K Sadhu A Khatun T Ohtsuki and M Ishibashi ldquoCon-stituents from Hoya parasitica and their cell growth inhibitoryactivityrdquo Planta Medica vol 74 no 7 pp 760ndash763 2008
[38] S Mukherjee P K Dutta M Chakrabarty A K Barua S Danand S S Dan ldquoTriterpenes fromHoya parasiticardquo Journal of theIndian Chemical Society vol 63 no 8 pp 782ndash783 1986
[39] J D Hooker The Flora of British India vol 4 L Reeve amp CoAshford UK 1961
[40] M A A Khan M T Islam M A Rahman and Q AhsanldquoAntibacterial activity of different fractions of Commelina beng-halensis LrdquoDer Pharmacia Sinica Pelagia Research Library vol2 no 2 pp 320ndash326 2011
[41] S M R Hasan M M Hossain R Akter M Jamila M E HMazumder and S Rahman ldquoSedative and anxiolytic effects of
different fractions of the Commelina benghalensis Linnrdquo DrugDiscoveries ampTherapeutics vol 3 no 5 pp 221ndash227 2009
[42] V G Mbazima M P Mokgotho F February D J G Rees andL J Mampuru ldquoAlteration of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio modulates theanticancer activity of methanolic extract of Commelina beng-halensis (Commelinaceae) in Jurkat T cellsrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 7 no 20 pp 3569ndash3576 2008
[43] D Brandis Indian Trees An Account of Trees Shrubs WoodyClimbers Bamboos and Palms Indigenous or Commonly Cul-tivated in the British Indian Empire Overseas Book DeportDehra Dun India 1906
[44] M Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal ldquoUnderutilized edible plantsof the Sikkim Himalaya need for domesticationrdquo CurrentScience vol 85 no 6 pp 731ndash736 2003
[45] A K Goyal T Mishra and A Sen ldquoAntioxidant profiling ofLatkan (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour) winerdquo Indian Journal ofBiotechnology vol 12 no 1 pp 137ndash139 2013
[46] X-W Yang H-P He Y-L Ma et al ldquoThree new vanilloidderivatives from the stems of baccaurea ramiflorardquo PlantaMedica vol 76 no 1 pp 88ndash90 2010
[47] A Gomes M Das and S C Dasgupta ldquoHaematinic effectof Hygrophila spinosa T Anderson on experimental rodentsrdquoIndian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 39 no 4 pp 381ndash382 2001
[48] U K Mazumdar M Gupta S Maiti and D MukherjeeldquoAntitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced micerdquo Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology vol 35 no 5 pp 473ndash477 1997
[49] G S Kumari and G Y Iyer ldquoPreliminary studies on the diureticeffects ofHygrophila spinosa and Tribulus terrestrisrdquoThe Indianjournal of medical research vol 55 no 7 pp 714ndash716 1967
[50] S G Joshi Medicinal Plants Oxford amp IBH publishing NewDelhi India 2000
[51] S L Kapoor and R Mitra Herbal Drugs in Indian Phar-maceuticals Echonomic Botany Information Service NationalBotanical Research Institute Lucknow India 1979
[52] M H Kabir N Hasan M M Rahman et al ldquoA survey ofmedicinal plants used by theDeb barma clan of theTripura tribeof Moulvibazar district Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 19 2014
[53] G U Stuar ldquoHerbal medicinemdashan illustrated compilationof Philippine medicinal plantsrdquo httpstuartxchangecomBogtohtml
[54] S Nayak S K Behera and M K Misra ldquoEthno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissardquo Indian Jour ofTraditional Knowledge vol 3 no 1 pp 72ndash79 2004
[55] A KhatunM Rahman and S Jahan ldquoPreliminary phytochem-ical and pharmacological screening of Murraya exotica Linnleaves extractrdquo Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicinevol 14 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2014
[56] B N Meyer N R Ferrigni J E Putnam L B Jacobsen DE Nichols and J L McLaughlin ldquoBrine shrimp a convenientgeneral bioassay for active plant constituentsrdquo Planta Medicavol 45 no 5 pp 31ndash34 1982
[57] D J Finney Probit Analysis Cambridge University PressCambridge UK 3rd edition 1971
[58] SM Sagar D Yance and R KWong ldquoNatural health productsthat inhibit angiogenesis a potential source for investigationalnew agents to treat cancermdashpart 1rdquo Current Oncology vol 13no 1 pp 14ndash26 2006
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Volume 2014
ToxinsJournal of
VaccinesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AntibioticsInternational Journal of
ToxicologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Drug DeliveryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Tropical MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AddictionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Autoimmune Diseases
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anesthesiology Research and Practice
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Pharmaceutics
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
4 The Scientific World Journal
Table 2 Botanical information of eleven medicinal plants of Bangladesh
Species Family Local name English name Collection area Collection time Acc numbera
Baccaurea ramiflora Euphorbiaceae Latkan Burmese grape Narsingdi August DACB-35863Cnicus arvensis Asteraceae Birhalkanta CreepingThistle Khulna March DACB-31544Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Kanchire Benghal dayflower Dhaka November DACB-32495Hoya parasitica Asclepiadaceae Bayupriya Wax flower Satkhira April DACB-30224Hygrophila spinosa Acanthaceae Talmakhana Marsh barbel Satkhira July DACB-31257Litsea glutinosa (Lour) Roxb Lauraceae Kukur chita Bollygum Munshiganj May DACB-25734Malpighia coccigera Malpighiaceae Khoi phool Dwarf Holly Dhaka January DACB-37527Melastoma malabathricum L Melastomataceae Dantrasha Malabar melastome Savar Dhaka July DACB-15161Pseudelephantopus spicatus L Asteraceae Kukur jihba Dogrsquos tongue Satkhira January DACB-35012Thuja occidentalis Cupressaceae Thuja White cedar Dhaka June DACB-37930Viscum orientaleWilld Loranthaceae Banda Mistletoe Satkhira mangrove July DACB-38174aAccession number
Table 3 Phytochemical evaluation of the fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants of Bangladesh
Plants Part used yield Red suga Alkb Strc Tand Gum Flve Sapf
Baccaurea ramiflora Leaves 500 minus + + + + minus minus
Baccaurea ramiflora Bark 300 + + minus + minus + +Cnicus arvensis Aerial part 317 NDg ND ND ND ND ND NDCommelina benghalensis Aerial part 300 ND ND ND ND ND ND NDHoya parasitica Stem 308 + + + + minus + minus
Hygrophila spinosa Seeds 120 + + + minus + + +Litsea glutinosa Leaves 290 minus + + + minus minus minus
Malpighia coccigera Leaves 492 minus + + minus minus + minus
Melastoma malabathricum Leaves 909 + + + + + minus minus
Melastoma malabathricum Stem 322 + + minus + minus minus minus
Pseudelephantopus spicatus Aerial part 34 minus + + + minus + minus
Thuja occidentalis Leaves 257 minus minus minus + minus minus minus
Thuja occidentalis Bark 525 minus + + + minus + +Viscum orientaleWilld Aerial part 435 + + minus + minus + minus
aReducing sugar balkaloid csteroid dtannin eflavonoid fsaponin and gnot done
on herbarium sheet and the species were taxonomicallyconfirmed by Sarder Nasir Uddin Principle ScientificOfficerBangladesh National Herbarium (BNH)Mirpur DhakaThevoucher specimens of the plants have been deposited andpreserved in BNH library for further collection and reference(Table 2)
22 Preparation of Methanol Extract The collected differentplant parts were separated from undesirable materials Theywere dried in open air for two weeks The shade dried plantparts were ground into a coarse powder with the help of asuitable grinder (capacitor start motor Wuhu motor factoryChina) The powders of the plant parts were stored in an air-tight container and kept in a cool dark and dry place until theanalysis commenced Powered materials were taken in someclean flat-bottomed glass containers and soaked inmethanolThe containers along with their contents were sealed and keptfor a period of 10 days with occasional shaking or stirringThemixtures then underwent a coarse filtration by cotton andWhatman filter paper (Bibby RE200 Sterilin Ltd UK) Thefiltrates were concentrated under air Different amounts of
concentrate extracts were obtained which were designated ascrude methanol extracts (Table 3) Extraction was concededfollowing the method depicted by Khatun et al [55]
23 Chemicals and Reagents Standard chromogenic rea-gents lead acetate potassium dichromate ferric chloridehydrochloric acid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragen-dorff rsquos reagent Wagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molischreagent Benedictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions usedfor preliminary phytochemical chemical group test wereof reagent grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich CoLLC Missouri United States Vincristine sulfate used as astandard drug in the cytotoxic assay was collected from theTechno Drugs Limited Bangladesh Methanol supplied byLaboratory Patterson Scientific UK was used as solvent formaceration of the plantmaterial Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSOge999 BioReagent formolecular biology Sigma-AldrichIndia) was used to dissolve the extracts
24 Instruments and Equipment Electronic balance (serialnumber 1508 OHAUS Germany) was used for this study
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 4 Cytotoxicity of the fourteen extracts of eleven plants
Test sample Concentration of extract (120583gmL)0 10 20 40 80 160 320 aLC50
Baccaurea ramiflora bark 0 15 30 35 55 70 100 8857Baccaurea ramiflora leaves 0 10 25 45 50 65 80 9676Cnicus arvensis aerial part 0 35 55 75 80 90 100 554Commelina benghalensis aerial part 0 30 45 55 70 90 95 4004Hoya parasitica stem 0 10 30 60 85 90 100 5174Hygrophila spinosa seed 0 45 55 75 85 100 100 293Litsea glutinosa leaves 0 10 10 29 45 62 80 11471Malpighia coccigera 0 25 45 65 75 80 100 3596Melastoma malabathricum leaves 0 10 40 65 70 80 100 5384Melastoma malabathricum stems 0 25 45 50 60 90 100 5271Pseudelephantopus spicatus aerial part 0 35 55 65 75 85 100 1490Thuja occidentalis bark 0 30 40 50 50 60 90 8638Thuja occidentalis leaves 0 15 65 80 90 90 90 1020Viscum orientale aerial part 0 30 45 75 80 90 100 2163Vincristine sulphate 0 55 70 75 75 100 100 204aMedian lethal concentration
Glass-made hatching tank air pump and cover lampto growshrimp were purchased locally Pipettes micropipette testtubes and other glass apparatus used were of laboratorystandard and procured from authorized dealer
25 Test for Different Chemical Groups The preliminaryphytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract wascarried out by using standard chromogenic reagents leadacetate potassium dichromate ferric chloride hydrochloricacid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragendorff rsquos reagentWagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molisch reagent Bene-dictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions were used to detectsteroids alkaloids gums flavonoids saponins tannins andreducing sugars using standard protocol [55] The colourintensity or the precipitate formation was used as analyticalresponses to these qualitative tests 10 (wv) solution ofthe extract in methanol was used for each of the above tests(Table 3)
26 Test for Cytotoxic Activity Brine shrimp lethality bioas-say was performed using the method of Meyer et al [56]Brine shrimp nauplii were obtained by hatching brine shrimp(Artemia salina) eggs (Carolina Biological Supply CompanyBurlington NC USA) in artificial sea-water (38 NaClsolution) for 24 hrs Dissolution of 30mg of each extract wasperformed in 3mL of artificial sea water containing 20DMSO to give concentration of 10120583g120583L From this solution10 20 40 80 160 and 320120583L were transferred to each 10mLvial and using artificial sea-water the volume was adjustedto 10mL by artificial sea water to give concentrations ofcompound of 10 20 40 80 160 and 320 120583gmL respectivelyBrine shrimp nauplii were grown in these solutions andtheir mortality was observed after 24 h The mortalities at 0and 320 120583gmL were excluded to get more accurate resultsexcept standard vincristine sulfate due to its high toxicityTheresulting data were transformed to probit analysis software(LdP Line software USA) developed by Finney [57] for
determination of LC50
values of the extracts Artificial sea-water medium containing DMSO used for the analysis wasemployed as negative control Vincristine sulfate was used asstandard in this assay
3 Results and Discussion
Fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants were evaluatedfor their cytotoxicity Among them four extracts aerial partof Cnicus arvensis Pseudelephantopus spicatus and Viscumorientale Thuja occidentalis leaves and Hygrophila spinosaseeds showed potent cytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 2 to
22120583gmL in comparison with standard vincristine sulfate(LC50
= 204 120583gmL) Other plants also showed quite highcytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 21 to 115 120583gmL (Table 4)
the highest cytotoxicity was found in H spinosa seeds (LC50
= 293 120583gmL) and the lowest in Litsea glutinosa leaves(LC50
= 11471 120583gmL) We evaluated two plants of thefamily Asteraceae (C arvensis and P spicatus) and bothof the plants showed significant cytotoxicity Leaves of Toccidentalis showed significant cytotoxicity where the barkof this plant showed moderate cytotoxicity T occidentalisH spinosa and C arvensis are used ethnomedicinally inthe treatment of cancer In our investigation we found thehighest cytotoxicity of these plants But L glutinosa leavesshowed the lowest cytotoxicity though it is traditionallyused in treatment of tumor On the other hand Malpighiacoccigera is not recognized as traditional medicinal plantbut showed significant cytotoxicity (LC
50= 3596 120583gmL) L
glutinosa andM coccigeramay be tested for their cytotoxicityby other method to evaluate the present result Melastomamalabathricum L glutinosa P spicatus Viscum orientaleand Commelina benghalensis are traditionally reputed aseither antimicrobial agent or poisonous plant Cytotoxicity ofMelastoma malabathricum was evaluated earlier in a processother than this by Alwash et al [13] and anticancer activity ofHoya parasitica is previously reported by Sadhu et al [37]
6 The Scientific World Journal
4 Conclusion
According to Sagar et al [58] a master herbalist can adviseon potential herbal treatments derived from centuries oftraditional observations and advanced traditional medicalsystems such as Ayurveda It will be imperative to developa new model of modern pharmacology based on traditionalpharmacognosy Traditionally used plants in cancer treat-ments proved their efficacy in different pathway like inhibi-tion of angiogenesis and metastasis induction of apoptosisand so forth The plants showing significant cytotoxicity canbe investigated for their bioactive compounds and theirmodeof action Compounds may be isolated from plants showingsignificant cytotoxicity to identify the cytotoxic compoundsand elucidate the possible mode of action using suitable tech-nique Most of the cytotoxic drugs possess serious adverseeffect and their efficacy is unpredictable New cytotoxiccompounds found from these plants may present us a groupof new well-tolerated anticancer and antimicrobial drugs
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the authorities of BangladeshNational Herbarium for identifying the plant and lettingthem use their library They are also grateful to the TechnoDrugs Ltd for supplying standard vincristine sulfate
References
[1] S J Uddin I D Grice and E Tiralongo ldquoCytotoxic effects ofBangladeshi medicinal plant extractsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID 5780927 pages 2011
[2] M LWashart ldquoAnticancer drug development a global perspec-tiverdquo 2014 httpwwwmedscapeorgviewarticle433928
[3] ldquoIntercontinental Marketing Services report First quarterrdquohttparchivethedailystarnetbeta2newsanti-cancer-drug-sales-growing-fast
[4] A Ghani Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh Chemical Con-stituents and Uses Asiatic society of Bangladesh DhakaBangladesh 2nd edition 2003
[5] N AhmedWild Flowers of BangladeshThe University PrintingPress Dhaka Bangladesh 1st edition 2007
[6] N S Uddin Traditional Uses of Ethnomedicinal Plants of theChittagongHill Tracts BangladeshNational HerbariumDhakaBangladesh 2006
[7] A L Sajem and K Gosai ldquoTraditional use of medicinal plantsby the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assamnortheast Indiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinevol 2 article 33 2006
[8] Y Uprety R C Poudel K K Shrestha et al ldquoDiversity of useand local knowledge of wild edible plant resources in NepalrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 8 article 162012
[9] R Y Jorim S KorapeW Legu et al ldquoAn ethnobotanical surveyof medicinal plants used in the eastern highlands of PapuaNew Guineardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol8 article 47 2012
[10] A Junsongduang H Balslev A Inta A Jampeetong andP Wangpakapattanawong ldquoMedicinal plants from swiddenfallows and sacred forest of theKaren and the Lawa inThailandrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 9 no 1 article44 2013
[11] I Nazlina S Norha AW Zarina and I B Ahmad ldquoCytotoxic-ity and antiviral activity ofMelastomamalabathricum extractsrdquoMalaysian Applied Biology vol 37 no 2 pp 53ndash55 2008
[12] M D Choudhury D Nath and A D Talukdar ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of Melastoma malabathricum Lrdquo Assam UniversityJournal of Science and Technology vol 7 no 1 pp 76ndash78 2011
[13] M S A Alwash N Ibrahim W A Yaacob and L B DinldquoAntibacterial antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of tradi-tionally used Melastoma malabathricum linn leavesrdquo AdvanceJournal of Food Science and Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 6ndash122014
[14] Z A Zakaria R N S R Mohd Nor G H Kumar et alldquoAntinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyretic proper-ties of Melastoma malabathricum leaves aqueous extract inexperimental animalsrdquo Canadian Journal of Physiology andPharmacology vol 84 no 12 pp 1291ndash1299 2006
[15] J A J Sunilson K Anandarajagopal A V A G Kumariand S Mohan ldquoAntidiarrhoeal activity of leaves of Melastomamalabathricum linnrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 71 no 6 pp 691ndash695 2009
[16] V Kumar D Ahmed P S Gupta F Anwar and M MujeebldquoAnti-diabetic anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activitiesof Melastoma malabathricum Linn leaves in streptozotocininduced diabetic ratsrdquo BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 13 article 222 2013
[17] S S Mamat M F F Kamarolzaman F Yahya et al ldquoMethanolextract ofMelastoma malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidantand liver protective activity in ratsrdquo BMC Complementary andAlternative Medicine vol 13 article 326 2013
[18] H M Sirat D Susanti F Ahmad H Takayama and MKitajima ldquoAmides triterpene and flavonoids from the leaves ofMelastomamalabathricum Lrdquo Journal of Natural Medicines vol64 no 4 pp 492ndash495 2010
[19] S C Mandal C K Kumar A Majumder R Majumder andB C Maity ldquoAntibacterial activity of Litsea glutinosa barkrdquoFitoterapia vol 71 no 4 pp 439ndash441 2000
[20] A Kar M K Menon and C S Chauhan ldquoEffect of essential oilof Litsea glutinosa (Lour) C B Robins on cardiovascular systemand isolated tissuesrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biology vol8 no 1 pp 61ndash62 1970
[21] M K Menon A Kar and C S Chauhan ldquoSome psychophar-macological actions of the essential oil ofLitsea glutinosa (Lour)CB Robinsrdquo Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacologyvol 14 no 3 pp 185ndash192 1970
[22] N Agrawal D Pareek S DobhalM C Sharma Y C Joshi andM P Dobhal ldquoButanolides from methanolic extract of Litseaglutinosardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 10 no 3 pp 394ndash400 2013
[23] Y-S Wang R Huang H Lu F-Y Li and J-H Yangy ldquoA New21015840-Oxygenated Flavone Glycoside from Litsea glutinosa (Lour)C B Robrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry vol 74no 3 pp 652ndash654 2010
The Scientific World Journal 7
[24] H M T B Herath N S Kumar and K M S WimalasirildquoStructural studies of an arabinoxylan isolated from Litseaglutinosa (Lauraceae)rdquo Carbohydrate Research vol 198 no 2pp 343ndash351 1990
[25] L Seipold G Gerlach and LWessjohann ldquoANew type of floraloil from Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae) and chemicalconsiderations on the evolution of oil flowersrdquo Chemistry andBiodiversity vol 1 no 10 pp 1519ndash1528 2004
[26] W C Evans Trease and Evansrsquo Pharmacognosy CambridgeUniversity Press Cambridge UK 13th edition 1994
[27] C F Baker ldquoA revision of the Elephanthopeaerdquo Transactions ofthe Academy of Science of St Louis vol 12 no 5 p 55 1902
[28] G Odonne G Herbette V Eparvier et al ldquoAntileishmanialsesquiterpene lactones from Pseudelephantopus spicatus a tra-ditional remedy from the Chayahuita Amerindians (Peru) PartIIIrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 875ndash8792011
[29] S B Uddin ldquoMedicinal plants of Bangladeshrdquo 2014 httpwwwmpbdinfoplantsviscum-orientalephp
[30] G M Schneeweiss ldquoCorrelated evolution of life history andhost range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plantsOrobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae)rdquo Journal of Evo-lutionary Biology vol 20 no 2 pp 471ndash478 2007
[31] S Satish M P Raghavendra and K A Raveesha ldquoEvaluationof the antibacterial potential of some plants against humanpathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Biological Research vol 2 no3-4 pp 44ndash48 2008
[32] Y M Lee Y S Kim Y Lee et al ldquoInhibitory activities of pan-creatic lipase and phosphodiesterase from Korean medicinalplant extractsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 26 no 5 pp 778ndash782 2012
[33] R Park M-S Kim H-S So et al ldquoActivation of c-JunN-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in mistletoe lectin II-inducedapoptosis of human myeloleukemic U937 cellsrdquo BiochemicalPharmacology vol 60 no 11 pp 1685ndash1691 2000
[34] B Naser C Bodinet M Tegtmeier and U Lindequist ldquoThujaoccidentalis (Arbor vitae) a review of its pharmaceuticalpharmacological and clinical propertiesrdquo Evidence-based Com-plementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 69ndash782005
[35] B Kumar R Rani S Das and S Das ldquoPhytoconstituents andtherapeutic potential ofThuja occidentalisrdquo Research Journal ofPharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences vol 3 no 2pp 354ndash362 2012
[36] F Ahmed M S H Reza I Z Shahid A Khatun K K Islamand M R Ali ldquoAntibacterial and antinociceptive activities ofHoya parasiticardquo Hamdard Medicus vol 51 no 3 pp 22ndash262008
[37] S K Sadhu A Khatun T Ohtsuki and M Ishibashi ldquoCon-stituents from Hoya parasitica and their cell growth inhibitoryactivityrdquo Planta Medica vol 74 no 7 pp 760ndash763 2008
[38] S Mukherjee P K Dutta M Chakrabarty A K Barua S Danand S S Dan ldquoTriterpenes fromHoya parasiticardquo Journal of theIndian Chemical Society vol 63 no 8 pp 782ndash783 1986
[39] J D Hooker The Flora of British India vol 4 L Reeve amp CoAshford UK 1961
[40] M A A Khan M T Islam M A Rahman and Q AhsanldquoAntibacterial activity of different fractions of Commelina beng-halensis LrdquoDer Pharmacia Sinica Pelagia Research Library vol2 no 2 pp 320ndash326 2011
[41] S M R Hasan M M Hossain R Akter M Jamila M E HMazumder and S Rahman ldquoSedative and anxiolytic effects of
different fractions of the Commelina benghalensis Linnrdquo DrugDiscoveries ampTherapeutics vol 3 no 5 pp 221ndash227 2009
[42] V G Mbazima M P Mokgotho F February D J G Rees andL J Mampuru ldquoAlteration of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio modulates theanticancer activity of methanolic extract of Commelina beng-halensis (Commelinaceae) in Jurkat T cellsrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 7 no 20 pp 3569ndash3576 2008
[43] D Brandis Indian Trees An Account of Trees Shrubs WoodyClimbers Bamboos and Palms Indigenous or Commonly Cul-tivated in the British Indian Empire Overseas Book DeportDehra Dun India 1906
[44] M Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal ldquoUnderutilized edible plantsof the Sikkim Himalaya need for domesticationrdquo CurrentScience vol 85 no 6 pp 731ndash736 2003
[45] A K Goyal T Mishra and A Sen ldquoAntioxidant profiling ofLatkan (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour) winerdquo Indian Journal ofBiotechnology vol 12 no 1 pp 137ndash139 2013
[46] X-W Yang H-P He Y-L Ma et al ldquoThree new vanilloidderivatives from the stems of baccaurea ramiflorardquo PlantaMedica vol 76 no 1 pp 88ndash90 2010
[47] A Gomes M Das and S C Dasgupta ldquoHaematinic effectof Hygrophila spinosa T Anderson on experimental rodentsrdquoIndian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 39 no 4 pp 381ndash382 2001
[48] U K Mazumdar M Gupta S Maiti and D MukherjeeldquoAntitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced micerdquo Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology vol 35 no 5 pp 473ndash477 1997
[49] G S Kumari and G Y Iyer ldquoPreliminary studies on the diureticeffects ofHygrophila spinosa and Tribulus terrestrisrdquoThe Indianjournal of medical research vol 55 no 7 pp 714ndash716 1967
[50] S G Joshi Medicinal Plants Oxford amp IBH publishing NewDelhi India 2000
[51] S L Kapoor and R Mitra Herbal Drugs in Indian Phar-maceuticals Echonomic Botany Information Service NationalBotanical Research Institute Lucknow India 1979
[52] M H Kabir N Hasan M M Rahman et al ldquoA survey ofmedicinal plants used by theDeb barma clan of theTripura tribeof Moulvibazar district Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 19 2014
[53] G U Stuar ldquoHerbal medicinemdashan illustrated compilationof Philippine medicinal plantsrdquo httpstuartxchangecomBogtohtml
[54] S Nayak S K Behera and M K Misra ldquoEthno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissardquo Indian Jour ofTraditional Knowledge vol 3 no 1 pp 72ndash79 2004
[55] A KhatunM Rahman and S Jahan ldquoPreliminary phytochem-ical and pharmacological screening of Murraya exotica Linnleaves extractrdquo Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicinevol 14 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2014
[56] B N Meyer N R Ferrigni J E Putnam L B Jacobsen DE Nichols and J L McLaughlin ldquoBrine shrimp a convenientgeneral bioassay for active plant constituentsrdquo Planta Medicavol 45 no 5 pp 31ndash34 1982
[57] D J Finney Probit Analysis Cambridge University PressCambridge UK 3rd edition 1971
[58] SM Sagar D Yance and R KWong ldquoNatural health productsthat inhibit angiogenesis a potential source for investigationalnew agents to treat cancermdashpart 1rdquo Current Oncology vol 13no 1 pp 14ndash26 2006
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Volume 2014
ToxinsJournal of
VaccinesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AntibioticsInternational Journal of
ToxicologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Drug DeliveryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Tropical MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AddictionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Autoimmune Diseases
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anesthesiology Research and Practice
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Pharmaceutics
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
The Scientific World Journal 5
Table 4 Cytotoxicity of the fourteen extracts of eleven plants
Test sample Concentration of extract (120583gmL)0 10 20 40 80 160 320 aLC50
Baccaurea ramiflora bark 0 15 30 35 55 70 100 8857Baccaurea ramiflora leaves 0 10 25 45 50 65 80 9676Cnicus arvensis aerial part 0 35 55 75 80 90 100 554Commelina benghalensis aerial part 0 30 45 55 70 90 95 4004Hoya parasitica stem 0 10 30 60 85 90 100 5174Hygrophila spinosa seed 0 45 55 75 85 100 100 293Litsea glutinosa leaves 0 10 10 29 45 62 80 11471Malpighia coccigera 0 25 45 65 75 80 100 3596Melastoma malabathricum leaves 0 10 40 65 70 80 100 5384Melastoma malabathricum stems 0 25 45 50 60 90 100 5271Pseudelephantopus spicatus aerial part 0 35 55 65 75 85 100 1490Thuja occidentalis bark 0 30 40 50 50 60 90 8638Thuja occidentalis leaves 0 15 65 80 90 90 90 1020Viscum orientale aerial part 0 30 45 75 80 90 100 2163Vincristine sulphate 0 55 70 75 75 100 100 204aMedian lethal concentration
Glass-made hatching tank air pump and cover lampto growshrimp were purchased locally Pipettes micropipette testtubes and other glass apparatus used were of laboratorystandard and procured from authorized dealer
25 Test for Different Chemical Groups The preliminaryphytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract wascarried out by using standard chromogenic reagents leadacetate potassium dichromate ferric chloride hydrochloricacid sulfuric acid Mayerrsquos reagent Dragendorff rsquos reagentWagnerrsquos reagent Hagerrsquos reagent Molisch reagent Bene-dictrsquos reagent and Fehlingrsquos solutions were used to detectsteroids alkaloids gums flavonoids saponins tannins andreducing sugars using standard protocol [55] The colourintensity or the precipitate formation was used as analyticalresponses to these qualitative tests 10 (wv) solution ofthe extract in methanol was used for each of the above tests(Table 3)
26 Test for Cytotoxic Activity Brine shrimp lethality bioas-say was performed using the method of Meyer et al [56]Brine shrimp nauplii were obtained by hatching brine shrimp(Artemia salina) eggs (Carolina Biological Supply CompanyBurlington NC USA) in artificial sea-water (38 NaClsolution) for 24 hrs Dissolution of 30mg of each extract wasperformed in 3mL of artificial sea water containing 20DMSO to give concentration of 10120583g120583L From this solution10 20 40 80 160 and 320120583L were transferred to each 10mLvial and using artificial sea-water the volume was adjustedto 10mL by artificial sea water to give concentrations ofcompound of 10 20 40 80 160 and 320 120583gmL respectivelyBrine shrimp nauplii were grown in these solutions andtheir mortality was observed after 24 h The mortalities at 0and 320 120583gmL were excluded to get more accurate resultsexcept standard vincristine sulfate due to its high toxicityTheresulting data were transformed to probit analysis software(LdP Line software USA) developed by Finney [57] for
determination of LC50
values of the extracts Artificial sea-water medium containing DMSO used for the analysis wasemployed as negative control Vincristine sulfate was used asstandard in this assay
3 Results and Discussion
Fourteen extracts of eleven medicinal plants were evaluatedfor their cytotoxicity Among them four extracts aerial partof Cnicus arvensis Pseudelephantopus spicatus and Viscumorientale Thuja occidentalis leaves and Hygrophila spinosaseeds showed potent cytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 2 to
22120583gmL in comparison with standard vincristine sulfate(LC50
= 204 120583gmL) Other plants also showed quite highcytotoxicity LC
50ranging from 21 to 115 120583gmL (Table 4)
the highest cytotoxicity was found in H spinosa seeds (LC50
= 293 120583gmL) and the lowest in Litsea glutinosa leaves(LC50
= 11471 120583gmL) We evaluated two plants of thefamily Asteraceae (C arvensis and P spicatus) and bothof the plants showed significant cytotoxicity Leaves of Toccidentalis showed significant cytotoxicity where the barkof this plant showed moderate cytotoxicity T occidentalisH spinosa and C arvensis are used ethnomedicinally inthe treatment of cancer In our investigation we found thehighest cytotoxicity of these plants But L glutinosa leavesshowed the lowest cytotoxicity though it is traditionallyused in treatment of tumor On the other hand Malpighiacoccigera is not recognized as traditional medicinal plantbut showed significant cytotoxicity (LC
50= 3596 120583gmL) L
glutinosa andM coccigeramay be tested for their cytotoxicityby other method to evaluate the present result Melastomamalabathricum L glutinosa P spicatus Viscum orientaleand Commelina benghalensis are traditionally reputed aseither antimicrobial agent or poisonous plant Cytotoxicity ofMelastoma malabathricum was evaluated earlier in a processother than this by Alwash et al [13] and anticancer activity ofHoya parasitica is previously reported by Sadhu et al [37]
6 The Scientific World Journal
4 Conclusion
According to Sagar et al [58] a master herbalist can adviseon potential herbal treatments derived from centuries oftraditional observations and advanced traditional medicalsystems such as Ayurveda It will be imperative to developa new model of modern pharmacology based on traditionalpharmacognosy Traditionally used plants in cancer treat-ments proved their efficacy in different pathway like inhibi-tion of angiogenesis and metastasis induction of apoptosisand so forth The plants showing significant cytotoxicity canbe investigated for their bioactive compounds and theirmodeof action Compounds may be isolated from plants showingsignificant cytotoxicity to identify the cytotoxic compoundsand elucidate the possible mode of action using suitable tech-nique Most of the cytotoxic drugs possess serious adverseeffect and their efficacy is unpredictable New cytotoxiccompounds found from these plants may present us a groupof new well-tolerated anticancer and antimicrobial drugs
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the authorities of BangladeshNational Herbarium for identifying the plant and lettingthem use their library They are also grateful to the TechnoDrugs Ltd for supplying standard vincristine sulfate
References
[1] S J Uddin I D Grice and E Tiralongo ldquoCytotoxic effects ofBangladeshi medicinal plant extractsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID 5780927 pages 2011
[2] M LWashart ldquoAnticancer drug development a global perspec-tiverdquo 2014 httpwwwmedscapeorgviewarticle433928
[3] ldquoIntercontinental Marketing Services report First quarterrdquohttparchivethedailystarnetbeta2newsanti-cancer-drug-sales-growing-fast
[4] A Ghani Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh Chemical Con-stituents and Uses Asiatic society of Bangladesh DhakaBangladesh 2nd edition 2003
[5] N AhmedWild Flowers of BangladeshThe University PrintingPress Dhaka Bangladesh 1st edition 2007
[6] N S Uddin Traditional Uses of Ethnomedicinal Plants of theChittagongHill Tracts BangladeshNational HerbariumDhakaBangladesh 2006
[7] A L Sajem and K Gosai ldquoTraditional use of medicinal plantsby the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assamnortheast Indiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinevol 2 article 33 2006
[8] Y Uprety R C Poudel K K Shrestha et al ldquoDiversity of useand local knowledge of wild edible plant resources in NepalrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 8 article 162012
[9] R Y Jorim S KorapeW Legu et al ldquoAn ethnobotanical surveyof medicinal plants used in the eastern highlands of PapuaNew Guineardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol8 article 47 2012
[10] A Junsongduang H Balslev A Inta A Jampeetong andP Wangpakapattanawong ldquoMedicinal plants from swiddenfallows and sacred forest of theKaren and the Lawa inThailandrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 9 no 1 article44 2013
[11] I Nazlina S Norha AW Zarina and I B Ahmad ldquoCytotoxic-ity and antiviral activity ofMelastomamalabathricum extractsrdquoMalaysian Applied Biology vol 37 no 2 pp 53ndash55 2008
[12] M D Choudhury D Nath and A D Talukdar ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of Melastoma malabathricum Lrdquo Assam UniversityJournal of Science and Technology vol 7 no 1 pp 76ndash78 2011
[13] M S A Alwash N Ibrahim W A Yaacob and L B DinldquoAntibacterial antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of tradi-tionally used Melastoma malabathricum linn leavesrdquo AdvanceJournal of Food Science and Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 6ndash122014
[14] Z A Zakaria R N S R Mohd Nor G H Kumar et alldquoAntinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyretic proper-ties of Melastoma malabathricum leaves aqueous extract inexperimental animalsrdquo Canadian Journal of Physiology andPharmacology vol 84 no 12 pp 1291ndash1299 2006
[15] J A J Sunilson K Anandarajagopal A V A G Kumariand S Mohan ldquoAntidiarrhoeal activity of leaves of Melastomamalabathricum linnrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 71 no 6 pp 691ndash695 2009
[16] V Kumar D Ahmed P S Gupta F Anwar and M MujeebldquoAnti-diabetic anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activitiesof Melastoma malabathricum Linn leaves in streptozotocininduced diabetic ratsrdquo BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 13 article 222 2013
[17] S S Mamat M F F Kamarolzaman F Yahya et al ldquoMethanolextract ofMelastoma malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidantand liver protective activity in ratsrdquo BMC Complementary andAlternative Medicine vol 13 article 326 2013
[18] H M Sirat D Susanti F Ahmad H Takayama and MKitajima ldquoAmides triterpene and flavonoids from the leaves ofMelastomamalabathricum Lrdquo Journal of Natural Medicines vol64 no 4 pp 492ndash495 2010
[19] S C Mandal C K Kumar A Majumder R Majumder andB C Maity ldquoAntibacterial activity of Litsea glutinosa barkrdquoFitoterapia vol 71 no 4 pp 439ndash441 2000
[20] A Kar M K Menon and C S Chauhan ldquoEffect of essential oilof Litsea glutinosa (Lour) C B Robins on cardiovascular systemand isolated tissuesrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biology vol8 no 1 pp 61ndash62 1970
[21] M K Menon A Kar and C S Chauhan ldquoSome psychophar-macological actions of the essential oil ofLitsea glutinosa (Lour)CB Robinsrdquo Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacologyvol 14 no 3 pp 185ndash192 1970
[22] N Agrawal D Pareek S DobhalM C Sharma Y C Joshi andM P Dobhal ldquoButanolides from methanolic extract of Litseaglutinosardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 10 no 3 pp 394ndash400 2013
[23] Y-S Wang R Huang H Lu F-Y Li and J-H Yangy ldquoA New21015840-Oxygenated Flavone Glycoside from Litsea glutinosa (Lour)C B Robrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry vol 74no 3 pp 652ndash654 2010
The Scientific World Journal 7
[24] H M T B Herath N S Kumar and K M S WimalasirildquoStructural studies of an arabinoxylan isolated from Litseaglutinosa (Lauraceae)rdquo Carbohydrate Research vol 198 no 2pp 343ndash351 1990
[25] L Seipold G Gerlach and LWessjohann ldquoANew type of floraloil from Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae) and chemicalconsiderations on the evolution of oil flowersrdquo Chemistry andBiodiversity vol 1 no 10 pp 1519ndash1528 2004
[26] W C Evans Trease and Evansrsquo Pharmacognosy CambridgeUniversity Press Cambridge UK 13th edition 1994
[27] C F Baker ldquoA revision of the Elephanthopeaerdquo Transactions ofthe Academy of Science of St Louis vol 12 no 5 p 55 1902
[28] G Odonne G Herbette V Eparvier et al ldquoAntileishmanialsesquiterpene lactones from Pseudelephantopus spicatus a tra-ditional remedy from the Chayahuita Amerindians (Peru) PartIIIrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 875ndash8792011
[29] S B Uddin ldquoMedicinal plants of Bangladeshrdquo 2014 httpwwwmpbdinfoplantsviscum-orientalephp
[30] G M Schneeweiss ldquoCorrelated evolution of life history andhost range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plantsOrobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae)rdquo Journal of Evo-lutionary Biology vol 20 no 2 pp 471ndash478 2007
[31] S Satish M P Raghavendra and K A Raveesha ldquoEvaluationof the antibacterial potential of some plants against humanpathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Biological Research vol 2 no3-4 pp 44ndash48 2008
[32] Y M Lee Y S Kim Y Lee et al ldquoInhibitory activities of pan-creatic lipase and phosphodiesterase from Korean medicinalplant extractsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 26 no 5 pp 778ndash782 2012
[33] R Park M-S Kim H-S So et al ldquoActivation of c-JunN-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in mistletoe lectin II-inducedapoptosis of human myeloleukemic U937 cellsrdquo BiochemicalPharmacology vol 60 no 11 pp 1685ndash1691 2000
[34] B Naser C Bodinet M Tegtmeier and U Lindequist ldquoThujaoccidentalis (Arbor vitae) a review of its pharmaceuticalpharmacological and clinical propertiesrdquo Evidence-based Com-plementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 69ndash782005
[35] B Kumar R Rani S Das and S Das ldquoPhytoconstituents andtherapeutic potential ofThuja occidentalisrdquo Research Journal ofPharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences vol 3 no 2pp 354ndash362 2012
[36] F Ahmed M S H Reza I Z Shahid A Khatun K K Islamand M R Ali ldquoAntibacterial and antinociceptive activities ofHoya parasiticardquo Hamdard Medicus vol 51 no 3 pp 22ndash262008
[37] S K Sadhu A Khatun T Ohtsuki and M Ishibashi ldquoCon-stituents from Hoya parasitica and their cell growth inhibitoryactivityrdquo Planta Medica vol 74 no 7 pp 760ndash763 2008
[38] S Mukherjee P K Dutta M Chakrabarty A K Barua S Danand S S Dan ldquoTriterpenes fromHoya parasiticardquo Journal of theIndian Chemical Society vol 63 no 8 pp 782ndash783 1986
[39] J D Hooker The Flora of British India vol 4 L Reeve amp CoAshford UK 1961
[40] M A A Khan M T Islam M A Rahman and Q AhsanldquoAntibacterial activity of different fractions of Commelina beng-halensis LrdquoDer Pharmacia Sinica Pelagia Research Library vol2 no 2 pp 320ndash326 2011
[41] S M R Hasan M M Hossain R Akter M Jamila M E HMazumder and S Rahman ldquoSedative and anxiolytic effects of
different fractions of the Commelina benghalensis Linnrdquo DrugDiscoveries ampTherapeutics vol 3 no 5 pp 221ndash227 2009
[42] V G Mbazima M P Mokgotho F February D J G Rees andL J Mampuru ldquoAlteration of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio modulates theanticancer activity of methanolic extract of Commelina beng-halensis (Commelinaceae) in Jurkat T cellsrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 7 no 20 pp 3569ndash3576 2008
[43] D Brandis Indian Trees An Account of Trees Shrubs WoodyClimbers Bamboos and Palms Indigenous or Commonly Cul-tivated in the British Indian Empire Overseas Book DeportDehra Dun India 1906
[44] M Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal ldquoUnderutilized edible plantsof the Sikkim Himalaya need for domesticationrdquo CurrentScience vol 85 no 6 pp 731ndash736 2003
[45] A K Goyal T Mishra and A Sen ldquoAntioxidant profiling ofLatkan (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour) winerdquo Indian Journal ofBiotechnology vol 12 no 1 pp 137ndash139 2013
[46] X-W Yang H-P He Y-L Ma et al ldquoThree new vanilloidderivatives from the stems of baccaurea ramiflorardquo PlantaMedica vol 76 no 1 pp 88ndash90 2010
[47] A Gomes M Das and S C Dasgupta ldquoHaematinic effectof Hygrophila spinosa T Anderson on experimental rodentsrdquoIndian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 39 no 4 pp 381ndash382 2001
[48] U K Mazumdar M Gupta S Maiti and D MukherjeeldquoAntitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced micerdquo Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology vol 35 no 5 pp 473ndash477 1997
[49] G S Kumari and G Y Iyer ldquoPreliminary studies on the diureticeffects ofHygrophila spinosa and Tribulus terrestrisrdquoThe Indianjournal of medical research vol 55 no 7 pp 714ndash716 1967
[50] S G Joshi Medicinal Plants Oxford amp IBH publishing NewDelhi India 2000
[51] S L Kapoor and R Mitra Herbal Drugs in Indian Phar-maceuticals Echonomic Botany Information Service NationalBotanical Research Institute Lucknow India 1979
[52] M H Kabir N Hasan M M Rahman et al ldquoA survey ofmedicinal plants used by theDeb barma clan of theTripura tribeof Moulvibazar district Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 19 2014
[53] G U Stuar ldquoHerbal medicinemdashan illustrated compilationof Philippine medicinal plantsrdquo httpstuartxchangecomBogtohtml
[54] S Nayak S K Behera and M K Misra ldquoEthno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissardquo Indian Jour ofTraditional Knowledge vol 3 no 1 pp 72ndash79 2004
[55] A KhatunM Rahman and S Jahan ldquoPreliminary phytochem-ical and pharmacological screening of Murraya exotica Linnleaves extractrdquo Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicinevol 14 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2014
[56] B N Meyer N R Ferrigni J E Putnam L B Jacobsen DE Nichols and J L McLaughlin ldquoBrine shrimp a convenientgeneral bioassay for active plant constituentsrdquo Planta Medicavol 45 no 5 pp 31ndash34 1982
[57] D J Finney Probit Analysis Cambridge University PressCambridge UK 3rd edition 1971
[58] SM Sagar D Yance and R KWong ldquoNatural health productsthat inhibit angiogenesis a potential source for investigationalnew agents to treat cancermdashpart 1rdquo Current Oncology vol 13no 1 pp 14ndash26 2006
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Volume 2014
ToxinsJournal of
VaccinesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AntibioticsInternational Journal of
ToxicologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Drug DeliveryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Tropical MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AddictionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Autoimmune Diseases
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anesthesiology Research and Practice
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Pharmaceutics
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
6 The Scientific World Journal
4 Conclusion
According to Sagar et al [58] a master herbalist can adviseon potential herbal treatments derived from centuries oftraditional observations and advanced traditional medicalsystems such as Ayurveda It will be imperative to developa new model of modern pharmacology based on traditionalpharmacognosy Traditionally used plants in cancer treat-ments proved their efficacy in different pathway like inhibi-tion of angiogenesis and metastasis induction of apoptosisand so forth The plants showing significant cytotoxicity canbe investigated for their bioactive compounds and theirmodeof action Compounds may be isolated from plants showingsignificant cytotoxicity to identify the cytotoxic compoundsand elucidate the possible mode of action using suitable tech-nique Most of the cytotoxic drugs possess serious adverseeffect and their efficacy is unpredictable New cytotoxiccompounds found from these plants may present us a groupof new well-tolerated anticancer and antimicrobial drugs
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the authorities of BangladeshNational Herbarium for identifying the plant and lettingthem use their library They are also grateful to the TechnoDrugs Ltd for supplying standard vincristine sulfate
References
[1] S J Uddin I D Grice and E Tiralongo ldquoCytotoxic effects ofBangladeshi medicinal plant extractsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID 5780927 pages 2011
[2] M LWashart ldquoAnticancer drug development a global perspec-tiverdquo 2014 httpwwwmedscapeorgviewarticle433928
[3] ldquoIntercontinental Marketing Services report First quarterrdquohttparchivethedailystarnetbeta2newsanti-cancer-drug-sales-growing-fast
[4] A Ghani Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh Chemical Con-stituents and Uses Asiatic society of Bangladesh DhakaBangladesh 2nd edition 2003
[5] N AhmedWild Flowers of BangladeshThe University PrintingPress Dhaka Bangladesh 1st edition 2007
[6] N S Uddin Traditional Uses of Ethnomedicinal Plants of theChittagongHill Tracts BangladeshNational HerbariumDhakaBangladesh 2006
[7] A L Sajem and K Gosai ldquoTraditional use of medicinal plantsby the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assamnortheast Indiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinevol 2 article 33 2006
[8] Y Uprety R C Poudel K K Shrestha et al ldquoDiversity of useand local knowledge of wild edible plant resources in NepalrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 8 article 162012
[9] R Y Jorim S KorapeW Legu et al ldquoAn ethnobotanical surveyof medicinal plants used in the eastern highlands of PapuaNew Guineardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol8 article 47 2012
[10] A Junsongduang H Balslev A Inta A Jampeetong andP Wangpakapattanawong ldquoMedicinal plants from swiddenfallows and sacred forest of theKaren and the Lawa inThailandrdquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 9 no 1 article44 2013
[11] I Nazlina S Norha AW Zarina and I B Ahmad ldquoCytotoxic-ity and antiviral activity ofMelastomamalabathricum extractsrdquoMalaysian Applied Biology vol 37 no 2 pp 53ndash55 2008
[12] M D Choudhury D Nath and A D Talukdar ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of Melastoma malabathricum Lrdquo Assam UniversityJournal of Science and Technology vol 7 no 1 pp 76ndash78 2011
[13] M S A Alwash N Ibrahim W A Yaacob and L B DinldquoAntibacterial antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of tradi-tionally used Melastoma malabathricum linn leavesrdquo AdvanceJournal of Food Science and Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 6ndash122014
[14] Z A Zakaria R N S R Mohd Nor G H Kumar et alldquoAntinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyretic proper-ties of Melastoma malabathricum leaves aqueous extract inexperimental animalsrdquo Canadian Journal of Physiology andPharmacology vol 84 no 12 pp 1291ndash1299 2006
[15] J A J Sunilson K Anandarajagopal A V A G Kumariand S Mohan ldquoAntidiarrhoeal activity of leaves of Melastomamalabathricum linnrdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 71 no 6 pp 691ndash695 2009
[16] V Kumar D Ahmed P S Gupta F Anwar and M MujeebldquoAnti-diabetic anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activitiesof Melastoma malabathricum Linn leaves in streptozotocininduced diabetic ratsrdquo BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 13 article 222 2013
[17] S S Mamat M F F Kamarolzaman F Yahya et al ldquoMethanolextract ofMelastoma malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidantand liver protective activity in ratsrdquo BMC Complementary andAlternative Medicine vol 13 article 326 2013
[18] H M Sirat D Susanti F Ahmad H Takayama and MKitajima ldquoAmides triterpene and flavonoids from the leaves ofMelastomamalabathricum Lrdquo Journal of Natural Medicines vol64 no 4 pp 492ndash495 2010
[19] S C Mandal C K Kumar A Majumder R Majumder andB C Maity ldquoAntibacterial activity of Litsea glutinosa barkrdquoFitoterapia vol 71 no 4 pp 439ndash441 2000
[20] A Kar M K Menon and C S Chauhan ldquoEffect of essential oilof Litsea glutinosa (Lour) C B Robins on cardiovascular systemand isolated tissuesrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biology vol8 no 1 pp 61ndash62 1970
[21] M K Menon A Kar and C S Chauhan ldquoSome psychophar-macological actions of the essential oil ofLitsea glutinosa (Lour)CB Robinsrdquo Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacologyvol 14 no 3 pp 185ndash192 1970
[22] N Agrawal D Pareek S DobhalM C Sharma Y C Joshi andM P Dobhal ldquoButanolides from methanolic extract of Litseaglutinosardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 10 no 3 pp 394ndash400 2013
[23] Y-S Wang R Huang H Lu F-Y Li and J-H Yangy ldquoA New21015840-Oxygenated Flavone Glycoside from Litsea glutinosa (Lour)C B Robrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry vol 74no 3 pp 652ndash654 2010
The Scientific World Journal 7
[24] H M T B Herath N S Kumar and K M S WimalasirildquoStructural studies of an arabinoxylan isolated from Litseaglutinosa (Lauraceae)rdquo Carbohydrate Research vol 198 no 2pp 343ndash351 1990
[25] L Seipold G Gerlach and LWessjohann ldquoANew type of floraloil from Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae) and chemicalconsiderations on the evolution of oil flowersrdquo Chemistry andBiodiversity vol 1 no 10 pp 1519ndash1528 2004
[26] W C Evans Trease and Evansrsquo Pharmacognosy CambridgeUniversity Press Cambridge UK 13th edition 1994
[27] C F Baker ldquoA revision of the Elephanthopeaerdquo Transactions ofthe Academy of Science of St Louis vol 12 no 5 p 55 1902
[28] G Odonne G Herbette V Eparvier et al ldquoAntileishmanialsesquiterpene lactones from Pseudelephantopus spicatus a tra-ditional remedy from the Chayahuita Amerindians (Peru) PartIIIrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 875ndash8792011
[29] S B Uddin ldquoMedicinal plants of Bangladeshrdquo 2014 httpwwwmpbdinfoplantsviscum-orientalephp
[30] G M Schneeweiss ldquoCorrelated evolution of life history andhost range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plantsOrobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae)rdquo Journal of Evo-lutionary Biology vol 20 no 2 pp 471ndash478 2007
[31] S Satish M P Raghavendra and K A Raveesha ldquoEvaluationof the antibacterial potential of some plants against humanpathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Biological Research vol 2 no3-4 pp 44ndash48 2008
[32] Y M Lee Y S Kim Y Lee et al ldquoInhibitory activities of pan-creatic lipase and phosphodiesterase from Korean medicinalplant extractsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 26 no 5 pp 778ndash782 2012
[33] R Park M-S Kim H-S So et al ldquoActivation of c-JunN-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in mistletoe lectin II-inducedapoptosis of human myeloleukemic U937 cellsrdquo BiochemicalPharmacology vol 60 no 11 pp 1685ndash1691 2000
[34] B Naser C Bodinet M Tegtmeier and U Lindequist ldquoThujaoccidentalis (Arbor vitae) a review of its pharmaceuticalpharmacological and clinical propertiesrdquo Evidence-based Com-plementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 69ndash782005
[35] B Kumar R Rani S Das and S Das ldquoPhytoconstituents andtherapeutic potential ofThuja occidentalisrdquo Research Journal ofPharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences vol 3 no 2pp 354ndash362 2012
[36] F Ahmed M S H Reza I Z Shahid A Khatun K K Islamand M R Ali ldquoAntibacterial and antinociceptive activities ofHoya parasiticardquo Hamdard Medicus vol 51 no 3 pp 22ndash262008
[37] S K Sadhu A Khatun T Ohtsuki and M Ishibashi ldquoCon-stituents from Hoya parasitica and their cell growth inhibitoryactivityrdquo Planta Medica vol 74 no 7 pp 760ndash763 2008
[38] S Mukherjee P K Dutta M Chakrabarty A K Barua S Danand S S Dan ldquoTriterpenes fromHoya parasiticardquo Journal of theIndian Chemical Society vol 63 no 8 pp 782ndash783 1986
[39] J D Hooker The Flora of British India vol 4 L Reeve amp CoAshford UK 1961
[40] M A A Khan M T Islam M A Rahman and Q AhsanldquoAntibacterial activity of different fractions of Commelina beng-halensis LrdquoDer Pharmacia Sinica Pelagia Research Library vol2 no 2 pp 320ndash326 2011
[41] S M R Hasan M M Hossain R Akter M Jamila M E HMazumder and S Rahman ldquoSedative and anxiolytic effects of
different fractions of the Commelina benghalensis Linnrdquo DrugDiscoveries ampTherapeutics vol 3 no 5 pp 221ndash227 2009
[42] V G Mbazima M P Mokgotho F February D J G Rees andL J Mampuru ldquoAlteration of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio modulates theanticancer activity of methanolic extract of Commelina beng-halensis (Commelinaceae) in Jurkat T cellsrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 7 no 20 pp 3569ndash3576 2008
[43] D Brandis Indian Trees An Account of Trees Shrubs WoodyClimbers Bamboos and Palms Indigenous or Commonly Cul-tivated in the British Indian Empire Overseas Book DeportDehra Dun India 1906
[44] M Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal ldquoUnderutilized edible plantsof the Sikkim Himalaya need for domesticationrdquo CurrentScience vol 85 no 6 pp 731ndash736 2003
[45] A K Goyal T Mishra and A Sen ldquoAntioxidant profiling ofLatkan (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour) winerdquo Indian Journal ofBiotechnology vol 12 no 1 pp 137ndash139 2013
[46] X-W Yang H-P He Y-L Ma et al ldquoThree new vanilloidderivatives from the stems of baccaurea ramiflorardquo PlantaMedica vol 76 no 1 pp 88ndash90 2010
[47] A Gomes M Das and S C Dasgupta ldquoHaematinic effectof Hygrophila spinosa T Anderson on experimental rodentsrdquoIndian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 39 no 4 pp 381ndash382 2001
[48] U K Mazumdar M Gupta S Maiti and D MukherjeeldquoAntitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced micerdquo Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology vol 35 no 5 pp 473ndash477 1997
[49] G S Kumari and G Y Iyer ldquoPreliminary studies on the diureticeffects ofHygrophila spinosa and Tribulus terrestrisrdquoThe Indianjournal of medical research vol 55 no 7 pp 714ndash716 1967
[50] S G Joshi Medicinal Plants Oxford amp IBH publishing NewDelhi India 2000
[51] S L Kapoor and R Mitra Herbal Drugs in Indian Phar-maceuticals Echonomic Botany Information Service NationalBotanical Research Institute Lucknow India 1979
[52] M H Kabir N Hasan M M Rahman et al ldquoA survey ofmedicinal plants used by theDeb barma clan of theTripura tribeof Moulvibazar district Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 19 2014
[53] G U Stuar ldquoHerbal medicinemdashan illustrated compilationof Philippine medicinal plantsrdquo httpstuartxchangecomBogtohtml
[54] S Nayak S K Behera and M K Misra ldquoEthno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissardquo Indian Jour ofTraditional Knowledge vol 3 no 1 pp 72ndash79 2004
[55] A KhatunM Rahman and S Jahan ldquoPreliminary phytochem-ical and pharmacological screening of Murraya exotica Linnleaves extractrdquo Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicinevol 14 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2014
[56] B N Meyer N R Ferrigni J E Putnam L B Jacobsen DE Nichols and J L McLaughlin ldquoBrine shrimp a convenientgeneral bioassay for active plant constituentsrdquo Planta Medicavol 45 no 5 pp 31ndash34 1982
[57] D J Finney Probit Analysis Cambridge University PressCambridge UK 3rd edition 1971
[58] SM Sagar D Yance and R KWong ldquoNatural health productsthat inhibit angiogenesis a potential source for investigationalnew agents to treat cancermdashpart 1rdquo Current Oncology vol 13no 1 pp 14ndash26 2006
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Volume 2014
ToxinsJournal of
VaccinesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AntibioticsInternational Journal of
ToxicologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Drug DeliveryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Tropical MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AddictionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Autoimmune Diseases
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anesthesiology Research and Practice
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Pharmaceutics
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
The Scientific World Journal 7
[24] H M T B Herath N S Kumar and K M S WimalasirildquoStructural studies of an arabinoxylan isolated from Litseaglutinosa (Lauraceae)rdquo Carbohydrate Research vol 198 no 2pp 343ndash351 1990
[25] L Seipold G Gerlach and LWessjohann ldquoANew type of floraloil from Malpighia coccigera (Malpighiaceae) and chemicalconsiderations on the evolution of oil flowersrdquo Chemistry andBiodiversity vol 1 no 10 pp 1519ndash1528 2004
[26] W C Evans Trease and Evansrsquo Pharmacognosy CambridgeUniversity Press Cambridge UK 13th edition 1994
[27] C F Baker ldquoA revision of the Elephanthopeaerdquo Transactions ofthe Academy of Science of St Louis vol 12 no 5 p 55 1902
[28] G Odonne G Herbette V Eparvier et al ldquoAntileishmanialsesquiterpene lactones from Pseudelephantopus spicatus a tra-ditional remedy from the Chayahuita Amerindians (Peru) PartIIIrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 875ndash8792011
[29] S B Uddin ldquoMedicinal plants of Bangladeshrdquo 2014 httpwwwmpbdinfoplantsviscum-orientalephp
[30] G M Schneeweiss ldquoCorrelated evolution of life history andhost range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plantsOrobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae)rdquo Journal of Evo-lutionary Biology vol 20 no 2 pp 471ndash478 2007
[31] S Satish M P Raghavendra and K A Raveesha ldquoEvaluationof the antibacterial potential of some plants against humanpathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Biological Research vol 2 no3-4 pp 44ndash48 2008
[32] Y M Lee Y S Kim Y Lee et al ldquoInhibitory activities of pan-creatic lipase and phosphodiesterase from Korean medicinalplant extractsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 26 no 5 pp 778ndash782 2012
[33] R Park M-S Kim H-S So et al ldquoActivation of c-JunN-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in mistletoe lectin II-inducedapoptosis of human myeloleukemic U937 cellsrdquo BiochemicalPharmacology vol 60 no 11 pp 1685ndash1691 2000
[34] B Naser C Bodinet M Tegtmeier and U Lindequist ldquoThujaoccidentalis (Arbor vitae) a review of its pharmaceuticalpharmacological and clinical propertiesrdquo Evidence-based Com-plementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 69ndash782005
[35] B Kumar R Rani S Das and S Das ldquoPhytoconstituents andtherapeutic potential ofThuja occidentalisrdquo Research Journal ofPharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences vol 3 no 2pp 354ndash362 2012
[36] F Ahmed M S H Reza I Z Shahid A Khatun K K Islamand M R Ali ldquoAntibacterial and antinociceptive activities ofHoya parasiticardquo Hamdard Medicus vol 51 no 3 pp 22ndash262008
[37] S K Sadhu A Khatun T Ohtsuki and M Ishibashi ldquoCon-stituents from Hoya parasitica and their cell growth inhibitoryactivityrdquo Planta Medica vol 74 no 7 pp 760ndash763 2008
[38] S Mukherjee P K Dutta M Chakrabarty A K Barua S Danand S S Dan ldquoTriterpenes fromHoya parasiticardquo Journal of theIndian Chemical Society vol 63 no 8 pp 782ndash783 1986
[39] J D Hooker The Flora of British India vol 4 L Reeve amp CoAshford UK 1961
[40] M A A Khan M T Islam M A Rahman and Q AhsanldquoAntibacterial activity of different fractions of Commelina beng-halensis LrdquoDer Pharmacia Sinica Pelagia Research Library vol2 no 2 pp 320ndash326 2011
[41] S M R Hasan M M Hossain R Akter M Jamila M E HMazumder and S Rahman ldquoSedative and anxiolytic effects of
different fractions of the Commelina benghalensis Linnrdquo DrugDiscoveries ampTherapeutics vol 3 no 5 pp 221ndash227 2009
[42] V G Mbazima M P Mokgotho F February D J G Rees andL J Mampuru ldquoAlteration of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio modulates theanticancer activity of methanolic extract of Commelina beng-halensis (Commelinaceae) in Jurkat T cellsrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 7 no 20 pp 3569ndash3576 2008
[43] D Brandis Indian Trees An Account of Trees Shrubs WoodyClimbers Bamboos and Palms Indigenous or Commonly Cul-tivated in the British Indian Empire Overseas Book DeportDehra Dun India 1906
[44] M Sundriyal and R C Sundriyal ldquoUnderutilized edible plantsof the Sikkim Himalaya need for domesticationrdquo CurrentScience vol 85 no 6 pp 731ndash736 2003
[45] A K Goyal T Mishra and A Sen ldquoAntioxidant profiling ofLatkan (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour) winerdquo Indian Journal ofBiotechnology vol 12 no 1 pp 137ndash139 2013
[46] X-W Yang H-P He Y-L Ma et al ldquoThree new vanilloidderivatives from the stems of baccaurea ramiflorardquo PlantaMedica vol 76 no 1 pp 88ndash90 2010
[47] A Gomes M Das and S C Dasgupta ldquoHaematinic effectof Hygrophila spinosa T Anderson on experimental rodentsrdquoIndian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 39 no 4 pp 381ndash382 2001
[48] U K Mazumdar M Gupta S Maiti and D MukherjeeldquoAntitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced micerdquo Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology vol 35 no 5 pp 473ndash477 1997
[49] G S Kumari and G Y Iyer ldquoPreliminary studies on the diureticeffects ofHygrophila spinosa and Tribulus terrestrisrdquoThe Indianjournal of medical research vol 55 no 7 pp 714ndash716 1967
[50] S G Joshi Medicinal Plants Oxford amp IBH publishing NewDelhi India 2000
[51] S L Kapoor and R Mitra Herbal Drugs in Indian Phar-maceuticals Echonomic Botany Information Service NationalBotanical Research Institute Lucknow India 1979
[52] M H Kabir N Hasan M M Rahman et al ldquoA survey ofmedicinal plants used by theDeb barma clan of theTripura tribeof Moulvibazar district Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 19 2014
[53] G U Stuar ldquoHerbal medicinemdashan illustrated compilationof Philippine medicinal plantsrdquo httpstuartxchangecomBogtohtml
[54] S Nayak S K Behera and M K Misra ldquoEthno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissardquo Indian Jour ofTraditional Knowledge vol 3 no 1 pp 72ndash79 2004
[55] A KhatunM Rahman and S Jahan ldquoPreliminary phytochem-ical and pharmacological screening of Murraya exotica Linnleaves extractrdquo Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicinevol 14 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2014
[56] B N Meyer N R Ferrigni J E Putnam L B Jacobsen DE Nichols and J L McLaughlin ldquoBrine shrimp a convenientgeneral bioassay for active plant constituentsrdquo Planta Medicavol 45 no 5 pp 31ndash34 1982
[57] D J Finney Probit Analysis Cambridge University PressCambridge UK 3rd edition 1971
[58] SM Sagar D Yance and R KWong ldquoNatural health productsthat inhibit angiogenesis a potential source for investigationalnew agents to treat cancermdashpart 1rdquo Current Oncology vol 13no 1 pp 14ndash26 2006
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Volume 2014
ToxinsJournal of
VaccinesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AntibioticsInternational Journal of
ToxicologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Drug DeliveryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Tropical MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AddictionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Autoimmune Diseases
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anesthesiology Research and Practice
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Pharmaceutics
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Volume 2014
ToxinsJournal of
VaccinesJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AntibioticsInternational Journal of
ToxicologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Drug DeliveryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Tropical MedicineJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
AddictionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Autoimmune Diseases
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anesthesiology Research and Practice
ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Pharmaceutics
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of