Research activities in Bioenergy at BOKU · Role of Biomass and Biogas ... Raw materials for biogas...
Transcript of Research activities in Bioenergy at BOKU · Role of Biomass and Biogas ... Raw materials for biogas...
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Role of Biomass and Biogas
For Agro-Municipal Development in the Danube Region
Research activities in Bioenergy at BOKU
Andreas Gronauer (Institute of Agricultural Engineering)
Christian Aschauer (Institute of Agricultural Engineering)
Alexander Bauer (Institute of Agricultural Engineering)
Gerhard Piringer (Institute of Agricultural Engineering)
Tobias Pröll (Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering)
Chritoph Pfeifer (Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering)
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Scientific Support to the Danube Strategy
Danube Bioenergy Nexus
24th-26th June 2014, Vienna
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Institute of Agricultural Engineering Strategy: Sustainable crop production systems
Crop cultivation
Harvest
Main products
Crop residues retrieval &
size reduction
Preservation & storage
Preparation & pretreatment
Fiber & fuel production fertilizer
food, feed
Sust
ain
able
so
il m
anag
em
en
t (h
um
us)
Dev
elop
men
t an
d ve
rific
atio
n of
tech
nolo
gies
Eva
luat
ion
of te
chno
logi
es (
econ
omy
+ L
CA
)
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Working fields of the institute: Process chain oriented
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Process
Crop cultivation Harvest
Straw retrieval
Preservation Preparation
pretreatment
Pro
ce
du
re
A) Precision farming,
mechatronic
A) Standard picking
attachment for silage
maize
A) Combined straw
retrieval: forage trailer
with cutting unit in
conveyor duct
Silage prepartion in flat
silo and bales, drying
Untreatet straw
B) Logistics, ICT
B) Cob picking
attachment with straw
collector at the bottom
B) Straw retrieval using
forage harvester and
transport of straw with
several vehicles
Pretreated straw
Pa
ram
ete
rs - Sensor technology
- Control engineering
- Data management
- Semantics/ontology
- Operationg cost
- LCA
- Harvesting performance
- Energy requirement
- Labor requirement
- Operating cost
- LCA
- Retrieval performance
- Energy requirement
- Labor requirement
- Operating cost
- LCA
- Ensilage performance
- Energy requirement
- Labor requirement
- Quality of silage
- Operating cost
- LCA
- Throughput
- Shredding or defibration
- Biogas / methane yield
- Energy requirement
- Labor requirement
- Operating cost
- LCA
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Status quo: Raw materials for biogas production
Current developments in energy prices
(electricity and heat):
Trend: short term
Trend: long term
Development of food and feed price indexes
Trend:
Demand for biomass for material use
Trend:
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Energy crops
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First research/development need: Sustainable and suitable raw materials for
bioenergy production
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Energy crops Agricultural residues Municipal / industrial residues
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Second research/development need: Differentiated approach to potentials
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Theoretical potential: Total accumulated
biomass (residues, farm fertilizers)
Technical potential: The share of the
theoretical potential that can be harvested
using the best available technology
Economic potential: The share of the
technical potential that is economically
feasible to harvest.
Ecological potential: The share of biomass
that can be removed, while still leaving
enough biomass to ensure soil fertility.
Social potential: Ensuring sustainable
development in rural areas.
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Second research/development need: Technical potential of agricultural residues?
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Austria: Europe:
straw: 2.4 million t DM a-1 131 million t DM a-1
manure: 2.5 million t DM a-1 203 million t DM a-1
Cereal straw
21%
Maize stover
25%
Rapeseed straw
2%
Sunflower straw
2%
Farm fertilizers
50%
Cereal straw 23%
Maize stover 9%
Rapeseed straw 4%
Sunflower straw 3%
Farm fertilizers
61%
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Second research/development need: Potentials in Europe (agricultural residues and
open questions)
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Grain-Straw Ratio
Wheat 0.6 - 1.8
Barley 0.9 - 1.8
Oats 1.0 - 2.0
Rye 1.75
Maize 0.7 - 2.0
Sunflower 1.0 - 3.0
Rapeseed 1.1 - 1.7
Rice 0.8 - 2.3
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Third research/development need: Pretreatment technologies: e.g. steam explosion of wheat straw for anaerobic digestion
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Bio
gas/M
eth
ane [
lN p
er
kg V
S]
Biogas Methane
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Fourth research/development need: Sustainable soil fertility:
Inclusion of inorganic nutrients to amend soil
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Cultivation, harvest and processing
Material use (production and use)
Energetic use
Byproducts Byproducts
Reuse
or Recycling
Soil amendment
Byproducts for energetic use accumulate at all stages
Closed loops with the goal of sustainable soil management
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Challenges of energetic use
a) Combustion processes: low ash melting point and corrosion problems with
agricultural biomass (relevant K and Cl contents)
Avoid low temperature processes (pyrolysis)
b) Biological processes: poor conversion of lignocellulose
Disintegration processes (thermal, enzymatic, fungal)
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Energy balance of straw pyrolysis
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Case study: 3 MWth plant Dürnrohr, Austria
Source: Kern (2010)
Straw Pyrolysis drum
550 ° C
Coke
Gas/oil export
Gas combustion chamber
Air
ECO Exhaust flue
100 %
46 %
49 %
5 %
Heating gas
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Elemental mass balance of straw
pyrolysis
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Case study: 3 MWth plant Dürnrohr, Austria
Source: Kern (2010)
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Working group Process engineering of
renewable raw materials
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Gasification
Liquid fuels (e.g..: diesel, methanol)
Gaseous fuels (e.g.: synthetic natural
gas)
Synthesis gas
Electricity and heat
Biomass
Hydrogen
Thermal biomass conversion
Hydrothermal carbonization
Process design for biorefineries
and polygeneration applications
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Working group - Environmental Engineering
and Biorefinery
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Agricultural biomass and its byproducts:
sustainable production, harvest and storage
bioenergy production
Biorefinery systems
Harvest Storage Pretreatment
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Working group - Energy technology and
energy management
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Heat grids and active off-heat use
Fluidized bed systems
CO2 capture processes
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Precision farming
Process optimization by ICT
Working group - agromechatronics
and energy
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Renewable Energy use for agricultural production
processes
Process optimization and reduction of energy
consumption by smart control systems
Working group - agromechatronics
and energy
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Working group - Sustainable Systems (Life
Cycle Assessment)
Agricultural life-cycle assessment
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of
biomass/biogas systems
LCA of Agricultural Machinery
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien
Department für Nachhaltige
Agrarsysteme
D
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Working group - Sustainable Systems (Life
Cycle Assessment)
Research Needs for region-specific biomass LCA
Define the system – biomass plant/technologies
survey
Region-specific substrate production chains
- known/unknown?
Quantify inherent variability/uncertainty
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien
Department für Nachhaltige
Agrarsysteme
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Conclusions and Outlook
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Needs for a Danube-region-specific biomass action plan
1. Evaluation of biomass potentials on local level and it´s characteristics
2. Determination of differentiated types of biomass utilization
3. Selection and adaptation of corresponding technologies with respect to
local requirements and suitability
4. Evaluation of biomass with respect to factors of sustainability
(economy, LCA)
Suggestion for a Danube-region-specific biomass action plan
1. Formation of competence network (science, NGO, GO, companies)
2. Development of a joint action plan (research, feasibility studies,
implementation, education)
3. Design of a joint project including partners along Danube river