Philosophy of Idealism in EducationUpdated on December 27, 2012

Source:http://gimp-savvy.com/cgi-bin/img.cgi?noaaqqnRVbWb...Idealism plays a very large part in the philosophical thought of todays Western world. Many people think that idealism has died out, but in reality it still strongly exists. Idealism bases itself on the premise that ideas are most important in life and that people should focus their thoughts on ideas, which are perfect. Reality, in essence, is spiritual or non-material Ideas play a large role in idealism. The word idea comes from the Greek language and used to mean, A shape, form, or image. Idea has now developed to mean, A prototype as a real entity, creative thought, or notion, a concept.Idealism is one of the oldest of the traditional philosophies. It dates back to the days of Plato, around 400 B.C. Plato is said to be the founder of idealism. He has been called the greatest of all Greek philosophers. Originally, Plato had been a follower and student of Socrates, but after the death of Socrates, Plato branched off with some of his own ideas. In 387 B.C., Plato started his own school, which was called a university for the first time. This school existed for almost one thousand years. Plato's philosophic thought had a large impact on the rest of the world. Idealism has influenced many key people and organizations including American public schools and the Christian church throughout the Middle Ages.Froebel had a definate idealistic view of education. He wrote, All the child is ever to be and become, lies, however slightly indicated, in the child, and can be attained only through development from within outward. Rousseau popularized the idealistic idea that children overall are good. They are born with a good nature, so they naturally want to do good things. Many recent influential people have also taken up idealistic thought. W.T Harris was a superintendent of a public school, and the national commissioner of education in the United States for many years. John Dewey was another educational figure who was largely influenced by idealism.Idealism, as with every other major philosophy, has several key concepts. To the idealist, the only ultimate reality is mental and spiritual thought. The universe, as people see it, is not actual reality. Everything they see is only a concept in their minds. All things in the world exist in the mind. This world of ideas is perfect, orderly, eternal, and unchangeable. Ideas became absolute.Idealists imply that everything is connected to each other. If they can grasp the concept behind one thing, it will inevitably lead them to eventually understand everything. This is best represented in this poem of Tennysons:Flower in the crannied wall,I pluck you out of the crannies,I hold you here, root and all, in my hand,Little flower but if I could understandWhat you are, root and all, and all in all,I should know what God and man is.In education, the mind was emphasized above all else. Idealists believed factual information was important; however, facts were not enough. Reasoning within one's own mind was an important process in idealistic education. Learned facts must be taken and reasoned with to come up with the real meaning. Idealists look at reality in one of two ways. First, macrocosm states that an original cause, possibly God, is the main existence. Everything else in existence is a lesser form. The other version of reality is microcosm. Microcosm explains reality as a small part of the whole picture. It submits that a student is a small spiritual being that is a part of a spiritual universe of which everything is comprised. However, all idealists would believe that all that exists is within the universe. Each person is an individual reality, part of the larger being.If one were to ask the idealist teacher what knowledge was, he would say that knowledge is ideas. If one were to ask the teacher what schooling was, he would reply, School is a social agency where students seek to discover and pursue truth. The idealist teacher also believes that only the brightest students should be educated. The more intelligence a student has, the easier it is for him to understand concepts. Of course, these concepts and ideas comprise the truth that idealists seek. The idealistic teacher must always strive to get academic excellence out of his student. The teacher forces his student to think for himself.Several things stand out when considering the educational practice of idealism. The focus of idealistic education is on the teaching rather than on the learning. The teacher tells the student precisely how to believe and how to think. The student knows exactly where he should stand. The idealist teacher holds up the importance of each student making a difference, because each student is different. The teacher attempts to use the students personality to develop a unique person with an individual will. Personal guidance by the authority is stressed.Idealistic teachers tend to have a particular style of teaching. All teachers are a type of role model; however, the designated function of an idealistic teacher is to be a role model. Women were the majority of schoolteachers, especially in the elementary school. The reason for having women teach school is that the teacher was the moral example. Women were often more moral than men, particularly years ago. Idealistic teachers have a distinct way to discipline students. These teachers do not have certain rules. They believe that a good, prepared teacher will not have any problems with classroom control. These teachers prefer to use positive examples in class to encourage other students. They would rather take a student aside and reason with him to try to make him behave. George Kneller does a satisfactory job of describing idealisms disciplinary technique. He said, When a pupil becomes a disciplinary problem, the idealist teacher tries to show him the effect of his misconduct on the rest of the class. The teacher asks the wrongdoer what would happen if everyone behaved as he does. Is he setting a good example for his classmates to follow?Idealists stress memory and recitation as the primary way to learn. Teachers do not have an exact method of teaching. They would rather adjust and conform to the circumstances in the classroom as they teach. Because idealists believe that the best way to learn is in a one-to-one situation, they avoid group learning situations. Idealists love books, and they function as a large part in their educational practice. Their curriculum is fairly normal with a heavy emphasis on subjects such as history and literature. When an idealist teacher tests, he prefers subjective testing. A teacher rarely gives tests; he would rather find out a students ideas and thoughts on a subject.

IdealismIntroductionIn modern schools of philosophy idealism is the perhaps the oldest one and began with the dawn of civilization, when human beings could systemize their ideas. But as a branch of philosophy it began with Socrates in the western part of the world. If we study the history of philosophy of the western part of the world, we will find many brilliant philosophers studying and perfecting this system (Dash, 1994).IdealismThe word Idealism is derived from two distinct sources, one comes from the word idea and the other from ideal. The words idea, ideal and ideology all come into the vocabulary of philosophy from the Greek word idein, meaning to see (Dash, 1994).Idealists believe that ideas are the only true reality. It is not that all idealist reject matter (the material world), but rather they hold that the material world is characterized by change, instability and uncertainty, while some idea are enduring (Shahid, 2000).Fundamental Principle of IdealismIdea is RealIt is a system of philosophy which believes that what is real is the idea of the object which is at the conscious level of our mind and not the object that we see which is a mere shadow of that idea. It thus tries to explain physical objects also in terms of mind and consciousness.The idealists believe that material of the physical universe is not a complete expression of reality. To them the physical world is the manifestation of some great spirit behind it. While the physical and material world is destructible and changeable, the spirit behind it is indestructible and unchangeable (Shahid, 2000).

Human beings are a Supreme CreationAccording to idealism, human beings being Spiritual are a supreme creation of God. They believe that they have spirit or mind and through this spirit or mind they control the environment. They are not simply animals; they can therefore create values and their aim is to realize the ultimate values of life.God is the source of all KnowledgeThe idealists say that although human beings are a supreme creation of God and that they can create values yet they cannot find knowledge of ultimate reality from anyone elsewhere expect God.The knowledge of the ultimate reality is not possible through the methods of observation, experimentation, reasoning, etc., which are true guides to the knowledge of the physical universe. Idealists advocate the use of intuition for knowing the ultimate (Shahid, 2000).Values are absoluteIdealism believes in three spiritual values. They are the Truth, the Beauty and the Goodness. The truth is an intellectual value, the beauty an aesthetic value and the good a moral value. Together they constitute the Good. For Plato, these three values are identical to each other (Shahid, 2000).Idealism and the aim of EducationAccording to idealists the following are the major aims of education:Self-RealizationIdealists believe that man/woman being spiritual is a supreme creation of God. Hence the human Personality is the noblest.. So idealists assume that the foremost aim of education is to exalt personality. This exaltation of human personality means self-realization.Preservation of cultureIdealists give much importance to the spiritual and cultural possessions of the individual and of the real.Development of Moral SenseThe aim of education according to idealism is to develop the childs moral sense so that she/he can distinguish between right and wrong.Development of Creative PowersHuman beings have thinking and reasoning powers and through this creative ability can be developed (Shahid, 2000).Simple living and High ThinkingIt is only these persons who practice this ideal, can pursue great ideals of life.

RealismThis philosophy emerged as a movement in philosophy against the extreme idealist view of the world. Many significant aspects of realism are as old as philosophic thoughts. As a deliberate and complete philosophy it did not emerge until the nineteenth century provided it a new status in the philosophic world.John Locke and his contemporaries affirmed that the world is a real world and not a world of fantasy. It is not based on perception but is an objective reality (Shahid, 2000).

Chief exponentAristotle is the pioneer of the philosophy. He was against the ideas of Plato who was interested in abstraction and generalities. Aristotle was interested in particular facts of life. Saint Thomas Aquinas is also a great contributor; he infused the realist spirit in religion (Shahid, 2000).Basic Philosophical Principles of Realismi. Realism and Nature of RealityAccording to realists the world around is a reality. It is a world of objects and not ideas. Realism is a philosophy away from the world of ideas and is concerned with the study of the world we live in.As reality is outside the mind and as the world around is an objective reality, knowledge of the surrounding world is the most desirable knowledge. The best method to acquire knowledge is the experimental or the scientific method. Realists believe that the real world is the world of nature. Realists believe that everything that exists in the universe is matter or energy or matter in motion (Shahid, 2000).ii. Law of Nature and RealismRealists believe that the physical universe is operated by natural laws.iii. Realism and ScienceRealist try to discover truth with the help of scientific methods. Such a discovery of truth helps to control the environment.

iv. Realism and ReligionThere is no absolute antagonism between realism and religion, though many realists hold the view that religion is merely made by human beings and there is no God.v. Realism and valuesMost of the realists share the belief that a thing has an aesthetic value to the extent it harmonises with the beauty of nature. Many realists think that behavior is what is socially and rationally acceptable (Shahid, 2000).Realism and Aims of EducationIt is hard to mention what the aims of education are according to realism because realists do not believe in general or common aims of education.Aims are specific to each individual and her/his perspectives. The pupil, teacher, parent, administrator political leader, etc have different perspectives; how can there be a general aim suited to all persons? intelligibleTo state the aims of education in a concrete way and more comprehensible. The following are important objectives: Equipping students with knowledge and skills needed to understand and master their physical environment. Enabling students to adjust themselves to the realities of the physical world and to adjust with adult approved behaviour (Shahid, 2000).IMPLICATIONS OF IDEALISM IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

INTRODUCTIONIdealism is a very old philosophical thought and it has exercised a potent influence on the mind of man throughout the ages. Even in modern times when people are not inclined towards accepting any dogmatic creed or philosophy, idealism has certain attractions which appeal to the human mind and thereby exercise a great influence on human thinking. In education the influence of idealism has gone a long way to restrict some of the radical thinking and establish the worth of the eternal ideals and values of life.The word idealism is derived from two distinct sources-the idea and the ideal. Idea means true and testified knowledge. The word ideal stands for the perfected form of an idea or ideas. An idealist does not have considerations for material values of life. A thinker who idolizes Mind and Self is an idealist. Idealism is one of the oldest schools of philosophy.

TYPES OF IDEALISM

(a) ABSOLUTE IDEALISMIt is the one type which has found its way into educational philosophy. This lays down that the heart of reality is to be found in thought or reason. Reason is absolute; in fact it is the absolute. Being absolute, it is also one i.e., monistic. Everything, thus, is interrelated and all contradictions reconciled. Furthermore the complete cause of any single occurrence involves the whole of reality. The cosmos is great thought process, and the absolute is god thinking. Everything happens as a result of the self-willed idea i. e. absolute. The absolute is already complete, and self-realized. Nature is the medium through which the absolute progressively reveals itself in external form. Mind of man however, is a part of the absolute whole. The absolute being the whole and education being a part thereof, it may be that study of the fragment may reveal important facts of the totality.The centralistic approach to idealism on the whole has committed this educational philosophy to the prominent importance of consciousness. Mind is ultimately spiritual, not materialistic. Human nature is to be viewed, as more than a behaving organism, responding to the stimuli of its environment. Man is too atomistic. Idealism stresses certain wholeness. Nothing happens in any part of the system that does not affect the rest.On religious and moral education, the definition of the absolute is unmistakably of theistic characteristics. Since the aim of education is the increasing realization of the absolute, all education appears tinged with religious significance. This includes moral education. Reason being the absolute, the universe is one of law and order. So too there is a oral law in the universe backed by the authority of the absolute. Thus lays an inescapable moral imperative on education.(b) MODERN IDEALISMIt has given a different tune to educational philosophy. In this concept idealism more to do this idea as metal state. n this idealism might be called a philosophy of idealism. The `I` of idealism being interested for euphony. The knowledge one has of his environment is idea of it. The environment in itself cannot be known through intermediate idea of it. The environments in itself cannot be known directly. It can only be known through intermediate idea of human knower. From which the learners knowledge takes, therefore, is bound to be in part the product of his human way of apprehending it. Such concepts are supplied by the mind of human learning.FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF IDEALISMThe fundamental principles of idealism are:(1)TWO FORMS OF THE WHOLE WORLDIdealism believes in two forms of the world- Spiritual world and Material world, Idealists gives more importance to spiritual world in comparison to the material world. They believe that spiritual world is real and the ultimate truth whereas the material world is transitory and moral. According to Horne- Idealism holds that the order of the world is due to the manifestation in space and time of an eternal and spiritual reality.(2)IDEAS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN OBJECTAccording to Idealists, knowledge of mind and soul can be obtained through ideas only. Hence, they have given more importance to ideas over the objects and material or later. In the words of Plato Ideas are of the ultimate cosmic significance. They are rather the essences or archetypes which give form to cosmos. These ideas are eternal and unchanging.(3)IMPORTANCE OF MAN OVER NATURTo Idealists, man is more important than material nature. It is because man can think and experience about material objects and material phenomena. Hence, the thinker or the one who experiences is more important than the object or the phenomena experienced. Man is endowed with intelligence and a sense of discrimination. Thus, he is not a slave of the environment as animals are but the moulds and transforms the environment for his own good and welfare of the society. In short, he creates his own world of virtue and his creativity achieves higher and higher levels of art in many areas.(4)FAITH IN SPIRITUAL VALUESAccording to Idealists, prime aim of life is to achieve spiritual values-Truth, beauty and goodness. These spiritual values are undying and permanent. The realization of these values is the realization of god. In the pursuit of these absolute values man rises higher and higher in the moral plane till he attains divinity. For the achievement of these spiritual values all the capacities of man are to be harnessed to the full. These capacities are- knowing, feeling and willing.(5)IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTIdealists give much importance to the self of the individual. Hence they insist upon the fullest development of the personality of an individual. According to them the development of personality means achievement of perfection. Plato rightly speaks that each individual has an ideal self. He tries to develop that ideal self more and more. This self-realization is the true sense of the term. It may be noted that self-realization means knowledge of the self or soul. This self-realization can only be achieved in society. Hence, development of social qualities is very essential for self-realization as it expresses itself in the form of love, sympathy, fellow-feeling and co-operation for the good of all and discrimination among human beings on any basis of caste, creed, sex, race or status etc. It clears the fact that Idealism advocates the concept of universal education. In short Idealism believes in the welfare of whole human community.(6)FULL SUPPORT TO THE PRINCIPLE OF UNITY IN DIVERSITYIdealists give full support to the principle of Unity in Diversity. They believe that is of spiritual nature. This may be called Universal Consciousness or Divinity. This underlying divine force maintains the existence and working of all entities. Idealists call this power as God, the Supreme Force which is omnipotent and omnipresent.IDEALISM AND AIMS OF EDUCATIONIdealism prescribes certain fundamental aims of education which are directly influenced by the aims and principles of life. In this context Ross puts forth the view, The function of education is to help us in our exploration of the ultimate universal values so that truth of the universe may become our truth and give power to our life. Some of the important aims of education as laid down by idealists are given below(1)SELF REALIZATION.According to idealism man is the most beautiful creation of god-His grandest work. It lays great stress on the exaltationof human personality it is self-realizationThe aim of education is to develop the selfof theindividualshigher tillself-realization isachievedIt is in fact making actualor real the highest potentialities of the self.(2)UNIVERSAL EDUCATION.Education according to idealism should be universal in nature.The universe is regarded as a thought process. Education should be based on the teaching of Universal truth from the stand-point of rationality of the Universe(3)SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT.Idealists give greater importance to spiritual values in comparison with material attainments. According to Rusk, Education must enable Mankindthrough its culture to enter more and more fully into the spiritual realm, and also enter more and more fully into the spiritual realm, and also enlarge the boundaries of spiritual realm.(4)TRANSMISSION AND PROMOTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGEThe aim of idealistic education is the preservation ; enrichmentandtransmission of culture, Educationmust contributeto the developmentofculture .Itshouldhelpin enlargingthe boundaries of spiritual realm(5)CULTIVATION OF MORAL VALUESAccordingto idealism, man isessentially a moral being.Therefore, moral, intellectual and aesthetic aspects of his personality should be promoted. Accordingto Dr.PremNath Theprocess of education mustlead to thedeepest spiritualinsight andto the highest moraland spiritual insight andto thehighestmoral andspiritual insight and to the highest moral andspiritual conduct .(6)PREPARATION FOR A HOLY LIFEIdealism prepares an individual for a holy life. Froebel says.The object of education is the realization of a faithful, pure, inviolable and hence holy life.(7)DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE AND RATIONALITYIdealism wishes that education should develop the mind fully. It makes a person rational as well. Only the highly developed mind can understand the all pervading force. Theidealistsbelievethat educationmusthelpinthefullevolutionofmind,the emancipationofspirit, selfrealizationandtherealization of highervalues oflifeand to train the whole mancompletelyandfullyformanhoodandnotsomepart of man.IDEALISM AND CURRICULUMWhile developing curriculum, idealists give more importance to thought, feelings, ideals and values thanto the child and his activities.They firmly holdthat curriculum should be concerned with the whole humanity and its experiences. It must consist of humanities.Thecurriculum should givegood mental experience of all types. Socognition(knowing)affecting(feeling)andconation(striving)shouldfinddue place.Sciences and art should be taughtas fully integrated.Since themainaimof educationaccordingto thephilosophyofidealismis topreserveandadvancethecultureofhumanrace,sosubjectslikeReligion, Ethics, philosophy, History, Literatureetc,shouldbeprovidedinthecurriculum.Healthy mind is found in healthy baby only.So health, hygiene, games and sports should find an important place in the curriculum.IDEALISM AND METHODS OF TEACHINGIdealism has not prescribed specific methods of teaching.According to idealism, class-room is a templeof spiritual learning, a meeting place of human minds- a place for self education. For this no particular method has been suggested.However, the following methods have been advocated by different idealists:Learningthrough readingLearning through lecturingLearningthrough discussionLearningthrough imitationDescratesemployed the device of simple to complexIDEALISM AND DISCIPLINENaturalism provides unrestricted freedom to the child whereas Idealism wants to keep the child under discipline. Idealists believe that there can be no spiritual development of the child without discipline. This leads to inner discipline. The discipline is not to be imposed on pupils. The teacher has only to help them to develop self discipline and through that self knowledgeSelf-insight and self analysis are the main disciplinary factors. The main task of education is the cultivation of higher values of life through moral and religious education. It requires the teacher to present a good example and exercise lasting impact upon the pupils mind. A teacher is an ideal person to be emulated by this pupil.IDEALISM AND TEACHERIdealism assigns a special role to the teacher. It considers teacher as a spiritual guide for the child. The teacher serves as a living model for the student. He sets the environment in which education takes place. He carries the child from darkness to light. He is to guide the student towards utmost possible perfectionIdealism regards the teacher as the priest of mans spiritual heritage. He is a co-worker with God in perfecting man. An idealist teacher is a philosopher, friend and guide. According to Gentle- A teacher is a spiritual symbol of right conduct. He is thus, an indispensable necessity.According to Froebel, the school is a garden, the teacher is a cautious gardener and the child is a tender plant. The plant can grow, no doubt, without help but the good gardener sees that the plant grows to the finest possible perfection. Through teachers guidance the child can make his natural development into a process leading to perfection and beauty.CONTRIBUTIONS OF IDEALISM TO EDUCATIONIdealistic philosophy in education emphasizes the exaltation of personality, which is the result of self-realization, achieved by spiritual knowledge, self-discipline and dignified teacher. Idealism assigns a very important place to the teacher who is respected as a guide, and philosopher. They emphasize the importance of moral and spiritual education and points out the values of humanities, social sciences, art and literature. It emphasizes mans perfection in various facets of life-physical, spiritual, intellectual, moral, esthetic and social.EVALUATION OF IDEALISM(1)The common criticism regarding Idealism is that it is an abstract and vague doctrine. It avoids the present realities and prepares the child for the next world.(2) Idealism is concerned with the ultimate end of life. It avoids the real problems day to day living. Education should be such as to make individuals capable to solve the problems that confront them from time to time able to lead a happy and contented life.(3) Idealism lays more emphasis on thinking and mental activities. This increases the importance of intellectualism unnecessarily.(4) Idealistic education gives more importance to teacher in relation to the child. Modern psychology emphasizes the prime and central importance of child.(5) Idealistic methods of teaching emphasize cramming and rote memory. In modern education, these methods are given little importance.CONCLUSIONIdealism may be considered to be outmoded in the prevailing scientific world view. Idealistic concepts like spirit, mind, soul, and the cosmos have little relevance in the class-room teaching. There is too much emphasis on good manners and modesty which may be mistaken. It neglects childs psychological nature. Idealism does not contribute to methods of teaching. It sets unobtainable goals. Idealistic scheme of education, by and large, pays attention to physical, industrial, social and electronic environment of today. It neglects social aspects of life. It over emphasizes humanity and under rates science and technology. In all, we can say that idealistic approach to education has its own merits and shortcomings. It should, therefore, be supplemented by other philosophy or philosophies of education.