Rescue Breaths: Nature Giving a Breath of Life to Serrano ...

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Rescue Breaths:Nature Giving a Breath of Life to Serrano Middle School

Laurel Skinner LA 6121-L

2Table of Contents

I. Designer Bio 3II. Background & Context 4-5 A. Background & Context-Location 4 B. Background & Context-Location 5III. Opportunities and Constraints 6-7 A. Opportunities and Constraints 6 B. Opportunities and Constraints-UHI 7IV. Stage of Romance 8V. Goal 9VI. County Level Analysis 10-12VII. Student’s in Outdoor Spaces 13-15VIII. Opportunities 16-20 A. Prior Example B.BenefitsofanOutdoorClassroom C. How Plants Capture Particulate Matter D. Planting Trees for Better Air Quality E. Plants as a Noise BarrierIX. Concept SketchX. MuralXI. Final PlanXII. Planting Palettes 24-28Riparian AreaShrubsTreesSedges & GrassesButterflyGardenXIII. Program Elements A. Seating Area 1. Layout 2. Perspective 3. Section B. Slide

C. Courtyard 1. Perspective 1 2. Perspective 2 D.ButterflyGarden 1. Perspective 1 2. Perspective 2 E. River 1. Perspective 1 2. Perspective 2 3.Section F. Maze G.GreenRooftopXIV.ProgrammingDiagrams A. Body Positivity B. Shade Map C.GreenerCampusXV.EvaluationXVI.TheEndXVII.ReferencesXVIII.EvaluationReferencesXIX. Image Sources

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3Designer Bio

LaurelSkinnerisa2ndyeargraduatestudentatCalPolyPomona.HerundergraduatedegreeisinHealthScience-CommunityHealthEducation.Shewantstofocusworkingonresearchandmakinglandscapesthatimprovehumanhealth.ShehopestodoathesisnextyearlookingatgreenspaceandasthmaratesinLosAngelescounty.

4Background & Context-Location

Asseenintheleftimage,SanBernardinoCountyishighlightedinred.OnthetoprightthereisacloseofwherethecityofMontclairislocatedincontrasttotheentiretyofSanBernardinoCountyandtheninthebottomrightwhereSerranoMiddleSchoolisinrelationtoMontclair.

5Background & Context- Location

SerranoMiddleSchoolliesadjacenttothetenfreeway,whichwasbuiltin1957,totheEastofahistoricriver,andaboutaquartermileawayfromtheMontclairMall.ItislocatedinSanBernardinocounty.Theschoolislocatedat:4725SanJoseSt.MontclairCA91763.TheschoolopenedinJuly1,1980.Theschoolspansgrades7-8.

SanAntoninoCreekChannel

10Freeway

SerranoMiddleSchool

MontclairMall

6Opportunities and Constraints

Ascanbeseenhere,thereisalotofspaceonthatcouldbedevelopedintogreenspace,butadditionally,thereisroomforbluespace.Themajorconstraintofthiscampustheborderingwiththe10freeway,whichcontributestonoiseandairpollution.

7Opportunities and Constraints-UHI

TheurbanheatisleindexascalculatedbyCalEPAis“calculatedasapositivetemperaturedifferentialovertimebetweenanurbancensustractandnearbyupwindruralreferencepointsataheightoftwometersabovegroundlevel,wherepeopleexperienceheat.TheIndexisreportedindegree-hoursperdayonaCelsiusscale.Anincreaseofonedegreeoveraneighthourperiodwouldequaleightdegree-hours,aswouldanincreaseoftwodegreesoverafour-hourperiod.Thedegree-hourthereforecombinesboththeintensityoftheheatandthedurationoftheheatintoasinglenumericalmeasure”.

8Stage of Romance

Idecidedtofocusmystagesofromanceprojectonthefeelingofbeingnexttoafreeway.IchoosethisaspectasthiswasonetheprimaryreasonsIchoosethisschool.IpurposelywenttolistentothesoundofthefreewaywhenIfeltverystressedaboutschoolsoIcouldtrytounderstandhowthestudentsfeelwhenthenoiseofthefreewaymightimpactthemthemost.IdecidedthatpinswouldaccuratelyrepresenthowIfeltaboutbeingnexttothefreewayandclaycouldhelpsupportthemasIcouldmakethemstickoutoftheclay.IinitiallystartedbymaketheshapeasawavywallbutthatdidnotconveywhatIwanteditto.Iendedonacave/mouthshape,whichfeelsmoreeminentandforeboding,whichIfeelmoreaccuratelyrepresentshowIfelt.

9(SerranoMS,n.d.)

1.Decreasenegativeimpactsfromadjacentfreeway 2.CreateanaturalEco-friendlyriverhabitatthatmimicsthehistoricone3.Increasescienceeducation4.Increaseoutdooractivityandengagement5.Createalearningenvironmentsthatadequatelysupportsstudent’s

Goals

10County Level Analysis (CalEnvironScreens,2018)

County-Red Zones in San Bernardino County County-Cardiovascular Disease

County-Traffic County-Diesel

11

County-Air Pollution County-Asthma

County-Low Birth Weight County-Selected Parcel

County Level Analysis(CalEnvironScreens,2018)

12Cal Environ Screens Data (CalEnvironScreens,2018;SparetheAir,n.d.a.,

SparetheAir,n.d.b.)

Airqualityinthisareaisverypoor.Thisputsthestudentsatriskformanypossiblenegativehealthoutcomes.ThesepossibilitiesincludeAsthma,respiratoryillness,damagedcells,cardiovascularillness,bronchitis,emphysema,cancer,acceleratesagingofthelungs,decreaseslungcapacityandfunction.OzoneandPM2.5particularlycanaggravateandcausetheseconditions.Childrenundertheageof14areoneofthehighrisksgroupsforbeingimpactedbyairpollution.

13AllImages:(SerranoMS,n.d.)Student’s in Outdoor Space

TheseimagestakenfromSerranoMiddleSchool’sTwittershowhowstudentsusetheoutdoorspaceoftheirschool.Theimageatthebottomrightwascaptionedexplainingthestudentwasnotmovingaroundbecauseoftheheat.

14Student’s in Outdoor Space

AllImages:(SerranoMS,n.d.)

ThefirstimageinthispagewastheonlyoneIcouldfindshowingstudentsactivelymovinginthespaceandnotperforminganorganizedsport.Thelastimagehighlightssomethingthefirstimagealsobringslightto,therewaslittlephotosofgirlsbeingactiveintheoutdoorspaceincomparisontoboys.

15Student’s in Outdoor Space

AllImages:(SerranoMS,n.d.)

Inthefirstphotoitcanbeseenhowthestudentsarecongregatingunderneaththesolarpanels,oneoftheschool’sfewplacesofexpansiveshade.Thebottomleftphotoshowshowmuchofthestudentsarestillsittingdownduringtimetheyareside.Thebottomrightshowsarareviewoftheinteriorcourtyardofthemainbuilding,whichisverydull.

16Opportunities- Prior Example

PriorExample:OwensboroRegionalHospitalhascreatedwaterfeaturesfromcollectingrainwater.Watereventuallyisdepositedintothelocalriver.Thesewaterfeatureshaveimprovedthestressofpatients.

(LandscapePerformanceSeries,n.d.)

17Benefits of an Outdoor Classroom

1. Fosters cooperative, non-competitive environment.

2. Supporting active lifestyle.

3. Encourages interest in science and math.

4. Encourages environmental stewardship.

5. Fosters nature appreciation

6. Supports broad view of how the world works.

18How Plants Capture Particulate Matter

(GreenHeartProject,n.d.)

SolidCarbonCores (0.01-0.08mm)

AbsorbedHydrocarbons

LiquidCondensedHydrocarbonParticles

SolidCarbon

Vegetated barriers are most effective if planted close to the pollution source in highly polluted areas.

DepositionThe physical capture of particulate matter on the leaves and bark of trees and plants. The greater surface area and the rougher or sticker the leaf and bark, the higher

Vegetation Barrier

Greenbelt scenarios in which vegetation acts as a barrier to air flow, altering airflow patterns and pollution plume trajectory in addition to deposition.

Diesel PM depositingtoleaftexture.

Minimumplantedwidthof16’

19(GreenHeartProject,n.d.)Planting Trees for Better Air Quality

20(Sannuta,n.d.)Plants as a Noise Barrier

“Plantscanbeusedfunctionallytosolvesomeoftheenvironmentalproblemsthehomeownermayhaveontheproperty.Thismayincludetheneedforprivacy,protectionfromglareordirectsunlightintowindows,orshadeonapatio.Athickrowofhighshrubsborderingsroadcanreducenoiseandpreventlitterfromenteringayard,orperhapsscreenanunpleasantviewsuchasashoppingcenterorrowofbuildings.”

Earthenberm,3-6’tall.2:1sidedslopesorflatter.

21Concept Sketch

Theconceptofthisdesignistheideaofbiomimicryasawaytoexpresstheamazingthingsoursbodiesdoinaneducationalwayandinawaythatempowersstudentstofeelpositiveabouttheirbodies.Additionally,thisdesignbreatheslifethroughcomplexityandgreeningofthecampusSomebasicelementsofthisincludethewallasmimickingskin,therecycleareaasmimickinglysosomes(partofthecellsthathandlewaste),andtreesasoxygenmolecules.

(ColonelHighSchool,n.d.)

22Mural

Thisisaroughconceptforamuralthatcouldgoonthebackwallandwouldexplaindifferentpartsofthemetaphorthroughoutthecampus.Thetoprightbackgroundisanabstractionofoxygenmolecules,theleftisasimplecubodalepithelialcell.Themiddleislayersofskin.Thebottomleftisanesophagus.Themiddlebottomispartofthecell.Thebottomleftisrecbloodcells.

23Final Plan

RiverLunchArea

GreenRoofRaisedBeds

Maze

ButterflyGarden

Recycle/CompostCenter

Walkway

RiparianTrees

OrnamentalTrees

Wall

29Seating Area-Layout

Redbloodcellsareknownforcaringnourishment,electrolytes,andvitaminstotherestofthebody.Thisismimickedinthepurposeofaluncharea.Theconcaveshapeofredbloodcellswereusedasinspirationfortheshapeoftheseareas(note:forADAaccessibilitysomeoftheseindividualcellswouldlookdifferenttoaccommodateADAcompliance,notablyinprovidingarampandbeingabouthalfthedepthofthetwotieredsittingarea.Overheadshadestructureswouldprotectthestudentsfromthesun.Becausethesearedepressionsandstudentsdonotstayoutsideduringtherainwatercouldbecollectedbythesestructures.

Image:Source2Text:(UniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter,n.d.)

30Seating Area-Perspective

31Seating Area-Section

32Slide

Theslideisametaphorfortheesophagus,becausefoodslidesdowntheesophagus.Similarly,studentscangetfoodfromthegreenrooftopraisedbedsandthenslidedown.

Image:Source3

33Courtyard-Perspective

Theinnercourtyardissymbolicofsimplecubodalcellsunderamagnifyglass.Thiswouldhelptoengagethestudentsthroughcolor.Thepavingwouldbeaccomplishedbypermeablepavers.

Image:Source4

34Courtyard-Perspective

35ButterflyGarden

Thebutterflygardenwouldbesimilartothecourtyard,withtheexceptionofinsteadofsimplecubodalcells,thefocuswouldbelookingatcellsunderamicroscopeandthenseeingansmallerorganismunderamicroscope.Thiswouldbemimickedbypollinatorsinteractingwiththespace.

Image:Source5

36ButterflyGarden-Perspectives

37River-Perspective

Theriverthatwouldgoalongthenaturalwatershedofthespaceandmimicstheideaofthebreath.Waterisalifegivingforceandcanrejuvenateaspace,ascanbreathingrejuvenateus.

Image:Source6

38River-Perspective

39River-Section

40Maze

ThemazerepresentsthetwistsandturnsofthesmoothandroughER,whichtransportthingsinthecell.

Image:Source7(ColonelHighSchool,n.d.)

41Green Rooftop

Thegreenrooftopswouldbemimickingthemitochondriaofthecell,whicharepopularlyknownasthepowerhouseofthecell.Alternatively,foodhelpspowerourbodies.

Image:Source8Text:(ColonelHighSchool,n.d.)

45Evaluation

Program/Design Element Objectives Cost Benefits/Function Impacts How to MeasureTree Canopy Decrease

negatives impacts from adjacent freeway

$/per tree Increases shade (27) Decreases UHI (4)Reduces exposure to UV B Rays (4)

Compare test scores before and after implementation, measure temperatures before and after, compare health scores before and after.

Reduce heat (27) Decreases UHI (4)Cooler temperatures help with test scores (34)

Remove ozone and PM 2.5 pollution from freeway (39) Improves student health (4)Encourages civic pride (4) Brings communities together (28)Decrease noise (13) Improve education (16)

Adding in rocks Recreate natural river habitat

$/per rock Improved understanding of hydrologic processes (24) Help with STEM education (24) Compare test scores before and after implementation, compare water usuage before and after.

Helps with water conservation (24)

New pavement in courtyard Increase science education

$/dollar Increased color in educational environment (22) (23) Increased educational outcome (22) (23) Compare test scores before and after implementation.

Shrubery (maze) Increase outdoor activity and engagement

$/Shrub Enhances problem solving skills (6) Improve educational outcomes (29) Compare test scores before and after implementation, especially in mathematics.

Improve spatial awareness (6) Improve educational outcomes, improve mathematics score (30)

Enhances memory (6) Improve educational outcomes (31)Sensory experiences (6) Improve educational outcomes, improve mathematics

score (32)

Palettes for compost structures

Increase science education

$10/Palette (5) Diverts wasfe from landfills (18) decreases production of methane (18) Survey students before and after about eco-friendly practices at home before and after implementation.

Encourages/empowers students to take action (18) Increased practice of eco-friendly practicesBecomes a role model for other schools (18) Increased practice of eco-friendly practicesAdditionally educating parents (18) Increased practice of eco-friendly practices

Hay for compost Increase science education

$/bale Diverts wasfe from landfills (18) decreases production of methane (18) Survey students before and after about eco-friendly practices at home before and after implementation.


Raised beds Increase science education

$/Raised bed Reduces neighborhood crime (19) Improves educational outcomes (35) Compare test scores before and after implementation, compare costs before and after, measure temperatures before and after, survey students about eco-friendly practices before and after implementation.

Increases chances of eating more vegetables (19) Improves educational outcomes (36)Positive attitudes towards education (19) Improves educational outcomes (37)Support student connection to natural world (19) Enhances cognitive abilities, academic performance, social

relationships, self-discipline, nutrition, reduce stress, reduce ADD symptoms, increase physical activity (45)

More likely to accept people different than themselves (19) Prepares students for college (44)Increase self-understanding, interpersonal skills, cooperative skills (19)

Every dollar spent on social emotional programs decreases overall costs by $11 (43)

Reported "calm", "safe", "happy" (19) Every dollar spent on social emotional programs decreases overall costs by $11 (43)

Students teach people outside of school (19) Increased practice of eco-friendly practicesGeneral school satisfication (19) Improves educational outcomes (38)Decreases roof temperatures (20) Reduces UHI (20)

Cooler temperatures help with test scores (34)

Green roofs Increase science education

$9.5-$39 /per linear foot (9)

Decreases roof temperatures (20) Reduces UHI (20) Compare test scores before and after implementation, measure temperatures before and after, measure water waste before and after.

Cooler temperatures help with test scores (34)Increases wildlife habitat (20) Increased student comprehension, performance and

motivation (42)Reduces stormwater runoff (20) Decreased water waste (41)

Providing fresh vegetables for students grown in the raised bed

Creating a learning environment that adequately supports student's learning

$/per vegetable plant

Better dietary intake Improved educational outcomes (47) Compare test scores before and after implementation.

Lunch area concrete/drainage

Recreate a natural eco-friendly river habitat that mimics the historic one

$4-8/Square foot (2)

Improved understanding of hydrologic processes (24) Help with STEM education (24) Compare test scores before and after implementation, compare cost of water before and after.


Shade structures for students


$/cubic yard Decreases exposure to UV (14) Skin cancer prevent (14) Compare test scores before and after implementation.

Keeps outdoor area cooler (15) Cooler temperatures help with test scores (34)Increases physical activity outside (15) Positive educational outcomes (33)

Drainage system in lunch area

Create a natural eco-friendly river habitat that mimics the historic one

$10-15 /per foot (11)



Cistern Create a natural eco-friendly river habitat that mimics the historic one

$3,000-$10,000 (12)



46Evaluation
















score (32)





































$10-15 /per foot (11)




$3,000-$10,000 (12)



47Evaluation
















score (32)





































$10-15 /per foot (11)




$3,000-$10,000 (12)



48The End

49

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51Evaluation References

1 https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/walls-and-ceilings/install-a-wall/2 https://homeguide.com/costs/concrete-slab-cost3 https://www.thumbtack.com/p/mural-pricing4 https://www.treepeople.org/tree-benefits5 https://www.thebalancesmb.com/how-much-do-pallets-cost-28778576 https://mommyuniversitynj.com/2016/10/04/10-educational-benefits-of-exploring-corn-mazes/7 https://www.americanmeadows.com/wildflower-seeds/bulk-wildflower-seeds8 https://www.aaastateofplay.com/different-types-and-benefits-of-playground-slides/9 http://www.co.saint-marys.md.us/dpw/guardrails.asp10 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080717110228.htm11 https://www.fixr.com/costs/french-drain-installation12 https://home.costhelper.com/cistern.html13 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S161886671000055514 https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/pdf/shade_planning.pdf15 https://info.mayrecreation.com/blog/6-benefits-of-shade-structures16 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3757288/17 https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/environment/protecting/noise-walls18 https://greenactioncentre.ca/reduce-your-waste/benefits-of-school-wide-composting/19 https://www.slowfoodusa.org/contents/sdownload/3591/file/Benefits-of-School-Gardens-Denver-Urban-Gardens.pdf20 https://bbk12e1-cdn.myschoolcdn.com/ftpimages/1059/misc/misc_157635.pdf21 http://crpbayarea.org/painting/benefits-of-murals/22 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15176872_Children's_Emotional_Associations_with_Colors23 http://www.colorobjects.com/en/color-columns/the-colour-real/item/357-psychology-of-colour-in-the-educational-environment.html?fb_comment_id=1375447692737406_973224 http://savethewater.org/education-resources/stem-and-water-science-education/25 https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/theses/a-study-in-educational-development-and-civic-pride-in-the-city-of-worcester-during-the-19th-century(1c631792-fef3-4533-a5d8-fe32db300843).html26 http://crpbayarea.org/painting/benefits-of-murals/27 https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/reduce-urban-heat-island-effect28 http://www.chroniclejournal.com/opinion/columns/why-civic-pride-is-important/article_d14fd948-e252-11e5-8ead-33fc910ae6ad.html29 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892118?journalCode=ranp2030 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-018-9747-x31 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/23378032 https://www.goodstart.org.au/news-and-advice/october-2016/exploring-the-benefits-of-sensory-play33 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2922946234 https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/when-heat-student-learning-suffers35 http://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/torrats-espinosa-seda-crime.pdf36 https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/health_and_academics/pdf/health-academic-achievement.pdf37 https://www.ohio.edu/education/academic-programs/teacher-preparation/department-of-teacher-education/masters-programs/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=218525438 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281002408039 https://enviroatlas.epa.gov/enviroatlas/DataFactSheets/pdf/ESC/PercentParticulateMatterPM25removedannuallybytreecover.pdf40 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6121293/41 https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/benefits-green-infrastructure

52

42 https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Create/Schoolyards/Benefits43 https://www.rwjf.org/en/blog/2017/08/learning-social-skills-in-school.html44 http://gcmag.org/why-having-an-open-mind-is-essential-for-college/45 https://naturalearning.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Benefits-of-Connecting-Children-with-Nature_InfoSheet.pdf46 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728658/47 https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/5/4/60/pdf4849505152535455

53Image Sources

1.SerranoMS.(n.d.).[TwitterPage].Retrivedfromhttps://twitter.com/Serrano_OMSD2.https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/03/biotech-results-stock-crash/3.https://schoolbag.info/biology/living/207.html4.https://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/tc_sim_cu_e.html5.https://depositphotos.com/106553816/stock-video-cells-and-bacteria-under-microscope.html6.https://copd.net/living/problem-breathe-right/7.https://nbihealth.com/protect-mitochondria-protect-health/

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