Requirements for Standards & Commonality with Regard to
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Requirements for Standards & Commonality with Regard to
Knowledge Based Systems for Coalition Operations
Alice M. Mulvehill Ted KralBBN Technologies BBN [email protected] [email protected]
April 2002
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Issues to be Addressed
• How standards have been applied in the development oflarge decision support systems to date.
• The lessons learned.
• The degree and type of standardization required to support Coalition Operations.
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Observations: Case Studies
• ARPI (ARPA Rome Planning Initiative)• JTF-ATD (Joint Task Force – Advanced Technology Demonstration)• ACOA (Adaptive Courses of Action)• JWIDs (Joint Warrior Interoperability Demonstration)
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ARPI
Emphasis on mixed-initiative planningStandards• Development of a common environment for experimentation
• Technical Integration Experiments (TIE)• Integrated Feasibility Demonstrations (IFD)
• Common domain
• Development of a Common Plan Representation
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JTF-ATD
• Focused on the use of a common schemaStandards• Developed a distributed planning environment usingplanning cells called Anchor Desks
- CORBA- web based object servers- common plan representation (common plan object)
• Standards were developed and enforced through the JTF-ATD reference architecture• Extensive usage of training and experimentation via demonstrations and bootcamps (concentrated training)
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JTF Reference Architecture
JTF Reference Architecture(Structural View)
ObjectRepository
Applications
ServicesInterface
Infrastructure
UserEnvironments
COE, Object Management (CORBA) ,& Communications
(C++) Object System
(C++) Core Object Schema
JTF C2 Schema
Workplaces (Groups, Contexts)
Map Server
Situation Server
Workflow Manager
Planning Support Functions
Decision Support Functions
Data Server
Model Server Message Server
Viewers Controllers & Blackboards
Comm. Support Functions
Situation Assessment &Planning Applications
Coordination,Communication &
ControlApplications
TaskForceProcessManagementApplications
Task Modeler
Associate Systems
Associate Systems
Monitors & Triggers
Plan Server
Web Server
Comm. Associate
Desktops:
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The ACOA Environment
ODYSSEY
POWERPOINT
WORDLEIF
GFTP
WEBPLANNER
JADE
M&S
AGENTS
FACILITATE
Commander, JointTask Force (CJTF)
Special OperationsCommand (SOCOM)
JOINT STAFF
TransportationCommand(TRANSCOM)
Pacific Command(PACOM)
CentralCommand(CENTCOM)
EuropeanCommand(EUCOM)
AtlanticCommand(ACOM)
• The initial focus was to be able to rapidly adapt the COA (Course of Action) to changing situations.
• ACOA is based on a user-centric, iterative development philosophy
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The Cooperation Continuum
Do Not AnticipateFrequentCommunication
Low Trust High Trust
AnticipateFrequentCommunication
Cooperation Among The Teams
Memorandum Of Agreementor
Term mapping table
Fully integratedschema orontology
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Terminological Evolution
(“OPERATION NAME” mission)(“AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY” geographic-location)(“SUPPORTED CINC” theater)(“FORCE CAPABILITY” function)(“FORCE SERVICE” service)(“FORCE UIC” uic)(“A” army)(“F” air-force)(“M” marines)(“N” navy)
Forces Forces (ULNs)
Task(s) Goal(s)
DerivedAttributes
User DefinedAttributes
Force Module(s)
DeploymentObject
Campaign Object Server Deployment Object
Guidance
Task(s)
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Standardization Approach
• architecture • plan representation• planning process• hardware• users• programming language• terminology
Common or Shared
Commonality is more important over timeCommonality is less important over time
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Special Needs of Coalition Teams
Cognitive issues associated with culture• training• terminology• operational concepts• planning process
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Using Ontologies
• Multinational coalition teams will require the establishment of somestandard operating ontology• Ontology mapping tools will be needed to facilitate entry of new coalition members at varying levels of participation and trust
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Forming Coalitions
• JWID as a case study for coalition planning
• What is the role of similarity in team formation?
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Joint Warrior Interoperability Experiments (JWID)
JWID 95 Distributed Expeditionary Ops CenterMCTSSA
Camp Pendleton
MEU
Base HQCamp Pendleton
III MEFDJTFAC
CJTF (C7F)
MARFOR(I MEF)
JFACC(3 MAW)
AFFOR(REAR)
ARFOR(REAR)
NRaDPoint Loma
CATF / MEU NEF
III MEF (Fwd)
Disaster Field Office
Disaster Relief Task Force
JSOTF
USCINCPAC& Components
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Technology Used in JWID
• WWW• Collaborative planning tools
- whiteboards- shared applications- on-line chat
• Coalition issues- several countries formed a group early- one country was a late joiner
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Observations from JWID
The following factors affect interoperability and distributed collaborative planning:
• platform• speed and efficiency of I/O between functionally related systems• the impact of the network type on intercommunication• the impact of environmental issues on interoperability• collaboration between geographically distant systems • varying styles and level of human collaboration techniques• skill level of the operator
Could these lessons learned be used to develop a set of standards to support multi-national coalition formation and development?
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Similarity Issues Regarding Team Formation
• Determine how similar a new partner is to existing team members• Similarity can be assessed in terms of:
- culture- technological sophistication- planning style- social practices
• If the new member is very similar -- present with a common ontology or schema.• If the new member is very different -- develop a mappingtable to allow them to communicate with existing members.• Can Similarity Metrics be used to recommend team formation?
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Conclusion
• The degree of standard requirements seems directly related to the degree of interoperability and integration desired.
• The degree of partnership in a team influences interoperability and data sharing and can change over time.
• Standards can have as big as impact as you desire.
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Recommendation
• Adhere to a minimum essential policy with respect to standards placed on software systems.
• Address the area of standards at the beginning of a program and do not ignore the issue or attempt to retrofit later.
• Evaluate any Coalition impact that could be caused by differences in terminology and process exchange problem.
• Examine issues associated with trust in partnership formation.
• Since we cannot standardize the user set, perhaps we need to create a compensation through the software to allow people to transition from non-common to common environments.