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Republic of Fiji
National Climate Change Policy
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Republic of FijiNational Climate Change Policy
Prepared by the Government of the Republic of Fiji, in consultation with the National Climate Change Country Team and national and divisional stakeholders
Published by the Secretariat of the Pacific CommunitySuva, Fiji, 2012
ii Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
© Government of the Republic of Fiji, 2012
All rights for commercial/for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved.
Original text: English
Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data
Republic of Fiji national climate change policy / prepared by the Government of the Republic of Fiji, in consultation with the National Climate Change Country Team and national and divisional stakeholders.
1. Climatic changes — Government policy — Fiji.2. Climate change mitigation.
I. Title II. Government of the Republic of Fiji III. IV. Secretariat of the Pacific Community
363.7099611 AACR2
ISBN: 978-982-00-0517-4
Cover photo: Matt CapperDesign and layout: Muriel Borderie – SPC Publications Section, 2012
Jointly funded by the Climate Change Unit of the Environment Department, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and the German Agency for International Cooperation Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region
programme, and the United Nations Development Programme and Global Environment Fund Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) project
iiiRepublic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Foreword ........................................................................................................................... v
Preface ............................................................................................................................vii
Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................viii
1.Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1
International and regional context .......................................................................................................11.1.1 International and regional frameworks ........................................................................................11.1.2 National framework ........................................................................................................................21.1.3 Fiji’s climate ......................................................................................................................................21.1.4 Fiji climate trends ...........................................................................................................................41.1.5 Climate projections (global climate models) ...............................................................................61.1.6 Sectoral implications for Fiji ..........................................................................................................8
2. Climate Change Policy Context ................................................................................. 14National institutional framework ............................................................................................................14Constraints to implementation ...............................................................................................................15Policy development framework ...............................................................................................................16
3. Policy vision ................................................................................................................ 17
4. Mission statements ..................................................................................................... 18
5. Policy goals ................................................................................................................ 19
6. Policy principles ......................................................................................................... 20
7. Policy objectives and strategies .................................................................................. 21
8. Policy monitoring and review .................................................................................... 26Policy monitoring .....................................................................................................................................26Policy review .............................................................................................................................................26
9. Implementation .......................................................................................................... 27Roadmap for Democracy and Sustainable Socio-economic Development 2009–2014 ...................27Progress Reporting ....................................................................................................................................28
10. Annexes ..................................................................................................................... 40Annex 1: Climate change in Fiji ..............................................................................................................40Annex 2: Existing climate change related legislation, policies, plans and programmes ..................49Annex 3: Sectoral implications of climate change ................................................................................51
11. Glossary ..................................................................................................................... 66
12.References .................................................................................................................. 70
Table of contents
iv Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
vRepublic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Foreword
Fiji is currently undergoing policy and institutional reform that involves the updating of existing legislation and policies, and the development of new legislation and policies. The focus of the reform is to ensure sustainable economic and social development and thereby improve the livelihoods of all communities in Fiji.
Policies have been developed in the areas of agriculture, land use, forestry, fisheries and water. They focus on the sustainable management of Fiji’s natural resources and the establishment of appropriate institutional arrangements for effective implementation and monitoring. A major component is the incorporation of environmental management in order to address issues that emanate from natural hazards and unsustainable resource management and utilisation. These policies play an important role in supporting efforts to reduce adverse impacts of climate change on Fiji’s economic and social development.
Climate change constitutes one of the greatest barriers to sustainable development. It puts Fiji’s biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly marine and coastal, at risk. This has severe implications for Fiji’s economic growth, as the country relies heavily on its natural resources for economic development; fisheries, forestry and agriculture are its primary industries. The effects of climate change are widespread and cross-sectoral. Effective co-ordination of a multi-disciplinary approach and a well-established government position on issues and policies are required to address the impacts of climate change.
In 2007, Cabinet endorsed Fiji’s National Climate Change Policy Framework, which defined the position of government and other stakeholders on issues of climate change, climate variability and sea level rise. It also defined the various responsibilities of each stakeholder in the short and long term. The framework underwent review in 2011 to reflect current and emerging climate change issues at the local, national and international level. The reviewing and updating of the framework led to the development of this National Climate Change Policy, in accordance with the 2011 Corporate Plan of the Department of Environment under its Climate Change Programme. The policy provides a platform for coordination among sectors, and direction on national positions and priorities regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The policy recognises the need for constructive co-operation among all relevant sectors. This interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral approach is emphasised in Agenda 21 of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro. In the Pacific region, inter-governmental organisations such as the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and the University of the South Pacific (USP) are implementing regional climate change programmes that support the development of national programmes and policies.
I express my sincere gratitude to the many stakeholders, which include non-governmental organisations, development partners, community-based organisations and of course the various government sectors, for their commitment and assistance during the development of this policy. The contribution of these stakeholders ensured that the policy is coherent, comprehensive, feasible and appropriate.
vi Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
The development of the policy was made possible through the financial support provided by the SPC/GIZ Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region programme and the UNDP/GEF Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change project. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by the two programmes.
As climate change will affect all sectors, this policy will serve to provide over-arching guidance to all sectors on climate change issues. I urge all stakeholders to foster partnerships and collaboration for the successful implementation of the National Climate Change Policy.
Ratu Inoke KubuabolaMinister for Foreign Affairs and International CooperationRepublic of Fiji January, 2012
viiRepublic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Preface
Climate change is expected to bring about an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as flooding, droughts and cyclones. Threats to marine ecosystems (such as coral bleaching, beach erosion, ocean acidification) and terrestrial ecosystems (such as soil erosion, salt water intrusions in low lying coastal areas, reduced soil fertility, and increased pests and diseases) are also anticipated. Whilst Fiji, as a very low emitter of greenhouse gases, is an insignificant contributor to climate change, the country is very vulnerable to its impacts.
This National Climate Change Policy provides guidelines for sectors to ensure that current and expected impacts of climate change are considered in their planning and implementation programmes. In addition, relevant sectors are encouraged to take up climate change mitigation initiatives as part of Fiji’s contribution to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Current administrative and institutional frameworks relating to climate change activities are operating separately and need to be more effectively coordinated. The absence of a climate change policy has made attempts at coordination slow to establish, which constrained Fiji’s efforts to address climate change systematically at the national level. This policy sets a platform for dialogue and collaboration among government agencies and stakeholders through organised planning and implementation of national and local climate change programmes. The policy will also support Fiji meeting its international commitments to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).
The policy defines objectives and accompanying strategies to facilitate the mainstreaming of climate change issues into relevant sectors and to support the provision of necessary technical and financial resources to this end.
This policy was developed after widespread consultation with all stakeholders. The process was driven by the National Climate Change Policy Taskforce, a sub-group of the National Climate Change Country Team. I take this opportunity to thank all the stakeholders and the members of the taskforce for their hard work and support to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
The policy implementation framework is included with the policy. I now look forward to working closely with my colleagues to develop an action plan for the successful implementation of the National Climate Change Policy for Fiji.
Saipora Mataikabara (Mrs) Permanent Secretary Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
viii Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AOSIS Alliance of Small Island StatesCBD United Nations Convention on Biological DiversityCBO Community-based organisationCCA Climate change adaptationCCPT Climate Change Policy TaskforceCCU Climate Change UnitCDM Clean development mechanismCO2 Carbon dioxideCTTT Carbon Trading Technical TeamDoE Department of EnvironmentDPCC Development Partners of Climate Change DRM Disaster risk managementDTCP Department of Town and Country PlanningEMU Environment Management UnitENSO El Nino Southern OscillationFNU Fiji National UniversityGEF Global Environment FundGGE Greenhouse gas emissionsGHG Greenhouse gasGIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation)IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeINC Initial National CommunicationIUCN International Union for the Conservation of NatureJNAP Joint National Action PlanKPI Key performance indicatorMoU Memorandum of understandingMDG Millennium Development GoalsMPI Ministry of Primary IndustriesNCCAS National Climate Change Adaptation StrategyNDMO National Disaster Management OfficeNCCCT National Climate Change Country TeamNCCP National Climate Change PolicyNGO Non-governmental organisationPACC UNDP/GEF Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change ProgrammePIFACC Pacific Island Framework on Action for Climate Change
REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation + forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks
SIDS Small island developing statesSOPAC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (a division of SPC)SPC Secretariat of the Pacific CommunitySPCZ South Pacific Convergence ZoneSPREP South Pacific Regional Environment ProgrammeSST Sea surface temperatureUNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUSP University of the South Pacific
1Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
1. Introduction
International and regional context
Elevated greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, stratospheric ozone depletion and atmospheric aerosols are having a profound impact on global, regional and local climate systems (IPCC 2007c). Pacific Island countries and territories already experience a high level of risk from the effects of extreme weather and climate variability, and these risks could alter and increase as a result of climate change. Climate models suggest that the Pacific region will continue to warm, which could result in changes in the frequency and/or intensity of extreme weather and climate variability phenomena, and in accelerated sea-level rise. These events will also affect the already stressed marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.
1.1.1 International and regional frameworks
Climate change has been the subject of international discussion and negotiation for many years. During the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established, defining the need for global action to achieve ‘stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system’ (UN 1992). In 1998, Fiji became a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC as a Non-Annex I party. Fiji’s commitments under the agreement involve the submission of national communication reports, which include greenhouse gas inventories, identification of vulnerable sectors and actions to be taken for sustainable future socio-economic development without increasing the emission of greenhouse gases.
In September 2000, the United Nations Millennium Declaration was adopted. It set out the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), to be achieved by 2015. They form a blueprint agreed on by all countries and leading development institutions.
The Millenium Development Goals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger2. Achieve universal primary education3. Promote gender equality and empower women4. Reduce child mortality5. Improve maternal health6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases7. Ensure environmental sustainability8. Develop a global partnership for development
The impacts of climate change will affect the achievement of the MDGs.
Since the establishment of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, there has been significant progress towards understanding the impacts of climate change in the Pacific region, and developing programmes to both mitigate and adapt to it. The establishment of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) has provided a forum allowing Fiji to collaborate with other small island states and negotiate agreements at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties.
2 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
The Mauritius strategy 2005–2015 and the Barbados Plan of Action address the problems of small island developing states (SIDS), with climate change as a significant issue. Fiji will contribute to the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy 2005–2015 and the Barbados Plan of Action through this policy.
The Pacific Island Framework for Action on Climate Change 2006–2015 (PIFACC) was developed with the stated goal: ‘Ensure Pacific island people build their capacity to be resilient to the risks and impacts of climate change’. The framework is seen as the overarching guide on climate change at the regional level.
The Fiji context
1.1.2 National framework
The People’s charter for change, peace and progress (December 2008) serves as the umbrella framework for national development. The Roadmap for democracy and sustainable socio-economic development 2009–2014 defines the implementation framework for the charter. The National Climate Change Policy will serve as an implementing tool for many of the strategies outlined in the charter, such as:
• environmental protection, sustainable management and utilisation of natural resources;• strengthening institutional capacity for environmental management; and• strengthening food security.
1.1.3 Fiji’s climate
The Republic of Fiji is an island nation with an estimated population of 837,271 people (2007) and an annual population growth of 0.8%. There are an estimated 330 islands, of which approximately one third are inhabited. Fiji has a total land mass of 18,333 sq km, with Viti Levu (10,429 sq km) and Vanua Levu (5,556 sq km) constituting 87% of the total. Fiji has an exclusive economic zone of 1.26 million square kilometres.
The climate of Fiji is generally categorised as an oceanic tropical marine climate.
a. Climate variabilityThe climate of Fiji varies over different timescales; major features that drive our climate are:
• the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon (occurs every two to seven years, four years on average);
• the South Pacific Convergence Zone; and • the trade winds.
The ENSO phenomenon
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle is one of the most important drivers of inter-annual climate variations in the Pacific. El Niño (warm phase) and La Niña (cold phase) are opposite phases of ENSO. Since Fiji lies within the transition zone of the southern oscillation, the effects of ENSO events are not always distinct.
An El Niño event usually results in drier and hotter conditions in Fiji during the wet and hot season, particularly from December to February, and drier and cooler conditions in the cool and dry season, particularly between June and August. The most serious effect of strong El Niño events in Fiji is the
3Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
reduction in rainfall and increased likelihood of drought. There is a significant (4–6 month) delay between El Niño indicators and the onset of damaging drought (e.g. in 1982 and 1997). However, El Niño events beginning in the dry season may show up earlier in reduced rainfall (Kaloumaira 2002).
The opposite event – La Niña – can bring heavier rainfall in the wet season and occasionally above normal precipitation in the dry season. These events usually result in river flooding. The relationship between La Niña and rainfall is strongest in the dry zones of the island.
Historical data show that the risk of Fiji being affected by tropical cyclones during an El Niño event remains more or less the same as during a normal year, though the chances of high intensity tropical cyclones tend to increase. The data show more off-season tropical cyclones have occurred during El Niño years. The chance of a tropical cyclone affecting Fiji during a La Niña event has been shown to be low (Pahalad and McGree 2003).
South Pacific Convergence Zone and Inter-Tropical Convergence ZoneThe South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), a zone associated with high rainfall, fluctuates northeast and southwest of Fiji. During the southern hemisphere wet season, the heaviest rainfall occurs in the South Pacific Convergence Zone, which includes Fiji. During the southern hemisphere dry season, the heaviest rainfall occurs in the monsoon region and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.
With Fiji in the SPCZ transition zone, there may be a delay between the onset of an ENSO event and the impact on the climate of Fiji, depending on when the SPCZ begins to shift eastward.
Seasonal cyclesFiji experiences a distinct wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. The seasonal cycle is strongly affected by the relative position of the SPCZ, which is most intense during the wet season and close to the country. The trade winds bring orographic rainfall to the eastern parts of the country. Approximately 70% of the national annual average rainfall, over the period 1961 to 2010, occurred during the wet season.
Figure 1. South Pacific Convergence Zone and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (Source: Figure ES.2 in Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2011, Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1 Regional. Volume 2 Country Reports)
4 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
1.1.4 Fiji climate trends
a. Current observed trends over Fiji (1961–2010 and 1993–2010)
Table 1. Climate trends in Fiji from 1961 to 2010 and 1993 to 2010
Climatic variable Observed trends 1961–2010
Rainfall Very weak positive linear trend in annual rainfall over Fiji. An annual increase of approximately 0.65 mm/year (approximately 0.03%/year) A weak decreasing linear trend in the wet season rainfall with a seasonal decrease of 1.30 mm/season (approximately 0.08%/year)A weak increasing linear trend in dry season rainfall with a seasonal increase of about 0.76 mm/season (approximately 0.11%/year)
Maximum air temperature
The average annual maximum air temperature increased by 1.1˚C The average warm season maximum temperature increased by 1.2˚C The average cool season maximum temperature increased by 1.0˚C
Minimum air temperature
The annual minimum temperature increased by 0.6˚C Increasing trend in average warm season minimum air temperature and increased by 0.7˚C The cool season minimum air temperature increased by 0.6˚C
Observed trends 1993–2010
Sea surface temperature
The sea surface temperature from the Lautoka tide gauge indicates a warming trend of 0.05˚C/year (the tide gauge data are insufficient to deduce any long term trend).
Mean sea level The mean sea level at the Lautoka tide gauge is changing at a rate of 4.6 mm/year (the tide gauge data are insufficient to deduce any long term trend).
(Source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011)
b. Return periods for extreme climatic variables at selected locations in Fiji
The maximum daily rainfall of 200 mm is likely to be less frequent in future at various locations in Fiji than currently observed (Table 2).
Table 2. Return periods of exceeding daily extreme rainfall of 200mm for selected sites
Locations Extreme rainfall Observed
Return periods in years
2025 2050 2075 2100
Nadi Airport 200 mm 5.4 6.1 6.9 8.0 8.9
Laucala Bay 200 mm 2.9 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.4
Nabouwalu 200 mm 7.2 8.3 9.7 11.7 13.4
Vunisea 200 mm 9.6 11.5 13.9 17.7 21.0
Lakeba 200 mm 6.1 6.9 8.1 9.7 11.0
Rotuma 200 mm 4.4 4.9 5.6 6.5 7.3
(Source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011)
The recurrence of the maximum temperature exceeding 35˚C is expected to be shorter in future than currently observed (Table 3).
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Table 3. Return periods of exceeding daily extreme maximum temperatures of 350 C for selected sites
LocationsExtreme
maximumtemperature
ObservedReturn periods in years
2025 2050 2075 2100
Nadi Airport 35˚C 2.9 1.9 1.4 1.1 1.0
Laucala Bay 35˚C 23.1 13.4 7.7 4.2 3.0
Nabouwalu 35˚C 25.3 14.9 8.7 4.8 3.3
Vunisea 35˚C 40.9 24.4 14.4 7.9 5.5
Lakeba 35˚C 77.7 43.3 23.9 12.2 7.9
Rotuma 35˚C 74.3 39.4 20.5 9.9 6.2
(Source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011)
The return period of daily minimum temperatures of 16˚C, 18˚C and 21̊ C at selected locations in Fiji is likely become more frequent than currently observed (Table 4).
Table 4. Return periods of exceeding daily extreme minimum temperature of 160C for selected sites
LocationsExtreme
minimum temperature
ObservedReturn periods in years
2025 2050 2075 2100
Nadi Airport 16˚C 21.7 15.2 10.5 6.9 5.4
Laucala Bay 16˚C 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0
Nabouwalu 18˚C 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2
Vunisea 16˚C 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.6
Lakeba 16˚C 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4
Rotuma 21˚C 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1
(Source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011)
The daily maximum winds exceeding 80 knots at selected locations in Fiji are expected to become more frequent in future than currently observed (Table 5).
Table 5. Return periods of exceeding daily extreme wind of 80 knots for selected sites
Locations Extreme wind ObservedReturn periods in years
2025 2050 2075 2100
Nadi Airport 80 knots 7.5 6.6 5.8 5.1 4.7
Laucala Bay 80 knots 21.3 18.3 15.8 13.5 12.3
Nabouwalu 80 knots 205.0 159.0 124.2 95.3 81.1
Vunisea 80 knots 10.8 9.6 8.6 7.6 7.1
Lakeba 80 knots 282.2 215.2 165.3 124.6 104.9
Rotuma 80 knots 83.6 68.4 56.4 45.9 40.4
(Source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011)
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The maximum sea levels are expected to continue to increase throughout this century (Table 6).
Table 6. Return periods of exceeding extreme sea levels of 2.4 and 2.8m for Lautoka and Suva
Locations Extreme Sea level Observed
Return periods in years
2025 2050 2075 2100
Lautoka gauge 2.8 metres 80.2 26.9 9.1 2.7 1.0
Suva gauge 2.4 metres 98.9 18.7 3.8 1.1 1.0
(Source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011)
c. Tropical cyclonesTropical cyclones are one of the most severe extreme events to affect Fiji, and the country has experienced them on numerous occasions in the past four decades. They usually affect Fiji from November to April but have occurred in October and May. On average, one or two cyclones affect some part of Fiji every season, with the greatest risk during the El Niño season. There have been seasons when Fiji has had no cyclones and seasons with four cyclones (1984/85) and five cyclones (1992/93). A decreasing trend in both the number of tropical cyclones and cyclones with hurricane intensity affecting Fiji has been observed in the last four decades (refer to Figure A1-6, Annex 1).
d. DroughtMajor droughts (meteorological) in Fiji have been associated with El Niño events. During moderate to strong El Nino events, the annual rainfall is reduced by as much as 20–50% over most parts of Fiji as experienced during the 1982/83, 1986/87, 1992/93 and 1997/98 events.
e. FloodsLarge-scale flooding in Fiji is mostly associated with prolonged heavy rainfall during the passage of a tropical cyclone, tropical depression and/or enhanced, slow moving convergence zone. Localised flash flooding during the wet season (November to April) is quite common.
f. Sea floodingSea flooding is usually associated with the passage of tropical cyclones close to the coast. However, heavy swells, generated by deep depressions and/or intense high pressure systems some distance away from Fiji have also caused flooding to low-lying coastal areas. At times, heavy swells coincide with king tides and cause flooding and damage to coastal areas.
1.1.5 Climate projections (global climate models)
By 2030:The most likely projected change for Fiji is for warmer temperatures and little change in rainfall, with annual mean temperature increases of 0.7˚C and negligible (–1%) change in mean annual rainfall, which is predicted by 69% of the models. Warmer and drier change in projected climate is predicted by 6% of the models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 0.6°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 6%. Warmer and wetter conditions are represented by 13% of the models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 0.8°C and annual mean rainfall increases of 7%.
7Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
By 2055:The majority of the models (69%) continue to project warmer temperatures and little change in rainfall, with annual mean air temperature increases of 1.0°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 1%. Moreover, warmer and wetter conditions are predicted by 19% of the models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 1.2°C and annual mean rainfall increases of 10%.
By 2090:The majority of the models (569.) project hotter temperaturesand little change in rainfall, with annual mean air temperature increases of 1.9°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 1%. The other likely high impact projected climate is for hotter and much drier conditions, which is predicted by 6% of the models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 1.8°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 16%. Hotter and much wetter conditions are predicted by 13% of the models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 2.3°C and annual mean rainfall increases of 21%.
By 2100:The sea level projections are based on the fourth IPCC assessment report that global sea level changes are expected to range from 0.21 to 0.48 metres by the end of the century (IPCC 2007a). However, there is significant uncertainty surrounding ice-sheet contributions to sea level rise and a larger rise than that projected cannot be excluded.
Climatic variablesThe projected change in climatic variables for Fiji under the A1B emission scenario (a balanced emphasis on all energy sources) relative to 1981–2000 average for the 21st century is shown in Table 7. An ensemble of 16 models has been used for these projections.
Table 7. Projections at intervals of 19 years from 2020 till 2099 under the A1B emission scenario
Variable
2020–2039 2045–2064 2080–2099
ConfidenceBest guess
Likely range
Best guess
Likely range
Best guess
Likely range
Mean air temperature (°C) 0.7 0.4–0.9 1.0 0.7–1.5 1.9 1.3–2.6 Moderate
Maximum air temperature (°C) 0.7 0.4–0.7 1.0 0.7–1.3 2.0 1.2–2.2 Low
Minimum air temperature (°C) 0.7 0.4–0.7 1.0 0.7–1.3 2.0 1.2–2.2 Low
Mean rainfall (%) –0.5 –5.5–8.1 –1.0 –9.4–13.7 –1.2 –16.4–24.1 Moderate
(Source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011)
Photo: Wolf Forstreuter
8 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
1.1.6 Sectoral implications for Fiji
Table 8 provides a summary of the projected or potential climate change impacts as they affect particular sectors. In addition to the impacts, the key areas through which the sectors can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation are outlined.
Climate change mitigation and adaptation measures have the potential to deliver cross-sectoral benefits. For example:
• mitigation measures focused on reducing energy consumption will also reduce Fiji’s reliance on fuel imports and, in turn, reduce household energy bills;
• mitigation measures focused on reducing petrol and diesel consumption may also improve traffic conditions, reduce reliance on vehicular transport and reduce pollution in urban areas;
• reduction in the use of fuel-based transport and emissions of green-house gases will encourage healthier lifestyles (e.g. walking and cycling) and improved living conditions (e.g. reduction in air pollution), which can contribute to a reduction of some non-communicable diseases;
• mitigation measures focused on maintaining forest carbon stocks and increasing sequestration of carbon through forest conservation, reforestation, afforestation and enrichment planting will also contribute to biodiversity conservation, improved watershed management, improved food security and improved waterway conditions;
• conservation and sustainable management of mangroves will protect a large carbon sink and reservoir, while providing physical foreshore protection, marine breeding grounds, and healthy coral reef systems.
Many adaptation and mitigation measures would be worthwhile, regardless of climate change related impacts. These options are often referred to as no ‘regrets’ options.
Further information on the impacts of climate change on each of the sectors is provided in Annex 3: Sectoral implications of climate change
Phot
o: M
att C
appe
r
9Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Tabl
e 8:
Sec
tor s
peci
fic c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts,
and
key
are
as fo
r mit
igat
ion
and
adap
tati
on
Sect
orPo
tent
ial c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Key
mit
igat
ion
oppo
rtun
itie
s
Key
prop
erti
es c
ontr
ibut
ing
to c
limat
e ch
ange
re
silie
nce
Agr
icul
ture
��Ex
trem
e ev
ents
suc
h as
hig
h ra
infa
ll, fl
oods
an
d dr
ough
ts c
an a
ffec
t liv
esto
ck p
rodu
ctio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t; ��
Land
ara
bilit
y co
uld
be re
duce
d du
e to
sal
t w
ater
intr
usio
n, c
oast
al a
nd ri
ver-
bank
ero
sion
, ex
posu
re to
sal
t wat
er s
pray
, and
hea
t str
ess
on s
oils
;
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, dro
ught
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es m
ay p
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farm
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nd
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re;
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ecur
ity in
term
s of
food
pr
oduc
tion,
food
qua
lity,
nut
ritio
nal
avai
labi
lity,
aff
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bilit
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d ac
cess
; ��
Impa
ct o
n th
e na
tiona
l eco
nom
y as
Fiji
is a
n ag
ro-e
cono
my
coun
try;
��In
crea
se in
pes
ts a
nd d
isea
ses.
Agric
ultu
re co
ntrib
utes
13.
5% o
f glo
bal g
reen
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e ga
s em
issio
n. S
oil r
epre
sent
s 6%
; liv
esto
ck a
nd m
anur
e 5.
1%
(IPCC
200
7b)
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ease
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trat
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and
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ced
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sion
s ca
n be
ach
ieve
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ing
prac
tices
that
mai
ntai
n or
incr
ease
fo
rest
cov
er (a
grof
ores
try)
��
ensu
ring
min
imal
soi
l till
age
and
soil
cove
r to
prev
ent t
he re
leas
e of
car
bon
in s
oil
��re
duci
ng th
e us
e of
fert
ilise
rs th
at c
an b
e co
nver
ted
and
rele
ased
as
gree
nhou
se g
ases
��
inte
nsifi
catio
n of
sm
all s
cale
com
mer
cial
and
su
bsis
tenc
e ag
ricul
tura
l act
iviti
es to
opt
imis
e pr
oduc
tion
can
min
imis
e fo
rest
cle
aran
ce
��ca
ptur
ing
met
hane
gas
from
man
ure
��D
iver
se tr
aditi
onal
cro
p sp
ecie
s th
at a
re
resi
lient
to fl
ood,
dro
ught
and
sal
twat
er
��D
iver
se tr
aditi
onal
cro
p sp
ecie
s th
at a
re
resi
stan
t to
dise
ase
spre
ad
��Tr
aditi
onal
agr
ofor
estr
y an
d in
tegr
ated
fa
rmin
g pr
actic
es
Hum
an
heal
th/ w
el-
fare
The
dire
ct a
nd in
dire
ct im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge o
n hu
man
hea
lth a
re s
umm
aris
ed b
elow
:
Dire
ct im
pact
s��
incr
easi
ng te
mpe
ratu
re��
rain
fall
varia
bilit
y ��
stor
m a
ctiv
ity
Indi
rect
impa
cts
��in
crea
sed
spre
ad o
f dis
ease
��co
mpr
omis
ed fo
od a
nd w
ater
sou
rces
��ps
ycho
soci
al im
pact
s du
e to
pop
ulat
ion
disp
lace
men
t and
inco
me
loss
The
dire
ct a
nd in
dire
ct im
pact
s lis
ted
abov
e ca
n le
ad
to:
��in
crea
sed
inci
denc
e an
d se
verit
y of
vec
tor-
born
e, z
oono
tic a
nd in
fect
ious
dis
ease
s,
e.g.
den
gue
feve
r��
incr
ease
d fo
od a
nd w
ater
-bor
ne d
isea
ses,
e,
g, d
iarr
hoea
l illn
esse
s��
incr
ease
d in
jurie
s an
d lo
nger
-ter
m
cons
eque
nces
of e
xtre
me
wea
ther
eve
nts
��im
pact
s on
men
tal h
ealth
, foo
d an
d w
ater
se
curit
y an
d m
alnu
triti
on��
incr
ease
d ca
rdio
vasc
ular
resp
irato
ry a
nd
rena
l dis
ease
s
��Tr
aditi
onal
kno
wle
dge
of v
ario
us m
edic
ines
and
cu
res,
from
loca
lly a
vaila
ble
sour
ces
��St
rong
soc
ial s
afet
y ne
ts w
ithin
com
mun
ities
th
at in
crea
se re
silie
nce
to e
xtre
me
wea
ther
ev
ents
10 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Sect
orPo
tent
ial c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Key
mit
igat
ion
oppo
rtun
itie
s
Key
prop
erti
es c
ontr
ibut
ing
to c
limat
e ch
ange
re
silie
nce
Mar
ine
and
fish
erie
s
��Cl
imat
e an
d re
late
d oc
eani
c va
riatio
ns a
lread
y ha
ve i
mpa
cts
on fi
sh c
atch
es, b
oth
subs
iste
nce
and
com
mer
cial
(SP
REP
nd);
��Th
e co
mbi
natio
n of
the
high
rain
fall
expe
rienc
ed d
urin
g cy
clon
ic a
ctiv
ity a
nd
stor
m e
vent
s w
ith s
teep
bar
e sl
opes
, cau
ses
rapi
d ru
noff
with
rive
r flo
ods
and
sedi
men
t di
scha
rges
into
the
near
-sho
re s
eagr
ass
and
cora
l ree
f hab
itats
, whi
ch h
as a
dver
se im
pact
s on
the
fishe
ries
sect
or (W
orld
Ban
k nd
);��
Prol
onge
d pe
riods
of e
leva
ted
sea
surf
ace
tem
pera
ture
s c
oupl
ed w
ith o
ther
clim
ate
fact
ors
has
led
to in
crea
sed
freq
uenc
y of
cor
al
blea
chin
g;��
Oce
an a
cidi
ficat
ion
caus
ed b
y in
crea
sed
CO2
conc
entr
atio
n m
ay re
duce
the
abili
ty o
f man
y m
arin
e sp
ecie
s to
form
cal
care
ous
skel
eton
s,
thus
dis
rupt
ing
food
web
s an
d ha
bita
t st
ruct
ure;
��Ch
ange
s in
clim
ate
are
caus
ing
mig
rato
ry
shift
s in
tuna
agg
rega
tions
to o
ther
loca
tions
(F
AO 2
008)
. Ski
pjac
k an
d ye
llow
-fin
tuna
are
di
spla
ced
east
war
ds d
urin
g EN
SO e
vent
s an
d w
estw
ard
in L
a N
iña
(Kirb
y 20
07 in
FAO
200
8).
This
may
bec
ome
mor
e pr
onou
nced
with
pr
ojec
tions
for a
mor
e EN
SO-li
ke c
limat
e (F
AO
2008
);��
Incr
ease
in s
ea le
vel,
sea
surf
ace
tem
pera
ture
ch
ange
s an
d al
tera
tion
of th
e m
ixin
g la
yer
thic
knes
s w
ill u
ltim
atel
y af
fect
pla
nkto
n pr
oduc
tivity
;��
Mor
e st
orm
y w
eath
er a
nd in
tens
e cy
clon
es
may
rend
er fi
shin
g tr
ips
unsa
fe a
nd le
ss
prod
uctiv
e.
��M
angr
ove
area
s an
d co
ral r
eefs
and
oth
er
coas
tal z
ones
pro
vide
phy
sica
l buf
fers
to
extr
eme
wea
ther
eve
nts
��H
ealth
y re
ef e
cosy
stem
s ar
e m
ore
resi
lient
to
the
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
, suc
h as
oc
ean
acid
ifica
tion
and
incr
easi
ng s
ea w
ater
te
mpe
ratu
re
11Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Sect
orPo
tent
ial c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Key
mit
igat
ion
oppo
rtun
itie
s
Key
prop
erti
es c
ontr
ibut
ing
to c
limat
e ch
ange
re
silie
nce
Fore
stry
��H
ighe
r tem
pera
ture
s w
ill m
ake
fore
sts
mor
e vu
lner
able
to fi
res;
��
Hig
her t
empe
ratu
res
and
chan
ges
in ra
infa
ll pa
tter
ns m
ay le
ad to
incr
ease
d oc
curr
ence
of
inva
sive
spe
cies
and
pes
ts;
��Fo
rest
hea
lth c
ould
be
redu
ced
due
to s
alt
wat
er in
trus
ion,
coa
stal
and
rive
r-ba
nk e
rosi
on
and
expo
sure
to s
alt w
ater
spr
ays
and
heat
st
ress
on
soils
;
��Fl
oods
, dro
ught
s an
d cy
clon
es m
ay p
hysi
cally
da
mag
e fo
rest
pla
ntat
ions
, nat
ural
fore
st a
nd
asso
ciat
ed in
fras
truc
ture
;��
Chan
ging
tem
pera
ture
and
rain
fall
patt
erns
m
ay c
ause
shi
fts
in h
abita
ts a
nd b
ound
arie
s of
cer
tain
tree
spe
cies
, pol
linat
ors
and
seed
di
sper
sers
;��
Chan
ging
tem
pera
ture
and
rain
fall
patt
erns
ca
n af
fect
the
flow
erin
g be
havi
our o
f cer
tain
tr
ee s
peci
es;
��Lo
ss o
f ara
ble
land
due
to c
limat
e ch
ange
w
ould
pla
ce a
dded
pre
ssur
e on
fore
st a
reas
.
Land
use
and
land
use
cha
nge
cont
ribut
es 17
% o
f gl
obal
em
issio
ns (I
PCC
2007
b). F
iji’s
tota
l for
est c
arbo
n st
ock
in 2
010
was
est
imat
ed a
t 192
,270
,000
t CO
2e
(Car
bon
part
ners
hip
Ltd.
201
1)In
crea
sed
sequ
estr
atio
n an
d re
duce
d em
issi
ons
can
be a
chie
ved
thro
ugh:
��su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t of f
ores
ts (a
hug
e ca
rbon
rese
rvoi
r)��
prom
otin
g re
fore
stat
ion,
aff
ores
tatio
n, a
nd
enric
hmen
t pla
ntin
g, a
s on
ly g
row
ing
fore
sts
are
cont
inua
lly s
eque
ster
ing
carb
on d
ioxi
de
from
the
atm
osph
ere
��su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t of m
angr
ove
area
s an
d sw
amp
land
, whi
ch s
tore
hug
e am
ount
s of
car
bon
��H
ealth
y fo
rest
eco
syst
ems
incr
ease
the
resi
lienc
e of
fore
st c
omm
uniti
es th
roug
h th
e pr
ovis
ion
of v
ario
us e
cosy
stem
ser
vice
s an
d fo
od s
ecur
ity (I
PCC
2007
a)��
Hea
lthy
fore
st e
cosy
stem
s in
crea
se th
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
resi
lienc
e of
man
y flo
ra a
nd fa
una
��Fo
rest
s m
aint
ain
land
sta
bilit
y an
d w
ater
way
co
nditi
ons
Com
mun
ica-
tion
s
��Cy
clon
es, s
torm
sur
ges
and
othe
r ext
rem
e w
eath
er e
vent
s co
uld
dam
age
infr
astr
uctu
re,
lead
ing
to d
isru
ptio
n of
com
mun
icat
ion.
��W
ide
tele
com
mun
icat
ion
and
inte
rnet
ne
twor
ks w
ith g
ood
natio
nal c
over
age
prov
ide
chan
nels
for e
duca
tion,
em
erge
ncy
calls
and
w
arni
ngs
��M
obile
pho
ne s
ervi
ces
faci
litat
e in
stan
t and
ea
sily
acc
essi
ble
fund
s, tr
ansf
erre
d fr
om
over
seas
, whi
ch c
an a
ssis
t in
resp
ondi
ng to
di
sast
ers
and
dam
age
Tran
spor
t
��Cy
clon
es, s
torm
sur
ges
or o
ther
ext
rem
e w
eath
er e
vent
s co
uld
disr
upt l
and,
sea
and
air
tran
spor
tatio
n;��
Failu
re o
f tra
nspo
rt in
fras
truc
ture
cou
ld
incr
ease
the
impa
cts
of e
xtre
me
wea
ther
ev
ents
by
isol
atin
g vi
ctim
s fr
om fo
od, w
ater
an
d m
edic
al tr
eatm
ent.
Tran
spor
t con
trib
utes
13.
5% o
f glo
bal g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issio
ns (I
PCC
2007
b)��
Util
isat
ion
of fu
el-e
ffic
ient
equ
ipm
ent a
nd
vehi
cles
to re
duce
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s
12 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Sect
orPo
tent
ial c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Key
mit
igat
ion
oppo
rtun
itie
s
Key
prop
erti
es c
ontr
ibut
ing
to c
limat
e ch
ange
re
silie
nce
Wat
er
reso
urce
s an
d w
ater
in
fras
truc
ture
��Po
tent
ial i
mpa
cts
to w
ater
sup
ply
Pota
ble
and
non-
pota
ble
wat
er s
uppl
y w
ill
be a
ffec
ted
as a
resu
lt of
dec
reas
ed ra
infa
ll,
sea
leve
l ris
e, a
nd s
altw
ater
inun
datio
n/
intr
usio
n;
Extr
eme
rain
fall
even
ts c
ould
resu
lt in
w
ater
con
tam
inat
ion,
ove
rflo
w o
f dam
s;
Cycl
ones
, sto
rm s
urge
s or
oth
er e
xtre
me
wea
ther
eve
nts
coul
d da
mag
e w
ater
su
pply
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd d
isru
pt w
ater
tr
eatm
ent a
nd d
istr
ibut
ion;
��Po
tent
ial i
mpa
ct o
n w
aste
wat
er tr
eatm
ent
Ove
rflo
w o
f was
tew
ater
trea
tmen
t pon
ds
coul
d re
sult
in c
onta
min
atio
n of
wat
er
supp
ly a
nd w
ater
way
s;
Cycl
ones
, sto
rm s
urge
s, d
roug
hts
or
othe
r ext
rem
e w
eath
er e
vent
s co
uld
dam
age
infr
astr
uctu
re, d
isru
pt w
aste
wat
er
colle
ctio
n an
d tr
eatm
ent,
and
cont
amin
ate
wat
er s
uppl
y an
d w
ater
way
s.��
Pote
ntia
l im
pact
to s
torm
-wat
er d
rain
age
Extr
eme
rain
fall
even
ts c
ould
exc
eed
the
capa
city
of s
torm
-wat
er d
rain
age
netw
orks
;
Cycl
ones
, dro
ught
s, s
torm
surg
es a
nd o
ther
ex
trem
e w
eath
er e
vent
s co
uld
dam
age
stor
m-w
ater
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd d
isru
pt
drai
nage
thro
ugh
bloc
kage
or e
xces
sive
w
ater
flow
.
Was
tew
ater
tre
atm
ent c
ontr
ibut
es 1
.6%
of g
loba
l gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issio
ns (I
PCC
2007
b)��
Redu
ctio
n of
met
hane
em
issi
ons
thro
ugh
chan
ges
to s
ludg
e m
anag
emen
t and
sto
rage
��D
iver
se w
ater
sup
ply
sour
ces
(sur
face
wat
er,
aqui
fers
and
fres
hwat
er le
nses
)
Was
te a
nd
Was
te
Infr
astr
uctu
re
��Ch
angi
ng c
limat
ic c
ondi
tions
will
impa
ct o
n la
ndfil
l man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
.��
Redu
ctio
n of
hou
seho
ld w
aste
bur
ning
��Pr
omot
ion
of h
ouse
hold
com
post
ing,
in
clud
ing
use
of c
ompo
st to
ilets
��Im
prov
emen
ts to
land
fill m
anag
emen
t��
Incr
ease
d re
cycl
ing
faci
litie
s an
d co
llect
ions
13Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Sect
orPo
tent
ial c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Key
mit
igat
ion
oppo
rtun
itie
s
Key
prop
erti
es c
ontr
ibut
ing
to c
limat
e ch
ange
re
silie
nce
Ener
gy a
nd
Ener
gy In
fra-
stru
ctur
e
��Cy
clon
es, s
torm
sur
ges
and
othe
r ext
rem
e w
eath
er e
vent
s co
uld
dam
age
infr
astr
uctu
re
and
disr
upt g
ener
atio
n, s
tora
ge a
nd
dist
ribut
ion
of e
lect
ricity
;��
Dec
reas
ed ra
infa
ll co
uld
redu
ce th
e en
viro
nmen
tal f
low
and
impa
ct h
ydro
-el
ectr
icity
gen
erat
ion
capa
city
. In
2010
, hyd
ro-
elec
tric
ity re
pres
ente
d 48
% o
f the
ave
rage
el
ectr
icity
gen
erat
ion
mix
(FEA
201
0).
Ener
gy co
ntrib
utes
24.
6% o
f glo
bal g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issio
ns (I
PCC
2007
b)��
Effic
ient
ele
ctric
ity g
ener
atio
n an
d di
strib
utio
n lo
sses
to re
duce
foss
il fu
el c
onsu
mpt
ion
��Pr
omot
ion
of re
new
able
ene
rgy
��M
inim
isat
ion
of d
efor
esta
tion
rela
ted
to h
ydro
-el
ectr
icity
dam
con
stru
ctio
n
Tour
ism
��D
amag
e to
bui
ldin
gs a
nd in
fras
truc
ture
from
se
a le
vel r
ise,
sto
rm s
urge
, cyc
lone
s, fl
oods
, sa
lt-sp
ray,
coa
stal
ero
sion
and
land
slid
es;
��D
isru
ptio
n of
land
, sea
and
air
tran
spor
t to
faci
litie
s ��
Dec
reas
e in
tour
ist a
rriv
als
due
to c
hang
ing
wea
ther
con
ditio
ns a
nd p
atte
rns,
deg
rada
tion
of p
ristin
e na
tura
l att
ract
ions
and
dam
age
to
infr
astr
uctu
re;
��In
crea
sing
cos
ts to
impl
emen
t ada
ptat
ion
mea
sure
s th
at w
ould
be
subs
eque
ntly
ab
sorb
ed b
y to
uris
ts a
nd re
late
d se
rvic
e pr
ovid
ers;
��G
row
th in
the
tour
ism
sec
tor m
ay b
e hi
nder
ed
by th
e ne
ed fo
r inc
reas
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14 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
2. Climate Change Policy Context
National institutional framework
The Climate Change Unit is responsible for delivering the National Climate Change Policy and coordinating climate change programmes and projects in Fiji. The Unit was established in the Department of Environment in 2009. It currently has one established staff member and five project staff.
On 11 November 2011, the Climate Change Unit was moved from the Ministry of Local Government, Urban Development, Housing and Environment to the Division of Political and Treaties in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. The designated national focal point for the UNFCCC made the same move, from the Permanent Secretary of the one ministry to the other. The relocation of the Climate Change Unit was a strategic move to strengthen political and national support for climate change activities in Fiji. The Director of the Political and Treaties Division has overall responsibility for the unit.
In 1997, the National Climate Change Country Team (NCCCT) was established with representatives from a range of government agencies, non-governmental organisations and academic institutions. The team was established primarily to facilitate the development of the 2005 Fiji Initial National Communication (INC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat. The NCCCT was revived in 2010, and now serves as the main platform for information sharing and climate change project progress reporting. The NCCCT also provides direction and guidance to the Climate Change Unit on climate change-related matters.
In 2008, and in response to growing opportunities in the area of international carbon trading, Cabinet approved the formation of the Carbon Trading Technical Team to advise and work closely with the Director of the Department of Environment (DoE) in establishing carbon trading projects as part of voluntary and compulsory carbon trading markets. The DoE has formulated the clean development mechanism (CDM) policy guideline, which is a framework for the development of CDM projects in Fiji.
Similarly, with the increasing opportunities created through the current development of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation + forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) mechanism, the Department of Forestry has developed a national REDD+ policy. This sets out the framework for the development and implementation of REDD+ activities in Fiji, with the ultimate purpose of getting Fiji to a state of REDD-readiness by the end of 2012.
The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) for the land-based sector is in preparation and is expected to be finalised in February 2012. The strategy is focused on the forestry, water, and agriculture and livestock sectors, as well as terrestrial ecosystems. It will lay out an approach to identify and implement efficient and effective activities to manage the existing and anticipated consequences of climate change.
Fiji is in the process of developing a ‘joint national action plan (JNAP) for climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk management (DRM)’. The JNAP for CCA and DRM and the NCCAS will support the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy.
15Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Constraints to implementation
Strategic approaches to mitigating and adapting to climate change are necessary for sustainable economic growth and social development. It is imperative that Fiji addresses climate change constraints and issues that would hinder such growth. The following are major constraints towards addressing climate change issues in Fiji.
1. Institutional framework i. Uncoordinated and highly sectoral development and implementation of climate change projects, and
weak collaboration amongst government bodies, NGOs, and the private sector.ii. Lack of support and funding for the climate change unit to effectively fulfil its role. iii. Lack of integration of climate change issues into sectoral planning and budgeting processes. iv. Lack of a national repository for climate change information.v. Inconsistency in methodologies and standards used by various agencies when collecting and analysing
climate change-related data and information.vi. Lack of coordination in sectoral response mechanisms to communities affected by climate change and
disaster-related events. vii. Lack of an early warning system to inform the public about extreme events.
2. Supporting legislation i. Existing legislation and sectoral policies do not adequately consider climate change issues.ii. Lack of effective enforcement of environment and resource management legislation that is contributing
to climate change mitigation and adaptation measures.
3. National planning i. Inadequate consideration of climate change issues into land-use planning, urban and rural planning,
coastal zone planning and infrastructure development plans. ii. Uncontrolled and unregulated clearing of marginal and vulnerable terrestrial areas has reduced the
provision of ecosystem services. iii. Ageing and poorly maintained service utilities and infrastructure that cannot cope with existing
demands will be put under further pressure due to climate change.
4. Human resources i. Lack of personnel with relevant expertise on sectoral climate change issues in government.ii. Lack of recognition of the relevance of climate change expertise in established positions of government
sectors.iii. Inability of sectors to retain, support and develop skilled personnel.iv. Lack of core funding to support and sustain established climate change personnel in government
sectors.
5. Awareness and training i. Lack of awareness and understanding of climate change and its impacts, which hinders the development
and effective implementation of appropriate responses.
6. Education i. Inadequate reviewing and updating of climate change-related content in school curricula and technical,
vocational and teacher training courses.
16 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Policy development framework
The National Climate Change Policy is based on the Climate Change Policy Framework, endorsed by Cabinet on Tuesday 4 December, 2007. The Policy is aligned to the Roadmap for democracy and sustainable socio-economic development 2009–2014, which identifies the need to give priority to protection of the environment, sustainable management and utilisation of natural resources.
The policy presents objectives, principles and overarching strategies to effectively address the constraints mentioned in section 2.2. It is intended to guide the development of detailed strategies and assist in the formulation and delivery of projects and initiatives.
The policy was developed through a consultative process, including extensive consultation with government, non-government, private sector and academic institution representatives from June to October, 2011. The NCCCT and Climate Change Policy Taskforce played key roles in the development and review of the policy prior to its submission to the National Environment Council and Cabinet for approval.
Figure 2. Policy development organisational chart
17Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
3. Policy vision
Photo: Matt Capper
A responsible and exemplary Fiji, leading the Pacific in combating climate change and achieving resilience, while attaining sustainable development.
A responsible and exemplary Fiji, leading the Pacific in combating climate change and achieving resilience, while attaining sustainable development.
18 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
4. Mission statements
• To increase Fiji’s capacity to cope with the impacts of climate change by strengthening institutional and legal frameworks, providing sound scientific information, and implementing effective awareness and education initiatives
• To maximise access to and secure globally available financing for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts
• To strengthen Fiji’s support towards neighbouring Pacific Island countries that are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change
• To strengthen engagement in international climate change policy processes and fulfil obligations on climate change mitigation and adaptation
Phot
o: M
att C
appe
r
19Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
5. Policy goals
The National Climate Change Policy will guide efforts in following an effective and integrated approach to addressing climate change issues in Fiji, and will support the achievement of relevant key performance indicators identified in Fiji’s Roadmap for democracy and sustainable socio-economic development 2009–2014.
As a signatory to various international agreements and conventions such as UNFCCC, UNCCD, CBD, and the Kyoto Protocol, Fiji is obligated to develop appropriate national responses. It is also fitting that Fiji establishes national mechanisms that contribute to addressing issues identified in regional policies.
The goals of this climate change policy are:
1. to support the implementation of Fiji’s Roadmap for democracy and sustainable socio-economic development 2009–2014 under the People’s charter for change, peace and progress;
2. to promote integration of climate change issues in national planning, budgeting and implementation processes;
3. to provide guidance on government’s responses to climate change issues;
4. to guide sectors to develop appropriate climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies;
5. to support requests to regional and international agencies to provide resources and assistance in addressing national climate change issues;
6. to contribute to Pacific regional actions and to meeting international commitments.
Phot
o: C
hris
tine
Fung
20 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
6. Policy principles
The following principles will guide the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy:
1. Long-term sustainability Initiatives and programmes should deliver long-term, positive, ecological, economic and social impacts.
2. An integrated approach Ensure multi-sectoral, multi-level and inter-disciplinary approaches to achieve national development goals.
3. Community ownership Ensure local community involvement and put in place effective feed-back mechanisms.
4. Strategic partnershipsEnsure government coordination with relevant and potential development partners, CROP agencies, NGOs, community-based organisations (CBOs), faith-based organisations, academic institutions and the private sector for effective delivery of initiatives.
5. Scientifically sound and appropriate informationPlanning, policy formulation and decision making are to be based on scientifically and technically sound data and information, while recognising the value of traditional knowledge.
6. Reporting and feedback mechanisms Ensure systematic reporting and feedback of climate change initiatives, programmes and projects through the National Climate Change Focal Point and the National Climate Change Country Team.
7. Monitoring and evaluationAll climate change initiatives, programmes and projects to feed into the national climate change monitoring and evaluation mechanism coordinated by the Climate Change Unit.
8. Equity and fairnessInitiatives, programmes and projects should ensure the equitable accessibility and distribution of all benefits, information and support to marginal and disadvantaged groups, recognising their differing vulnerabilities to climate change.
9. Practical, affordable and appropriate solutionsAdaptation options and technologies are locally appropriate and affordable.
10. Gender considerations In recognising that men and women face different social, economic, and environment situations, gender issues are to be considered in all planning and implementation processes. A better understanding of the vulnerabilities and capacities of different gender groups to deal with climate change is to be promoted.
11. Incorporating lessons learned National planning and policy processes should consider findings and lessons learned from climate change-related programmes and projects.
12. International collaborationContinue to foster international partnerships to address climate change on a regional and global level while acknowledging national responsibilities.
21Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
7. Policy objectives and strategies
This section includes the eight objectives and the strategies to achieve each of the objectives. The objectives cover the following areas:1. mainstreaming2. data collection, storage and sharing3. awareness raising4. education and training5. adaptation6. mitigation7. financing8. international and Pacific region participation.
Many of the strategies outlined in this policy cut across sectors and will require the contribution of a number of agencies and organisations for effective implementation.
A lead agency and implementing agencies have been identified for each strategy.
It is envisaged that the lead agency will be responsible for initiating and coordinating programmes and initiatives in line with the strategy.
The implementing agencies, in collaboration with the lead agency, will implement projects and initiatives to support the achievement of the strategy.
The lead agency and implementing agencies for each strategy are shown in Table 9.
Objective 1: Mainstreaming
Integrate climate change issues in all national and sector policy and planning processes.
Strategies
1. Incorporate climate change into national plans and budgets in line with the Climate Change Policy Framework.
2. Ensure that reviews of national and sectoral policies align with the National Climate Change Policy. 3. Consider the National Climate Change Policy in legislative review processes and develop cooperative
and coordinated agreements between sectors to ensure enforcement.4. Consider lessons learnt and recommendations of national and local-level reports, projects and studies
relating to climate change in the national, divisional and local planning processes.5. Consider climate change implications in all strategic national development planning, including land use
planning, development assessment, infrastructure and settlement planning.6. Ensure all sectors coordinate climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction efforts to enhance
aid effectiveness and streamline implementation.7. Task the Climate Change Unit with facilitating the design and implementation of a national monitoring
and evaluation tool to assess and improve on climate change integration in sectors, including enforcement of climate change-related legislation.
8. Include climate change programmes in the responsibilities of all government departments.
22 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
9. Review public health and social policies to ensure consideration of climate change impact projections and appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures.
10. Review the national building code to ensure consideration of climate change impact projections and appropriate climate change resilience measures.
11. Review the terms of reference of the NCCCT to ensure effective and efficient guidance and review of climate change projects.
12. Strengthen partnerships and establish an effective communication mechanism between government agencies, CBOs, faith-based organisations, NGOs, municipal councils, the private sector, professional and academic institutions, and communities to allow effective and sustainable integration of climate change into their programmes and activities.
Objective 2: Data collection, storage and sharing
Collect, manage and use accurate and scientifically sound climate change-related data and information.
Strategies
1. Establish, within the Climate Change Unit, a clearing house mechanism for climate change data and information (research and projections on climate variability, climate trends, etc.) to foster data accuracy and efficient information sharing.
2. Establish collaboration with all relevant sectors and regional and international agencies on the collection and sharing of climate change-related data.
3. Ensure data management is aligned with international best practice standards such as the IPCC good practice guidance.
4. Collaborate with relevant regional and international research and academic institutions to update climate change-related data and information.
5. Strengthen the national weather and climate monitoring network. 6. Adopt innovative and sustainable approaches to data management.7. Encourage and promote robust research to provide sound climate change-related data.
Objective 3: Awareness raising
Increase awareness and understanding of climate change-related issues across all sectors and at all levels in Fiji.
Strategies
1. Conduct awareness-raising workshops and sessions for policy makers, decision makers and local and national planners on climate change issues.
2. Use a range of available communication technologies to conduct outreach activities related to climate change adaptation and mitigation.
3. Support CBOs and faith-based organisations to raise climate change awareness in local communities. 4. Establish an effective communication and networking mechanism on climate change issues among
government departments, NGOs, CBOs, faith-based organisations, municipal councils, the private sector, and professional and academic institutions.
5. Produce regular information briefs, such as quarterly newsletters, on climate change-related information in Fiji, and utilise effective distribution channels.
6. Produce a suite of awareness-raising materials to allow communication to people with special needs.7. Develop locally appropriate awareness materials in all common vernaculars.
23Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
8. Collaborate with other government sectors and agencies to implement an awareness programme for all divisions at least twice a year.
9. Improve the Climate Change Unit website for more effective and efficient sharing, dissemination and updating of climate change information and news.
Objective 4: Education and training
Integrate climate change in school curricula, tertiary courses, and vocational, non-formal education and training programmes.
Strategies
1. Review and update the current primary and secondary curricula, and the tertiary and vocational education courses to ensure inclusion of local, accurate and current climate change information, and to encourage student research around the issue of climate change.1.1 The Curriculum Development Unit to assess and review teaching materials on climate change
regularly, given the dynamic nature of climate change science, research and international progress.2. Develop appropriate educational materials and learning tools on climate change for students with
special needs in early intervention programmes, in special and mainstream primary and secondary schools, and in tertiary institutions.
3. Review and update non-formal education programmes and training materials to incorporate climate change information where appropriate.
4. Build capacity of provincial administrators, Roko Tui, advisory councillors, community leaders, village headmen, youth leaders, faith-based organisations and NGOs to deliver accurate information, integrate local content, and promote critical thinking about climate change.
5. Ensure that education and training programmes are designed to allow and encourage individuals to understand climate change, and to take action on mitigation and adaptation.
6. Develop appropriate training tools on climate change for government officers involved in awareness and training programmes in all government departments.
Objective 5: Adaptation
Reduce the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of Fiji’s communities to the impacts of climate change and disasters.
Strategies
1. Integrate related disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation strategies and actions into national and sectoral planning to streamline responses.
2. Include vulnerability assessments and climate change impact projections into resource management planning, such as integrated coastal and watershed management plans.
3. Incorporate climate change impact projections into infrastructure and urban and rural planning.4. Develop sustainable adaptation technologies and systems that take traditional knowledge into account
and are culturally acceptable.5. Support the ecosystem-based approach throughout Fiji, recognising that ecosystem services, such as
food security, natural hazard mitigation and physical coastal buffer zones, increase resilience.6. Develop and make accessible hazard maps of coastal, riverine, urban and inland areas in Fiji, using
the comprehensive hazard assessment and risk management (CHARM) tool to guide all development planning.
7. Assess poverty, health and food security issues to determine their vulnerability to climate change, and consider these vulnerabilities in future policies and initiatives.
24 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
8. Improve disaster response capacity and access to public health facilities, emergency services, communication services and evacuation centres.
9. Build the capacity of the health and agriculture sectors to respond effectively to climate sensitive diseases, including the strengthening of disease surveillance and control systems, and early warning mechanisms for climate sensitive human and livestock diseases.
10. Use appropriate consultation mechanisms for the participation of all members of the community in the planning, management and implementation of adaptation measures.
11. Mobilise resources and all sectors to support the implementation of relevant national adaptation strategies and plans, such as the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, the planned joint national action plan for CCA and DRM and the National Disaster Risk Management Plan.
12. Strengthen early warning systems to ensure effective and timely communication to the public, with particular attention paid to isolated, hazard-prone and disadvantaged areas.
13. Implement best practice adaptation measures, based on sound scientific research, and lessons learnt from local, regional and international experiences.
14. Undertake national research to identify effective adaptation measures to support sector-specific adaptation and disaster risk reduction responses.
15. Establish a monitoring and evaluation system to determine the success of national, sectoral and local adaptation initiatives.
Objective 6: Mitigation
Reduce Fiji’s greenhouse gas emissions and implement initiatives to increase the sequestration and storage of greenhouse gases.
Strategies
1. Develop joint programmes and cooperation agreements between relevant sectors to reduce and avoid greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
2. Develop and implement national, industrial, commercial (such as the tourism, agriculture and mining sectors) and household energy efficiency programmes, including provision of rebates, incentives and disincentives.
3. Assess and utilise appropriate renewable energy sources, such as wave, tidal, solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biofuel and biomass.
4. Support the implementation of the Fiji REDD-Plus Policy, the Fiji Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, the National Air Pollution Control Strategy, the Ozone Depleting Substances Decree, the National Energy Policy, the Clean Development Mechanism Policy Guideline and other relevant national polices and strategies on the reduction of GHG emissions, deforestation, forest degradation and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
5. Access international financing instruments to support renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste management and carbon trading initiatives.
6. Control and reduce emissions from existing private and public vehicles.7. Control the ages of imported and second-hand vehicles and introduce alternative fuel powered vehicles. 8. Develop activities and infrastructure that promote the reduction and avoidance of fossil fuel
consumption (for example, construct proper walking and cycling lanes). 9. Support the enforcement of legislation on open burning in residential and commercial locations, as
stated by the Environment Management Act (2005).10. Formalise collaboration arrangements and commitments of members of committees working in the
area of climate change mitigation, such as the Carbon Trading Technical Team, and the Fiji REDD-Plus Steering Committee.
25Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
11. Establish a national monitoring and evaluation system to calculate GHG emissions and assess Fiji’s mitigation efforts.
Objective 7: Financing
Ensure sustainable financing for climate change efforts.
Strategies
1. Ensure that national budgeting processes include the assignment of funds for climate change mitigation and adaptation research, planning and programme implementation.
2. Develop innovative approaches and schemes to generate funds for adaptation activities at local and national level.
3. Support the UNFCCC National Focal Point to efficiently and effectively access and deliver funds from regional and international sources.
4. Develop an overview of climate change funding and costs in order to monitor the efficiency and effectiveness of funding mechanisms and project delivery.
5. Ensure adequate distribution of climate change funding, such as GEF and the Adaptation Fund, into climate change-related projects in all government agencies.
6. Secretariat of the NCCCT to collaborate with the Development Partners of Climate Change (DPCC) Committee in sharing information and coordinating and streamlining donor-funded projects.
7. Improve financial reporting to the Ministry of Finance to ensure proper disbursement and utilisation of funds.
8. Develop an analysis of the economics of climate change adaptation and mitigation in Fiji to identify cost-effective and cost-ineffective approaches.
9. Support and develop the capacity of government agencies and local NGOS and CBOs in proposal formulation and reporting in order to improve access to funds from regional and international sources.
10. Provide adequate resources to the Climate Change Unit. 11. Implement recommendations from the ‘Mainstreaming climate change into national development and
budgeting’ feasibility study (supported by the Global Climate Change Alliance Facility).12. Develop projects and initiatives with carbon financing potential.
Objective 8: International and Pacific region participation
Effectively participate in and contribute to international and Pacific region climate change negotiations, discussions, commitments and outcomes.
Strategies
1. Strengthen international negotiation skills of Fiji delegation members and improve their understanding of international policies relating to climate change.
2. Ensure maximum preparation for international and Pacific regional meetings relating to climate change by encouraging cross-sectoral engagement and capacity building.
3. Ensure Fiji’s fulfilment of international reporting requirements through streamlined reporting of climate change issues to the three Rio Conventions (UNFCCC, CBD and UNCCD) and systematic monitoring across all sectors.
4. Support a stronger and better coordinated Pacific position on climate change by initiating a collective Pacific regional approach at global negotiations on climate change issues.
5. Facilitate the development of a national and regional supporting mechanism for neighbouring Pacific Island countries that are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
26 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
8. Policy monitoring and review
Policy monitoring
To ensure effective and timely implementation, the Climate Change Unit, in collaboration with implementing and lead agencies, will monitor the implementation of the policy. Based on the quarterly progress reports (refer to section 9.1) the Climate Change Unit will submit an annual progress report to the NCCCT and the National Environment Council (NEC) on the implementation of the policy.
Policy review
The policy review process will be facilitated by a task team assigned by the chairperson of the NCCCT. The policy will be reviewed five years after its adoption to assess and ensure its relevance and continued implementation in an efficient and effective manner. The review process should develop recommended changes to the policy objectives, strategies and milestones. The monitoring and review mechanism timeline is illustrated in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Monitoring and review timeline
Climate Change Policy Endorsement
Yr 1
5 years after endorsement Policy Review • Review of policy
implementation • Review of policy
objectives
Yr 5
Annual monitoring of:
• Strategy implementation
• Lead agency efforts
• Implementing agency efforts
Provide update to:
• NCCCT
Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4
Implementation
27Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
9. Implementation
The policy implementation framework (Table 9) describes the policy strategies and identifies the agencies responsible for their implementation. The framework will inform sectoral annual corporate plans.
The NCCAS and JNAP for CCA and DRM provide detailed and sector-specific actions for implementation of adaptation measures. These actions feed into the overall National Climate Change Policy strategies.
Figure 4. An overview of the implementation of climate change policy through government planning processes
Roadmap for Democracy and Sustainable Socio-economic Development 2009–2014
Strategies
NCCAS
JNAP for CCA & DRM
Implementation framework (of strategies)
Climate Change Policy Sectoral Policies
Corporate Plans
Sectoral Action Plans
REDD+ Policy
CDM Policy Guideline
NCCAS and JNAP for CCA and DRM identify sector-‐specific strategies
Provides guidelines on climate change issues to be addressed in sector and national policies
Policy strategies guide inclusion of climate change issues into corporate plans and sector action plans
Implementation framework provides timeframe for implementation and an arrangement for coordination
The JNAP will provide additional direction on the implementation of adaptation and disaster risk management strategies identified in the climate change policy. The NCCAS in turn will provide specific land-based sector strategies that feed into the JNAP.
28 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Progress Reporting
To ensure effective and timely implementation, the Climate Change Unit will review the progress of each of the strategies as appropriate, and regularly report to both the National Climate Change Country Team and the National Environment Council at their quarterly meetings. The progress reporting hierarchy is illustrated in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Progress reporting hierarchy
Phot
o: M
anas
a Ka
toni
vual
iku
29Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Tabl
e 9
Polic
y Im
plem
enta
tion
Fra
mew
ork
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
Obj
ecti
ve 1
: M
ains
trea
min
g 1
Inco
rpor
ate
clim
ate
chan
ge in
to N
atio
nal P
lans
and
bud
gets
in
line
with
the
Clim
ate
Chan
ge P
olic
y Fr
amew
ork.
M
inis
try
of
Stra
tegi
c Pl
anni
ng,
Nat
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent,
and
Stat
istic
s
Line
min
istr
ies
2En
sure
that
revi
ews
of n
atio
nal a
nd s
ecto
ral p
olic
ies
alig
n w
ith
the
Clim
ate
Chan
ge P
olic
y.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Line
min
istr
ies;
Solic
itor G
ener
al’s
Off
ice
3Co
nsid
er th
e Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
Pol
icy
in le
gisl
ativ
e re
view
pr
oces
ses
and
deve
lop
coop
erat
ive
and
coor
dina
ted
agre
emen
ts b
etw
een
sect
ors
to e
nsur
e en
forc
emen
t.
So
licito
r G
ener
al’s
Off
ice
Solic
itor G
ener
al’s
Off
ice;
all
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cies
4Co
nsid
er le
sson
s le
arnt
and
reco
mm
enda
tions
of n
atio
nal a
nd
loca
l-lev
el re
port
s, p
roje
cts
and
stud
ies
rela
ting
to c
limat
e ch
ange
in th
e na
tiona
l, di
visi
onal
and
loca
l pla
nnin
g pr
oces
ses.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Line
min
istr
ies;
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial
Dev
elop
men
t; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
5Co
nsid
er c
limat
e ch
ange
impl
icat
ions
in a
ll st
rate
gic
natio
nal
deve
lopm
ent p
lann
ing,
incl
udin
g la
nd u
se p
lann
ing,
de
velo
pmen
t ass
essm
ent,
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd s
ettle
men
t pl
anni
ng.
Min
istr
y of
Str
ateg
ic
Plan
ning
, N
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t, an
d St
atis
tics
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Min
istr
y o
f Agr
icul
ture
; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
and
Fore
stry
; Min
istr
y of
Wor
ks, T
rans
port
and
Pub
lic U
tiliti
es;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tou
rism
; Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hou
sing
; Dep
artm
ent o
f Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t 6
Ensu
re a
ll se
ctor
s co
ordi
nate
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d di
sast
er ri
sk re
duct
ion
effo
rts
to e
nhan
ce a
id e
ffec
tiven
ess
and
stre
amlin
e im
plem
enta
tion.
M
inis
try
of
Stra
tegi
c Pl
anni
ng,
Nat
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent
and
Stat
istic
s
Line
min
istr
ies;
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit
7Ta
sk th
e Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t with
faci
litat
ing
the
desi
gn a
nd
impl
emen
tatio
n of
a n
atio
nal m
onito
ring
and
eval
uatio
n to
ol to
ass
ess
and
impr
ove
on c
limat
e ch
ange
inte
grat
ion
in s
ecto
rs, i
nclu
ding
enf
orce
men
t of c
limat
e ch
ange
rela
ted
legi
slat
ion.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of S
trat
egic
Pla
nnin
g, N
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t and
Sta
tistic
s
8In
clud
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
pro
gram
mes
in th
e re
spon
sibi
litie
s of
al
l gov
ernm
ent d
epar
tmen
ts.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Str
ateg
ic P
lann
ing,
Nat
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent a
nd S
tatis
tics;
Min
istr
y of
Pr
ovin
cial
Dev
elop
men
t; lin
e m
inis
trie
s
30 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
9Re
view
pub
lic h
ealth
and
soc
ial p
olic
ies
to e
nsur
e co
nsid
erat
ion
of c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
ct p
roje
ctio
ns a
nd
appr
opria
te m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n m
easu
res.
M
inis
try
of S
trat
egic
Pl
anni
ng,
Nat
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent,
and
Stat
istic
s
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Soc
ial W
elfa
re
10Re
view
the
natio
nal b
uild
ing
code
to e
nsur
e co
nsid
erat
ion
of
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
pro
ject
ions
and
app
ropr
iate
clim
ate
chan
ge re
silie
nce
mea
sure
s.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t, H
ousi
ng a
nd E
nviro
nmen
t; D
epar
tmen
t of T
ouris
m11
Revi
ew th
e te
rms
of re
fere
nce
of th
e N
CCC
T to
ens
ure
effe
ctiv
e an
d ef
ficie
nt g
uida
nce
and
revi
ew o
f clim
ate
chan
ge p
roje
cts
in F
iji.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; M
inis
try
of H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
; N
DM
O; M
inis
try
of W
orks
, Tra
nspo
rt &
Pub
lic
Util
ities
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tou
rism
12
Stre
ngth
en p
artn
ersh
ips
and
esta
blis
h an
eff
ectiv
e co
mm
unic
atio
n m
echa
nism
bet
wee
n G
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s,
CBO
s, F
aith
-bas
ed O
rgan
isat
ions
, NG
Os,
mun
icip
al c
ounc
ils,
priv
ate
sect
or, p
rofe
ssio
nal a
nd a
cade
mic
inst
itutio
ns, a
nd
com
mun
ities
to a
llow
eff
ectiv
e an
d su
stai
nabl
e in
tegr
atio
n of
cl
imat
e ch
ange
into
thei
r pro
gram
mes
and
act
iviti
es.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of S
trat
egic
Pla
nnin
g, N
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t, an
d St
atis
tics;
Min
istr
y of
Pr
ovin
cial
Dev
elop
men
t; Pa
cific
Cou
ncil
of
Chur
ches
; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lan
ds; M
inis
try
of F
orei
gn
Aff
airs
; Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth; D
epar
tmen
t of
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Ene
rgy;
Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Serv
ices
; NG
Os
Obj
ecti
ve 2
: D
ata
Colle
ctio
n, S
tora
ge a
nd S
hari
ng
1Es
tabl
ish,
with
in th
e Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t, a
clea
ring
hous
e m
echa
nism
for c
limat
e ch
ange
dat
a an
d in
form
atio
n (re
sear
ch
and
proj
ectio
ns o
n cl
imat
e va
riabi
lity,
clim
ate
tren
ds, e
tc.)
to
fost
er d
ata
accu
racy
and
eff
icie
nt in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces;
Min
istr
y of
In
form
atio
n; G
IZ, S
PC
2Es
tabl
ish
colla
bora
tion
with
all
rele
vant
sec
tors
and
regi
onal
an
d in
tern
atio
nal a
genc
ies
on th
e co
llect
ion
and
shar
ing
of
clim
ate
chan
ge-r
elat
ed d
ata.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Min
istr
y of
Lan
ds &
Min
eral
Res
ourc
es; M
inis
try
of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; Dep
artm
ent o
f En
ergy
; Fiji
M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; N
GO
s3
Ensu
re d
ata
man
agem
ent i
s al
igne
d w
ith in
tern
atio
nally
bes
t pr
actic
e st
anda
rds
such
as
the
IPCC
goo
d pr
actic
e gu
idan
ce.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Min
istr
y of
Lan
ds &
Min
eral
Res
ourc
es; M
inis
try
of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; Dep
artm
ent o
f Ene
rgy;
Fiji
M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; N
GO
s
31Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
4Co
llabo
rate
with
rele
vant
regi
onal
and
inte
rnat
iona
l res
earc
h an
d ac
adem
ic in
stitu
tions
to u
pdat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
rela
ted
data
and
info
rmat
ion.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
SOPA
C; S
P; U
SP; F
NU
; U
nive
rsity
of F
iji;
SPRE
P;
IUCN
; For
um S
ecre
taria
t; N
GO
s
5St
reng
then
the
natio
nal w
eath
er a
nd c
limat
e m
onito
ring
netw
ork.
Fi
ji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Se
rvic
es
SOPA
C; S
PC; U
SP; S
PREP
; IU
CN; F
orum
Se
cret
aria
t; N
GO
s
6A
dopt
inno
vativ
e an
d su
stai
nabl
e ap
proa
ches
to d
ata
man
agem
ent.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tFi
ji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; M
inis
try
of
Info
rmat
ion;
7En
cour
age
and
prom
ote
robu
st re
sear
ch to
pro
vide
sou
nd
clim
ate
chan
ge-r
elat
ed d
ata.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of E
duca
tion;
USP
; FN
U; U
nive
rsity
of F
iji
Obj
ecti
ve 3
: A
war
enes
s Ra
isin
g
1
Cond
uct a
war
enes
s ra
isin
g w
orks
hops
and
ses
sion
s fo
r pol
icy
mak
ers,
dec
isio
n m
aker
s an
d lo
cal a
nd n
atio
nal p
lann
ers
on
clim
ate
chan
ge is
sues
.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial D
evel
opm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Dep
artm
ent o
f La
nds;
Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth;
Min
istr
y of
Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
En
viro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O;
Min
istr
y of
Wor
ks, T
rans
port
& P
ublic
Util
ities
; D
epar
tmen
t of T
ouris
m; N
GO
s 2
Use
a ra
nge
of a
vaila
ble
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
to
con
duct
out
reac
h ac
tiviti
es re
late
d to
clim
ate
chan
ge
adap
tatio
n an
d m
itiga
tion.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of
Land
s; M
inis
try
of H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
En
viro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O;
Min
istr
y of
Wor
ks, T
rans
port
& P
ublic
Util
ities
; D
epar
tmen
t of T
ouris
m; N
GO
s3
Supp
ort c
omm
unity
-bas
ed o
rgan
isat
ions
and
faith
-bas
ed
orga
nisa
tions
to ra
ise
clim
ate
chan
ge a
war
enes
s w
ithin
loca
l co
mm
uniti
es.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; D
epar
tmen
t of W
orks
; Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth;
Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; Dep
artm
ent o
f En
ergy
; Dep
artm
ent T
ouris
m; N
GO
s4
Esta
blis
h an
eff
ectiv
e co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d ne
twor
king
m
echa
nism
on
clim
ate
chan
ge is
sues
am
ong
gove
rnm
ent
depa
rtm
ents
, NG
Os,
CBO
s, fa
ith-b
ased
org
anis
atio
ns,
mun
icip
al c
ounc
ils, t
he p
rivat
e se
ctor
, and
pro
fess
iona
l and
ac
adem
ic in
stitu
tions
.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Str
ateg
ic P
lann
ing,
Nat
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent,
and
Stat
istic
s; M
inis
try
of
Prov
inci
al D
evel
opm
ent;
Paci
fic C
ounc
il of
Ch
urch
es, R
egio
nal D
evel
opm
ent,
Dep
artm
ent
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t; Fi
ji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; N
GO
s
32 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
5Pr
oduc
e re
gula
r inf
orm
atio
n br
iefs
, suc
h as
qua
rter
ly
new
slet
ters
, on
clim
ate
chan
ge-r
elat
ed in
form
atio
n in
Fiji
, and
ut
ilise
eff
ectiv
e di
strib
utio
n ch
anne
ls.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Info
rmat
ion
6Pr
oduc
e a
suite
of a
war
enes
s-ra
isin
g m
ater
ials
to a
llow
co
mm
unic
atio
n to
peo
ple
with
spe
cial
nee
ds
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of E
duca
tion;
Min
istr
y of
Itau
kei &
Mul
ti Et
hnic
Aff
airs
; Min
istr
y of
Info
rmat
ion,
NG
Os
7D
evel
op lo
cally
app
ropr
iate
aw
aren
ess
mat
eria
ls in
all
com
mon
ver
nacu
lars
.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of E
duca
tion;
Min
istr
y of
Itau
kei &
Mul
ti Et
hnic
Aff
airs
; Min
istr
y of
Info
rmat
ion
NG
Os
8Co
llabo
rate
with
oth
er g
over
nmen
t sec
tors
and
age
ncie
s to
im
plem
ent a
n aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
me
for a
ll di
visi
ons
at le
ast
twic
e a
year
.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Edu
catio
n; N
GO
s; M
inis
try
of
Prov
inci
al D
evel
opm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Dep
artm
ent o
f Lan
ds; D
epar
tmen
t of
Wor
ks; M
inis
try
of H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
En
viro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Ene
rgy;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tou
rism
9Im
prov
e th
e Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t web
site
for m
ore
effe
ctiv
e an
d ef
ficie
nt s
harin
g an
d di
ssem
inat
ion
of c
limat
e ch
ange
in
form
atio
n an
d ne
ws.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
t M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; M
inis
try
of
Agr
icul
ture
; Min
istr
y of
Info
rmat
ion;
ND
MO
, D
epar
tmen
t of E
nerg
y, F
iji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Se
rvic
es; N
GO
sO
bjec
tive
4:
Edu
cati
on a
nd T
rain
ing
1Re
view
and
upd
ate
the
curr
ent p
rimar
y an
d se
cond
ary
curr
icul
a an
d te
rtia
ry a
nd v
ocat
iona
l edu
catio
n co
urse
s to
en
sure
incl
usio
n of
loca
l, ac
cura
te a
nd c
urre
nt c
limat
e ch
ange
in
form
atio
n, a
nd to
enc
oura
ge s
tude
nt re
sear
ch a
roun
d th
e is
sue
of c
limat
e ch
ange
.
M
inis
try
of
Educ
atio
nM
inis
try
of E
duca
tion;
tert
iary
inst
itutio
ns;
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit
1.1
Curr
icul
um D
evel
opm
ent U
nit (
CDU
) to
asse
ss a
nd re
view
te
achi
ng m
ater
ials
on
clim
ate
chan
ge re
gula
rly, g
iven
the
dyna
mic
nat
ure
of c
limat
e ch
ange
sci
ence
, res
earc
h an
d in
tern
atio
nal p
rogr
ess.
M
inis
try
of
Educ
atio
nM
inis
try
of E
duca
tion
(CD
U);
voca
tiona
l and
te
rtia
ry in
stitu
tions
; Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit
2D
evel
op a
ppro
pria
te e
duca
tiona
l mat
eria
ls a
nd le
arni
ng to
ols
on c
limat
e ch
ange
for c
hild
ren
with
spe
cial
nee
ds in
ear
ly
inte
rven
tion
prog
ram
mes
, in
spec
ial a
nd m
ains
trea
m s
choo
ls,
and
in te
rtia
ry in
stitu
tions
.
Min
istr
y of
Ed
ucat
ion
Min
istr
y of
Edu
catio
n; C
limat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t
3Re
view
and
upd
ate
non-
form
al e
duca
tion
prog
ram
mes
and
tr
aini
ng m
ater
ials
to in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
info
rmat
ion
whe
re a
ppro
pria
te.
M
inis
try
of
Educ
atio
nM
inis
try
of E
duca
tion;
tert
iary
inst
itutio
ns; N
GO
s
33Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
4Bu
ild c
apac
ity o
f pro
vinc
ial a
dmin
istr
ator
s, R
oko
Tui,
advi
sory
co
unci
llors
, com
mun
ity le
ader
s, v
illag
e he
adm
en, y
outh
le
ader
s, fa
ith-b
ased
org
anis
atio
ns a
nd N
GO
s to
del
iver
ac
cura
te in
form
atio
n, in
tegr
ate
loca
l con
tent
, and
pro
mot
e cr
itica
l thi
nkin
g ab
out c
limat
e ch
ange
.
M
inis
try
of
Educ
atio
nM
inis
try
of E
duca
tion;
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial
Dev
elop
men
t; Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t
5En
sure
edu
catio
n an
d tr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es a
re d
esig
ned
to a
llow
and
enc
oura
ge in
divi
dual
s to
und
erst
and
clim
ate
chan
ge, a
nd to
take
act
ion
on m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n.
M
inis
try
of
Educ
atio
nM
inis
try
of E
duca
tion
(CD
U)
6D
evel
op a
ppro
pria
te tr
aini
ng to
ols
on c
limat
e ch
ange
for
gove
rnm
ent o
ffic
ers
invo
lved
in a
war
enes
s an
d tr
aini
ng
prog
ram
mes
in a
ll go
vern
men
t dep
artm
ents
.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Edu
catio
n; te
rtia
ry in
stitu
tions
; go
vern
men
t dep
artm
ents
Obj
ecti
ve 5
: Ada
ptat
ion
1In
tegr
ate
rela
ted
disa
ster
risk
redu
ctio
n an
d cl
imat
e ch
ange
ad
apta
tion
stra
tegi
es a
nd a
ctio
ns in
to n
atio
nal a
nd s
ecto
ral
plan
ning
to s
trea
mlin
e re
spon
ses.
M
inis
try
of S
trat
egic
Pl
anni
ng,
Nat
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent,
and
Stat
istic
s
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
ND
MO
; lin
e m
inis
trie
s,
SOPA
C
2In
clud
e vu
lner
abili
ty a
sses
smen
t and
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
pr
ojec
tions
into
res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t pla
nnin
g, s
uch
as
inte
grat
ed c
oast
al a
nd w
ater
shed
man
agem
ent p
lans
.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Dep
artm
ent o
f Env
ironm
ent (
biod
iver
sity
); lin
e m
inis
trie
s
3In
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
impa
ct p
roje
ctio
ns in
to
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd u
rban
and
rura
l pla
nnin
g.
Dep
artm
ent o
f La
nds
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Fo
rest
s; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; Dep
artm
ent o
f A
gric
ultu
re; D
TCP;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Env
ironm
ent;
NG
Os
4D
evel
op a
dapt
atio
n te
chno
logi
es th
at ta
ke tr
aditi
onal
kn
owle
dge
into
acc
ount
and
are
cul
tura
lly a
ccep
tabl
e.
N
DM
OM
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts;
Dep
artm
ent
of L
ands
; DTC
P; F
iji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; D
epar
tmen
t of E
nviro
nmen
t5
Supp
ort t
he e
cosy
stem
-bas
ed a
ppro
ach
thro
ugho
ut F
iji,
reco
gnis
ing
that
eco
syst
em s
ervi
ces,
suc
h as
food
sec
urity
, na
tura
l haz
ard
miti
gatio
n an
d ph
ysic
al c
oast
al b
uffe
r zon
es,
incr
ease
resi
lienc
e.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Dep
artm
ent o
f Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Prim
ary
Indu
strie
s; N
DM
O; F
iji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; N
GO
s
6D
evel
op a
nd m
ake
acce
ssib
le h
azar
d m
aps
of c
oast
al, r
iver
ine,
ur
ban
and
inla
nd a
reas
in F
iji, u
sing
the
com
preh
ensi
ve h
azar
d as
sess
men
t and
risk
man
agem
ent (
CHA
RM) t
ool t
o gu
ide
all
deve
lopm
ent p
lann
ing.
N
DM
OCl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t; D
epar
tmen
t of
Envi
ronm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Prim
ary
Indu
strie
s;
ND
MO
; Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces;
NG
Os
7A
sses
s po
vert
y, h
ealth
and
food
sec
urity
issu
es to
det
erm
ine
thei
r vul
nera
bilit
y to
clim
ate
chan
ge, a
nd c
onsi
der t
hese
vu
lner
abili
ties
in fu
ture
pol
icie
s an
d in
itiat
ives
.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Min
istr
y of
Ed
ucat
ion;
Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth; M
inis
try
of
Agr
icul
ture
; Min
istr
y of
Itau
kei &
Mul
ti Et
hnic
A
ffai
rs; D
epar
tmen
t of E
nerg
y; N
GO
s
34 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
8Im
prov
e di
sast
er re
spon
se c
apac
ity a
nd a
cces
s to
pub
lic h
ealth
fa
cilit
ies,
em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
, com
mun
icat
ion
serv
ices
and
ev
acua
tion
cent
res.
ND
MO
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
; Dep
artm
ent L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Prim
ary
Indu
strie
s; N
DM
O; D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy;
Min
istr
y of
Info
rmat
ion;
Fiji
M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s9
Build
the
capa
city
of t
he h
ealth
and
agr
icul
ture
sec
tors
to
resp
ond
effe
ctiv
ely
to c
limat
e se
nsiti
ve d
isea
ses,
incl
udin
g th
e st
reng
then
ing
of d
isea
se s
urve
illan
ce a
nd c
ontr
ol s
yste
ms,
and
ea
rly w
arni
ng m
echa
nism
s fo
r clim
ate
sens
itive
hum
an a
nd
lives
tock
dis
ease
s.
Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
Dep
artm
ent o
f A
gric
ultu
re
Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth a
nd D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
ture
10U
se a
ppro
pria
te c
onsu
ltatio
n m
echa
nism
s fo
r the
par
ticip
atio
n of
all
mem
bers
of t
he c
omm
unity
in th
e pl
anni
ng,
man
agem
ent a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
of a
dapt
atio
n m
easu
res.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; D
epar
tmen
t of
Wor
ks; M
inis
try
of H
ealth
; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t, H
ousi
ng a
nd E
nviro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O;
Dep
artm
ent o
f En
ergy
; Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces;
Dep
artm
ent
of T
ouris
m; N
GO
s11
Mob
ilise
reso
urce
s an
d al
l sec
tors
to s
uppo
rt th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of re
leva
nt n
atio
nal a
dapt
atio
n st
rate
gies
an
d pl
ans,
suc
h as
the
Nat
iona
l Clim
ate
Chan
ge A
dapt
atio
n St
rate
gy, t
he p
lann
ed Jo
int N
atio
nal A
ctio
n Pl
an fo
r CCA
and
D
RM a
nd th
e N
atio
nal D
isas
ter R
isk
Man
agem
ent P
lan.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l Dev
elop
men
t. M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of
Land
s; D
epar
tmen
t of W
orks
; Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y o
f Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; Dep
artm
ent o
f En
ergy
; Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces;
Dep
artm
ent
of T
ouris
m; N
GO
s12
Stre
ngth
en e
arly
war
ning
sys
tem
s to
ens
ure
effe
ctiv
e an
d tim
ely
com
mun
icat
ion
to th
e pu
blic
, with
par
ticul
ar a
tten
tion
paid
to is
olat
ed, h
azar
d-pr
one
and
disa
dvan
tage
d ar
eas.
Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Serv
ices
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial D
evel
opm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Dep
artm
ent o
f Lan
ds;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Wor
ks; M
inis
try
of H
ealth
; M
inis
try
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t, H
ousi
ng a
nd E
nviro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O; D
epar
tmen
t of
Ener
gy; F
iji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; D
epar
tmen
t of
Tou
rism
; NG
Os
13Im
plem
ent b
est p
ract
ice
adap
tatio
n m
easu
res,
bas
ed o
n so
und
scie
ntifi
c re
sear
ch, a
nd le
sson
s le
arnt
from
loca
l, re
gion
al a
nd in
tern
atio
nal e
xper
ienc
es.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; D
epar
tmen
t of W
orks
; Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth;
Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent ;
M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O; D
epar
tmen
t of
Ener
gy; F
iji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; To
uris
m;
NG
Os
35Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
14U
nder
take
nat
iona
l res
earc
h to
iden
tify
effe
ctiv
e ad
apta
tion
mea
sure
s to
sup
port
sec
tor-
spec
ific
adap
tatio
n an
d di
sast
er
risk
redu
ctio
n re
spon
ses.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; D
epar
tmen
t of W
orks
; Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth;
Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; Dep
artm
ent o
f En
ergy
; Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces;
Dep
artm
ent
of T
ouris
m; N
GO
s15
Esta
blis
h a
mon
itorin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
syst
em to
det
erm
ine
the
succ
ess
of n
atio
nal,
sect
oral
and
loca
l ada
ptat
ion
initi
ativ
esCl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial D
evel
opm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Dep
artm
ent o
f La
nds;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Wor
ks; M
inis
try
of H
ealth
; M
inis
try
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t, H
ousi
ng a
nd E
nviro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O; D
epar
tmen
t of
Ener
gy; F
iji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; D
epar
tmen
t To
uris
m; N
GO
sO
bjec
tive
6:
Mit
igat
ion
1D
evel
op jo
int p
rogr
amm
es a
nd c
oope
ratio
n ag
reem
ents
be
twee
n re
leva
nt s
ecto
rs to
redu
ce a
nd a
void
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s.
D
epar
tmen
t of
Ener
gyA
ll go
vern
men
t age
ncie
s an
d st
atut
ory
bodi
es;
NG
Os
2D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent n
atio
nal,
indu
stria
l, co
mm
erci
al (s
uch
as th
e to
uris
m, a
gric
ultu
re, a
nd m
inin
g se
ctor
s) a
nd h
ouse
hold
en
ergy
eff
icie
ncy
prog
ram
mes
, inc
ludi
ng p
rovi
sion
of r
ebat
es,
ince
ntiv
es a
nd d
isin
cent
ives
.
D
epar
tmen
t of
Ener
gyD
epar
tmen
t of E
nerg
y; D
epar
tmen
t of P
ublic
En
terp
rise;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tou
rism
3A
sses
s an
d ut
ilise
app
ropr
iate
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y so
urce
s, s
uch
as w
ave,
tida
l, so
lar,
win
d, h
ydro
, geo
ther
mal
, bio
fuel
and
bi
omas
s.
D
epar
tmen
t of
Ener
gyD
epar
tmen
t of E
nerg
y an
d go
vern
men
t st
atut
ory;
Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces
4Su
ppor
t the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Fiji
RED
D-P
lus P
olic
y, th
e Fi
ji Bi
odiv
ersit
y St
rate
gy a
nd A
ctio
n Pl
an, t
he N
atio
nal A
ir Po
llutio
n Co
ntro
l Str
ateg
y, th
e O
zone
Dep
letin
g Su
bsta
nces
Dec
ree,
the
Nat
iona
l Ene
rgy
Polic
y, th
e Cl
ean
Dev
elop
men
t Mec
hani
sm P
olic
y G
uide
line
and
othe
r rel
evan
t nat
iona
l pol
ices
and
str
ateg
ies
on th
e re
duct
ion
of g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons,
def
ores
tatio
n,
fore
st d
egra
datio
n an
d th
e en
hanc
emen
t of f
ores
t car
bon
stoc
ks.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial D
evel
opm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Dep
artm
ent o
f Lan
ds;
Min
istr
y of
Wor
ks ,T
rans
port
and
Pub
lic U
tiliti
es;
Hea
lth; M
inis
try
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t, H
ousi
ng a
nd E
nviro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O; D
epar
tmen
t of
Tour
ism
; NG
Os
36 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
5A
cces
s in
tern
atio
nal f
inan
cing
inst
rum
ents
to s
uppo
rt
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y, e
nerg
y ef
ficie
ncy,
was
te m
anag
emen
t and
ca
rbon
trad
ing
initi
ativ
es.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial D
evel
opm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; Dep
artm
ent o
f Lan
ds;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Wor
ks; M
inis
try
of H
ealth
; M
inis
try
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t, H
ousi
ng a
nd E
nviro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O; D
epar
tmen
t of
Ener
gy; F
iji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s; D
epar
tmen
t of
Tou
rism
; NG
Os
6Co
ntro
l and
redu
ce e
mis
sion
s fr
om e
xist
ing
priv
ate
and
publ
ic
vehi
cles
.
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tr
ansp
ort
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tra
nspo
rt a
nd L
TA
7Co
ntro
l the
age
s of
impo
rted
and
sec
ond-
hand
veh
icle
s an
d in
trod
uce
alte
rnat
ive
fuel
pow
ered
veh
icle
s.D
epar
tmen
t of
Tran
spor
t D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
; Dep
artm
ent o
f Ene
rgy
8D
evel
op a
ctiv
ities
and
infr
astr
uctu
re th
at p
rom
ote
the
redu
ctio
n an
d av
oida
nce
of fo
ssil
fuel
con
sum
ptio
n (fo
r ex
ampl
e, c
onst
ruct
pro
per w
alki
ng a
nd c
yclin
g la
nes)
Dep
artm
ent
of L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t
Min
istr
y of
Wor
ks ,T
rans
port
and
Pub
lic U
tiliti
es,
9Su
ppor
t the
enf
orce
men
t of l
egis
latio
n on
ope
n bu
rnin
g in
resi
dent
ial a
nd c
omm
erci
al lo
catio
ns, a
s st
ated
by
the
Envi
ronm
ent M
anag
emen
t Act
(200
5).
Dep
artm
ent o
f En
viro
nmen
t D
epar
tmen
t of E
nviro
nmen
t
10Fo
rmal
ise
colla
bora
tion
arra
ngem
ents
and
com
mitm
ents
of
mem
bers
of c
omm
ittee
s w
orki
ng in
the
area
of c
limat
e ch
ange
m
itiga
tion,
suc
h as
the
Carb
on T
radi
ng T
echn
ical
Tea
m, a
nd
the
Fiji
RED
D+
Stee
ring
Com
mitt
ee.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
t M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of
Land
s; D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
; Dep
artm
ent
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Ene
rgy;
D
epar
tmen
t of T
ouris
m; N
GO
s
11Es
tabl
ish
a na
tiona
l mon
itorin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
syst
em to
ca
lcul
ate
GH
G e
mis
sion
s an
d as
sess
Fiji
’s m
itiga
tion
effo
rts.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tM
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; D
epar
tmen
t of W
orks
; Hea
lth; M
inis
try
of L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
Dev
elop
men
t, H
ousi
ng a
nd
Envi
ronm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; D
epar
tmen
t of E
nerg
y; F
iji M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Se
rvic
es; D
epar
tmen
t of T
ouris
m; N
GO
s
37Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
Obj
ecti
ve 7
: Fin
anci
ng
1En
sure
that
nat
iona
l bud
getin
g pr
oces
ses
incl
ude
the
assi
gnm
ent o
f fun
ds fo
r clim
ate
chan
ge m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n re
sear
ch, p
lann
ing
and
prog
ram
me
impl
emen
tatio
n.
M
inis
try
of S
trat
egic
Pl
anni
ng,
Nat
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent,
and
Stat
istic
s
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit a
nd M
inis
try
of F
inan
ce
2D
evel
op in
nova
tive
appr
oach
es a
nd s
chem
es to
gen
erat
e fu
nds
for a
dapt
atio
n ac
tiviti
es a
t loc
al a
nd n
atio
nal l
evel
.Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial
Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lan
ds; M
inis
try
of W
orks
Tr
ansp
ort a
nd P
ublic
Util
ities
; Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; D
epar
tmen
t of
Tour
ism
; NG
Os
3Su
ppor
t the
UN
FCCC
Nat
iona
l Foc
al P
oint
to e
ffic
ient
ly
and
effe
ctiv
ely
acce
ss a
nd d
eliv
er fu
nds
from
regi
onal
and
in
tern
atio
nal s
ourc
es.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial
Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lan
ds; M
inis
try
of W
orks
Tr
ansp
ort a
nd P
ublic
Util
ities
; Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; D
epar
tmen
t of
Tour
ism
; NG
Os
4D
evel
op a
n ov
ervi
ew o
f clim
ate
chan
ge fu
ndin
g an
d co
sts
in
orde
r to
mon
itor t
he e
ffic
ienc
y an
d ef
fect
iven
ess
of fu
ndin
g m
echa
nism
s an
d pr
ojec
t del
iver
y.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Min
istr
y of
Pro
vinc
ial
Dev
elop
men
t; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lan
ds; M
inis
try
of W
orks
Tr
ansp
ort a
nd P
ublic
Util
ities
; Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; Dep
artm
ent o
f To
uris
m; N
GO
s5
Ensu
re a
dequ
ate
dist
ribut
ion
of c
limat
e ch
ange
fund
ing,
suc
h as
GEF
and
the
Ada
ptat
ion
Fund
, int
o cl
imat
e ch
ange
-rel
ated
pr
ojec
ts in
all
gove
rnm
ent a
genc
ies.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tCl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t; M
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l D
evel
opm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; Min
istr
y of
Wor
ks
Tran
spor
t and
Pub
lic U
tiliti
es; M
inis
try
of
Hea
lth; M
inis
try
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an
Dev
elop
men
t, H
ousi
ng a
nd E
nviro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O; D
epar
tmen
t of
Tour
ism
; NG
Os
38 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
6Se
cret
aria
t of t
he N
CCC
T to
col
labo
rate
with
the
Dev
elop
men
t Pa
rtne
rs o
f Clim
ate
Chan
ge C
omm
ittee
(DPC
C) in
sha
ring
info
rmat
ion,
coo
rdin
atin
g an
d st
ream
linin
g do
nor-
fund
ed
proj
ects
.
Clim
ate
Chan
geCl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t; M
inis
try
of P
rovi
ncia
l D
evel
opm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Fis
herie
s &
For
ests
; D
epar
tmen
t of L
ands
; Min
istr
y of
Wor
ks
,Tra
nspo
rt a
nd P
ublic
Util
ities
; Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, U
rban
D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
; ND
MO
; Dep
artm
ent o
f En
ergy
; Fiji
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces;
Hou
sing
; U
rban
Dev
elop
men
t; To
uris
m; N
GO
s
7Im
prov
e fin
anci
al re
port
ing
to th
e M
inis
try
of F
inan
ce to
en
sure
pro
per d
isbu
rsem
ent a
nd u
tilis
atio
n of
fund
s.M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
Min
istr
y of
Fin
ance
and
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
8D
evel
op a
n an
alys
is o
f the
eco
nom
ics
of c
limat
e ch
ange
ad
apta
tion
and
miti
gatio
n in
Fiji
to id
entif
y co
st-e
ffec
tive
and
cost
-inef
fect
ive
appr
oach
es.
Min
istr
y of
Str
ateg
ic
Plan
ning
, N
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t, an
d St
atis
tics
Min
istr
y of
Str
ateg
ic P
lann
ing,
Nat
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent,
and
Stat
istic
s; M
inis
try
of F
inan
ce
and
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
9Su
ppor
t and
dev
elop
cap
acity
of G
over
nmen
t Age
ncie
s an
d lo
cal N
GO
S an
d CB
Os
in p
ropo
sal f
orm
ulat
ion
and
repo
rtin
g to
impr
ove
acce
ss to
fund
s fr
om re
gion
al a
nd in
tern
atio
nal
sour
ces.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tCl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t; Pr
ovin
cial
Cou
ncils
; M
inis
try
of F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts; D
epar
tmen
t of
Land
s; M
inis
try
of W
orks
,Tra
nspo
rt a
nd P
ublic
U
tiliti
es; M
inis
try
of H
ealth
; Min
istr
y of
Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent,
Hou
sing
and
En
viro
nmen
t; M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re; N
DM
O;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tou
rism
; NG
Os
10Pr
ovid
e ad
equa
te re
sour
ces
to th
e Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t. M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit
11Im
plem
ent r
ecom
men
datio
ns fr
om th
e ‘M
ains
trea
min
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
into
nat
iona
l dev
elop
men
t and
bud
getin
g’
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
(sup
port
ed b
y th
e G
loba
l Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Alli
ance
Fac
ility
).
Min
istr
y of
Str
ateg
ic
Plan
ning
, N
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t, an
d St
atis
tics
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Min
istr
y of
Fin
ance
12D
evel
op p
roje
cts
and
initi
ativ
es w
ith c
arbo
n fin
anci
ng
pote
ntia
l. Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Gov
ernm
ent A
genc
ies;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; N
GO
s
39Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
STR
ATEG
IES
TIM
EFR
AM
ELe
ad a
genc
yIm
plem
enti
ng a
genc
y20
1220
1320
1420
1520
16
Obj
ecti
ve 8
: Int
erna
tion
al a
nd P
acif
ic R
egio
n Pa
rtic
ipat
ion
1St
reng
then
inte
rnat
iona
l neg
otia
tion
skill
s of
Fiji
del
egat
ion
mem
bers
and
impr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
inte
rnat
iona
l pol
icie
s re
late
d to
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit
2En
sure
max
imum
pre
para
tion
for i
nter
natio
nal a
nd P
acifi
c re
gion
al m
eetin
gs re
latin
g to
clim
ate
chan
ge b
y en
cour
agin
g cr
oss-
sect
oral
eng
agem
ent a
nd c
apac
ity b
uild
ing.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Min
istr
y of
Str
ateg
ic
Plan
ning
, Nat
iona
l Dev
elop
men
t, an
d St
atis
tics,
D
epar
tmen
t of E
nviro
nmen
t, lin
e m
inis
trie
s3
Ensu
re F
iji’s
fulfi
lmen
t of i
nter
natio
nal r
epor
ting
requ
irem
ents
th
roug
h st
ream
lined
repo
rtin
g of
clim
ate
chan
ge is
sues
to
the
thre
e Ri
o Co
nven
tions
(UN
FCCC
, CBD
and
UN
CCD
) and
sy
stem
atic
mon
itorin
g ac
ross
all
sect
ors.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit;
Min
istr
y of
Str
ateg
ic
Plan
ning
, Nat
iona
l Dev
elop
men
t, an
d St
atis
tics;
Dep
artm
ent o
f Env
ironm
ent;
Min
istr
y o
f A
gric
ultu
re
5Su
ppor
t a s
tron
ger a
nd b
ette
r coo
rdin
ated
Pac
ific
posi
tion
by in
itiat
ing
a co
llect
ive
Pac
ific
regi
onal
app
roac
h to
glo
bal
nego
tiatio
ns o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
issu
es.
Cl
imat
e Ch
ange
U
nit
Clim
ate
Chan
ge U
nit
6Fa
cilit
ate
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f a n
atio
nal a
nd re
gion
al
supp
ortin
g m
echa
nism
for n
eigh
bour
ing
Paci
fic Is
land
co
untr
ies
that
are
hig
hly
vuln
erab
le to
the
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Uni
tCl
imat
e Ch
ange
Uni
t
40 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
10. Annexes
Annex 1: Climate change in Fiji
IntroductionThis brief report provides a description of Fiji’s past, present and future climate. The climate data records are from seven high quality sites dating from 1961 to 2010. The ocean data are from the Lautoka tide gauge (South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project), which has been in operation since October 1992.
The annual and seasonal trends in air temperature, rainfall, sea surface temperature, sea level and tropical cyclones are presented.
Climate risk profiles at selected sites are also presented as return periods of extreme rainfall, air temperature, sea level and surface winds for 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 time scales. Climate risks are based on the output of global climate models and future emission scenarios, which are based on average conditions and with the assumption of no change in variability in observed conditions. The climate risks are for a grid square covering much of Viti Levu.
The national climate risk profile is reflective of the changes, using seven sites across the country. This will assist in planning, policy development and decision making, as well as undertaking climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction work.
Climate variabilityThe climate of Fiji varies over different timescales; major features that drive our climate are:
• the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon (occurs every four years on average);• the South Pacific Convergence Zone; and • the trade winds.
The ENSO, phenomenon whose extremes are El Niño and La Niña events, is one of the most important drivers of inter-annual climate variations in Fiji. It has a strong influence on rainfall, temperature, and tropical cyclones. Droughts are usually associated with El Niño events, while floods are usually associated with La Niña events, depressions and tropical cyclones. Other modes of variability are associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode on 10 to 30 year timescales.
Fiji experiences a distinct wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. The seasonal cycle is strongly affected by the relative position of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), which is most intense during the wet season and close to the country. The trade winds bring orographic rainfall to the eastern parts of the country. Approximately 70% of the national annual average rainfall, over the period 1961 to 2010, occurred during the wet season.
41Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Climate trends in Fiji
Rainfall, 1961 to 2010Rainfall data for the last 50 years show no significant decreasing or increasing trend. However, there has been substantial variation in annual rainfall (Figure A1-1). The observed annual and seasonal trends in rainfall are as follows:
• a very weak positive linear trend in annual rainfall; an annual increase of about 0.65mm/year (approximately 0.03%/year);
• a weak decreasing linear trend in wet season rainfall, with a seasonal decrease of 1.30mm/season (approximately 0.08%/year);
• a weak increasing linear trend in dry season rainfall, with a seasonal increase of about 0.76mm/season (approximately 0.11%/year).
Figure A1-1: High inter-annual variation in annual and seasonal rainfall over Fiji, 1961 to 2010Data source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011
Air temperatures, 1961 to 2010Consistent with the global pattern of warming, both the annual and seasonal maximum and minimum air temperatures over Fiji are increasing (Figure A1-2 and A1-3). The annual, warm and cool season minimum temperatures have been increasing at a rate of 0.12oC/decade, 0.14oC/decade and 0.10oC/decade respectively, and the annual, warm and cool season maximum air temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.23oC/decade, 0.24oC/decade and 0.19oC/decade respectively. The observed annual and seasonal trends are as follows:
Minimum temperature• an increasing trend in annual minimum temperature of 0.6˚C;• an increasing trend in warm season minimum temperature of 0.7˚C;• an increasing trend in the cool season minimum temperature of 0.6˚C.
Maximum temperature• an increasing trend in annual maximum temperature of 1.1̊ C;• an increasing trend in warm season maximum temperature of 1.2˚C;• an increasing trend in cool season maximum temperature of 1.0˚C.
42 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Figure A1-2: Inter-annual and seasonal variation in minimum temperature over Fiji, 1961 to 2010Data source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011
Figure A1-3: Inter-annual and seasonal variation in maximum temperature over Fiji, 1961 to 2010Data source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011
Phot
o: M
att C
appe
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43Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Sea surface temperature, 1993-2010The time period for which we have sea surface temperature measurements (SST) from the Lautoka tide gauge is too short to deduce any conclusive long-term trend. However, the SST has been increasing at a rate of 0.5˚C/decade over the 1993 to 2010 period (Figure A1-4). Variations in the annual SST include the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Figure A1-4: Annual sea surface temperature trends at the Lautoka tide gauge, 1993–2010Data source: South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project.
Sea levels, 1993-2010The mean monthly sea levels at the Lautoka tide gauge have been increasing (after accounting for the precise levelling and inverted barometric pressure effect) at a rate of 4.6 mm/decade (Figure A1-5). Satellite observations, however, indicate that the sea level is changing at the faster rate of 6 mm/year over the same period.Given that the sea level record is relatively short, it is still too early to deduce realistic long-term sea level rise. Variations in the mean sea level include the influence of ENSO.
Figure A1-5: Trends in mean and maximum sea levels at Lautoka tide gauge, 1993–2010Data source: South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project.
44 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Tropical cyclonesTropical cyclones are one of the most severe extreme events to affect Fiji on numerous occasions in the past four decades. They usually affect Fiji from November to April but have occurred in October and May. On average, one or two cyclones affect some part of Fiji every season, with the greatest risk during the El Niño season. There have been seasons when Fiji has had no cyclones and seasons with four cyclones (1984/85) and five cyclones (1992/93). A decreasing trend in both the number of tropical cyclones and cyclones with hurricane intensity affecting Fiji has been observed in the last four decades (Figure A1-6).
Figure A1-6: Seasonal frequency and hurricane intensity of tropical cyclones affecting Fiji from 1969/70 to 2009/10. Source: Fiji Meteorological Services, 2011
DroughtsMajor droughts (meteorological) in Fiji have been associated with El Niño events. During moderate to strong El Nino events, the annual rainfall is reduced by as much as 20-50% over most parts of Fiji, as experienced during the 1982/83, 1986/87, 1992/93 and 1997/98 events.
FloodsLarge-scale flooding in Fiji is mostly associated with prolonged heavy rainfall during the passage of a tropical cyclone, tropical depression and/or enhanced, slow moving convergence zone. Localised flash flooding during the wet season (November to April) is quite common.
Sea floodingSea flooding is usually associated with the passage of tropical cyclones close to the coast. However, heavy swells, generated by deep depressions and/or intense high pressure systems some distance away from Fiji have also caused flooding to low-lying coastal areas. At times heavy swells coincide with king tides to cause flooding and damage to coastal areas.
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Climate projections (global climate models)
By 2030:The most likely projected change for Fiji is for warmer temperatures and little change in rainfall with annual mean temperature increases of 0.7˚C and negligible (–1%) change in mean annual rainfall, which is predicted by 69% of the models. Warmer and drier change in projected climate is predicted by 6% of the models with annual mean air temperature increases of 0.6°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 6%. Warmer and wetter conditions are represented by 13% of the models with annual mean air temperature increases of 0.8°C and annual mean rainfall increases of 7%.
By 2055:The majority of the models (569.) project hotter temperaturesand little change in rainfall, with annual mean air temperature increases of 1.9°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 1%. The other likely high impact projected climate is for hotter and much drier conditions, which is predicted by 6% of the models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 1.8°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 16%. Hotter and much wetter conditions are predicted by 13% of the models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 2.3°C and annual mean rainfall increases of 21%.
By 2090:Nine out of 16 models project hotter temperatures and little change in rainfall with annual mean air temperature increases of 1.9°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 1%. The other likely high impact projected climate is for hotter and much drier conditions, which is predicted by 6% of the models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 1.8°C and annual mean rainfall decreases of 16%. Hotter and much wetter conditions are predicted by two out of 18 models, with annual mean air temperature increases of 2.3°C and annual mean rainfall increases of 21%.
By 2100:The sea level projections are based on the fourth IPCC assessment report that global sea level changes are expected to be ranging from 0.21 to 0.48 metres by end of the century (IPCC 2007a). However, there is significant uncertainty surrounding ice-sheet contributions to sea level rise and a larger rise than that projected cannot be excluded.
Climatic variablesThe projected change in climatic variables for Fiji under the A1B emission scenario (a balanced emphasis on all energy sources) relative to 1981–2000 average for the 21st century is shown in Table A1-1. An ensemble of 16 models has been used for these projections.
Table A1-1. Projections at an interval of 19 years from 2020 till 2099 under A1B emission scenario
Variable2020–2039 2045–2064 2080–2099
ConfidenceBest guess
Likely range
Best guess
Likely range
Best guess Likely range
Mean air temperature (°C) 0.7 0.4–0.9 1.0 0.7–1.5 1.9 1.3–2.6 Moderate
Maximum air temperature (°C) 0.7 0.4–0.7 1.0 0.7–1.3 2.0 1.2–2.2 Low
Minimum air temperature (°C) 0.7 0.4–0.7 1.0 0.7–1.3 2.0 1.2–2.2 Low
Mean rainfall (%) –0.5 –5.5–8.1 –1.0 –9.4–13.7 –1.2 –16.4–24.1 Moderate
Source: Fiji Meteorological Services, 2011
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Climate risk profile
Return periods (years)The return period is used as a measure of the likelihood of an extreme event. It is a statistical estimate of how often an extreme event of a given magnitude is likely to be equalled or exceeded. This method is used to provide a climate risk associated with extreme events for Fiji.
Maximum rainfallThe maximum daily rainfall of 200 mm is projected to become less frequent by 2100 at various locations in Fiji (Figure A1-7).
Figure A1- 7: Projections for daily maximum rainfall of 200 mm at various locations in Fiji projected to 2100Data source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011
Photo: Christine Fung
47Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Maximum temperatureThe recurrence of the maximum temperature exceeding 35˚C is expected to shorten in future and become a normal occurrence by 2100 (Figure A1-8).
Figure A1-8: Projections for daily maximum temperature of 35˚C at various locations in Fiji projected to 2100Data source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011
Minimum temperatureThe return period of daily minimum temperature of 16˚C at selected locations in Fiji is becoming more frequent than currently observed (Figure A1-9).
Figure A1-9: Projections for daily minimum temperature of 16˚C at various locations in Fiji projected to 2100Data source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011
48 Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Maximum windsMaximum winds exceeding 80 knots at selected locations in Fiji are expected to become more frequent by 2100 than currently observed (Figure A1-10).
Figure A1-10: Climate risk of maximum winds of 80 knots at various locations in Fiji projected to 2100Data source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011
Maximum sea levelsMaximum sea level currently observed at Lautoka and Suva tide gauges are expected to become more frequent by at least by 2050 and become a normal occurrence by 2100 (Figure A1-11).
Figure A1-11: Climate risk of maximum sea level at various locations in Fiji projected to 2100Data source: Fiji Meteorological Services 2011
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Annex 2: Existing climate change related legislation, policies, plans and programmes
Sector Legislation, policies, plans and programmes
Agriculture �� Disaster Risk Management Strategy for the Agriculture Sector, 2010.�� The national climate change adaptation strategy under development will contain sector
specific strategies and actions to allow adaptation of the agricultural sector to climate change
Health �� Public Health Act (Cap. 111), 2002�� Fiji Food and Nutrition Policy, 2008�� The Ministry of Health is working with the World Health Organization to address climate
change impacts on public health.
Biodiversity/ Environment
�� Environment Management Act, 2005�� Endangered and Protected Species Act, 2002�� Endangered and Protected Species Regulations, 2003�� National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2007�� National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Implementation Framework, 2010–2014. �� The national climate change adaptation strategy under development will contain sector
specific strategies and actions to address climate change impacts on terrestrial biodiversity.�� National Environment Strategy, 1993�� CDM Policy Guideline, 2010�� Fiji’s Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC (INC), 2005�� Integrated Coastal Management Framework of the Republic of Fiji, 2011
Marine and Fisheries �� Fisheries Act, 1988�� Fisheries Act (Amendment) Decree, 1991�� The national climate change adaptation strategy under development will contain sector
specific strategies and actions to address climate change impacts on mangrove areas.�� The Integrated coastal management plan currently under development may address the
impacts of climate change on water catchments and coastal environments.
Forestry �� Forest Act, 1979�� Forest Decree, 1992�� Fiji Forest Policy Statement, 2007�� Fiji REDD-Plus Policy, 2011 �� A Mangrove Management Plan for Fiji, Phase 1–1985 and Phase 2–1987
Water Resources �� Draft National Resources and Sanitation Policy, 2011�� Rural water policy (draft), 2011 (provision of sustainable rural water supplies)�� Draft Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, 2011
Land Management �� Native Lands ( Ed. 1978)�� Native Lands (Amendment) Act, 2002�� Native Land Trust ( revised edition 1985)�� Native Land Trust (Amendment) Decree, 1988�� Native Land Trust (Amendment) Decree, 2000�� Native Land Trust (Amendment) Act, 2002�� Irrigation (revised edition 1985)�� Land Conservation and Improvement (revised edition 1985)�� Land Development Act ( revised edition 1985)�� National Action Plan under the UNCCD (NAP), 2007�� Rural Land Use Policy (2nd edition) 2006�� National Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Framework, 2011
Disaster Management
�� Natural Disaster Management Act, 1998�� Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management: A Framework for Action 2005-2015
Energy �� Fiji National Energy Policy, 2006
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National frameworks, strategies and action plans
�� The People’s Charter for Change, Peace and Progress (Government of Fiji’s five year development plan), 2008�� Roadmap for Democratic, Sustainable, Socio-Economic Development 2009–2014 �� Fiji Sustainable Economic and Empowerment Development Strategy (SEEDS), 2008–2010�� Fiji National Strategic Development Plan (SDP), 2007–2011�� National Trust For Fiji ( Ed. 1978)�� Natural Areas Protection Act, 1988�� Rivers and Streams Act ( revised edition 1985)�� Housing Policy, 2011�� National climate change adaptation strategy (draft)�� Joint national action plan (in progress)
Regional frameworks, strategies and action plans
�� Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change, 2006–2015 �� Regional Framework for Action for Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management 2005–2015�� The Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration, 2005�� Pacific Leader’s Call to Action Climate Change (Annex A to the 2009 Forum Leaders’ Communiqué)�� Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) Declaration on Climate Change, 2009�� Pacific Island Adaptation Initiative (2003–2015)�� Yokohama Plan for Action Initiative (2003–2015)�� Forest and Tree Genetic Resource Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use in Pacific Island Countries and
Territories: Priorities, Strategies and Actions, 2007–2015�� Towards a Food Secure Pacific: Framework for Action on Food Security in the Pacific, 2010�� Pacific Culture and Education Strategy, 2010–2015, 2010�� Pacific Regional Action Plan on Sustainable Water Management, 2002�� Towards an energy secure Pacific – A Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific, 2011
Photo: Christine Fung
51Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Annex 3: Sectoral implications of climate change
Agriculture
Impacts on the agricultural sector Agriculture is the basis of Fiji’s national economy. Losses in agricultural productivity could lead to economic losses in the order of USD 23–52 million by 2050, equivalent to 2–3% of Fiji’s GDP (World Bank 2000). Mechanisms through which climate change may impact on the agricultural sector are outlined below:
• seasonal changes in rainfall and temperature could affect agro-climatic conditions, altering growing seasons; planting and harvesting calendars; water availability; and pest, weed and disease populations. The projected impacts of climate change for agriculture include extended periods of drought and loss of soil fertility (SPREP and IPCC 2007a).
• evapotranspiration, photosynthesis and biomass production is altered (Rosegrant, Ewing, Burton et. al. 2008).
• alteration to land suitability (GIZ 2010), due to salt water intrusion, coastal and river-bank erosion and exposure to salt water spray and heat stress on soils.
• increased CO2 levels may lead to a positive growth response in a number of staples under controlled conditions, also known as the ‘carbon fertilisation effect’ (Rosegrant, Ewing, Burton et. al. 2008).
• reduced food security in terms of food production, food quality, nutritional availability, affordability and access.
Agricultural and land management practices undertaken in rural areas can also affect the level of impact brought about by climate change. Changes in natural landscapes for agricultural development cause a decline in regulatory ecosystem services, including those responsible for reducing people’s exposure to floods (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005).
Impacts on sugar productionProjections of the impact of climate change on sugar production were conducted as part of the preparation of for Fiji’s First National Communication under the Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2005. Using the period from 1992 to 1999, when Fiji was subjected to two El Niño events and an unusually high number of tropical cyclones, as an analogue for future conditions under climate change it might be assumed that over the next 50 years (DoE/UNFCCC 2005):
• 47% of the years will have the expected production of four million tonnes,• -/+33% of the years will have half of the expected production,• 20% of the years will have three-quarters of the expected production.
In addition to damage to crops, flooding can also cause significant damage to mill operations and key transport infrastructure assets such as tramlines. In a review of the impacts of the 2009 floods on the sugar belt, Lal, Rita and Khatri (2009) estimate that the total cost of the floods (growers’ farms, non-farm costs, millers’ costs, damage to the cane access roads and other infrastructure) was about FJD24 million (Figure A3-1).
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Figure A3-1. Total economic cost of the 2009 floods in FijiSource: Lal et al. 2009
Impacts on root crop productionProjections of the impact of climate change on root crop production were conducted as part of the preparation of the Fiji’s First National Communication under the Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2005). Using the PLANTGRO model, the following patterns were projected for dalo and yam production (DoE 2005).
• Projected changes in mean conditions will have little effect on dalo production, with the exception of the extreme low-rainfall scenario (using the DKRZ GCM –German Climate Computing Centre’s Global Climate Model), which would result in a halving of the land area providing high yields. It is likely that yam production will remain unaffected, although if rainfall increases significantly, yam yields may fall slightly.
• When El Niño conditions are factored in, reductions in production of 30–40% might be recorded in one out of three years, with a further one in five years affected by the residual effects of the ENSO events.
• Using the same ENSO assumptions we find a converse response for yam production. In one out of three years, yam production might be expected to remain the same or increase. On the other hand, yields may decrease in around half of the remaining years, especially when La Niña conditions prevail.
Existing resilience in the agricultural sectorCurrent agricultural practices in Fiji provide a level of resilience to the projected impacts of climate change, including:• diverse traditional crop species that are resilient to flood, drought and saltwater; • diverse traditional crop species that are resistant to disease spread; • traditional agroforestry and integrated farming practices.
Adaptation in the agricultural sectorAdaptation measures include:• improved land management practices. In a review of the impacts of the
2009 floods on the sugar belt, Lal et al. (2009) note that farm and drainage management practices in Fiji have deteriorated since the late 1980s. Soil erosion, exacerbated by the practice of increased pre-harvest burning of cane, exposes bare cane fields to the elements. Consequently, with even short periods of intensive rain, excessive soil erosion and even landslides seem to have become common, silting up drains, waterways and rivers.
• further diversification of crop species;• switching to more durable crop species (resilient to flood, drought and salt).
Photo: Rainer Blank
53Republic of Fiji – National Climate Change Policy
Mitigation in the agricultural sectorAgriculture contributes 13.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Of this, soil represents 6%, and livestock and manure represent 5.1%. Key areas where the agriculture sector can contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and increased sequestration are listed below.
• the use of fuel-efficient farming equipment; • farming practices that maintain or increase forest cover (agroforestry);• ensuring minimal soil tillage and soil cover to prevent release of carbon in soil; • reducing the use of fertilisers that can be converted and released as greenhouse gases; • intensification of small scale commercial and subsistence agricultural activities to optimise production
can minimise forest clearance;• capturing methane gas from manure.
Human health and welfare
Impacts on human health and welfare
Climate change is already affecting human health via various pathways (McMichael, Campbell-Ledrum, Kovats et al. 2004) and future impacts will continue to be harmful (McMichael, Woodruff and Hales 2006). Lower socio-economic groups, children, the elderly and those exposed to poor environmental and living conditions will bear a disproportionate burden of the health impacts of climate change.
The direct and indirect impacts of climate change on human health are summarised below:In particular, four communicable diseases are thought to be sensitive to climate change in Fiji: dengue fever, typhoid fever, leptospirosis and diarrhoeal illnesses. Findings of previous studies on the climate sensitivity and public health costs of dengue fever and diarrhoeal illnesses are summarised below.
A. Dengue feverDengue fever is a growing public health concern in Fiji. Since 1957, six outbreaks have been experienced in Fiji. Modelling by Hales, Weinstein, Souares and Woodward (1999) demonstrate a positive correlation between the El Nino Southern Oscillation and dengue outbreaks in Fiji. El Nino periods create drought conditions, which create water shortages. During such times, it is common for people to store water in open containers, creating breeding grounds for the Aedes mosquito (Ram, Mataitoga and Seruvatu et al. 1983). The 1997/98 drought and associated dengue fever outbreak resulted in 24,000 people affected by the disease, 13 dead and a health bill of USD 3–6m (World Bank 2000). Worst case scenario modelling using the PACCLIM model places 45% of the Viti Levu population at extreme risk of dengue fever, with an economic impact of USD 1–6m/year by 2050 (World Bank 2000). PACCLIM modelling also suggests an increase in the frequency of outbreaks, the number of people infected and changes to the seasonality of outbreaks; it may even become endemic (DoE 2005).
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Increasing temperature
Rainfall variability
Storm activity
Increased disease
spreading vectors.
Compromised food and water
sources
Psychosocial impacts due to
population displacement
and income loss
Increased food-‐ and water-‐borne diseases e.g. diarrhoeal illnesses
Impacts on mental health, food and water security
and malnutrition
Increased incidence and severity of vector-‐borne, zoonotic and infectious
diseases e.g. dengue fever
Increased injuries and longer-‐term consequences of extreme weather events
Increased cardiovascular, respiratory and renal
diseases
Indirect Impacts
Direct Impacts
B. Diarrhoeal illnessesSimilarly, it has been projected that diarrhoeal illnesses may become more common as Fiji becomes warmer and wetter, and also if droughts and tropical cyclones occur more frequently, disrupting water supplies and sanitation systems. In other words, diarrhoeal illnesses are sensitive to both drought and wet conditions. Taking into account the under-reporting of infant diarrhoeal cases, a 1oC rise in temperature, as expected by 2050, could lead to 1,000 additional cases per month. On average, this increased incidence of diarrhoeal illnesses is expected to cost the Fiji economy USD 300,000 per year by 2050 (World Bank 2000).
C. Leptospirosis and typhoid feverEpidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of leptospirosis and typhoid fever increases following cyclones and/or flash flooding events. Groups most at risk of leptospirosis infections are young males working in agricultural environments contaminated by infected animal waste following periods of heavy rainfall or flooding (Ghosh, Khan and Kishore 2010; Ram, Beg, Kapadia, Ram and Rao 1985). Similarly, contaminated water sources and damaged water infrastructure following cyclones and floods, as well as unhygienic food preparation during mass gatherings in many communities are known to cause typhoid outbreaks in Fiji (Jenkins 2010; Ram, Beg and Kapadia et al.1983).
Photo: Matt Capper
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Resilience in human health and welfare
Human health and welfare are vulnerable to many social, economic, political and environmental factors. Resilient socio-politico-economic and environmental systems will boost resilience against climate change.
Social capital and traditional knowledge of medicines, cures and food sources during and following natural disasters are sources of individual and community resilience. However, if locations of traditional medicines, cures and food sources are vulnerable to climate impacts like flooding and storm surges, traditional knowledge may be rendered weak. Furthermore, economic, physical and political capital is often pre-requisite for social capital — the latter may not exist without the former.
In addition to individual and community resilience, institutional resilience is important for human health and welfare. The ability of the health care system to detect climate-sensitive disease outbreaks and to respond effectively is critical in building resilience in human health and welfare.
Adaptation in human health and welfare
The World Health Organization (WHO 2009) promotes the strengthening of public health systems and the implementation of no-regrets, or win-win actions, to adapt to climate change. Some health adaptation activities are described below.
Broader public health intervention Adaptation activities
Improving responses to public health emergencies caused by extreme climate events
Strengthening disaster risk reduction
Developing or improving disease early warning system.
Strengthening surveillance and control of communicable diseases
Facilitating rapid and accurate disease notification
Integrated vector management
Improving access to primary health care
Improving social and environmental health determinants
Providing clean water, improving sanitation and household disinfection
Improving social indicators, including educating and empowering women
Enhancing community resilience
Equitable access to public health Identifying and protecting the health of the most vulnerable groups in society
Long-term, adaptable health planning Health vulnerability assessments.
Prioritise health adaptation activities
Climate proof water, health and sanitation infrastructure
(WHO 2009)
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Marine and fisheries
Impacts on the marine and fisheries sector
The fisheries sector stands to be significantly affected by climate change. Climate and related oceanic variations are already having significant impacts on fish catches, both subsistence and commercial (SPREP nd). Within Fiji, the combination of high rainfall accompanying cyclonic activity, storm events and steep bare slopes causes rapid run-off, river floods and sediment discharges into the near-shore coral reef habitats, which badly affects the fisheries sector (World Bank nd). Coral bleaching is also likely to have adverse effects on coastal biological diversity and fisheries (DoE 2005).
Variations in tuna catches are especially significant during El Niño and La Nina years. For example, the El Niño of 1997/98 negatively affected skipjack tuna catches, highlighting the sensitivity of fish stocks to changes in the climate. Changes in migration patterns and depth of fish stocks are the two main factors affecting the distribution and availability of tuna during such periods, and it is expected that changes in climate may cause migratory shifts in tuna aggregations to other locations (SPREP nd).
Other impacts include increased danger of foreshore foraging and fishing expeditions as a result of increased incidence of extreme weather events.
Existing resilience in the marine and fisheries sector
Current aspects of the marine and fisheries sector provide a level of resilience to the projected impacts of climate change, such as:• mangrove areas, coral reefs and other coastal zones provide physical buffers to extreme weather events;• healthy reef ecosystems are more resilient to the impacts of climate change such as ocean acidification
and increasing sea water temperature.
Adaptation in the marine and fisheries sector
Adaptation measures within the marine and fisheries sector include: • preservation of mangrove areas, coral reefs and other coastal zones;• alternatives to commercial fishing practices to diversify and increase stock sustainability; • improved watershed management to reduce river bed and bank stability;• increased construction standards to minimise soil run-off and erosion during construction activities;• more rigid development conditions to restrict development on dunes and foreshore areas;• increased safety measures and codes of conduct to reduce risk of injury or death during fishing trips as a
result of inclement weather.
Photo: Wolf Forstreuter
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Forestry
According to the Fiji Forestry Department Annual Report 2005, of Fiji’s landmass of 1.8 million hectares, approximately 51% has some form of forest cover, where 42% is native forest and the remaining 9% is exotic pine and mahogany plantations.
Impacts on the forestry sector
The forestry sector can be affected by climate change in the following ways:
• higher temperatures will make forests more vulnerable to fires; • higher temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns could lead to increased occurrence of invasive
species and pests;• forest health could be reduced due to salt water intrusion, coastal and river-bank erosion, exposure to
salt water spray and heat stress on the soil; • floods, droughts and cyclones might physically damage forest plantations, natural forest and associated
infrastructure;• changing temperature and rainfall patterns might cause shifting habitats and boundaries of certain tree
species, as well as pollinators and seed dispersers;• changing temperature and rainfall patterns can affect the flowering behaviour of certain tree species;• the loss of arable land due to climate change will place added pressure on forest areas.
Existing resilience in the forestry sector
Current aspects of the forestry sector in Fiji provide a level of resilience to the projected impacts of climate change, as follows:• healthy forest ecosystems increase the resilience of forest communities through the provision of various
ecosystem services and food security;• healthy forest ecosystems increase the climate change resilience of many flora and fauna; • forests maintain land stability and waterway condition.
Adaptation in the forestry sector
Forestry management plays a significant role in catchment management and therefore can play a role in either minimising or exacerbating the impacts of extreme rainfall events and floods. Poor forestry management can result in river bank instability and siltation of rivers, contributing to flooding and changes to water quality throughout the catchment. With the increased likelihood of extreme rainfall events, the importance of integrated catchment management is heightened.
Mitigation in the forestry sector
Forests are critical components of the climate system due to their potential for sequestering greenhouse gases. Forestry management practices will have a significant impact on Fiji’s net greenhouse gas emissions. The Forestry sector contributes 17.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC 2007b). An assessment of Fiji’s national forest carbon stock was conducted in 2010.1 Table A3-2 shows that the total national forest carbon stock was assessed at 192,270,000 tCO2e in 2010, most of it associated with indigenous forests.
1 The assessment report noted concerns regarding data quality for the 2010 forest carbon stock assessment.
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Table A3-2. Fiji forest carbon stock assessment, 2010
National forest carbon stock assessment
Total land Total forest Indigenous forest Plantation pine Plantation
mahogany
Area (1,000 ha) 1,827 985 899 45 41
tCO₂e/ha 195 175 613 350
1,000 tCO₂e 192,270 157,325 27,590 14,355
Increased sequestration and reduced emissions can be achieved through:• sustainable management of forests (a huge carbon reservoir);• promotion of reforestation, afforestation and enrichment planting, as only growing forests are
continually sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere;• sustainable management of mangrove areas and swamp land, which store huge amounts of carbon.
Communications
Impacts on communications
Cyclones, storm surges and other extreme weather events can damage infrastructure, leading to disruption of communication.
Existing resilience in communication systems
Certain aspects of the communication systems in Fiji currently provide a level of resilience to the projected impacts of climate change, as follows:• wide telecommunication and internet networks with good national coverage provide channels for
education, emergency calls and warnings; • mobile phone services provide for instant and easily accessible funds, transferred from overseas, which
can assist in responding to disasters and damage.
Photo: Manasa Katonivualiku
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Transport
Impacts on the transport sector
Transport networks could be affected by climate change primarily through the disruption of land, sea and air transportation resulting from cyclones, storm surges or other extreme weather events. Furthermore, failure of transport infrastructure can increase the impacts of extreme weather events by isolating victims from food, water and medical treatment.
Mitigation in the transport sector
The transport sector is the largest consumer of petroleum products in Fiji. The Fiji National Energy Policy 2005 outlines the following specific policies for the transport sector, which will contribute to reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector: • government will co-ordinate and integrate transport, energy, land use, economic development,
environment and other policies; • government will review import duties and licensing fees for vehicles with a view to introducing
incentives for energy-efficient vehicles; • government will continue through its LTA and with support from the Department of Energy to monitor
vehicle engine performance and smoke emissions; • government will educate the public in transport efficiency matters such as vehicle choice, driving habits,
vehicle operation and maintenance and the use of alternative public transport.
Water resources
Impacts on water resources and infrastructure
Among the most important effects of climate change are the impacts of changes in rainfall on water supply. The 1997/98 El Nino-related drought event, one of the worst on record, caused USD 140–165 million worth of damage, equivalent to about 10% of Fiji’s GDP. The drought affected food supplies, commercial crops, livestock and the water supply of schools and communities.
Models of two streams in Viti Levu—the Teidamu and Nakauvadra creeks—indicate that rainfall variations could cause a 10% change in water flow by 2050 and a 20% change by 2100. The direction of the change would depend on whether rainfall increases or decreases. For larger rivers, an increase in rainfall could lead to extensive flood damage (World Bank nd). Provided the distribution system is fully efficient, the impact of a decreasing rainfall scenario would not become substantial until the second part of the century. Under a worst-case scenario and moderate population growth, demand would exceed supply by 38% by 2100, compared to an 18% shortfall in the absence of climate change. The deficit caused by climate change is smaller than the amount currently lost to leakage and water losses (29%), suggesting that more aggressive leak repair would be a logical adaptation strategy (World Bank nd).
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Adaptation in water resources and infrastructure
Consistent and safe water supply is critical. According to the projected changes, water infrastructure in Fiji needs to have the capacity to deal with more extreme rainfall events and long-term water shortages. Assets will also need to be resilient to physical damage caused by extreme weather events and cyclones. Failure of the sewerage network during or after an extreme weather event will result in further impacts, including risks of diarrheal diseases and pollution of waterways. Adaptation options for water resources in Fiji include:
• increased water capacity and structural strength of dams;• diversification of water supply sources and storage types;• changes to consumer pricing mechanisms for water use;• institutional development such as the creation of catchment and water authorities; • increased network capacity to deal with a growing population and climatic extremes;• upgrade and replacement of aged water supply, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure;• encouragement of efficient water use in residential, commercial and industrial sectors;• education and awareness activities at community level to improve awareness of water conservation.
Wastewater infrastructure is similarly critical to maintaining the health of residents. To ensure continued health and safety of residents, sewerage infrastructure must be resilient to the projected increases in extreme weather events. Failure of the sewerage network during or after an extreme weather event may result in sewage overflows, which may increase the spread of diseases and infections and put fresh water and food sources at risk by polluting waterways.
Stormwater infrastructure is critical in times of heavy rain, flooding and storm surge. The capacity and speed with which the system can allow water to be removed from roads and properties has a significant impact on the level of damage and the time of disruption to normal activities. Reduction of litter in stormwater drains through improving waste collection, and raising awareness of the link between litter and stormwater drainage capacity can improve the capacity of stormwater drainage networks.
Mitigation in water resources and infrastructure
Changes to sludge management and storage can reduce methane emissions and hence the contribution of the water sector to Fiji’s greenhouse gas emissions.
Waste and waste infrastructure
Impacts on waste and infrastructure
Changing climatic conditions will impact on landfill management practices.
Mitigation through waste and infrastructure
The following initiatives can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associate with waste and waste infrastructure in Fiji: • reduction of household waste burning;• promotion of household composting, including use of compost toilets;• improvements to landfill management;• increased recycling facilities and collection.
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Energy and energy infrastructure
Impacts on the energy sector
Electricity distribution lines are susceptible to strong winds and other extreme weather conditions. Fallen power lines can not only cut off residents from electricity, but can also be physical hazards and cause forest fires.
Mitigation in the energy sector
GHG emissions in Fiji are dominated by the transport and energy sectors (DoE 2005). While Fiji is a minor emitter on a global scale, it is important that Fiji continues to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions for the purposes of meeting its obligation to the UNFCCC and participating in technology-transfer opportunities with other countries. To have a significant reduction in the national emissions of GHG gases, mitigation measures will need to target the release of carbon dioxide from this sector (DoE 2005).
Strategies for mitigating climate change through reducing energy consumption can be divided into two main types:• demand-side options: reduce energy consumption while maintaining the level of service desired by the
user;• supply-side options: increase energy-conversion efficiencies, or replace fossil fuels with renewable
energy.
In Fiji, the major barriers to improved energy efficiency include lack of information, inadequate pricing signals, lack of standards (for imported appliances and machinery) and conflicting incentives for producers and consumers.
Other factors are also affecting energy efficiency. Perceptions, fashions, habits, traditions and culture all affect people’s energy choices (Fiji National Energy Policy 2005).
The Department of Energy is responsible for implementing programmes to improve the efficiency of energy production, providing incentives to encourage consumers to improve energy efficiency, and supporting the introduction of renewable energies. Specific government policies in the area of renewable energies, as outlined in the Fiji National Energy Policy, relate to: • the use of hydropower, wind and geothermal resources; • research and resource assessment of wave energy, current and ocean thermal energy systems;• standards, guidelines and codes of practice for renewable energy and renewable energy information
systems; • duty, tax and excise incentives for renewable energy efficient equipment; • production and use of biofuels derived from agricultural products (monitoring potential conflicts and
competition with food production); • carbon credit trading, the clean development mechanism and emission certificates.
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Tourism
Tourism is the fastest growing industry in Fiji. Fiji receives more than 500,000 visitors per year. The tourism hot spots are the artificially extended Denarau Island, the area around Nadi Airport (Fiji’s main entry point), the neighbouring Mamanuca and Yasawa islands, and the south coast (also called the coral coast) of Viti Levu, the largest island in Fiji (Lengefeld 2010). Tourism contributes about 17% to GDP (DoE 2005). The tourism sector has grown significantly in recent years. In 1998, total tourism earnings were estimated at FJD 527.1 million. The tourism sector employs approximately 40,000 people and this stands to increase in the near future with the building of more hotels and resorts (DoE 2005).
Impacts on the tourism sector
The tourism sector can be affected by climate change in the following ways:• damage to buildings and infrastructure from sea level rise, storm surge, cyclones, floods, salt-spray,
coastal erosion and landslides; • disruption of access by land, sea and air; • decrease in tourist arrivals due to changing weather conditions and patterns, and degradation of
pristine natural attractions;• increasing costs to implementation of adaptation measures, that would be subsequently absorbed by
tourists and related service providers; • growth in the tourism sector may be hindered by the need for increased capital investment and
increased climate-related challenges.
Existing resilience in the tourism sector
The diversity of tourism destinations and services available in Fiji could minimise disruption caused by extreme weather events.
Adaptation in the tourism sector
The tourism sector could adapt to climate change through initiatives in the following areas:• conservation of natural barriers including mangroves and reefs; • construction of buildings away from foreshore areas, river banks and flood plains;• replacement of aged and weakened buildings and structures;• utilisation of cyclone and flood resilient construction methods;• utilisation of construction materials resilient to strong winds, water damage, high solar radiation and
salt spray;• increased diversity of transport methods/routes and development of contingency plans to address
disrupted travel routes.
Mitigation in the tourism sector
The tourism sector can contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions in a number of ways, including:• increased energy efficiency and use of renewable energy in tourist facilities (green tourism);• utilisation of fuel efficient equipment and vehicles.
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Education
Widespread education on climate change is critical for Fiji to cope with the impacts of climate change. Formal, informal and non-formal climate change education programs can play an active role on mitigation and adaptation activities. As the issue of climate change is addressed across sectors the need to establish appropriate mechanism in the education sector is necessary.
Formal education
It is important that the future population will be able to understand and have informed views on the implications of climate change. Therefore, the advancement of formal education should be included in the medium and long term, such as including climate change in the current primary and secondary curricula and tertiary courses of the formal education system.
The scope of the current curricula of primary and secondary schools to impart correct information on climate change is limited. It is necessary to develop formal curriculum on climate change for primary and secondary schools. This will also need capacity building programmes in the Ministry of Education, teacher training institutions and schools to develop and deliver education and training on climate change issues.
Climate change education also needs to be delivered to students with special needs. This includes training of trainers on developing special needs education curriculum and teaching tools and incorporating climate change into special education and early intervention curricula.
Informal education
The informal education sector addresses information needs at the community level or at an informal setting. Formulation of climate change education programmes can also take place at the community level and/or at household level. Local communities and the general public should be encouraged to proactively seek out more information on climate change and be more involved in related events and functions. This can be facilitated through attractive and informative awareness programmes.
The support for informal education can be project-based. This can then be incorporated into other work programmes. These other programmes could support the distribution of vernacular information and experiences to ensure that other communities benefit.
Non-formal education
Various agencies and education providers conduct learning activities and programmes on climate change outside the formal education structure. This includes workshops, community courses, interest-based courses, short courses, and conferences that will have climate change-related learning objectives.
Coordination of education programmes among different sectors and linking up non-governmental organisation learning programmes with government can strengthen the impact of non-formal education.
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The UNESCO definition of education is: ‘a life-long process which enables the continuous development of a person’s capabilities as an individual and as a member of society’.
The UNESCO definition distinguishes three types of education: Formal education is the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded educational system running from primary through to tertiary institutions.
Formal learning takes place in education and training institutions, leading to recognised diplomas and qualifications (from: http://diakvallalkozas.ktk.nyme.hu/definition.htm).
Informal education is the process whereby every individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience, such as from family, friends, peer groups, the media, and other influences and factors in the person’s environment.
Informal learning is a natural accompaniment to everyday life. Unlike formal and non -formal learning, informal learning is not necessarily intentional learning, and so may well not be recognised even by individuals themselves as contributing to their knowledge and skills (from: http://diakvallalkozas.ktk.nyme.hu/definition.htm).
Informal education for instance comprises the following activities: (a) - visits to museums or to scientific and other fairs and exhibits, etc.; (b) - listening to radio broadcasting or watching TV programmes on educational or scientific themes; (c) - reading texts on sciences, education, technology, etc. in journals and magazines; (d) - participating in scientific contests, etc.; (e) attending lectures and conferences (from: http://www.techne-dib.com.br/downloads/6.pdf).
Non-formal education is organised educational activity outside the established formal system that is intended to serve an identifiable clientele with identifiable learning objectives.
Non-formal learning takes place alongside the mainstream systems of education and training and does not typically lead to formalised certificates. Non-formal learning may be provided in the workplace and through the activities of civil society organisations and groups (such as in youth organisations, trades unions and political parties. lt can also be provided through organisations or services that have been set up to complement formal systems (such as arts, music and sports classes or private tutoring to prepare for examinations) ) (from: http://diakvallalkozas.ktk.nyme.hu/definition.htm).
Urban development and housing
Impacts on urban development and housing
Climate change will affect urban development and housing in the following ways:
• extreme events such flooding and cyclones incur an economic cost to townships.• extreme events or natural disasters will affect the lives of people in poorly built or poorly located houses;
marginal communities are likely to be more severely affected. • added pressure on services and utilities to cope with demands brought about by extreme events such as
heat-waves, water shortages and disease outbreaks. • land loss and reduction of arable land could lead to migration to urban centres, resulting in over-
crowding. • floods, storm surges, cyclones and other extreme weather events can damage houses and residential
buildings, and have the potential to put their occupants in danger during or after an extreme weather event.
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Official statistics indicate that 164 houses were completely destroyed in the country during the 2009 Navua floods (Lal et al. 2009). The floods incurred an economic cost to households of FJD 6.7 million (Holland 2008 in Lal et al. 2009). As a source of protection and safety, houses form a critical component of resilience against climate change. Poorly built or poorly located houses have the potential to put their occupants in danger during or after an extreme weather event or natural disaster.
Existing resilience in the urban development and housing
Some aspects of Fiji’s urban areas and housing, including traditional building practices, provide a level of resilience to extreme weather events.
Mitigation in urban development and housing
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the urban development and housing sector can occur through: • increased energy efficiency and use of renewable energy in residential, commercial and industrial
sectors;• reduction of household waste burning.
Adaptation in urban development and housing
The urban development and housing sector can adapt to climate change through initiatives in the following areas:• construction of buildings and structures away from foreshore areas, riverbanks and floodplains;• utilisation of cyclone and flood resilient construction methods;• utilisation of construction materials resilient to strong winds, water damage, high solar radiation and
salt spray;• flood control through: diversion channels; the building of weirs, cut-off channels, retarding basins and
dams; and river-improvement activities such as channel widening, dyke construction and river-bed excavation;
• catchment management, including reforestation, land-use controls, protection of wetlands and soil conservation.
Photo: Christine Fung
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11. Glossary
Term Definition / Description Source
Acidification (ocean) A decrease in the pH of sea water due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide.
Adaptation (to climate change)
Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.
IPCC 2007a
Aquifer A geological formation, group of formations or part of a formation, which contains sufficient saturated permeable material to transmit and yield significant quantities of water.
Carbon dioxide ‘A naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas that affects the Earth’s radiative balance. It is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1’
IPCC 2007c
Carbon sequestration The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir.
IPCC 2007b
Clean development mechanism
Defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM is intendedto meet two objectives: (1) to assist parties not included in AnnexI in achieving sustainable development and in contributing tothe ultimate objective of the convention; and (2) to assist partiesincluded in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantifiedemission limitation and reduction commitments. Certified EmissionReduction Units from CDM projects undertaken in Non-AnnexI countries that limit or reduce GHG emissions, when certifiedby operational entities designated by Conference of the Parties/Meeting of the Parties, can be accrued to the investor (governmentor industry) from parties in Annex B. A share of the proceeds fromcertified project activities is used to cover administrative expensesas well as to assist developing country parties that are particularlyvulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costsof adaptation.
IPCC 2007b
Climate The long-term average weather of a region, including typical weather patterns, the frequency and intensity of storms, cold spells and heat waves
Climate change A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
United Nations 1992
Climate sensitive diseases
Diseases that may be influenced by climate change and diseases that may be more rapidly spread under certain climatic conditions, including childhood malnutrition, diarrhoeal illnesses, typhoid, leptospirosis, ciguatera and vector borne diseases, including dengue fever.
Climate variability Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability).
IPCC 2007a
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Term Definition / Description Source
Coastal erosion A long-term trend of shoreline retreat and/or loss of beach sediment volume over several decades. ‘Cutback’ is a more suitable term for a dynamically ‘stable’ shoreline to describe the temporary loss of beach volume or shoreline retreat during a storm (before the volume gets replenished over ensuing weeks and months)
Coral bleaching The paling in colour which results if a coral loses its symbiotic, energy-providing organisms.
IPCC 2007a
Deforestation The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold
FAO 2004
Emissions The release of substances (e.g. greenhouse gases) into the atmosphere
Emission trading A market-based approach to achieving environmental objectives. It allows those reducing greenhouse gas emissions below their emission cap to use or trade the excess reductions to offset emissions at another source inside or outside the country. In general, trading can occur at the intra-company, domestic, and international levels.
IPCC 2007b
Energy efficiency Reducing the amount of energy used for a given service or level of activity in order to produce the same level of end-use service. […]. For example, using compact fluorescent light globes reduces the amount of electricity required for lighting.
Victoria Environment Protection Authority (Australia)
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
The term El Niño was initially used to describe a warm-water current that periodically flows along the coast of Ecuador and Perú, disrupting the local fishery. It has since become identified with a basin-wide warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean east of the dateline. This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of a global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation. This coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, with preferred time scales of two to about seven years, is collectively known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is often measured by the surface pressure anomaly difference between Darwin and Tahiti and the sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. During an ENSO event, the prevailing trade winds weaken, reducing upwelling and altering ocean currents, such that the sea surface temperatures warm, further weakening the trade winds. This event has a great impact on the wind, sea surface temperature and precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific. It has climatic effects throughout the Pacific region and in many other parts of the world, through global teleconnections. The cold phase of ENSO is called La Niña.
IPPC 2007a
Extreme weather events
An event that is rare at a particular place and time of year. Definitions of ‘rare’ vary, but an extreme weather event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of the observed probability density function.
IPCC 2007a
Forest degradation Changes within the forest which negatively affect the structure or function of the stand or site, and thereby lower the capacity to supply products and/or services.
FAO 2004
Fresh water lens A specific type of aquifer found on small islands consisting of a freshwater zone overlying and in contact with seawater. Between the freshwater zone and the seawater, a transition zone occurs, where salinity gradually increases with depth.
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Term Definition / Description Source
Greenhouse gases ‘Greenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as the halocarbons and other chlorine and bromine-containing substances, dealt with under the Montreal Protocol. Besides carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, the Kyoto Protocol deals with the greenhouse gases sulphur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorocarbons.’
IPCC 2007b
Infrastructure The basic equipment, utilities, productive enterprises, installations and services essential for the development, operation and growth of an organisation, city, or nation.
Inter-annual variability
Variability between years.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The IPCC surveys world-wide scientific and technical literature and publishes assessment reports that are widely recognised as the most credible existing sources of information on climate change. The IPCC also works on methodologies and responds to specific requests from the UNFCCC’s subsidiary bodies. The IPCC is independent of the Convention.
Mitigation In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other ‘sinks’ to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
IPCC 2007b
Natural disaster Any event or force of nature that has catastrophic consequences, such as avalanche, earthquake, flood, forest fire, hurricane, lightning, tornado, tsunami, and volcanic eruption.
Ozone depletion Accelerated chemical destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer by the presence of substances produced by human activities.
IPCC 2007b
Reforestation ‘The direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources, on land that was forested but that has been converted to non-forested land. For the first commitment period1, reforestation activities will be limited to reforestation occurring on those lands that did not contain forest on 31 December 1989’
UNFCCC 2002
Renewable energy Is obtained from the continuing or repetitive currents of energy occurring in the natural environment and includes non-carbon technologies such as solar energy, hydropower, wind, tide and waves and geothermal heat, as well as carbon-neutral technologies such as biomass. (Extracted from the entry for Energy in the glossary of terms Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
IPCC 2007b
Resilience The ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organisation, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change.
IPCC 2007a
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Term Definition / Description Source
Saltwater intrusion / encroachment
Displacement of fresh surface water or groundwater by the advanceof salt water due to its greater density. This usually occursin coastal and estuarine areas due to reducing land-basedinfluence (e.g., either from reduced runoff and associatedgroundwater recharge, or from excessive water withdrawalsfrom aquifers) or increasing marine influence (e.g., relative sealevelrise).
IPCC 2007a
Sea level rise Sea level can change, both globally and locally, due to (i) changes in the shape of the ocean basins, (ii) changes in the total mass of water and (iii) changes in water density. Factors leading to sea level rise under global warming include both increases in the total mass of water from the melting of land-based snow and ice, and changes in water density from an increase in ocean water temperatures and salinity changes. Relative sea level rise occurs where there is a local increase in the level of the ocean relative to the land, which might be due to ocean rise and/or land level subsidence.
IPCC 2007c
Sequestration Carbon storage in terrestrial or marine reservoirs. Biological sequestration includes direct removal of CO2 from the atmosphere through land-use change, afforestation, reforestation, carbon storage in landfills and practices that enhance soil carbon in agriculture.
IPCC 2007b
Sink Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas or aerosol from the atmosphere.
IPCC, 2007c
Storm surge The temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea due to extreme meteorological conditions (low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds). The storm surge is defined as being the excess above the level expected from the tidal variation alone at that time and place.
IPCC 2007a
Sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
UNFCCC
Thermal expansion In connection with sea-level rise, this refers to the increase in volume (and decrease in density) that results from warming water. A warming of the ocean leads to an expansion of the ocean volume and hence an increase in sea level.
IPCC 2007a
Vector borne diseases Diseases that result from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases are dengue fever, viral encephalitis, Lyme disease and malaria.
Vulnerability The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity.
IPCC 2007a
1 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol agreed on emission targets for the first commitment period, which stretches from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2012.
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