REPUBLIC OF CHADREPUBLIC OF CHAD

WELCOME TO CHAD WELCOME TO CHAD

By: MOLENGAR NGOUNDO

Master’s of Science

(Dec., 2003)

CHADLocation: North-Central Africa.

Landlocked country, bounded by Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger in West; Central African Republicin South, Sudan in East; Libya in North.

Geographic coordinates:15 00 N, 19 00 E

Total area: 1,284,000 Km2.

Flag: Blue- Yellow - Red

AFRICA MAP

CLIMATE

Tropical in South, Desert in North, the climate is caracterized by threeecological zones:1. Saharian zone desert in North: ( < 200 mm of rain);2. Sahelian zone in Center: (200 mm to 700 mm of rain) ;3. Soudanian zone in South: (700 mm to + 1,000 mm of rain).

Two seasons:

Rainy season (From June to earlySeptember in sahelian zone and from April to October in Soudanian zone)

Dry season from October to May in Sahelian Zone and from November to March in Soudanian zone.

Saharian Zone

Sahelian Zone

Soudanian Zone

RELIEF AND HYDROGRAPHY

RELIEF

Desert in North with mountains and plateaus in North-East, arid, savanna with Lake Chad in West, massif in Center, highland in East and lowlands in South. Lowest point, Djourab: 160m; Highest point, Emi-koussi: 3,415 m

HYDROGRAPHY

Permanent rivers: Logone (1,000 km long), Chari (1,200 km long).Lakes: Lake Chad (25,000 km2 before 1970, now 10,000 sq.km). Seven other lakes total area of 720 Km2.Underground water. Renewable: 20.6 million m3/year; Exploitable: 263 to 455 million m3 /year.

Slow progression through the Sahara

Desert of Chad

Mountains of Tibesti

Ouedds of Zoumri

Emi Koussi, Tibesti, Chad

Location: 19.80 N, 18.53 EElevation: 11,204 ft. (3,415 m)

Tousside, Tibesti, Chad

Location: 21.03N, 16.45EElevation: 10,712 ft. (3,265 m)

Tibesti, Neolotic printson the mountains of Bardaï

Landscape of Tibesti

Mountains of Ennedi

Tibesti, Hole of Natron (Sodium bicarbonate)

Lake-Chad and its hippopotamuses

Chari River

                                                   

     

This is a space shot provided by the US Geological Survey,

taken in 1963.

This is a space shot taken in October 1968.

This was taken in 1997. Essentially, the lake has been

reduced to that dark portion at the end of the yellow arrow.

AGRICULTURAL AREAS

Arable lands:

Total area: 39 million ha,

Cultivated: About 2.2 million ha / year.

Irrigable lands:

Total irrigable area: 5.5 million ha,

Exploited surface: 7,000 ha

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

1. NATURAL RESOURCES

Bauxite, Uranium, Oil, Gold, Ore, Natron (sodium carbonate), Kaolin, Fish (Lake Chad).

Petroleum (exploited on 2 sites: The first one in South financed by World Bank for exportation and the second one in North financed by R.O.C. for local consumption).

ESSO-CHAD

DOBA Oil Basin (250,000 bbl day-1)

Chad – Cameroon pipeline

Consortium: EXXON-CHEVRON-PETRONAS-CHAD

Pipeline

1,070 Km

2. POPULATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE SITUATION

Population: 8,707,078 inhabitants (2001 E).Population growth rate: 3.31%.Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 (2000)Infant mortality rate: 101 deaths/1,000 (2000)Life expectancy at birth: 47 yrs Male, 50.5 yrs Female.Officials languages: French, Arabic.Government: Type Republic, Capital: N’DjaménaAdministration Division: 8 Regions, and 47 Departments.

H.E. Mr. IDRISS DEBY

PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHAD

3. ECONOMY3. ECONOMY

Major industries: Cotton, Meat packing, Natron, Soap, Cigarettes, Beer brewing, Sugar, Construction materials and recently Gold and Petroleum.

GDP-purchasing power parity:$7.6 billion. GDP-per capita:$240. Annual growth: 8% GDP-composition by sector: Agriculture: 38%;

Industry and breeding: 14%, Services: 48%.

3. ECONOMY (Cont’d)

Exportation:

Chad exports cotton, Arabic gum, cotton textiles, livestock, to some countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, Costa Rica, France, Portugal, Germany, Thailand, USA.

Importation:

Although Chad has largely achieved food self-sufficiency foodstuffs still constitute most of the country’s imports. Other import products include machinery, transportation equipment, and industrial goods. Chad also imports petroleum products although this is expected to change in the near future as the country starts to exploit its own resources.

4. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT4. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Animals: abundant and various, they are mammals the most representative of African continent (134 species and 14 threatened species);

Migratory birds: 370 species interesting Ostrich and 15 threatened species.

Natural forests: 32.5 million hectares with 1,600 species of higher plants.

Some animals in Zakouma Park

Equinoxial Buffalo

Elephant Hippopotamus Cheetah

Lion Rhinoceros Phacochere Oryx

Birds in the river

Ostrich

Date trees around Oasis

Type of forest in extreme South of Chad

Pupils go to school throughout the forest

SYSTEM OF PRODUCTIONSYSTEM OF PRODUCTIONThree types:1.Oasian system: Date production, camel breeding,

subsistence irrigated agriculture.

2. Pastoral and agro-pastoral system: Dune cultivation, nomadic breeding, irrigated agriculture.

3.Diversified soudanian system: Cereals cultivation, cotton, tubercle, traditional cultivation through forestry, fishing, hunting.

Oxen bororo

Sheep

Camels

AGRICULTURAL CHANNELSAGRICULTURAL CHANNELS

1.Cereals Channel: main feeding of Country2. Fruit, vegetable Channel: less developed.3.Root, tubercle channel: contribute to food

security.4. Cotton Channel: Contribute to 12% on GDP.5. Breeding Channel: 12 million of heads.6. Forest, Fishing, Hunting Channel.

RURAL WORLD STRUCTURESRURAL WORLD STRUCTURES

Basic organizations: (28,000) Farmers’ grouping; (4,000) Villagers’ Association.

Legal and Institutional Environment: Civil service reform, decentralization, privatization and promotion of private sectors.

Sustaining service in rural environment: Extension, Plants protection, Animal health and,

Research: Six institutions of Research.

GENERAL STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENTGENERAL STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT

Strategy in general frame of fighting against poverty:

1. Strengthening financial stabilization 2. Developing sectors of growth and promoting

private operators of development ;3. Improving infrastructures to access to other regions

and correcting regional unbalance; 4. Reforming State,5. Reinforcing national capacities of management..

SOME PICTURES

CATHEDRAL NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL NOTRE DAME OF N’DJAMENAOF N’DJAMENA

KING FAYCAL MOSQUEKING FAYCAL MOSQUEOF N’DJAMENAOF N’DJAMENA

NATIONAL GUARD’S NATIONAL GUARD’S CIRCLECIRCLE

MAO CITY ENTRANCEMAO CITY ENTRANCE

Camel for transportation Traditional holiday

Traditional instruments for dancing

Tourists observing a flock of elephants

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONLandlocked country, Chad’s economic development

suffers from its geographic remoteness, drought, lack of infrastructures, lack of mastery of agricultural production and continuous political turmoil.

Unavailability and inaccessibly factors of production materials pose essential problems on well- being of population.

Nevertheless, with the exploitation of petroleum, hope for overcome some development handicaps is permitted.