Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.
-
Upload
brooke-gibson -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.
![Page 1: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reproductive SystemReproductive System
![Page 2: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell CycleCell Cycle
• Produces gametes by meiosis
![Page 3: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cell CycleCell Cycle
• Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in half
![Page 4: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cell CycleCell Cycle
• Gametes have only 23 chromosomes
![Page 5: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
• 2 chromosomes that make up a chromosome pair in cells
![Page 6: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
• Contain similar genes
![Page 7: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
• The exception is the sex chromosomes
![Page 8: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
• The female contains two X chromosomes
![Page 9: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
• The male has an X and a Y chromosome
![Page 10: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
• The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes
![Page 11: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Diploid CellDiploid Cell
• A cell with a full set of chromosomes
![Page 12: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Haploid CellHaploid Cell
• One with only one chromosome from each pair
![Page 13: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Haploid CellHaploid Cell
• Gametes are the only haploid cells
![Page 14: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Haploid CellHaploid Cell
• Eggs and spermatoza
![Page 15: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System
• Testes• A system of ducts• Several supporting structures• Penis
![Page 16: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ScrotumScrotum
• Cutaneous outpouching of the abdomen that supports the testes
![Page 17: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ScrotumScrotum
• Internally a vertical septum divides it into two sacs, each containing a single testis
![Page 18: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
TestesTestes
• Paired oval-shaped glands in the scrotum
![Page 19: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TestesTestes
• Contain seminiferous tubules ( in which sperm cells are made)
![Page 21: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TestesTestes
• Sertoli Cells - Embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the tubules
![Page 24: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sertoli CellsSertoli Cells
• Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa
![Page 25: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sertoli CellsSertoli Cells
• Control movements of spermatogenic cells
![Page 26: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sertoli CellsSertoli Cells
• Controls the release of spermatozoa into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
![Page 27: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Sertoli CellsSertoli Cells
• Secretes fluid for sperm transport and the hormone inhibin
![Page 28: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sertoli CellsSertoli Cells
• Inhibin decreases FSH when the rate of spermatogenesis is too high
![Page 29: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
TestesTestes
• Leydig cells – found in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules secrete testosterone
![Page 30: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• Process by which seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm
![Page 31: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• Spermatogonia – stem cells
![Page 32: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce future stem cells and primary spermatocytes
![Page 33: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• Diploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I forming haploid secondary spermatocytes
![Page 34: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• Meiosis II results in haploid spermatids
![Page 35: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• Spermiogenesis – maturation of the spermatids into spermatozoa
![Page 36: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mature SpermMature Sperm
• Consist of a head, midpiece, and tail
![Page 37: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mature SpermMature Sperm
• The head contains a specialized lysosome called an acrosome
![Page 38: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Mature SpermMature Sperm
• The acrosome has an enzyme that helps penetrate the egg
![Page 39: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Mature SpermMature Sperm
• The midpiece is rich in mitochondria for ATP production
![Page 40: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Mature SpermMature Sperm
• ATP is essential for the motility of flagellum
![Page 41: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Mature SpermMature Sperm
• They are produced at the rate of about 100-300 million per day
![Page 42: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mature SpermMature Sperm
• Have a life expectancy of 48 hours within the female reproductive tract
![Page 43: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Hormonal Control of Hormonal Control of SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• At puberty Gonadotropin releasing hormone increases, which stimulates the A.P. secretion of FSH and LH
![Page 44: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Hormonal Control of Hormonal Control of SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• FSH initiates spermatogenesis
![Page 45: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Hormonal Control of Hormonal Control of SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
• LH assists spermatogenesis and stimulates the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells
![Page 46: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
TestosteroneTestosterone
• Controls the growth, development, functioning, and maintenance of sex organs
![Page 47: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
TestosteroneTestosterone
• Stimulates bone growth, protein anabolism, increases in muscle size, and sperm maturation
![Page 48: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
TestosteroneTestosterone
• It increases libido and stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics
![Page 49: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
TestosteroneTestosterone
• It reduces LH secretion, which decreases testosterone production
![Page 50: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Secondary Male Sex Secondary Male Sex CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Wide shoulders
![Page 51: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Secondary Male Sex Secondary Male Sex CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Narrow hips
![Page 52: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Secondary Male Sex Secondary Male Sex CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Male hair patters
![Page 53: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Secondary Male Sex Secondary Male Sex CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Thick and oily skin
![Page 54: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Secondary Male Sex Secondary Male Sex CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Enlarged larynx with a deeper voice
![Page 55: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
DuctsDucts
• The duct system of the testes includes the 1. Seminiferous tubules2. Straight tubules3. Rete Testis4. Epididymis5. Ductus Deferens6. Ejaculatory Duct7. Urethra
![Page 56: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
EpididymisEpididymis
• Comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis
![Page 57: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
EpididymisEpididymis
• Sperm are transported out of the testes through the ductus epididymis
![Page 59: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Ductus EpididymisDuctus Epididymis
• Lined by stereocilia
![Page 60: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Ductus EpididymisDuctus Epididymis
• Site of sperm maturation and storage
![Page 62: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Ductus EpididymisDuctus Epididymis
• Sperm may remain in storage here for at least a month
![Page 63: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Vas DeferensVas Deferens
• Stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation
![Page 64: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Ejaculatory DuctsEjaculatory Ducts
• Formed by the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles and ducti deferens
![Page 66: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Ejaculatory DuctsEjaculatory Ducts
• Function to eject spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra
![Page 68: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Male urethraMale urethra
• Serves as a passageway for semen and urine
![Page 70: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Seminal VesiclesSeminal Vesicles
• Secretes a viscous alkaline fluid that contains fructose that nourish and promote the fertilizing capability of sperm
![Page 71: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Seminal VesiclesSeminal Vesicles
• The alkaline fluid helps neutralize acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract
![Page 73: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Seminal VesiclesSeminal Vesicles
• The fructose is for ATP production by sperm
![Page 74: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Prostate GlandProstate Gland
• Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid
![Page 75: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Bulbourethral GlandsBulbourethral Glands
• Secretes mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid
![Page 77: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
SemenSemen
• Average volume 2.75 ml
![Page 79: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
SemenSemen
• Contains 50-150 million spermatozoa/ml
![Page 80: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
SemenSemen
• The average sperm count has declined from 113 million/ml to 66 million/ml over the past 44 years
![Page 81: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
SemenSemen
• May be due to estrogens in meat, marijuana, environmental toxins, alcohol, and lead exposure
![Page 82: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
PenisPenis
• Male organ of copulation that consists of a
1. Root2. Body3. Glans penis4. foreskin
![Page 83: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
PenisPenis
• Spongy tissue in shaft composed of 1. Two dorsal corpora cavernosa2. Ventral corpos spongiosum
![Page 85: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
PenisPenis
• Arterioles (which are normally constricted) supply blood to blood sinuses
![Page 87: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
PenisPenis
• The blood sinuses become filled with blood during erection
![Page 88: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
ErectionErection
• Mediated by a parasympathetic reflex
![Page 89: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
ErectionErection
• Neurons and vascular endothelial cells release nitric oxide which leads to arteriolar smooth muscle relaxation
![Page 90: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
ErectionErection
• This vasodilation increases blood flow into the penis
![Page 91: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
EjaculationEjaculation
• Propulsion of semen from the urethra to the exterior is a sympathetic reflex
![Page 92: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System
• Ovaries• Uterine tubes• Uterus• Vagina• Vulva• Mammary Glands
![Page 93: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
OvariesOvaries
• Paired glands that are homologous to the testes
![Page 95: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
![Page 96: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
OvariesOvaries
• Located in the upper pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus
![Page 97: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Ovarian CortexOvarian Cortex
• Contain ovarian follicles and consists of oocytes in various stages of development
![Page 98: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
![Page 99: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Primordial folliclesPrimordial follicles
• Contain the primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells
![Page 100: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Primordial folliclesPrimordial follicles
• Contain 46 chromosomes stuck in prophase of meiosis 1
![Page 102: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Primordial folliclesPrimordial follicles
• A woman is born with 2 million primordial follicles
![Page 103: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Primordial folliclesPrimordial follicles
• During childhood, most undergo atresia
![Page 104: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Primordial folliclesPrimordial follicles
• By puberty, only 400,000 are left
![Page 105: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Primordial folliclesPrimordial follicles
• Each month, about 20 primordial follicles mature into primary follicles
![Page 106: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Primary folliclesPrimary follicles
• Primary oocyte surrounded by one to several layers of cuboidal epithelial cells that make estrogen
![Page 107: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Primary folliclesPrimary follicles
• These epithelial cells are called granulosa cells
![Page 109: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Primary folliclesPrimary follicles
• In between the oocyte and granulosa cells is a glycoprotein called the zona pelucida
![Page 110: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Primary folliclesPrimary follicles
• Outside the granulosa cells are two layers of connective tissue called
1. Theca externa2. Theca interna
![Page 111: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Primary folliclesPrimary follicles
• Many primaries undergo atresia
![Page 112: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Primary folliclesPrimary follicles
• Some become secondary follicles
![Page 113: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Secondary FolliclesSecondary Follicles
• Have a fluid filled antrum
![Page 114: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
![Page 115: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Secondary folliclesSecondary follicles
• As the menstrual cycle progresses toward midcycle all of the secondaries undergo atresia except one
![Page 116: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Secondary folliclesSecondary follicles
• One follicle will become the dominant follicle- the Graafian follicle
![Page 117: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
![Page 118: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Graafian FollicleGraafian Follicle
• The primary oocyte will complete meiosis I and go through part of meiosis II, but pause at metaphase II
![Page 119: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Graafian FollicleGraafian Follicle
• It’s now called the secondary oocyte
![Page 120: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Graafian FollicleGraafian Follicle
• The follicle expel the secondary oocyte by a process called ovulation
![Page 121: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Immature ovumImmature ovum
• Surrounding it is the zona pelucida and a layer of follicular cells called the corona radiata
![Page 122: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
![Page 123: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Corpus luteumCorpus luteum
• Contains the remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces
1. Progesterone2. Estrogen3. Relaxin4. Inhibin
![Page 124: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Corpus luteumCorpus luteum
• It eventually degenerates into a corpus albicans
![Page 125: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
OogenesisOogenesis
• Occurs in the ovaries
![Page 126: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
OogenesisOogenesis
• It results in the formation of a single haploid secondary oocyte
![Page 127: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
OogenesisOogenesis
• Meisosis II is not complete until fertilization
![Page 128: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Ovarian MedullaOvarian Medulla
• Contains1. Blood vessels2. Lymphatics3. Nerves
![Page 129: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
![Page 130: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Uterine TubeUterine Tube
• Transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus
![Page 131: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
![Page 132: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Uterine TubeUterine Tube
• Normal sites of fertilizaiton
![Page 133: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Uterine TubeUterine Tube
• Fimbriae – are projections of the tubes that help capture the ovulated immature ovum
![Page 134: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
![Page 135: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Uterine TubeUterine Tube
• The fallopian tube is the usually the site of fertilization
![Page 136: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Uterine TubeUterine Tube
• Ciliated cells and peristaltic contractions help move a secondary oocyte toward the uterus
![Page 137: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
UterusUterus
• An organ the size and shape of an inverted pear
![Page 138: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
![Page 139: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
UterusUterus
• Functions in the transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during pregnancy, and labor
![Page 140: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
UterusUterus
• Cervix – connects the vaginal cavity to the uterine cavity
![Page 141: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
UterusUterus
• Cervix – firm unless it is softened by relaxin during labor and delivery
![Page 142: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Histology of the UterusHistology of the Uterus
1. Perimetrium2. Myometrium3. Endometrium
![Page 143: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
PerimetriumPerimetrium
• Part of the visceral peritoneum
![Page 144: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
MyometriumMyometrium
• Consists of three muscle layers and has oxytocin receptors
![Page 145: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
![Page 146: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
EndometriumEndometrium
• Divided into the 1. Stratum Functionalis2. Stratum Basalis
![Page 147: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
![Page 148: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
EndometriumEndometrium
• Spiral arteries supply the endometrium
![Page 149: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
CervixCervix
• Secretory cells of the cervix produce a cervical mucus
![Page 150: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
![Page 151: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
CervixCervix
• At mid cycle the mucus is thin and receptive to sperm
![Page 152: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
CervixCervix
• During most of the menstrual cycle the mucus is thick
![Page 153: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
VaginaVagina
• 10 cm in the adult
![Page 154: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
![Page 155: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
VaginaVagina
• Functions as a passageway for spermatozoa and the menstrual flow
![Page 156: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
VaginaVagina
• It is acidic in order to inhibit microorganisms and sperm
![Page 157: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
VaginaVagina
• The vaginal orifice in virgins is partially covered by the hymen
![Page 158: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
VulvaVulva
• External genitalia of the female
![Page 159: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
![Page 160: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
VulvaVulva
• It consists of 1. Mons pubs – rounded fatty eminence
overlying the pubic symphysis
![Page 161: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
![Page 162: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
VulvaVulva
2. Labia majora – covered with hair
![Page 163: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
![Page 164: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
VulvaVulva
3. Labia minora – thinner folds that are devoid of hair, they atrophy after menopause
![Page 165: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
![Page 166: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
VulvaVulva
4. Clitoris – homologous to the penis
![Page 167: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
![Page 168: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
VulvaVulva
5. Vestibule – cleft between labia minora where vaginal orifice opens to the outside
![Page 169: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
![Page 170: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
VulvaVulva
6. Vaginal orifice
![Page 171: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
![Page 172: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
VulvaVulva
7. Urethral orifices – between the clitoris and the vaginal orifice
![Page 173: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
![Page 174: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
VulvaVulva
8. Hymen
![Page 175: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
![Page 176: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
Mammary GlandsMammary Glands
• Milk producing glands that lie over the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscle
![Page 177: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
![Page 178: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
Mammary GlandsMammary Glands
• Milk secreting cells (alveoli) are clustered in small compartments (lobules) within the breasts
![Page 179: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Mammary GlandsMammary Glands
1. Alveoli2. Mammary ducts3. Lactiferous ducts4. Lactiferous sinuses5. Nipple
![Page 180: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
![Page 181: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Mammary GlandsMammary Glands
• Function to synthesize milk and secretion and ejection of milk (lactation)
![Page 182: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Mammary GlandsMammary Glands
• Areola is the pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple
![Page 183: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
Mammary GlandsMammary Glands
• Develop at puberty under the stimulation of rising estrogen and progesterone levels
![Page 184: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Phases of the Female Phases of the Female Reproductive CycleReproductive Cycle
1. Menstrual cycle2. Preovulatory phase3. Ovulation4. Postovulatory phase
![Page 185: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
• First five days of cycle
![Page 186: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
• About 20 small follicles in each ovary begin to develop
![Page 187: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
• Stratum functionalis layer of the endometrium is shed discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells
![Page 188: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
![Page 189: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
• It is shed due to declining progesterone at the end of the previous cycle
![Page 190: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
Preovulatory phasePreovulatory phase
• Between menstruation and ovulation
![Page 191: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
Preovulatory phasePreovulatory phase
• Lasting from days 6-13 in a 28 day cycle
![Page 192: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
Preovulatory phasePreovulatory phase
• Primary follicles develop into secondary follicles
![Page 193: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
Preovulatory phasePreovulatory phase
• A single secondary follicle develops into a Graafian or mature follicle
![Page 194: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Preovulatory phasePreovulatory phase
• Maturing follicles secrete estrogen
![Page 195: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Preovulatory phasePreovulatory phase
• The mature follicle continues to increase its estrogen production due to increasing levels of LH
![Page 196: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
Preovulatory phasePreovulatory phase
• Estrogen stimulates endometrial repair; a new stratum functionalis is formed
![Page 197: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
OvulationOvulation
• Rupture of the Graafian or mature follicle with release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
![Page 198: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
OvulatationOvulatation
• LH transforms the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum
![Page 199: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
OvulationOvulation
• Occurs on day 14
![Page 200: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
OvulationOvulation
• The high levels of estrogen during the last part of the preovulatory phase exerts a positive feedback on LH and GnRH to cause ovulation
![Page 201: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
OvulationOvulation
• GnRH promotes release of FSH and LH
![Page 202: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
OvulationOvulation
• LH surge brings about the ovulation
![Page 203: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
OvulationOvulation
• Increased body temperature due to progesterone, which increases just prior to ovulation
![Page 204: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
OvulationOvulation
• Clear cervical mucus due to high estrogen
![Page 205: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
OvulationOvulation
• Corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone due to LH
![Page 206: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• Days 15-28
![Page 207: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• Time between ovulation and the onset of the next menstrual period
![Page 208: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• Estrogen and progesterone are secreted in large quantities by the corpus luteum
![Page 209: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• If fertilization and implantatin do not occur, estrogen and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum inhibit LH
![Page 210: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• So Corpus luteum loses its support
![Page 211: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• The copus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans
![Page 212: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• The decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone initiatates another menstrual phase
![Page 213: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• Because estrogen and progesterone levels drop, there is less negative feedback on the Hyp. and A.P.
![Page 214: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• FSH and LH begin to rise a bit at the end of the cycle, causing another round of follicular development (about 20)
![Page 215: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• If fertilization and implantation do occur, the corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over
![Page 216: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• Corpus luteum is maintained by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the developing placenta
![Page 217: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• The corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterones to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation
![Page 218: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• Once the placenta begins secreting estrogen and progesterone, the role of corpus luteum becomes minor
![Page 219: Reproductive System. Cell Cycle Produces gametes by meiosis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae97f8b9ab059979e89/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
Postovulatory phasePostovulatory phase
• Endometrium thickens in anticipation of implantation