Reproductive Strategies
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Transcript of Reproductive Strategies
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Reproductive Strategies
Objective: I will evaluate the effects of reproductive strategies and
compare them to carrying capacity.
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Factors that Influence Population Size
•Density-dependent factors- the size of the population will influence an individual’s probability of survival.
•Density-independent factors- the size of the population has no effect on the individual’s probability of survival.
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Exponential Growth Model
•Growth rate- the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or offspring during the same period.
•Intrinsic growth rate- under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources, the maximum potential for growth.
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Exponential Growth Model
• J-shaped curve- when graphed the exponential growth model looks like this.
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Logistic Growth Model
• Logistic growth- when a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity.
• S-shaped curve- when graphed the logistic growth model produces an “S”.
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Variations of the Logistic Model•If food becomes scarce, the population
will experience an overshoot by becoming larger than the spring carrying capacity and will result in a die-off, or population crash.
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Sexual Reproduction: Courtship
•Courtship rituals consume time and energy, can transmit disease, and can inflict injury on males of some species as they compete for sexual partners.
Figure 8-8
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Reproductive Strategies
•K-selected species- the population of a species that grows slowly until it reaches the carrying capacity. Ex. elephants, whales, and humans.
•R-selected species- the population of a species that grows quickly and is often followed by overshoots and die-offs. Ex. mosquitoes and dandelions
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Reproductive Patterns:Opportunists and Competitors•Large number of
smaller offspring with little parental care (r-selected species).
•Fewer, larger offspring with higher invested parental care (K-selected species).
Figure 8-9
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Types of Population Change Curves in Nature•Population sizes may stay the same,
increase, decrease, vary in regular cycles, or change erratically.•Stable: fluctuates slightly above and
below carrying capacity.•Irruptive: populations explode and then
crash to a more stable level.•Cyclic: populations fluctuate and regular
cyclic or boom-and-bust cycles.•Irregular: erratic changes possibly due to
chaos or drastic change.
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PREDATION
•Some prey escape their predators or have outer protection, some are camouflaged, and some use chemicals to repel predators.
Figure 7-8
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Fig. 7-8a, p. 153(a) Span worm
Camouflage
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Fig. 7-8b, p. 153
(b) Wandering leaf insect
Camoufla
ge
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Fig. 7-8c, p. 153(c) Bombardier beetle
Chemical Warfare
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Fig. 7-8d, p. 153(d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
Chemical Warfare
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Fig. 7-8e, p. 153(e) Poison dart frog
Warning
Coloration
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Fig. 7-8f, p. 153(f) Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly
Mimicry
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Fig. 7-8g, p. 153
(g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal.Deceptive Looks
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Fig. 7-8h, p. 153
(h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake.
Deceptive Behavior