REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHGenevieve C. Serilo BSEd 2D

• Discussions of the people’s sexual and reproductive health needs have been

largely sidetracked because of the too much attention

given on the population itself.

According to

Reproductive Health is“a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and...not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and its functions and processes.

Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to have a satisfying

and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how

often to do so.

Implicit in this last condition are the right of men and women to be

informed [about] and to have access to safe,

effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their

choice,

as well as other methods of birth control which are not

against the law, and the right of access to appropriate health-care services that will enable women to go safely through

pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy

infant.”

Male Reproductive Health• Prostate and testicular

cancers are among the leading causes for males.

• Other serious concerns for males include erectile dysfunction, impotence, and premature ejaculation.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) • Erectile dysfunction (ED) is

when a man has trouble getting or keeping an

erection. ED becomes more common as you get older.

But male sexual dysfunction is not a natural part of aging.

Impotence• Impotence is a common

problem among men characterized by the

consistent inability to sustain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse or the

inability to achieve ejaculation, or both.

Premature Ejaculation• It’s almost impossible to get

an accurate definition of premature ejaculation: what

some couples consider a satisfactory length of

intercourse would be very inadequate for others.

• At the 2006 Congress of the European Society for Sexual

Medicine, an American research paper reported: the average lasting time of men

with PE was 1.8 minutes 'normal' men lasted an average

of 7.3 minutes.

• But there were males who claimed to have premature ejaculation, yet who could last up to 25 minutes. This clearly shows people have wildly differing ideas about

what is normal!

Female Reproductive Health• Common causes of mortality rate

among females includes postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, and sepsis.

• Breast cancer remains to be the leading cause of cancer deaths in the country for Filipino women, followed by cervical cancer and ovarian cancer.

Postpartum Hemorrhage• Postpartum hemorrhage is excessive bleeding following the birth of a baby. About 4

percent of women have postpartum hemorrhage and it is more likely with a cesarean birth. Hemorrhage may occur before or after the placenta is

delivered.

• The average amount of blood loss after the birth of a single

baby in vaginal delivery is about 500 ml (or about a half of a quart). The average amount of blood loss for a cesarean

birth is approximately 1,000 ml (or one quart).

Eclampsia

• Eclampsia, a life-threatening complication of pregnancy, is a

condition that causes a pregnant woman, usually previously

diagnosed with preeclampsia (high blood pressure and protein in the urine), to develop seizures

or coma.

Sepsis• Sepsis is an illness in which

the body has a severe response to bacteria or other germs.

• This response may be called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

• Reproductive health problems remain the leading cause of ill health and death for women of childbearing

age worldwide.

According to the WHO:

• Each year, 358, 000 women die due to complications related to pregnancy and

childbirth; 99% of these deaths occur within the most

disadvantaged population groups living in the poorest

countries of the world.

National Health Situation of Filipino Women

Philippine Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) remains high at 162 deaths for every 100,000 live births. The National Statistics Office fears that the slow decline in MMR may cause the Philippines to miss its MDG target of bringing down the MMR to 53 by the year 2015. (Family Planning Survey 2006).

Maternal deaths account for 14% of deaths among women.

According to the Commission on Population, ten (10) women die

every 24 hours from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications

(Popcom 2000).

29 infants of every 1,000 live births die before reaching one year of

age; 40 young children die before reaching five

years of age. (NSO, NDHS 2003)

Close birth spacing and high-risk pregnancies

have been shown to be closely related to

childhood mortality. (NSO, NDHS 2003)

The Filipino woman's desired number of children is 2.5.

However, the actual fertility rate is 3.5 children or a

difference of one child. This difference is due mainly to

the lack of information on and access to family planning

services. (NSO, NDHS 2003)

Infertility• A 1986 WHO study found out

that 10 to 15 percent of couples were unable to produce a child.

• In the Philippines, the 1998 National Demographic Health Survey showed that two percent of women were infertile.

Abortion and Post-abortion Complications

• Of the 3.1 million pregnancies in the country every year, 15 percent end in induced abortions and another 15 percent result in spontaneous abortion.

• In a study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute and the UP Population Institute, 72

percent of Filipino women who have had an abortion cited

financial difficulty as the main reason for terminating their

pregnancy.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

•HIV prevalence in the country remains low, with a cumulative case of 3, 061 as of the end of 2007.

• However, for the last two years, new cases have breached the 300-mark. At the National Dissemination Forum 2008 Philippine Country Progress Report, Dr. Eric Tayag presented the first HIV and

AIDS Registry Annual Report and based on the data generated by the Registry, 342 new cases were recorded in 2007,

28 of which are AIDS cases.

• Other common STIs include non-gonoccocal

type, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea (10.1 percent)

Thank You !