Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both...
-
Upload
magnus-snow -
Category
Documents
-
view
232 -
download
1
Transcript of Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both...
![Page 1: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue—both decrease with each increasing trophic level
Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)
![Page 2: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
V. Ecological Interactions between organisms
A. Competition—when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
Ex: food, water, shelter
![Page 3: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Monkeys compete with each other and other animals for food.
Rams compete with each other for mates.
![Page 4: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Until Americans introduced gray squirrels into parts of England in the early 20th century, red squirrels had been the only species of squirrel in the country. The gray squirrels were larger and bred faster and successfully competed for resources. Within a couple years of overlap in an area, the red squirrels disappeared.
![Page 5: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
B. Niche—the ecological niche involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles that an organism has in its habitat.
Example: The ecological niche of a sunflower growing in the backyard includes absorbing light, water and nutrients (for photosynthesis), providing shelter and food for other organisms (e.g. bees, ants, etc.), and giving off oxygen into the atmosphere.
![Page 6: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The ecological niche of an organism depends not only on where it lives but also on what it does. By analogy, it may be said that the habitat is the organism’s “address”, and the niche is its “profession”, biologically speaking.
Worm’s Niche“Address”—Soil, Ground, etc.
“Profession”– Mix-up soil
![Page 7: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
C. Predation—one organism captures and feeds on another organism
1. Predator—one that does the killing
2. Prey—one that is the food
![Page 8: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
D. Symbiosis—any relationship in which two species live closely together
1. Mutualism—both species benefit (WIN-WIN)a. Ex: insects and flowers
Can you think of any other examples that we’ve talked about in class?
![Page 10: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2. Commensalism—one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.(WIN-0)
Example: barnacles on a whale
![Page 11: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Commensalism
The Remora fish attaches to the shark and gets a free ride.
Birds build nests in trees.
![Page 12: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3. Parasitism—one organisms lives on or inside another organism (host) and harms it.The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the host. (WIN-LOSE)
Example: fleas on a dog
![Page 13: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Parasitism
Wasp eggs on back of caterpillar.
Mosquito biting a human.
Sea lampreys feed on fluids of other fish.
![Page 14: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mutualism, Commensalism or Parasitism??
Parasitism
Mutualism
![Page 15: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ecological Levels
![Page 16: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Density and Distribution of Populations
• Population Density - Number of individuals per unit area or volume.
• Population Distribution - Pattern of dispersal of individuals within the area of interest.
![Page 17: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Uniform Distribution
![Page 18: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Random Distribution
![Page 19: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Clumped Distribution
![Page 20: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Characteristics of Populations• They tend to grow• Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase
(r)
![Page 21: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Population Growth Models
• Exponential Growth• Biotic Potential • Environmental Resistance
![Page 22: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Exponential Growth Curve
![Page 23: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Logistic Growth
• Logistic growth—indicated by an S-shaped curve
• Difference between logistic and exponential due to environmental resistance
![Page 24: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Logistic Growth
![Page 25: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Carrying Capacity
• Carrying Capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a given species the environment can support.– The closer the population to the carrying capacity,
the greater the environmental resistance.• Biotic potential is having full effect and birthrate is a
maximum during exponential growth.
![Page 26: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
St. Paul Island Reindeer Population
![Page 27: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mortality Patterns• Cohort --- all the members of a population
born at the same time.• Survivorship---the probability of newborn
individuals of a cohort surviving to particular ages.
• Illustrated by Survivorship Curves
![Page 28: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Survivorship Curves
![Page 29: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Survivorship Curves
![Page 30: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Age Distributions• What proportion of population
is in each cohort? • Age Structure Diagrams
![Page 31: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
U.S. Age Distributions
![Page 32: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Regulation of Population Size• Density - Dependent Factors• Density - Independent Factors
![Page 33: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Factors That Affect Population Size
Density Dependent Factors
1. Competition Intraspecific Interspecific
2. Predation
3. Parasitism
4. Disease
![Page 34: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Factors That Affect Population Size
Density Independent Factors
1. Abiotic factors
2. Unpredictable, catastrophic
events
![Page 35: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Life History Patterns• r - Strategists (Opportunistic)• Remember r=reproduction
![Page 36: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Life History Patterns• k - Strategists (Equilibrium)
• Remember k=Karrying kapacity
![Page 37: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Human Population Growth
• Human population has had an exponential growth pattern.– Doubling time currently estimated at 53 years.
• Population Size– 1800 1 Billion– 1930 2 Billion– 1960 3 Billion– 2000 6 Billion
![Page 38: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
World Population Growth
![Page 39: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Country Development• More-Developed Countries (MDCs)
GR=0.1%• Less-Developed Countries (LDCs)
GR= 1.6%– LDC population expected to
increase from 5-8b by 2050
![Page 40: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Age Distributions
• Age Structure Diagrams divide populations into three age groups.–Pre-Reproductive–Reproductive–Post-Reproductive
![Page 41: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Demographic Transition• Stage I: high birthrates and death rates• Stage II: continued high birthrates, declining
death rates• Stage III: falling birthrates and death rates,
eventually stabilizing
![Page 42: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
More-Developed Countries
![Page 43: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Less-Developed Countries
![Page 44: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005 Millions
300 100 100 300300 200 100 0 100 200 300
Less Developed Regions
More Developed Regions
Male Female Male Female
80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 17-19 10-16
5-90-4
Age
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision (medium scenario), 2003.
Age Distribution of the World’s Population
![Page 45: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
World Population Distribution by Region, 1998 and 2050
![Page 47: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Environmental Impact
• Measured in terms of:–Population Size–Resource Consumption Per
Capita –Resultant Pollution
![Page 49: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Environmental Impact
![Page 50: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Review• Scope of Ecology• Population Density and Distribution• Population Growth Models• Survivorship Curves• Age Distributions• Regulation of Population Size• Life History Patterns• Human Population Growth
– Environmental Impact
![Page 51: Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue— both decrease with each increasing trophic level Energy and Biomass.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e365503460f94b25b85/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• facstaff.bloomu.edu/.../Ecology%20of%20Populations%20online%20