Report=Nursing Administration

7/31/2019 Report=Nursing Administration

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Refers to the manner of delegatingassignments, orders and instructions to thenursing personnel where the latter is madeaware of the work expected of him/her.

The nursing personnel should be properlyguided so they can contribute effectively andefficiently to the attainment of the nursingservice goals.

It includes collaboration, delegation,supervision, coordination, communicationand staff development.


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Human nature is much more complex than what we

perceive though understanding of this nature is

essential.


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Involves providing guidance and direction to

the work in order to achieve a certain

purpose;

In the Nursing Service, the main goal ofsupervision is to attain quality care for each

patient and to develop the potentials of

workers for an effective and efficient

performance.


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A good understanding of administration,

clinical competence, and democratic

management are essentials in supervision.

Instead of giving commands, the supervisor

should persuade the workers. Orders and

commands should be given only in very rare

cases.

* Supervision ensures that the major goal in

patient care is achieved. Todays Nursing

Supervision is centered on clinical servicerather than the traditional managerial

service.


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Good supervision is focused on improving thestaffs work rather than on upgradinghimself/herself.

Good supervision is based on predeterminedindividual needs. It requires self-study bystaff members as a starting point in theirgrowth and development. It means that thestaff, with the help of the senior nurse,

would make an assessment of his/her ownability in giving patient care and set goalsbased on his/her need for furtherdevelopment. Only when both share in theassessment can they coordinate their efforts.


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Good supervision is planned cooperatively.

Good supervision employs democratic

methods.

Good supervision stimulates the staff to

continuous self-improvement.

Good supervision respects the individuality of

the staff member.Good supervision helps create a social,

psychological and physical atmospheres

where the individual is free to function at

her own level.


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Nursing Service technique include:

Orientation

Efficient assignment, rotation, and follow up

Evaluation, guidance counseling, and promotion Health service, recreation and safety

Staff and in-service education


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Communication is a process by which you convey

your message to someone or a group of people.

And if the message is conveyed clearly and

unambiguously, then it is known as effective

communication. In effective communication, themessage you had send would reach the receiver

with very little distortion. However, a

communication becomes successful only if the

receiver understands what the sender is trying to

convey.


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Noise interference with effective transmission and reception of a

message.

physical noise or external noise which are environmentaldistractions such as poorly heated rooms, startling sounds,appearances of things, music playing some where else, and

someone talking really loudly near you. physiological noise are biological influences that distract

you from communicating competently such as sweaty palms,pounding heart, butterfly in the stomach, induced by speechanxiety, or feeling sick, exhausted at work, the ringing noisein your ear, being really hungry, and if you have a runny noiseor a cough.

psychological noise are the preconception bias andassumptions such as thinking someone who speaks like avalley girl is dumb, or someone from a foreign country cantspeak English well so you speak loudly and slowly to them.

semantic noise are word choices that are confusing anddistracting such as using the word tri-syllabic instead of threesyllables.


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Sender the initiator and encoder of a message

Receiver the one that receives the message (the listener) and the

decoder of a message Decode

translates the senders spoken idea/message into something thereceiver understands by using their knowledge of language frompersonal experience.

Encode puts the idea into spoken language while putting their own

meaning into the word/message. Channel

the medium through which the message travels such as throughoral communication (radio, television, phone, in person) orwritten communication (letters, email, text messages)

Feedback

the receivers verbal and nonverbal responses to a message suchas a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow forbeing confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify themessage (verbal).

Message the verbal and nonverbal components of language that is sent

to the receiver by the sender which conveys an idea.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communication_shannon-weaver2.svg


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Shannon's model, as shown in Figure, breaks theprocess of communication down into eight discretecomponents: An information source. Presumably a person who creates

a message. The message, which is both sent by the information

source and received by the destination. A transmitter. For Shannon's immediate purpose a

telephone instrument that captures an audio signal,converts it into an electronic signal, and amplifies it fortransmission through the telephone network.

Transmission is readily generalized within Shannon'sinformation theory to encompass a wide range oftransmitters. The simplest transmission system, thatassociated with face-to-face communication, has at leasttwo layers of transmission. The first, the mouth (sound)and body (gesture), create and modulate a signal. Thesecond layer, which might also be described as a channel,

is built of the air (sound) and light (gesture) that enablethe transmission of those signals from one person toanother. A television broadcast would obviously includemany more layers, with the addition of cameras andmicrophones, editing and filtering systems, a nationalsignal distribution network (often satellite), and a localradio wave broadcast antenna.


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The signal, which flows through a channel. There may

be multiple parallel signals, as is the case in face-to-face interaction where sound and gesture involve

different signal systems that depend on different

channels and modes of transmission. There may be

multiple serial signals, with sound and/or gesture

turned into electronic signals, radio waves, or words

and pictures in a book.

A carrier or channel, which is represented by the

small unlabeled box in the middle of the model. The

most commonly used channels include air, light,

electricity, radio waves, paper, and postal systems.

Note that there may be multiple channels associatedwith the multiple layers of transmission, as described

above.


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Noise, in the form of secondary signals that obscure or

confuse the signal carried. Given Shannon's focus ontelephone transmission, carriers, and reception, it shouldnot be surprising that noise is restricted to noise thatobscures or obliterates some portion of the signal withinthe channel. This is a fairly restrictive notion of noise, bycurrent standards, and a somewhat misleading one.Today we have at least some media which are so noisefree that compressed signals are constructed with anabsolutely minimal amount information and little

likelihood of signal loss. In the process, Shannon'ssolution to noise, redundancy, has been largely replacedby a minimally redundant solution: error detection andcorrection. Today we use noise more as a metaphor forproblems associated with effective listening.

A receiver. In Shannon's conception, the receivingtelephone instrument. In face to face communication a

set of ears (sound) and eyes (gesture). In television,several layers of receiver, including an antenna and atelevision set.

A destination. Presumably a person who consumes andprocesses the message.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interaction_comm_model.svg


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It is two linear models stacked on top of eachother. The sender channels a message to the

receiver and the receiver then becomes the

sender and channels a message to the original

sender. This model has added feedback, indicates

that communication is not a one way but a two

way process. It also has field of experience

which includes our cultural background, ethnicity

geographic location, extend of travel, and

general personal experiences accumulated overthe course of your lifetime. Draw backs there is

feedback but it is not simultaneous.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_comm_model.svg


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It is a one way model to communicate with

others. It consists of the sender encoding a

message and channeling it to the receiver in the

presence of noise. Draw backs the linear model

assumes that there is a clear cut beginning andend to communication. It also displays no

feedback from the receiver.

For example; a letter, email, text message, lecture.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transactional_comm_model.jpg


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It assumes that people are connected through

communication; they engage in transaction. Firstly, it

recognizes that each of us is a sender-receiver, not

merely a sender or a receiver. Secondly, it recognizes

that communication affects all parties involved. So

communication is fluid/simultaneous. This is how

most conversation are like. The transactional model

also contains ellipses that symbolize the

communication environment (how you interpret the

data that you are given). Where the ellipses meet is

the most effect communication area because both

communicators share the same meaning of the

message.

For example talking/listening to friends. While your

friend is talking you are constantly giving them feedback

on what you think through your facial expression verbal

feedback without necessarily stopping your friend from

talking.


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A number of relationships are described in this model:

Messages are created and consumed using language

Language occurs within the context of media

Messages are constructed and consumed within the

context of media The roles of consumer and creator are reflexive. People

become creators when they reply or supply feedback toother people. Creators become consumers when theymake use of feedback to adapt their messages tomessage consumers. People learn how to create

messages through the act of consuming other peoplesmessages.

The roles of consumer and creator are introspective.Creators of messages create messages within the contextof their perspectives of and relationships withanticipated consumers of messages. Creators optimize

their messages to their target audiences. Consumers ofmessages interpret those messages within the context oftheir perspectives of, and relationships with, creators ofmessages. Consumers make attributions of meaningbased on their opinion of the message creator. Peopleform these perspectives and relationships as a functionof their communication.


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The messages creators of messages construct arenecessarily imperfect representations of the meaningthey imagine. Messages are created within theexpressive limitations of the medium selected andthe meaning representation space provided by thelanguage used. The message created is almost alwaysa partial and imperfect representation of what thecreator would like to say.

A consumers interpretation of a messages necessarilyattributes meaning imperfectly. Consumers interpretmessages within the limits of the languages used andthe media those languages are used in. A consumersinterpretation of a message may be very differentthan what the creator of a message imagined.

People learn language by through the experience ofencountering language being used within media. Thelanguages they learn will almost always be thelanguages when communicating with people whoalready know and use those languages. Thatcommunication always occurs within a medium thatenables those languages.


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People learn media by using media. The mediathey learn will necessarily be the media used bythe people they communicate with.

People invent and evolve languages. While somebehavior expressions (a baby's cry) occurnaturally and some aspects of language structuremay mirror the ways in which the brainstructures ideas, language does not occur

naturally. People invent new language whenthere is no language that they can be socializedinto. People evolve language when they need tocommunicate ideas that existing language is notsufficient to.

People invent and evolve media While some ofthe modalities and channels associated withcommunication are naturally occurring, themedia we use to communicate are not.


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2 types:

External Communication (communicate with other

organization)

Internal Communication (within the organization)

Formal communication Staff Meetings, Union Management Meeting, Branch

Managers Conferences Periodical Sales Review

Meetings and Customer

Informal communication

chats, conversations, informal talks etc.


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Formal communication Upward Communication

Any communication that moves from Employees to

Supervisors, Supervisors to Managers, Managers to

Executives, Regional Manager to General Manager and

so on is known as the upward communication. It movesfrom bottom to top levels in the hierarchy. Employee

suggestions, market reports, performance reports,

feedback on new products and requests for facilities

or instructions are all examples of upward

communication. Channels of upward communicationsare; Superiors keep an open door complaints-and

suggestions boxes, social gatherings, direct

correspondence, reports and counseling.


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Downward Communication

moves from top to the bottom, i.e., from a superior to

a subordinate .The Managing Director communicating

with the departmental Heads, a Manager giving a

directive to an Assistant Manager or a Superior, a

Foreman instructing a worker etc are engaged in the

process of downward communication. Orders,

Individual Instructions, Policy Statements, Job-Sheets,

Circulars, etc fall under downward communication.


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Vertical/Horizontal Communication

Communication between departments or people on

the same level in the managerial hierarchy of an

organization may be termed as Horizontal or Lateral

Communication. It is both upward now downward but

proceeds in a horizontal manner and takes place

among equals and at peer level. It is carried on

through face-to-face discussion, telephonic talk,

periodical meetings and memos.


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Informal Communication Grapevine Communication It doesnt follow any set lines or nay definite rules. It spreads

like the grapevine, in any direction anywhere, and spreads fast.It spreads by way of gossip and rumors. Primarily grapevine is achannel of horizontal communication but it can flow evenvertically and diagonally. Specialists in this field have identifiedfour types of grapevine chains.

(1) Single Strand Chain: It flows like a chain, i.e., Atells something to B who tells it to C and so on.

(2) Gossip Chain: One person tells everybody else. This

chain passes a message regarding a not-on-jobnature.

(3) Probability Chain: here information may move fromanybody to anybody. This chain is found when theinformation is somewhat interesting but not reallysignificant.

(4) Cluster Chain: This move through selected groups.A tells something to a few selected individuals andthen some of these individuals inform a few otherselected individuals. Cluster chain is the dominantgrapevine pattern in an organization. Most informalcommunication flows through this chain.


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When your message is not clearly understood you

should understand that you are facing a barrier

to communication. Barriers to effective

communication could cause roadblocks in your

professional and personal life and it could be oneof the major hurdles in achieving your

professional goals.


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An effective communication barrier is one of theproblems faced by many organizations. Many socialpsychologists opine that there is 50% to 70% loss ofmeaning while conveying the messages from a sender

to a receiver. They estimate there are four basicplaces where communication could be interpretedwrongly.

Physical Barriers - One of the major barriers ofcommunication in a workplace is the physical barrier.Physical barriers in an organization includes large workingareas that are physically separated from others. Otherdistractions that could cause a physical barrier in anorganization are environmental factors such asbackground noise.

Language - Inability to converse in a language that isknown by both the sender and receiver is the greatestbarrier to effective communication. When a person usesinappropriate words while conversing or writing, it couldlead to misunderstanding between the sender and a

receiver.


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Communication is regarded as basic to the

functioning of the organization, in its

absence, the organization would cease toexist. It is the process through which two or

more persons come to exchange ideas and

understanding among themselves.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smcr.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smcr.jpg


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What is information?

Information may be considered as data that has been

organized & processed. Information consists of usable

sates of data. Information increases understanding &

help people in taking intelligent decision.

The result of any data process that we get by output

device is called information.


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What is system? The word system means an organized relationship

among functioning units or components. A system

exists because it is designed to achieve one or

more objectives.

Therefore, a system is an orderly grouping of

interdependent components linked together

according to a plan to achieve a specific

objective.


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A system has three basic implementations: -

a) A system must be designed to achieve a

predetermined objective.

b) Interrelationship & interdependence must exist

among the components.

c) The objectives of the organization as a whole have

a higher priority than the objectives of its system.


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What is an Information System?

system refers to information technology that is used

by people to accomplish a specific organizational or

individual objective. It is consisted of the procedures

& rules established to deliver information to the

people in an organization.

an organized combination of people, hardware,

software, communication network & data resources,

that collects, transform & disseminates information

through different level in an organization.


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1)Human resources: - the main element or

resource of information system is human

resources. It is the combination of data,

collection, storage, verification, operationsystem design and coordination between

software and hardware.

Human resources are divided into two types. These

are:

User: user refers such person who uses information

system. The main task of users is to collect different

data and use it for achieving predetermined goal.

Expert: expert refers those people who develop and

implement the design of information system for

general users.


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2) Hardware resources: - all types of devices ofcomputer is called hardware. Hardware componentsare monitor, motherboard, cpu, ram, memory,expansion card, power supply, cd rom drive,keyboard, mouse etc. the hardware components arenot only machine but also included media. Machine: machine includes computer system & other

peripheral instruments like barcode reader, ocr, omr,

scanner, printer etc. which are use in informationsystem.

Media: all types of storages media such as floppy disk,optical disk, magneto optical disk etc where data orinformation can be collected, stored or carried.

3) Software: - computer program and associated

documentation is called software. Ms Office, visualbasic, windows XP, adobe photo shop etc are theexample of software. Without software hardware ismeaningless. The software resource of informationsystem is including in program.


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4) Procedure: - procedure is such process of

information system which should be a specific

procedure for performing the activities of any

operation in the information system. For

example data entry procedures, data correction

procedure etc.

5) Data resources: - data is raw material ofinformation system. Data resources stores data

about product, customers, inventory and so on.

Data resources includes

Description of product.

Customer record.

Inventory data based.


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6) Network resources: - network resource is very

essential in implementing modern information

system. A network resource mainly consists of

communication media and network support.

Communication media: in order to reach data fromsources to the final destination there needs a reliable

link between the two sides. A verity of media is used

implement this link. For example cable or wire,

general telephone connection, radio etc.

Network support: different types of hardware,software, data wave technology are needed to operate

and use communication network.


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A hospital information systems (HIS) is a

computer system that is designed to manage all

the hospitals medical and administrative

information in order to enable health

professional perform their jobs effectively andefficiently.


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Hospital information systems now focus on the

integration of all clinical, financial and

administrative applications and thus could also

be called an integrated hospital informationprocessing systems (IHIPS).

Components of a hospital information system

consist of two or more of the following:

Clinical Information System (CIS) Financial Information System (FIS)

Laboratory Information System (LIS)

Nursing Information Systems (NIS)

Pharmacy Information System (PIS) Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS)

Radiology Information System (RIS)


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A Clinical Information System (CIS) is a computer basedsystem that is designed for collecting, storing, manipulatingand making available clinical information important to thehealthcare delivery process.

Clinical Information Systems may be limited in extent to asingle area (e.g. laboratory systems, ECG management

systems) or they may be more widespread and includevirtually all aspects of clinical information (e.g. electronicmedical records).

Clinical Information Systems provide a clinical datarepository that stores clinical data such as the patientshistory of illness and the interactions with care providers.The repository encodes information capable of helping

physicians decide about the patients condition, treatmentoptions, and wellness activities as well as the status ofdecisions, actions undertaken and other relevantinformation that could help in performing those actions.


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Some of the benefits are:

Easy Access to Patient Data: Clinical Information

Systems can provide convenient access to medical

records at all points of care. This is especiallybeneficial at ambulatory points, hence enhancing

continuity of care. Internet-based access improves the

ability to remotely access such data.

Structured Information: The clinical information

captured in Clinical Information Systems is well

organized, thus making I easier to maintain and

quicker to search through for relevant information.

The information is also legible, making it less likely

that mistakes would be made due to illegible writing.

Improved Drug Prescription and Patient Safety: Clinical

Information Systems improve drug dosing and this

leads to the reduction of adverse drug interactions

while promoting more appropriate pharmaceutical

utilization.


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Despite the benefits being offered by ClinicalInformation Systems, they are not without thebarriers that prevent them from being rolled out inevery hospital. These include some of the following:

Initial cost of acquisition: the high cost of basicinfrastructure of clinical information technology can be astumbling block to many healthcare organizations.

Privacy and Security: There are still huge concerns in thehealthcare industry about the privacy of patient data oncomputer systems and how to keep such information

secure. The HIPAA and Data Protection Act passed byrespective governments in the US and the UK wereintroduced to address some of these concerns.

Clinician Resistance: Clinicians usually have 10-20minutes to see their patients and if their interactionswith a CIS during these sessions proves to be

counterintuitive by taking up more time than isnecessary, there is bound to resistance to it use.

Integration of Legacy Systems: This poses a stiffchallenge to many organizations.


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Financial Information Systems (FIS) are computer

systems that manage the business aspect of a

hospital. While healthcare organizations' primary

priority is to save lives and not making profits,

they do acquire running costs from day to dayoperations; including purchases and staff payroll.


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Some of the features of Financial InformationSystems are:

Payroll: Handles all the recurring and non-recurringpayments and deductions for employees. All recurringtransactions can be automatically generated eachpayroll period with non-recurring transactions such asovertime added to the payroll upon approval. It is alsopossible to maintain employee pay rates,

entitlements, full salary movements and payrollhistories.

Patient Accounting: This concentrates on financialtransactions generated during a patients visit to thehospital. These include inpatient and outpatientcharges, doctors fees generated across the hospital,the cost of procedures, operations and medications.

Accounts Payable: Handles the processing of invoicesand payments within the hospital.


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Accounts Receivable: This provides support for and themaintenance of the records of all clients, invoices and

payments. General Ledger: This handles the collection, processing

and reporting of financial data generated by alltransactions, enabling a current, accurate and instantview of the financial status of the hospital at any point intime.

Fixed Asset Management: This deals with asset dataretention and depreciation forecasting. The transfer offixed assets between locations, cost centers ordepartments; reclassification of assets and reassessmentsof asset values can functions that can be done by theFinancial Information System.

Claims Management: Manages all claims that are made toinsurance companies

Contract Management: Keeps track of all ongoingcontracts.


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Nursing information systems (NIS) are computer

systems that manage clinical data from a variety

of healthcare environments, and made available

in a timely and orderly fashion to aid nurses in

improving patient care. To achieve this, most Nursing Information

Systems are designed using a database and at

least one nursing classification language such as

North American Nursing Diagnosis (NANDA),

Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) and

Nursing Diagnosis Extension and Classification

(NDEC).

Some of the features that are provided by Nursing


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Some of the features that are provided by NursingInformation Systems include: Patient Charting: A patients vital signs, admission and

nursing assessments, care plan and nursing notes can beentered into the system either as structured or free text.These are the stored in a central repository and retrievedwhen needed.

Staff Schedules: Nurse can self schedule their shifts usingscheduling rules provided in shift modules. The shifts canlater be confirmed or changed by a schedulingcoordinator or manager. Shift modules are designed to

handle absences, overtime, staffing levels and cost-effective staffing. Clinical Data Integration: Here clinical information from

all the disciplines can be retrieved, viewed and analysedby nursing staff and then integrated into a patients careplan.

Decision Support: Decision support module can be added

to Nursing Information Systems, and they provideprompts and reminders, along with guides to diseaselinkages between signs/symptoms, etiologies/relatedfactors and patient populations. Online access to medicalresources can also be made available.

There are benefits to be enjoyed by


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There are benefits to be enjoyed by

implementing Nursing Information Systems and

they include:

Improved workload functionality: Staffing levels andappropriate skill mix per shift can be more easily

determined by the shift modules. This leads to less

time spent in designing and amending rosters.

Better care planning: Time spent on care planning is

reduced, while the quality of what is recorded is

improved. This makes for more complete care plans

and more complete assessments and evaluations.

Better drug administration: Electronically prescribed

drugs are more legible, thus making it less likely that

drugs would be wrongly administered to patients.


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Despite the benefits Nursing Information Systems

have to offer, they are not widely used in

healthcare and where they have been installed,

they have not been readily accepted. This could

probably due to lack of adequate training andfailure of educate the end-user what the reasons

are for its introduction. Moreover, very little

research has been done to determine the cost

benefits or cost effectives of such information

systems.


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Pharmacy information systems (PIS) are complex computersystems that have been designed to meet the needs of apharmacy department. Through the use of such systems,pharmacists can supervise and have inputs on howmedication is used in a hospital.

Some of the activities which Pharmacy Information Systems

have been employed in pharmacy departments include: Clinical Screening: The Pharmacy Information System can assistin patient care by the monitoring of drug interactions, drugallergies and other possible medication-related complications.

When a prescription order is entered, the system can check tosee if there are any interactions between two or more drugstaken by the patient simultaneously or with any typical food,any known allergies to the drug, and if the appropriate dosagehas been given based on the patients age, weight and otherphysiologic factors. Alerts and flags come up when the systempicks up any of these.

Prescription Management: The Pharmacy Information


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Prescription Management: The Pharmacy InformationSystem can also be use to manage prescription forinpatients and/or outpatients. When prescriptionorders are received, the orders are matched to

available pharmaceutical products and thendispensed accordingly depending on whether thepatient is an inpatient or outpatient.

It is possible to track all prescriptions passed throughthe system from who prescribed the drug, when itwas prescribed to when it was dispensed.

It is also possible to print out prescription labels andinstructions on how medication should be taken basedon the prescription.

Inventory Management: Pharmacies require acontinuous inventory culture in order to ensure that

drugs do not go out of stock. This is made even moredifficult when there are multiple dispensing points.When don manually it is very difficult to maintain anaccurate inventory.

Pharmacy Information Systems aid inventory


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Pharmacy Information Systems aid inventorymanagement by maintaining an internal inventory of allpharmaceutical products, providing alerts when thequantity of an item is below a set quantity and providingan electronic ordering system that recommends the

ordering of the affected item and with the appropriatequantity from approved suppliers.

Patient Drug Profiles: These are patient profilesmanaged by the Pharmacy Information System andcontain details of their current and past medications,known allergies and physiological parameters. Theseprofiles are used for used for clinical screening anytimea prescription is ordered for the patient.

Report Generation: Most Pharmacy Information Systemscan generate reports which range from determiningmedication usage patterns in the hospital to the cost ofdrugs purchased and /or dispensed.

Interactivity with other systems: It is important thatPharmacy Information Systems should be able to interactwith other available systems such as the clinicalinformation systems to receive prescription orders andfinancial information system for billing and charging.


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Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS)is a loose term to describe a set of systems that

facilitate the archiving, processing and viewing

of digital radiological images and their related

information. The images are acquired, archived and retrieved

over a network for diagnosis and review by

physicians. These images can be interpreted and

viewed at workstations, which can also double as

archive stations for image storage.


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PACS first emerged in the 1980s, although initially


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PACS first emerged in the 1980s, although initiallytrumpeted as a solution to lost films, healthcareorganizations, especially the larger ones, have foundthat digital images can easily be lost as well.

One of the main benefits that PACS provides is theability to provide a timely delivered and efficientaccess to images, interpretations and related datathroughout the organization. This helps to easeconsultations between physicians who can nowsimultaneously access the same images overnetworks, leading to a better diagnosis process.

It is also beneficial to physicians in emergencysituations, as they need not wait for long periods inorder to view a patients radiological images as theseare instantly available on the network when ready.

Another feature of PACS is the ability to digitallyenhance the images, providing more detailed andsharper images. This improves diagnostic capabilitiesat radiological examinations.

Advantages of PACS


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Advantages of PACS

Rapid access to critical information to decrease exam-to-diagnosis time. This is especially useful in emergency andoperating rooms.

Elimination of film, handling and storage costs Images can be easily shared between reading

radiologists, other physicians and medical records.

Images can be archived at secure locations usingdatabase servers manages the transfer, retrieval andstorage of images and relevant information; the archive

provides permanent image storage. Radiologists can access soft-copy images instantly after

acquisition to expedite diagnosis and reporting at thealmost any available workstation.

Web servers can be used to most cost-effectively shareimages with other departments, even referring physicians

across town. They can access the images using theInternet or the local intranet.

Hardcopy films or paper printouts can be made whenneeded for traditional archiving or the provision ofimages to other departments.


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A radiology information system (RIS) is acomputer system that assists radiology services in

the storing, manipulation and retrieving of

information.

RIS were first used in the 1970s and their primaryaim was to manage and store radiology

information.

Some of the areas that can be addressed by radiology


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Some of the areas that can be addressed by radiologyinformation systems are:

Patient Management: radiology information systems canbe used to manage a patients entire workflow within the

radiology department, images and reports can be addedto and retrieved from electronic medical records (EMRs)and viewed by the authorized radiology staff.

Scheduling: Patient appointments for inpatients andoutpatients can be scheduled when an order is received.Functions for scheduling the various available radiology

staff with the allocated time slots can also be handled bythe radiology information system.

Patient Tracking: The patient can be tracked fromadmission to discharge, with all the radiology procedurescarried out recorded. This would include the patientspast, present and future appointments.

Results Reporting: Reports concerning the results of anindividual patient, a group of patients or a particularprocedure can be generated using a radiology informationsystem.

Film Tracking: Individual films can be tracked.


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*No hospital information system can beregarded as a success unless it has the full

participation of its users. Thus human and

social factors would have to be considered in

its design, more often than not, they can beeasily addressed by providing adequate

training and education about the system.


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GRACIAS!

Report=Nursing Administration

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