REPORT THE PURCHASE CONTRACT NO....

FINAL REPORT TOTHEBOEING COMPANY

forPURCHASE CONTRACT NO. HV1881

by

Alan P. Waggoner and Peter V. HobbsCloud and Aerosol Research GroupAtmospheric Sciences Department

University of WashingtonSeattle

January 11, 1994

Final Report from the University of Washington

Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Cloud and Aerosol Research Group,

to the Boeing Company, Defense Space Group, on Purchase Contract No. HV1881

Period: 19 April 1993 through January 1994.

Report Prepared by Dr. Alan Waggoner and Professor Peter V. Hobbs

Purpose of Flight Test Series

A new instrument, the Boeing Enhanced Mode Lidar, measures true air speed by detecting

the doppler shift of light scattered from single particles in air near the aircraft. The major

purpose of this test flight series was to determine the Enhanced Mode Lidar single particle

detection rate in cloud free air, especially in air with low particle concentration. At the time

of this test, the range of concentration of particles of sufficient size to be detected was

unknown. The performance of the enhanced mode lidar was also tested in droplet and ice

crystal clouds.

To achieve the goals of this project, three flights were conducted with the University of

Washington’s Convair C-131A research aircraft. The flights were mostly in cloud free air

over the Pacific Ocean, near the Washington coast, and over rural Eastern Washington.

Flight altitudes extended up to about 13,500 ft (4100 m) and included clear air (particle

scattering coefficient below 10’ m’1) and clouds with up to 150 cloud droplets per cm3

and up to 1.2 ice crystals per liter. The University of Washington flight numbers for these

tests were:

1593. on 4/14/93, 12:09 15:401594. on 4/20/93, 14:34 17:541595. on 4/30/93, 10:15 14:16

Description of Enhanced Mode Lidar

The enhanced mode lidar used in these flights included a -100 mW, 1.06 (im, CW laser.

Lenses of 1 and 2 meter focal-lengths were used to define the measurement range at

different times during the flights. A single objective lens was used for both the transmitter

and receiver. A 1/4 wave plate and polarization-dependent beam-splitter were used to

separate the transmitted and received optical signals. Coherent signal processing was used

to detect the Doppler frequency shift in the received signal. The detected coherent signal

was recorded on both a Boeing designed system, based on a high-speed digital

oscilloscope, and on a commercial signal processing system developed by TSI for laser

doppler velocimeter applications.

Aircraft Data Base

Aircraft instrument data is recorded on Exabyte format, 8 mm video tape with most analog

data channels recorded at a 13 Hz rate, particle probe size data is recorded at a 1 Hz rate.

The data is recorded in a compressed format that is not directly readable. The Cloud and

Aerosol Research Group has developed a series of programs that can read these tapes and

present the data in either numerical or graphical format. The tapes are archived and can be

loaded onto a hard disk on request for access by ourselves or outside users. Because the

data is in a custom format and requires custom readout programs, neither a back up copy of

the data nor the readout programs is provided to outside users. Users can obtain access to

the data by creating outside accounts that can access our computer and data base and use the

readout programs.

Software is available to make the plots of aircraft flight tracks and strip charts included in

this report. In addition, software is available to make X Y plots of the relationship of two

variables, numeric dumps of continuous data values versus time, plots of particle size

distributions and numerical dumps of panicle size distributions. The numerical output can

be in a form compatible with spread sheets. In general, questions regarding the

instruments should be directed to Jack Russell and questions regarding software directed to

Hap Terry, both available at (206) 543-7684.

Particle size distributions from 0.1 to 20 ^im in diameter are measured on the aircraft using

two optical scattering instruments made by Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) of Boulder,

Colorado. In both of these instruments, single particles are illuminated as they pass

through the measurement volume and the light scattered during the passage of each

individual particle is directed onto a solid-state photodetector. The resulting current pulses

from the detector are classified into one of a series of amplitude bins corresponding to

specific particle sizes. These bins are calibrated in particle diameter by passing standard

diameter panicles through the measurement particle detection volume. Tables 1 and 2 list

the bin channel edges in terms of panicle diameter.

asas channel diameterlimits (j-im)ch1 0 .114 0 .1202 0 .120 0 1253 0 125 0 1304 0 130 0 1355 0 .135 0 .1416 0 .141 0.1467 0. 146 0.1518 0 .151 0 .1579 0 .157 0 .162

10 0 .162 0 .16711 0 .167 0 .17312 0. 173 0 17813 0 178 0 18314 0 183 0 .18815 0 188 0 19416 0 .150 0 .16017 0 160 0 .17018 0 .170 0 18019 0 .180 0 19020 0 .190 0 .20021 0 .200 0 .21022 0 .210 0 .22023 0 .220 0 .23024 0 .230 0 .24025 0 .240 0 .25026 0 .250 0 .26027 0 .260 0 .27028 0.270 0.28029 0 .280 0 .29030 0 .290 0.30031 0 .240 0 .28032 0 .280 0 .32033 0.320 0 .36034 0.360 0 .40035 0 .400 0 .44036 0 .440 0 .48037 0 480 0 .52038 0.520 0 .56039 0 .560 0 .60040 0 600 0 .64041 0 .640 0 .68042 0 680 0 .72043 0 .720 0 .76044 0 .760 0 .80045 0 .800 0 .84046 0 .600 0 .76047 0 .760 0 .92048 0 .920 1.08049 1.080 1.24050 1 .240 1 .40051 1 .400 1 .56052 1.560 1.72053 1.720 1.88054 1 .880 2 .04055 2 040 2 .20056 2 .200 2 .36057 2 .360 2 .52058 2 .520 2.68059 2 680 2 .84060 2 .840 3 .000

FSSP-300

Size Range 0.3 20.0 yea

Channel

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Size (microns)

0.30 0.35

0.35 0.40

0.40 0.45

0.45 0.50

0.50 0.55

0.55 0.60

0.60 0.65

0.65 0.70

0.70 0.80

0.80 0.90

0.90 .00

.00 .20

.20 .40

.40 1.70

.70 2.00

2.00 2.50

2.50 3.00

3.00 3.50

3.50 4.00

4.00 4.50

4.50 5.00

5.00 6.00

6.00 7.00

7.00 8.00

8.00 9.00

9.00 10.00

10.00 12.00

12.00 14.00

14.00 16.00

16.00 18.00

18.00 20.00

Table 1. Listing of channel edges for the ASAS and FSSP-300 particle spectrometers

Table 2. Fill times for the ASAS sample cylinder on flights 1593, 1594 and 1595.

ltl593.nobag Thu Jan 6 10: 06: 24 1994 1

The times shown are when the switch was mov-i..) to FILL.Each character following the time represents either timespent in one of 5 states, or an event.

f FILLs SAMPLE

STANDBYe EMPTYb BAD or missing data

E EEA recordL Aerosol record (LAS, Roycol Royco2)A ASASP recordD difbat recordM mass monitor recordT keyboard text

One character is second except tor s (SAMPLE) it ’s3 seconds and for b (BAD) it’s 10 seconds. The eventmarkers don’t represent any time. A + at tlie

end of a line means that some characters ciiiln’ t fit

ltl693 no-bag samples

1 121307 .2 ff ffffssssssssssssssssssssssssssssay:3ssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeef

ALM ALM E ALM ALM T ALM2 121809 .7 fssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss-;’-;sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss-3eeeeeeees

ALM ALM ALME ALM T ALM3 122133 .9 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss;:;:-.sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeet

ALM ALME ALM ALM ALM ALM4 122707 .8 CEssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssa’-isssssssssssssssssssssssssssssflssssssssssssssssssssseeef +

ALM ALM T ALME ALM ALM T ALM5 123913 .0 11 f. fffEsssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeees

ALM6 124011 3 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssL;:.;sssssssssssssees

ALMALM ALME ALM7 124305.9 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssst,s;.;sssssssssssssseeeeeeees

ALM ALM ALME ALM ALM8 125619.4 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssse.3eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeesf

ALM T ALME T ALM9 130029 5 fffttf fffftsSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSli^.SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSE’.SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

ALMT ALME ALM ALM ALM ALM10 131031 6 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss;-;;;ssssssssssseeeeeeeeees. +

ALM ALM ALME ALM ALM11 131851 .7 ffffffffffssssssssssssssssssssssssssss^^sssssssssseeeeeeeeees

ALM ALM ALME ALM12 132114 .5 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss<;’. i?eeeeeee

ALM ALME3 132321 0 fffff ffEC Esssssssssssssssssssssssss .:;s

fltl593.nobag Thu Jan 6 10:06:24 1994 2

ALM ALM ALME14 132604 3 EEEEEEfCfCsssssssssssssssssssaaasssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeest

ALMALM ALME ALM15 133129 5 Et’EEEfEEEssssssssssssssssssssassssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss.p-.ieee.ps.

ALMALM ALME T ALM16 133-126. 6 EfEfEffffEsssssssssssssssssssssr.ssssssssssseeeeetieeeeeeeeceesf

ALM ALM ALME ALM17 134308. 9 Effffffffsssssssssssssssssssssi.-.ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

ALM T ALME ALM ALM18 134617. ffssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeee.;’?s

ALM T ALME ALM ALM19 140124 5 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeees

ALM ALMT ALME20 140332 1 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeee

ALM ALMT ALME ALM AL21 141407 9 fssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssses

ALM ALM ALME T ALM ALM22 141824 9 Efffffffssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeef

ALM ALME ALM23 142932. 9 fsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees

ALM T ALM E ALM T24 143211 .7 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

ALMALMT ALME ALM25 144341 2 Cssssssssssssssssssssssssssssse?eeeeeees

ALM ALM T ALME26 144528. 3 Efffiffffssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss-t

ALMALMT ALME ALM ALM ALM ALM27 145906. 6 fffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeees

ALMT T ALME

ALMTALM ALME ALM29 150357 .7 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeees

ALM ALM ALME ALM30 150646. 0 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeee.

ALMALM ALME ALM

ALM ALME32 152555. 0 Esssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeees

ALM ALME33 152742. 0 ssssssss3sssssssssssssssssssssssssseee>3eeeeeeeeees

ALM ALME34 15301.8. 2 t:f t’ff:ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

ALM ALME ALM35 153543 5 fssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseees

ALMALM ALME ALM ALM

Table 2. (Continued)

fltl594.nobag Thu Jan 6 10:09: 12 1994 1

The times shown are when t lie swi tch was moved to FILL.Each character following the time represents eitl-ier timespent in one o 5 states, or an event

f FILLs SAMPLE

STANDBYe EMPTYb BAD or missing dataE EEA recordL Aerosol record (LAS, Roycol, K.;)’/i-o2)A ASASP recordD dif bat recordM mass monitor recordT keyboard text

One character is 1 second except t’..n.’ s (SAMPLE) it ’s3 seconds and for b (BAD) it ’s 10 s.r-conds. The eventmarkers don’t represent any t ime. A + at theend of a line means that some cha ..id; ers didn t it

fltl594 no-bag samples

144304 fE Cffffffsssssssssssssssssssss^.r’.sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssdsriridssssssassssssssssssssssssees.ALM E ALMT T ALM T ALM T ALM

2 144808. 4 ffE fffffffssssssssssssssssssss’ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeesALM ALM ALME ALM

3 145123 ff:f:sssssssssssssssssssssssassssssssssssssssssssssss3ssssss:-,ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss?sssssssssssstALM ALME T ALM ALM ALM ALM

4 145843 8 f.Ef:ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss:’sssssssss!;sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssasssss+ALM ALM ALME ALM ALM ALM ALM

5 150454 0 fffEEfffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeesfALMALM ALME T ALM ALM

6 151630. 4 ErCCEEcfssssssssssssssssssssssssassssssssssssssasssssssssssssa-.-e-sfALMALM ALM LM ALM

7 152106 9 fLttffEfsssssssssssrisssssLiSLissssiSiissssssasssssssssssssssssdsss.^sasseeeefALMALM E ALM ALM ALM ALM

8 152709 8 t:t:f:l-l:t:ssssssssssss35ssadS3s^::;^:;s::iayssassssss3sss

ALM ALME ALM9 152924 4 1111: fsssssssss S;,GSSSS;; SL, ;.,:;-;,:, saasssssssssaL.L.ssssss-sdsssLs::,;,:;:-;.--; usssss sssss-jssssseeees

ALM E ALM ALM ALM10 153503 4 fttt’ticrcssssssssssssssssssssss^SLiseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee-’ef

ALM ALME ALM1 153942 6 fffftlftifffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeet’.

ALM ALM ALME12 154137 5 fftfCfsssssssssssssssssssssss^ssseeeees

ALMALMT ALME


ltl594.nobag Thu Jan 6 10:09: 12 1994

3 15.-131 5 t:sssssssssssss;;sssssss:5M:.sssssssaseeesALM ALME

14 154507 .7 sssssssssssssssssssssasssssssssf,sssssees.ALMALM ALME T ALM

15 154833 8 sssssssssssssssssssssdss;ssssssssssseeesALM LME

16 155033 8 sssssssssssssssssssssss;ssseeee-e^esesALM ALM ALME

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18 155940 8 ffffEEfffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeee-ssALM ALME

19 160125. 9 fsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss see-^LALM ALME ALM ^.20 160626. 8 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssasssssssssssssssssssssssssy:,sssses

ALM ALMET ALM ALM21 160938. 0 sssssss ss sssssssssss:;;sssss3sssssssassssssssss.scenes

LM T ALME ALM .^.ALM T ALME ALM

23 161723 0 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeLM T ALME ALM .^.24 162530. 5 fssssssssssssssssssssasasssssssssssssssseees

ALMALMT ALME

ALM TALM ALME ALM .ALM^b lbJ /00. 4 I-l-sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss^?f

ALM ALME ALM ALMT27 164518. 4 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

ALM ALM ALME ALM28 164824 5 ssssssssssssssss333ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssL-,ss3sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssees

ALM ALME ALM T ALMT ALM29 165302 8 t SSSS3SSS3SSS33SSS333S3S3SSS33S33SSSSSS3SSSSS3SSSSSSSSSS33SSS3SSSSSSS3SSSSSSSS

ALM ALM ALME ALM ALM ALM30 165700. 5 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssef.

ALM ALME ALM .^.31 170259 9 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

ALM ALME32 170620. 3 fsssssssssssssss3ssssasssssasssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssasssssssasss

ALM ALME ALM ALM33 171009 9 sssssssssssssssssssL;a::;s.;aseeefie-ees

ALM ALM ALME34 171143 sssssssssssssssssssssassssssssssssssssssssssssaasssssssas?sssssssees

ALM ALME ALM ALM ^^35 171625. 0 sssssssssssssssssssss?sssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeesALM ALM ALME ALM

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ltl594.nobag Thu Jan 6 10:09:12 1994 3

37 17322-4 5 fffffffffssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeesALM ALM ALME ALM

38 173456 6 ssssssssssssssssssss>ssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeesALM ALME

39 173647 3 ssssssssssssssssssaa3;,ssssssssssssssssssssssssyssssssssssssssssssssssssssassssssseeeee->l:ALMALM ALME ALM ALM ALM

40 174115 .7 sssssssssssssssssssssssasssssssssssssssssseeeee.;sALM ALME ALM

41 174403 4 fssssssssssssssssssssssssdssssssssssssssssssssssassssssssssssssssssssassssssALM ALM ALME ALM ALM ALM

42 174759 4 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeefe.?eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee^eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee^eeppepei-ALM ALME ALM


ltl595.nobag Thu Jan 6 10:12:55 1994

The times shown are when the switch was moved to FILL.Each character following the time represents either timespent in one of 5 states, or an event

f FILLs SAMPLE

STANDBYe EMPTYb BAD or missing dataE EEA recordL Aerosol record (LAS, Roycol, Royco2)A ASASP recordD difbat recordM mass monitor recordT keyboard text

One character is second except for s (SAMPLE) it ’s3 seconds and for b (BAD) it ’s 10 seconds. The eventmarkers don’t represent any time. A + at theend of a line means that some characters didn’ t fit

fltl595 no-bag samples

1 101818. 3

2 102510.

3 102808. 5

4 103229. 4

5 103825.9

6 104226. 5

7 104407 5

8 104950 9

9 105143 .9

10 105411 3

11 110317 8

12 110905.7

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ALM ALM E ALM Tffffffffffffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssfsssssssssssee.LM ALM ALMET ALM T ALMffffffffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssee.

ALM EALM ALM T ALM ALMfffFF^fFi-?

ALM EALM ALMffffffffffffsssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeees

ALM ALM EALMffffffffffffsSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS3::iS3SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ssssssssssssseee+

ALMALMT EALM ALM ALM ALMf^ffffEEssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeees

ALMALM ALMEff tfffffsssssssssss^syssssssssssF.sasssassseeeeeeeeesf

ALMALM ALME ALMff fffff ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeedeeeeeei

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fltl595.nobag Thu Jan 6 10:12:55 1994

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14 111324 9 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeesALM ALME

15 111541 0 sssssssssssssssssssss?ssssssssssALM ALME

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ALM ALME ALM18 112327. 2 fsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssE

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20 113137 5 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeesALM ALME

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fltl595.nobag Thu Jan 6 10: 12:55 1994

37 122156. 3 fff

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ALM ALME ALM39 122751 2 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss;

ALM ALME ALM ALM40 123134 6 ffffffffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

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45 125721 8 ssssssssssssALM ALME

46 130126. 1 sssssssssssssssssssss;ssT ALM E ALM T ALM ALM

47 130651 6 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss3ssssssssseesALM ALME

48 130919 1 sssssssssssssssssssssssss^ssssssssssssssT ALM ALME ALM

49 131150. 1 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssTALM ALME

ALM ALM ALME51 131548.8 ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

ALMALM ALME ALM ALM52 131900 9 ssssssssssssssssssssssssss3ssssssssseees

ALM ALME53 132101 .9 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

ALM ALM E ALM ALM ALM’^’^^C. ’7 fff-ffffft-t-^^

’-’-’-’"^SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSALM ALME ALM ALM ALM

55 133150 3 sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeesALM T ALME

56 133333 4 t:sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeALM T ALME ALM ALM

57 133920 2 ^ff^^ssssssssssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesALMT ALME T

58 134101 4 ss3sssssssssssssss3sssssssssssssssssseeesALM ALME

59 134306. 2 f sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeALM ALM ALME ALM ALM

60 134701 0 fssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssALM TALM ALME T ALM


ltl595.nobag Thu Jan 6 10:12:55 1994 4

61 134933 9 EfEEffffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssALM ALME ALM ALM

62 135303 2 EEffffffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssfALM ALME ALM ’LMALM ALME

64 140120 2 ffffffffsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssALM ALME ALM

65 140340.9

66 140640.7

67 140855.7

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The two PMS instruments, the ASAS and the FSSP-300, differ greatly in their modes of

sampling ambient panicles. The ASAS samples air from a cylindrically shaped samplereservoir that is filled in about 10 seconds at discrete times. This reservoir is filled,

sampled and then emptied under control of an operator. Table 3 lists the fill times and thedurations of fill, sample and empty intervals. Aerosol from this sampling cylinder is at

substantially lower relative humidity than ambient air because of ram-heating of the air.

Hydrated particles will lose associated water and shrink in diameter. The FSSP-300 is a

probe mounted under one wing of the aircraft; it samples particles in the air at ambient

temperature and relative humidity.

Standard Aircraft Instrumentation

Standard measurements aboard the Convair C-131A are as follows.

Aircraft Position

Aircraft Altitude

Aircraft Heading

True air speed

Turbulence

Static Temperature

Ice Particle Numberper liter of air

Liquid Water, gm cm-3

Drop Rate Numberper cubic cm of air

Relative Humidity

Nephelometer

Calculated from Global Positioning Satellite or Omegainstruments. The aircraft position versus time can be used toproduce an aircraft flight track.

Determined from Pressure or from the radar altimeter.

From Omega or from a magnetic compass.

Calculated from pilot tube pressure.

A measure of the energy dissipation rate. Determined from theRMS air speed fluctuations

Determined from a reverse air-flow Rosemont temperaturetransducer.

Determined from single particle depolarized lightscattering of 0.63 (im laser light. Data is the concentration of iceparticles larger than -50 (im.

Determined from the loss of thermal energy from a heated wireexposed to impaction by cloud droplets.

Determined from an in situ particle sizing probe, theFSSP300. Data is the concentration of particles larger than 3(im in diameter as number per cm3.

Determined from the ~3 (im optical absorption in a water vaporband. Data is constrained to values not greater than 100%.

Measured value of particle scattering extinction at 0.53 [im.Periodic manually implemented zero checks detect zero drift inthe instrument.

Particle Size

Forward Video

Particle concentration as a function of size was measured usingin situ probes on the wing covering the particle diameter range,0.3 3000 \im. Particles larger than -100 \im are recorded asshadow-graph images. Particle concentration in the size range0.01 3 ^m diameter was also measured from bag samplescollected in a 5 10 second interval at times selected by thescience crew.

The image from a color video camera, looking forward throughthe aircraft windshield, is recorded on VHS tape during theflight.

Data in this report

The remainder of this report contains descriptions of each of the three flights. For each of

the flights, the following are presented: a weather summary, a flight track for the entire

flight and for each 1/2 hour, and a strip chart of the aircraft flight and meteorological

variables at 1/2 hour per page.

4

Flight 1593 on 14 April 1993

Flight Description

The flight began at Paine Field and headed WSW to the Pacific Coast. The major portion

of this flight was conducted in a race-track pattern extending from about Aberdeen at the

south to La Push at the north and about 30 miles off-shore. Segments were flown at

altitudes from 300 to 9,000 feet. Most of the flight was in clear air with in-cloud intervals

in the time period 1420 1525 during which both droplets and ice crystals were detected.

The peak concentrations were ~6 drops per cm3 and -0.3 ice crystals per liter. Panicle

scattering extinction @ 530 nm was about 1.5 x 10-5 m-1 at 500 feet and decreased to about

0.3 x 10-5 m-1 at 8000, 0.1 x 10-5 m-1 at 9000 feet, and increasing to 0.3 x 10-5 m-1 at

10,000 feet.

Weather

A large low-pressure center slowly approached the coast, pushing a cold front and

spreading high and middle clouds in advance over the flight region. Offshore flow at mid-

day at the coast became onshore flow as the coastal sea-breeze circulation temporarily

dominated the synoptic gradients. A sharp upper-level ridge lay just west of the Pacific

Coast at 0500 PDT and by 1700 PDT had passed inland as southwesterly flow developed

aloft during the day.

GPS track o f f qh t 593 04/1 4/93 2 09 00 5 40 00

GPS tr ack o f f qh t 1 593 04/1 4/93 2 09 00 2 39 00

GPS trac k o f f qh t 593 04/1 4/93 2 39 00 3 09 00

GPS track o f f qh t 1 593 04/1 4/93 3 09 00 3 39 00

CD-cy.-

GPS tr ack o f f qh t 593 04/1 4/93 3 39 00 4 09 00

10

GPS track o f f qh t 593 04/1 4/93 4 09 00 4 39 00

11

GP5 tr ack o f f qh t 593 04/1 4/93 4 39 00 5 09 00

12

GPS tr ac k o f f qh t 1 593 04/1 4/93 5 09 00 5 39 00

13

3-000

2-100

1-B00

-200

e-605.-^mn .Flight Elevation, m

k)4/ 14/93 FLT1593pr-essr_a 1km

14fl.

w.Aircraft Heading (Omega), Degrges

B.13

^-g Ice Crystal, # per liter

>-^00

1-160

1-120

1-0BB

1^40 Liquid Water, g m’3

lwc_k lng (gm/m’3)

drop_rate ("/cm’3)-5.0

-4.0

-2.0

-i .fi i<Jr-^_^j^r^p Concentration, # per cm3l~,^. "Y-v-^.fy--l A<iLn .f-v-r

2 000 1 22000 1 23000

Flight-Level Data for UW Flight 1593, 04/14/93 from 1210-1230 hours

14

04/14/93 FLT1593 2

24000 1 25000 30000


15

3 000 1 32000 33000


16

B-.90E-4

A’’’î^-^^fA-w^^^B-.40E-4

B-.20E-4

B-.00E-0

neph’

,^^^^^/\^^Vît^^’>^<--VA’^/V--^^

(m-1

fH/^^-^VWÛ^-^Nlj

j

34000 1 35000 1 40000

Flight-Level Data for UW Flight 1593, 04/14/93 from 1340-1400 hours17

3-000

2-000

tfl’4/ 4/^J L a^J 3pressr_a (km)

1-200

0-600

a4aaaIBfl.B

1B-2.B

%.e

.-W-A-

94.0

w.e

tas (m/s

u LJ u my280.

2^0.

14fl.

%.

42(r

1-.3turbulence (cm’ (2/3)/s:

t-.t

^y^v^^^-q’0

tstat Ideg C)-6.0

-3.0

-B.B ---------~^^ ~^----.-3.0

^-;1<>...?.................... r .r..

0.31 o ipc1 C/l

0.25

0.19

"07 ^0’-240"1--’--’--’--’--’--’--’--’--^--’--’--’--’--’--’--’--’--’--+/---’--’--’--’--’--’--’--’-0-200 ’"^ ’"S (gni/m’3)

0-160

0-120

0-080

0-040

drop_rate (/cm’3)-5.B

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1 .0Aft ’ LAL

100.0 (il.liuiiild (Kl

8-.90E-4

^^’^î^tÂ^ ^^-Â^-’V^^^^fWAyvv^v^0-.40E-4

B-.20E-4

B-.00E*0 ’-i

k-^/s/v~’v-^>^ Â^î/^<s^-i-A^LÂ^ ^

neph1

r"(m-1

^Â^v--^/^

4 000 1 42000 1 43000


18

3-C0004/14/93 FLT1593 6

1-.3

l-.B

B-.7

^!P^^\/^VVV^^

44000 1 45000 1 50000


9

35a.

28fl.

2tfl.

l*fl.

-^-aL-..... + ^

Lr’u e 0’cfc mg (deg)

-^-^turbu lence (cm’ (2/3)/s

t-.3

KB

B-.7

’^VA^v^^^^^-q.B

-6.0

-3.0

-3.0

-3.0

tstat Ideg Cl

B.31

0.25

0.19

0.13

0.07

o ipc1 /1

Ây^.

0-200

0-160

0-120

0-080

0-340

lÂal,

wc_k ng (gm/m’3)

Ai J\

drop_rate ’/cm’SI

M.0

w.e

*fl.a

w.e

8-.B0E-4

8-.b0E-4

8-.20E-4

B-.00E+0 ’-i

,^-N^-AIr^W^-AÂ^V’-^^^^^^l^/VVvJnf^^^"^/^ ’^^’^’’ ’^’^^^^ft^^.^^^y^-/

5 000 52000 1 53000


20


Flight Description

The night began at Paine Field and headed ESE into Eastern Washington, crossing the

Cascades at 8,000 feet. A race-track pattern was flown NE of Wenatchee, with the long

axis of the pattern turned slightly clockwise from E-W. Flight segments were flown at

various elevations from 2,500 feet to 12,000 feet. Droplet clouds were found during the

time interval 1704 1720 at concentrations up to -150 per cm3; ice crystals were found

during the time interval 1704 1735 at concentrations up to -0.1 per liter. East of the

Cascades at 8,000 feet above sea level, the particle scattering coefficient @ 530 nm was

about 3 x 10-5 m-1, increased to 1.5 x 10-5 m-1 in the layer from 2,500 to 6,000 feet above

sea level.

Weather

This day was virtually identical to 14 April except that the sharp, upper-level ridge moved

from the coast to Idaho during the day. A shield of high and middle clouds spread over

Eastern Washington during the daylight hours, while cool, dry, easterly flow, circulating

out of a large, high-pressure region centered in Montana, dominated flow in the boundary

layer.

21

GPS track o f f qh t 594 04/20/93 4 34 00 7 54 00

22.

+--T-

GPS tr ac k o f f qh t 594 04/20/93 4 34 00 5 04 00

23

GPS track o f f qh t 1 594 04/20/93 5 04 00 5 34 00

24

-48-:

ru

GPS tr ack o f f qh t 1 594 04/20/93 5 34 00 6 04 00

25

in /s-

^ ^......^L..^..-.^-’^/ ^^

nj

GPS tr ac k o f f gh t 1 594 04/20/93 6 04 00 6 34 00

26

GPS track o f f qh t 1 594 04/20/93 6 34 00 7 04 00

27

-48-\

-4-7-tT-

-T-

GPS track o f f qh t 594 04/20/93 7 04 00 7 34 00

28

ru<^

-T-

GPS tr ack o f f qh t 594 04/20/93 1 7 34 00 8 04 00

29

-6 B Static Air Temperature, C.-\y a

3. a?

i.Bb

?.B5

v\at

It-’6IMS

oipd (yi

0.156

0 .1 28

0.09E

0.06(

a.03( Liquid Water, g m’3

lwc_k lng (gm/m^’3)

150.B

120.0

90. B

60.0

drop_rate (/cm’3)

30 0 Drop Concentration, # per cm3

-4a.bf90^,0 gg’E--1

0.4BE-4 Zero Particle Scattering’0.30E-4

^f^]5article Scattering Extinctiong.00E>0

^

44000 45000 1 50000


3.500

2.B00

04/20/93 FLT1594 2pr _a Lkm

2.100

.t.3a

0.700

10B.0

’01.0as (m/s

^/^^^ ^^^yAflyvi^^^-NMAX ^rt^y^^^^V^sy^^/Âj^^Y^v^^\^^

e p h (in-1

r^-Vl ^.^WI^M.^^J^^.-^... Jtf^-^S~Â. ^Â.0.40E-40.30E-40.20E-40.10E-40.0BE’-0

5 000 52000 1 53000


31

3.500

_2J3002.100

.400

0.700

Ciigng

04/20/93 FLT1594 3pr ssr_a Lkm

101 .0as (m/s

0.70E-4

^(MSW^ATV, ^^.,AJl/WA’^V’l^0.40E-40.3BE-40.20E-40.10E-40.00E.--0 1-

^.^^VVv^WW------^:^ t-

/^^f-V^^

-t-

1 54000 55000 60000


32

04/20/93 FLT1594 4pressr_ai Lkm

tstat Ideg- Cl

o ipc1 7I

wc_k ng (gm/m_’31

6 1 000 62000 1 63000


33

04/20/93 FLT159.4 5(km

’-S^MI.....0.4BE-43.3BE-40.20E-40.1BE-4g.00E,0 T + ,’-:-^ -1-.

64000 65000 1 70000


B.BBL-1-------0.70E-40.60E-4

/L^sas^^^/-^0.40E-40.30E-40.20E-40.10E-40.00E,-0

t^jA^rJ^J^VV\/ul~^^-

+

e p h m--1

^^ /Vft/^^^^Wl\-^ÂAn^VÂ*^<^rt.^ÂJ^^^J--^V^^ wAxA-ÂyiMA^Âî

+ -t-

7 000 72000 73000


35

04/20/93 FLT1594 7pressr_a Lkm

74000 75000

Flight-Level Data for UW Flight 1594, 04/20/93 from 1 740-1800 hours

36


Flight Description

The flight began at Paine Field and headed SW. An orbit was conducted near Shelton,

Washington, and then the flight continued WSW, passing over the Pacific Coast near

Aberdeen and then turning south. The flight continued south to approximately Willapa Bay

and then turned north. The remainder of the flight was a race-track pattern over the Pacific

Ocean, within 5 miles or less of the coast between Willapa Bay on the south and Queets on

the North. Flight segments were conducted at elevations of 5,000 13,000 feet. Droplet

clouds at about 5,000 feet were detected during the time interval 1020 100 and ice

crystals between 1027 1036. The peak concentrations were -120 drops per cm3 and -1.2

ice crystals per liter. The particle scattering extinction @ 530 nm was about 2 x 10-5 m-1

between 2,000 and 5,000 feet and.increased to about 5 x 10-5 m-1 at 8,000 feet.

Weather

A surface, high-pressure ridge extended to the coast from the southwest of Washington.

Light (5-10 kt) onshore winds prevailed during the day. Aloft, a moderate amplitude short-

wave ridge embedded in the 500 mb jet stream moved to the coast by 1700. Widely

scattered, small (<1 km thick) cumulus clouds were present in the boundary layer with

high, scattered 10 thin, broken cirriform clouds above.

37

GPS tr ack o f f qh t 595 04/30/93 0 5 00 4 6 00

38

GPS tr ac k o f f gh t 595 04/30/93 0 5 00 0 45 00

39

GPS t rac k o f f qh t 595 04/30/93 0 45 00 5 00

40

GPS tr ac k o f f qh t 1 595 04/30/93 1 5 00 45 00

41

GPS tr ack o f f qh fc 595 04/30/93 45 00 2 5 00

42

GPS tr-ack o f f qh t 1 595 04/30/93 2 5 00 2 45 00

43

GPS tr ac k o f f qh t 1 595 04/30/93 2 45 00 3 5 00

44

GPS track o f f qh t 1 595 04/30/93 3 5 00 3 45 00

45

(T)W

GPS tr ack o f f qh t 595 04/30/93 3 45 00 4 5 00

46

aTurbulence, cm’273 s’1

tstat Ldeg Cl

Static Air Temperature, C

1.20

0.90

0.60

0,30

olpd C/l

Jce Crystal. ^ per liter

0.50;

0.401

0.30Bl

Iwc k

"10 Liquid Wat^, g m-3 V^J\ j_ll. Sf^^12B.0

10.0

b0.0

33 B Drop Conct

drop.

^ ^79.

69.

39 B Relative Humidity, %

a.bBE-a

B 4*6-4 Zero Particle0.20E-4

y^Ty^yA^A^-^^^^^^^,nephi- (m-1

j^v^Y^^^^S^rtS^^v^^^^^^^

B.00eRarticle Scattering Extinction

02000 03000 1 04000


47

tstat Ldeg C)

---,-----t-----I-----L

oipd ("/I

05000 1 0000 1 1 000

Flight-Level Data for UW Flight 1595, 04/30/93 from 1050-1 10 hours

48

0. BIB

lwc_k lng (g.m/m’S)

drop_rale ’’/cm’31

2000 1 1 3000 4000

Flight-Level Data for UW Flight 1595, 04/30/93 from 1 120-1 140 hours

49

04/30/93 Fi_T15q5 Apr essr_a (km)

tas (m/s

trug’hdgamg-t-a"Fg1

turbu lence cm’ 2/31/s

tstat Ldeg C)

.20

0.9B

0.60

0.30

oipcl C/l

-TO-

wc_k ng gjn/m’3

dr-oo_rate "/crn’Sl

1 5000 20000 21 000


50

.2

B.9

"\/VAYv^vA/\/vwvvv~v~^v/^^^tstat ideg 0

-t>.0

-S.0

-\? ?

1.20

0.40

0.6B

0.30

oipd C/l

^. iflj*

0.500

0.400

0.300

e.200

0.100

wc_k ng 9.m/m’3

droo_rate t*/cin’3)

B.20E-4

0.00E*0

22000 23000 24000


51

^KV\A/V^V\^^tstat Ldeg Cl

1.2B

0.90

0.60

B.30

olpcl C/l

25000 1 30000 31 000


52

.2

0.9

turbulence (cm" (2/31/s)

0.6

\/^^^AA/^A/WWVWVVWV^/^^3.B

3.0

-3.B

-b.B

-9.8

tstat Ldeg C)

-J^

1.20

0.90

0.60

0.30

oipcl C/l

0.500

0.400

0.300

0.200

0.100

lwc_k lng (gni/m’31

120.0

40.0

60.0

30.0

drop_rate */cm’3)

1 32000 33000 34000


53

turbulence cm (2/3)/s).2

0.9

0.6

,^/^^AMw/\^V\/^^3.B

a

~3-<

tstat Ldeg Cl

-b.B

-9.0

-\? g

1.20

0.90

e.6e

0.30

oipcl ("/I

-W

0.500

a.4ee

0.300

a. 2000.120

lwc_k lng (gjn/m’31

droQ_rate ’’/cm’31

1 35000 1 40000 41 000


54

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