RE,PORT RESUMES - ERIC · re,port resumes. ed 016 357. campus design study, duke university....
63
RE,PORT RESUMES ED 016 357 CAMPUS DESIGN STUDY, DUKE UNIVERSITY. CAUDILL, ROWLETT, SCOTT AND ASSOCIATES, BRYAN, TEX . PUB DATE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.50 HC-42.56 62P. EF 001 009 . DESCRIPTORS- *ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER, *ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS, *COLLEGE BUILDINGS, *DORMITORIES,- *SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING DESIGN, CAMPUS PLANNING, COLLEGE HOUSING, SCHOOL LOCATION NOV '63 THE STUDY OF THIS UNIVERSITY DEALT PRIMARILY WITH THE WEST CAMPUS IN WHICH MAJOR FUTURE GROWTH WOULD OCCUR. PART 'A' CONSISTS OF AN ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING ARCHITECTURE WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DESIGN CRITERIA. CHARACTER IS ANALYZED IN TERMS OF---(1) VERTICALITY, (2) SCALE, (3) RICHNESS, AND (4) VARIETY AND UNITY, WHILE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS SUCH AS--.(1) STRUCTURE, (2) MATERIALS, (3) COLOR, (4) ROOFS, AND (5) WINDOWS ARE EXAMINED IN TERMS OF EXPRESSION. FACTORS OF COMPOSITION RELATED TO THE CREATION OF VOLUME AND SPACE FORM THE LAST SECTION OF THIS ANALYSIS. PART 'IP IS A CASE STUDY ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION OF THE .DEVELOPED CRITERIA TO A SPECIFIC PROJECT - -A PROPOSED GRADUATE STUDENT CENTER. DEVELOPMENT IS-TRACED THROUGH THE STAGES OF..--(1) PROGRAM CREATION, (2) SITE AND LOCATION ANALYSIS, (3) PROJECT DESIGN, AND (4) CRITIQUE AND FOLLOW-UP. PLANS, ELEVATIONS, AND CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES AND DIAGRAMS ARE INCLUDED. (MH)
Transcript of RE,PORT RESUMES - ERIC · re,port resumes. ed 016 357. campus design study, duke university....
RE,PORT RESUMESED 016 357CAMPUS DESIGN STUDY, DUKE UNIVERSITY.CAUDILL, ROWLETT, SCOTT AND ASSOCIATES, BRYAN, TEX
. PUB DATEEDRS PRICE MF-$0.50 HC-42.56 62P.
EF 001 009
. DESCRIPTORS- *ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER, *ARCHITECTURALELEMENTS, *COLLEGE BUILDINGS, *DORMITORIES,- *SCHOOLARCHITECTURE, BUILDING DESIGN, CAMPUS PLANNING, COLLEGEHOUSING, SCHOOL LOCATION
NOV '63
THE STUDY OF THIS UNIVERSITY DEALT PRIMARILY WITH THEWEST CAMPUS IN WHICH MAJOR FUTURE GROWTH WOULD OCCUR. PART'A' CONSISTS OF AN ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING ARCHITECTURE WITHRECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DESIGN CRITERIA. CHARACTER ISANALYZED IN TERMS OF---(1) VERTICALITY, (2) SCALE, (3)
RICHNESS, AND (4) VARIETY AND UNITY, WHILE ARCHITECTURALCOMPONENTS SUCH AS--.(1) STRUCTURE, (2) MATERIALS, (3) COLOR,(4) ROOFS, AND (5) WINDOWS ARE EXAMINED IN TERMS OFEXPRESSION. FACTORS OF COMPOSITION RELATED TO THE CREATION OFVOLUME AND SPACE FORM THE LAST SECTION OF THIS ANALYSIS. PART'IP IS A CASE STUDY ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION OF THE
.DEVELOPED CRITERIA TO A SPECIFIC PROJECT - -A PROPOSED GRADUATESTUDENT CENTER. DEVELOPMENT IS-TRACED THROUGH THE STAGESOF..--(1) PROGRAM CREATION, (2) SITE AND LOCATION ANALYSIS, (3)PROJECT DESIGN, AND (4) CRITIQUE AND FOLLOW-UP. PLANS,ELEVATIONS, AND CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES AND DIAGRAMS AREINCLUDED. (MH)
hN1
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s
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ka3
U.S
. DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
HE
ALT
H, E
DU
CA
TIO
N &
WE
LFA
RE
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
TH
IS D
OC
UM
EN
T H
AS
BE
EN
RE
PR
OD
UC
ED
EX
AC
TLY
AS
RE
CE
IVE
D F
RO
M T
HE
PE
RS
ON
OR
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OR
IGIN
AT
ING
IT.
PO
INT
S O
F V
IEW
OR
OP
INIO
NS
ST
AT
ED
DO
NO
T N
EC
ES
SA
RIL
Y R
EP
RE
SE
NT
OF
FIC
IAL
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
PO
SIT
ION
OR
PO
LIC
Y.
CA
MPU
S
DU
KE
DE
SIG
N S
TU
DY
UN
IVE
RSI
TY
A r
evie
w o
f th
e ex
istin
g de
sign
feat
ures
of
the
Duk
e W
est
Cam
pus,
and
rec
omm
enda
tions
for
desi
gn c
rite
ria
to b
ein
corp
orat
ed in
fut
ure
plan
ning
and
build
ing.
FOR
The
Bui
ldin
g an
d G
roun
ds C
omm
ittee
Of
The
Boa
rd o
f T
rust
ees
Fran
k 0.
She
rrill
, Cha
irm
anR
ober
t W. B
rads
haw
J. W
elch
Har
ris
Ger
hard
C. H
enri
ckse
nJ.
Ray
mon
d Sm
ithFr
ed V
on C
anon
John
Doz
ier,
Sec
reta
ry
BY
Cau
dill,
Row
lett
and
Scot
tA
rchi
tect
s-
Plan
ning
Con
sulta
nts
Hou
ston
, Tex
asN
ovem
ber
1963
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
ME
NT
S
We
are
grat
eful
to m
any
offi
cial
s an
d fa
culty
mem
bers
of
Duk
e U
nive
rsity
who
ass
iste
d an
d en
cour
aged
us in
this
De-
sign
Stu
dy. A
mon
g th
ose
who
wer
e m
ost d
irec
tly in
volv
ed in
this
pro
ject
are
the
Bui
ldin
g an
d G
roun
ds C
omm
ittee
of
the
Boa
rd o
f T
rust
ees,
Fra
nkO
. She
rrill
, cha
irm
an; M
r. G
erha
rdC
. Hen
rick
sen,
Vic
e Pr
esid
ent f
or B
usin
ess
and
Fina
nce;
Mr.
Joh
n D
ozie
r, B
usin
ess
Man
ager
, res
pons
ible
for
phy
si-
cal p
lann
ing;
Mr.
Hen
ry M
ayfi
eld,
Uni
vers
ity A
rchi
tect
; the
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
Com
mitt
ee, D
r. F
rank
T. d
e V
yver
,ch
airm
an; a
nd th
e G
radu
ate
Cen
ter
Subc
omm
ittee
, Dr.
Ric
h-ar
d Pr
edm
ore,
cha
irm
an. W
e ar
e al
.o g
rate
ful f
or th
esu
g-ge
stio
ns m
ade
by D
r. D
eryl
Har
t, Pr
esid
ent E
mer
itus,
Vic
ePr
esid
ent E
vere
tt H
. Hop
kins
, and
man
y ot
hers
to w
hom
we
apol
ogiz
e fo
r om
issi
on f
rom
this
bri
ef li
st.
We
are
inde
bted
to P
rofe
ssor
Bill
N. L
acy
and
Prof
esso
rA
nder
son
Tod
d of
Ric
e U
nive
rsity
for
thei
r m
ajor
rol
e in
de-
velo
ping
the
basi
c su
bsta
nce
of th
e an
alys
is a
nd th
e gr
ound
wor
k fo
r 'm
any
of th
e re
com
men
datio
ns in
this
rep
ort.
D'
D
i
CO
NT
EN
TS
Page
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
1
PAR
T A
AN
AL
YSI
S &
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TIO
NS
3
INV
EN
TO
RY
3
TH
E P
AST
4T
HE
FU
TU
RE
5
CH
AR
AC
TE
R8
Ver
tical
ity10
Scal
e11
Ric
hnes
s13
Var
iety
and
Uni
ty15
CO
MPO
NE
NT
S16
Stru
ctur
e17
Mat
eria
lsF
19C
olor
21Pl
anes
22R
oofs
23W
indo
ws
24C
OM
POSI
TIO
N26
Add
itive
Qua
lity
27Jo
iner
y28
Spac
es &
Voi
ds29
Ter
min
atio
n31
Plan
s33
FOL
LO
W T
HR
OU
GH
36
PAR
T B
CA
SE S
TU
DY
39PR
OG
RA
M40
AN
AL
YSI
S42
DE
SIG
N43
CR
ITIQ
UE
AN
D F
OL
LO
W-U
P46
PRO
POSE
D G
RA
DU
AT
E C
EN
TE
R P
LA
NS
47
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Duk
e U
nive
rsity
is f
aced
with
the
prob
lem
com
mon
to a
llm
ajor
col
lege
s of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es -
-G
RO
WT
H. I
ts r
epu-
tatio
n fo
r ac
adem
ic e
xcel
lenc
eha
s m
ade
this
gro
wth
inev
i-ta
ble.
Thi
s an
d th
e de
sire
to u
pgra
de th
e pr
esen
tfa
cilit
ies
to a
ccom
mod
ate
new
edu
catio
nal
tech
niqu
es h
ave
caus
ed a
nex
pans
ion
in th
e ph
ysic
al p
lant
of
the
univ
ersi
ty.
Thi
s de
-si
gn s
tudy
was
initi
ated
by
the
adm
inis
trat
ion
in a
n at
tem
ptto
ans
wer
som
e of
the
prob
lem
sof
how
to g
row
in s
ize
and
effi
cien
cy, w
ithou
t sac
rifi
cing
the
beau
ty o
f th
e na
tura
llan
d-sc
ape,
the
unity
of
the
cam
pus
and
the
heri
tage
of
exis
ting
build
ings
.
The
bas
is f
or s
uch
a st
udy
was
suc
cinc
tlyst
ated
by
John
Doz
ier,
the
Uni
vers
ity B
usin
ess
Man
ager
, whe
nhe
sai
d,
"The
vita
lity,
imag
inat
ion
and
philo
soph
yof
a u
ni-
vers
ity c
an to
som
e ex
tent
be
mea
sure
dby
the
con-
cept
s of
the
cam
pus
mas
ter
plan
and
the
qual
ity o
fth
e in
divi
dual
bui
ldin
gs. "
The
trut
h of
this
sta
tem
ent i
s un
ques
tione
dan
d a
trib
ute
toth
e fo
resi
ght o
f th
e pr
esen
t adm
inis
trat
ion.
How
ever
, no
stud
y or
pla
n ca
n in
itse
lf p
rovi
de r
elea
sefr
om c
ontin
uous
eval
uatio
n an
d th
ough
t in
the
plan
ning
of
the
grow
th o
f D
uke.
Obs
erva
tions
can
be
mad
e, g
uide
lines
can
be
prop
osed
,an
dpo
ssib
ilitie
s pu
t for
war
d, b
ut th
e su
cces
sful
tran
slat
ion
ofth
ese
idea
s in
to a
gre
at c
ampu
s m
ust r
est i
n th
eha
nds
ofth
ose
with
aut
hori
ty a
nd d
edic
atio
n to
mak
eth
ough
tful
dec
i-si
ons
rega
rdin
g su
ch p
ropo
sals
.
The
Duk
e ca
mpu
ses
have
ref
lect
ed a
des
ire
for
qual
ity in
arch
itect
ure
sinc
e in
cept
ion,
but
som
e of
the
rece
ntad
di-
-1-
tions
to th
e un
iver
sity
fai
l to
fulf
ill th
e hi
gh s
tand
ards
est
ab-
lishe
d by
the
foun
ders
.T
his
prov
ides
evi
denc
e th
at g
ood
arch
itect
ure
-- a
rchi
tect
ure
of q
ualit
y --
is n
ot d
epen
dent
sole
ly u
pon
mat
eria
ls, s
tyle
or
orna
men
t, bu
t als
o up
on s
en-
sitiv
e an
d ba
lanc
ed p
rogr
amm
ing
and
desi
gn.
The
cam
pus
whi
ch D
uke
dese
rves
and
req
uire
s ca
n be
atta
in-
ed o
nly
by c
apab
le a
rchi
tect
s w
orki
ng h
arm
onio
usly
with
the
Bui
ldin
g an
d G
roun
ds C
omm
ittee
of
Duk
e U
nive
rsity
.T
his
com
mitt
ee h
as th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
of f
inal
app
rova
l aft
er th
eir
reco
mm
enda
tions
are
acc
epte
d by
the
Boa
rd o
f T
rust
ees
ofD
uke
Uni
vers
ity.
For
the
purp
oses
of
this
des
ign
stud
y, it
was
dec
ided
to d
eal
prim
arily
with
the
wes
t cam
pus.
Thi
s w
as d
one
on th
e pr
em-
ise
that
it is
the
logi
cal a
rea
whe
re th
e m
ajor
fut
ure
grow
thsh
ould
occ
ur.
The
Wom
an's
Col
lege
or
"Col
onia
l Geo
rgia
n"pa
rt o
f th
e ca
mpu
s is
now
sep
arat
ed b
y di
stan
ce, a
nd w
illso
on b
e m
ore
isol
ated
by
prop
osed
fre
eway
s.T
he W
oman
'sC
olle
ge w
ill u
ndou
bted
ly c
ontin
ue to
ful
fill
its p
rese
nt r
ole
asan
impo
rtan
t par
t of
the
tota
l Duk
e ed
ucat
iona
l fac
ilitie
s, b
utan
y re
quir
ed a
dditi
ons
to it
sho
uld
evol
ve f
rom
the
plan
ning
and
arch
itect
ural
sty
le a
lrea
dy e
stab
lishe
d th
ere.
The
stu
dy is
pre
sent
ed in
two
part
s.Pa
rt 'A
' con
tain
s an
anal
ysis
of
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of th
e w
est c
ampu
s an
d re
c-om
men
datio
ns f
or d
esig
n cr
iteri
a w
hich
sho
uld
be in
corp
o-ra
ted
in f
utur
e pr
ojec
ts.
Part
'B' c
onta
ins
a ca
se s
tudy
il-
lust
ratin
g th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
thes
e cr
iteri
a to
a s
peci
fic
pro-
ject
:a
prop
osed
Gra
duat
e C
ente
r. -2
PAR
T A
AN
AL
YSI
S &
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TIO
NS
INV
EN
TO
RY
A li
stin
g of
cha
ract
eris
tics
of D
uke
may
be
of h
elp
in f
orm
u-la
ting
a co
mm
on b
asis
for
the
ensu
ing
conc
lusi
ons
of th
is r
e-po
rt: L
arge
trac
ts o
f la
nd -
- am
ple
for
the
expa
nsio
nof
agr
owin
g un
iver
sity
.
Bea
utif
ul, r
ollin
g te
rrai
n,de
nsel
y w
oode
d an
d su
-pe
rbl
y la
ndsc
aped
.
Stro
ng a
rchi
tect
ural
uni
ty th
roug
h st
eadf
ast
adhe
r-en
ce to
a f
orm
al a
xial
pla
n,an
d co
nsis
tent
use
of
mat
eria
ls.
A m
agni
fice
nt c
hape
l --
sym
bolic
and
aw
e-in
spir
-in
g on
a g
rand
sca
le.
An
attr
activ
e w
oman
's c
olle
ge -
- or
derl
y an
d co
n-ta
ined
.
An
outs
tand
ing
repu
tatio
n as
the
scho
larl
y in
stitu
-tio
n of
the
sout
heas
t.
Des
ire
for
a st
rong
mas
ter
plan
to p
rom
ote
futu
regr
owth
with
ord
er a
nd b
eaut
y.
The
pub
lic im
age
of D
uke
as a
bea
utif
ul u
nive
rsity
cam
pus.
Tw
o se
para
te b
ut c
onne
cted
cam
puse
s se
rvin
g on
est
uden
t bod
y.
A r
ow o
f un
rela
ted
new
red
bri
ck b
uild
ings
on
the
wes
tern
per
imet
er o
f th
e ca
mpu
s.
Seve
ral a
rchi
tect
ural
sty
les
-- a
ll of
whi
ch a
re u
n-sa
tisfa
ctor
y as
a c
ontin
uing
mot
if f
or d
iffe
rent
reas
ons:
fun
ctio
n, a
esth
etic
s or
eco
nom
y.-3
-
GO
TH
IC W
EST
CA
MPU
S
0
Z"-
s-1,
41
GE
OR
GIA
N W
OM
AN
'S C
OL
LE
GE
GR
EE
NB
EL
T
QU
AD
RA
NG
LE
sai
TH
E P
AST
Duk
e U
nive
rsity
is c
omm
itted
to q
ualit
y in
edu
catio
n an
d ar
-ch
itect
ure.
Pos
sess
ing
one
of th
e m
ost b
eaut
iful
site
s in
the
coun
try,
thos
e w
ho e
stab
lishe
d th
e w
est c
ampu
s se
emed
de-
term
ined
that
the
orig
inal
bui
ldin
gs s
houl
d m
atch
the
beau
tyof
this
set
ting.
It w
as p
atte
rned
aft
er o
ther
eas
tern
cam
puse
sbu
t with
a c
hara
cter
uni
quel
y its
ow
n. T
he b
uild
ings
wer
e de
-si
gned
fro
m th
e ou
tsid
e in
, str
ivin
g m
ore
for
beau
ty th
an f
orfu
nctio
n an
d ec
onom
y. T
he g
oal w
as r
ealiz
ed.
The
cen
tral
spac
es h
ave
few
pee
rs in
col
legi
ate
plan
ning
for
bea
uty
and
orde
r. B
ut m
inim
izin
g th
e fu
nctio
nal a
spec
ts h
as m
ade
nec-
essa
ry e
xten
sive
ren
ovat
ion
or p
lann
edre
nova
tion
of a
lmos
tal
l the
ori
gina
l bui
ldin
gs a
t an
exor
bita
ntly
hig
h co
st.
Whe
n th
e or
igin
al b
uild
ings
wer
e bu
ilt a
roun
d a
rigi
d fo
rmal
plan
, the
pro
blem
of
grow
th w
as a
dis
tant
one
.T
hey
wer
ebu
ilt in
an
era
whe
n th
e ex
pans
ion
of e
duca
tiona
l fac
ilitie
s w
assl
ow a
nd n
eeds
eas
ily f
ores
een.
Tod
ay a
mor
e fl
exib
le a
tti-
tude
is r
equi
red
in w
hich
we
acce
pt r
apid
gro
wth
and
cha
nge
as th
e no
rmal
pro
cess
of
even
tsan
d pl
an w
ith a
fle
xibi
lity
that
allo
ws
futu
re d
ecis
ions
rat
her
than
dic
tate
s th
em.
The
ris
ing
cost
of
dupl
iCat
ing
the
orig
inal
arc
hite
ctur
al s
tyle
,al
ong
with
its
func
tiona
l sho
rtco
min
gs b
roug
ht a
dem
and
for
mor
e ec
onom
ical
con
stru
ctio
n an
d a
mor
ew
orka
ble
plan
t.T
he c
ompl
etio
n of
the
Got
hic
quad
rang
le c
ondi
tione
d th
e fe
el-
ing
that
adh
eren
ce to
the
orig
inal
sty
le w
as n
o lo
nger
req
uir-
ed to
ach
ieve
aes
thet
ic s
atis
fact
ion.
A r
ecen
t pla
n so
ught
tosa
tisfy
thes
e co
nsid
erat
ions
by
esta
blis
hing
a "
gree
nbel
t" o
rvi
sual
bar
rier
bey
ond
whi
ch f
reed
om to
bui
ld w
ithou
t ded
i-ca
tion
to a
sty
le w
ould
be
perm
itted
. How
ever
, it h
as n
owbe
en r
ealiz
ed th
at th
e re
sulti
ng d
iver
gent
bui
ldin
g ty
pesc
an-
not l
ive
com
patib
ly o
n th
e sa
me
cam
pus
even
whe
n no
t vie
w-
ed s
imul
tane
ousl
y. U
nity
of
envi
ronm
ent a
nd u
nity
of
aca-
dem
ic p
urpo
se a
nd id
eals
are
not
that
eas
ily s
epar
ated
.-4
-
1
TH
E F
UT
UR
E
A c
ampu
s is
com
pose
d of
ext
erio
r ro
oms
as w
ell a
s in
teri
orro
oms.
Any
time
mor
e th
an o
ne b
uild
ing
is b
uilt,
an
exte
rior
spac
e is
for
med
whi
ch m
ay b
e m
ore
impo
rtan
t in
esta
blis
h-in
g th
e en
viro
nmen
t tha
n th
e bu
ildin
gs th
emse
lves
. The
qua
d-ra
ngle
of
the
Got
hic
cam
pus
illus
trat
es th
is p
oint
viv
idly
,an
d ju
stif
ies
the
belie
f th
at f
utur
e pl
acem
ent o
f bu
ildin
gssh
ould
als
o st
imul
ate
the
crea
tion
of g
ood
spac
es, a
ppro
ache
san
d vi
stas
. Fut
ure
plan
s sh
ould
be
conc
erne
d w
ith a
ppro
pri-
aten
ess
-- to
site
and
fun
ctio
n as
wel
l as
to m
ater
ials
and
styl
e, f
or th
e si
ting
of th
e bu
ildin
gs d
icta
tes
the
form
and
or-
gani
zatio
n of
thes
e im
port
ant o
utdo
or r
oom
s. T
he n
ew c
am-
pus
plan
mus
t dea
l with
the
chal
leng
e of
dev
elop
ing
seco
ndar
ygr
oups
of b
uild
ings
inte
rcon
nect
ed b
y bo
th n
atur
al a
nd m
an-
mad
e la
ndsc
ape
elem
ents
as
visu
al li
nks
betw
een
grou
ps.
Such
pla
nnin
g sh
ould
pro
mot
e co
hesi
vene
ss o
f th
eca
mpu
s an
dre
cogn
ition
of
the
visu
al r
elat
ions
hips
and
com
posi
tion
of th
ebu
ildin
gs th
at e
xist
.T
he f
our
red
bric
k bu
ildin
gs r
ecen
tlybu
ilt m
ade
no s
uch
atte
mpt
to d
efin
e ex
teri
orsp
aces
into
quad
rang
les
or e
xter
ior
room
s.
So f
ar, w
e ha
ve d
iscu
ssed
gen
eric
ally
the
pred
icam
ent o
fD
uke
Uni
vers
ity.
Now
we
will
pro
ceed
to s
peci
fic
item
sw
hich
sho
uld
poin
t tow
ard
the
evol
utio
n of
a n
ew e
ra o
f ar
-ch
itect
ural
pla
nnin
g an
d be
auty
for
the
cam
pus.
It s
houl
d be
emph
asiz
ed a
gain
, how
ever
, tha
t the
suc
cess
ful u
se o
f th
isan
alys
is w
ill b
e de
pend
ent o
n ho
w w
ell t
he a
bove
poi
nts
are
follo
wed
. Fir
st, t
he p
rogr
amm
ing
and
sitin
g of
the
build
ings
mus
t be
righ
t --
then
the
arch
itect
ure
can
rein
forc
e th
e ch
oice
.Fo
rev
ery
hund
red
men
who
kno
w h
ow to
bui
ld a
wal
l, on
lyon
e kn
ows
whe
re to
put
it."
-5-
IMI=
1, 1
OU
TD
OO
R R
OO
MS
UN
DE
FIN
ED
SPA
CE
I
,
In th
e fo
llow
ing
disc
ussi
ons
and
illus
trat
ions
of
the
dive
rgen
tel
emen
ts o
f D
uke
arch
itect
ure,
evi
denc
e w
ill b
e fo
llow
edto
esse
nce,
and
fro
m th
is e
ssen
ce th
e di
rect
ion
will
be
poin
ted
to s
olut
ions
.In
stea
d of
fin
ding
the
solu
tion,
a ch
oice
of
so-
lutio
ns s
houl
d sp
ring
fro
m th
e gr
eate
st o
f in
divi
dual
izin
gso
urce
s --
imag
inat
ion.
It s
houl
d no
t com
e fr
om th
ere
pe-
titio
n of
Geo
rgia
n br
ick
build
ings
or s
tone
Got
hic
per
se.
The
se s
tyle
s sh
ould
not
be
a re
fuge
for
an e
xped
ient
sol
utio
nbu
t rat
her
serv
e as
a s
timul
us f
ora
dire
ctio
n. T
he f
inal
se-
lect
ion
of e
ach
proj
ect d
esig
n m
ust r
esul
t fro
m th
ough
tful
part
icip
atio
n by
Bui
ldin
g C
omm
ittee
, clie
nt, a
nd a
rchi
tect
inex
plor
ing
all t
he p
ossi
bilit
ies
sugg
este
d by
the
func
tiona
lpr
ogra
m a
nd th
e sp
irit
of th
e D
uke
cam
pus.
The
ess
ence
of
the
Got
hic
styl
e ca
n se
rve
as th
e sp
ring
boar
d fo
r ap
erio
d in
the
build
ing
grow
th o
f D
uke
that
will
equ
al a
nd p
erha
psex
cel
that
whi
ch h
as g
one
befo
re.
The
ana
lysi
s an
d re
com
men
datio
nsar
e ar
rang
ed in
thre
ebr
oad
cate
gori
es:
(1)
CH
AR
AC
TE
R, o
r th
ees
senc
e of
the
envi
ronm
ent,
(2)
CO
MPO
NE
NT
S, o
r el
emen
ts w
hich
sha
peth
e en
viro
nmen
t, an
d (3
) C
OM
POSI
TIO
N,
or th
e ar
rang
e-m
ent a
nd a
ssem
bly
of th
e co
mpo
nent
s.
The
rec
omm
enda
tions
can
not b
e re
duce
d to
one
perm
anen
tfo
rmul
a de
vise
d to
set
the
styl
e of
Duk
e bu
ildin
gs. S
uch
anap
proa
ch h
as r
esul
ted
in th
e pr
esen
t dile
mm
a. W
hatw
edo
prop
ose
is to
sub
mit
an a
rchi
tect
ural
"vo
cabu
lary
" fr
omw
hich
to d
raw
com
pone
nts
and
sugg
estio
nsas
to h
ow th
eyco
uld
be c
ompo
sed
to a
chie
ve th
e de
sire
dca
mpu
s ch
arac
ter.
The
sel
ectio
n of
"w
ords
" fr
om th
is v
ocab
ular
y sh
ould
de-
pend
on
the
imag
inat
ion
of e
ach
arch
itect
and
the
Bui
ldin
gC
omm
ittee
as
they
sol
ve e
ach
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
prog
ram
.T
he c
hoic
e w
ould
als
o be
dep
ende
nton
loca
tion,
the
rela
tion-
ship
to e
xist
ing
Got
hic
build
ings
, and
topo
grap
hy. F
orex
-
1
Ct 11 ii
ampl
e, a
bui
ldin
g to
be
loca
ted
in a
val
ley
mig
htus
e a
pitc
hed
roof
, whe
re a
bui
ldin
g w
hich
wou
ldne
ver
be "
look
ed d
own
on"
coul
d ut
ilize
a f
lat r
oof
with
the
"bat
tlem
ent"
ref
lect
ed in
its
silh
ouet
te. A
bui
ldin
g to
be
loca
ted
with
in v
iew
of
exis
ting
Got
hic
build
ings
mig
ht f
ollo
w m
ore
clos
ely
the
exis
ting
pro-
port
ions
, col
or a
nd te
xtur
e th
an o
ne lo
cate
d el
sew
here
.Y
et,
with
in th
e di
scip
line
of th
is v
ocab
ular
y, th
e se
emin
gly
oppo
site
goal
s of
var
iety
and
uni
ty c
ould
be
achi
eved
, arc
hite
cts
coul
dar
rive
at i
mag
inat
ive
desi
gn s
olut
ions
, and
gen
eric
bui
ldin
gsco
uld
appe
ar o
n th
e ca
mpu
s, w
ithou
ta
loss
of
desi
gn c
onti-
nuity
.
Of
cour
se, t
he v
ocab
ular
y w
ill c
hang
eas
doe
ste
chno
logy
,ov
erco
min
g a
basi
c w
eakn
ess
of a
"st
yle
form
ula"
.O
bsol
ete
com
pone
nts
will
be
drop
ped
and
repl
aced
with
new
one
s w
hich
are
in k
eepi
ng w
ith th
e tim
es a
nd th
e D
uke
spir
it.Fo
r ex
-am
ple,
lead
ed g
lass
may
be
repl
aced
with
gray
gla
re r
educ
-in
g gl
ass,
laid
sto
ne w
alls
may
giv
ew
ay to
pre
cast
pan
els,
heav
y til
e or
lead
roo
fs m
ight
yie
ld to
a lig
htw
eigh
t mat
eria
lof
sim
ilar
appe
aran
ce.
-7-
1'- -
, ,
c ,
" )
t
.4
Idi a
;711r 'Mr
,11111111"LI
,
tim'a =3 17=34, I. )41.. 1
`"` ", , . , , , _
PIN
NA
CL
ES
AR
IBB
ED
VA
UL
TS
LA
RG
E W
IND
OW
S
- _
CH
AR
AC
TE
R
The
ori
gina
l Got
hic
arch
itect
ure
had
its b
egin
ning
aro
und
the
mid
dle
of th
e tw
elft
h ce
ntur
y.T
he u
niqu
e st
ruct
ural
and
deco
rativ
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
this
sty
le f
ound
thei
r pu
rest
expr
essi
on in
the
cath
edra
ls, a
nd a
re f
amili
ar to
all:
hig
hro
ofs,
rib
bed
vaul
ts, t
he p
oint
ed a
rch,
larg
e w
indo
war
eas
divi
ded
by tr
acer
ies,
dec
orat
ive
stru
ctur
al a
nd f
unct
iona
lel
emen
ts, v
ertic
ality
inst
ead
of h
oriz
onta
lity.
All
thes
eha
ve a
ppea
red
in th
e fo
llow
ing
cent
urie
s in
rev
ival
aft
erre
-vi
val o
f th
e st
yle.
Bec
ause
its
vert
ical
exp
ress
ion
seem
edto
bes
t sym
boliz
e no
t onl
y lo
fty
spir
itual
aim
s bu
t the
equ
al-
ly h
igh
idea
ls o
f ed
ucat
ion
and
know
ledg
e, it
was
ado
pted
bym
any
univ
ersi
ties.
In
a pe
riod
of
ecle
ctic
ism
it w
as th
e lo
gi-
cal c
hoic
e be
caus
e of
the
prec
eden
ce o
f su
chun
iver
sitie
sas
Oxf
ord
and
Cam
brid
ge. W
ith th
e im
plic
atio
ns o
f ve
rtic
ality
and
deep
roo
ts, u
nive
rsiti
es h
oped
to a
chie
ve "
inst
ant"
tra-
ditio
n. D
uke'
s de
cisi
on to
bui
ld in
this
sty
lew
as u
nder
sta
nd-
able
,an
d th
e re
ason
s be
hind
suc
h a
deci
sion
stil
lhav
ea
cer-
tain
val
idity
.
The
ori
gina
l bui
ldin
gs o
n th
e D
uke
wes
tca
mpu
s, a
nd n
otab
lyth
e ch
apel
, mos
t clo
sely
res
embl
e th
ose
built
ear
lyin
the
deco
rate
d G
othi
c pe
riod
of
Eng
lish
arch
itect
ure,
in th
e .1
4th
cent
ury.
Man
y of
the
colle
ges
on th
e O
xfor
d an
d C
ambr
idge
cam
puse
s w
ere
built
dur
ing
that
per
iod.
Alth
ough
man
y of
the
deta
ils o
f th
e D
uke
build
ings
are
fai
thfu
l to
the
Got
hic
trad
ition
, the
way
in w
hich
they
are
ass
embl
ed a
nd th
e ov
er-
all p
lan
depa
rt in
som
e im
port
ant
way
s fr
om b
asic
Got
hic
plan
ning
. Mos
t of
thes
e ar
e th
e re
sult
of th
e di
ffer
ence
inth
e ba
sic
appr
oach
. The
ori
gina
l Got
hic
build
ings
wer
e pl
an-
ned
from
the
insi
de o
ut, f
unct
iona
lly, a
ndw
ere
gene
rally
not s
ymm
etri
cal i
n ex
tern
al a
ppea
ranc
e. I
n th
e la
ter
revi
-va
ls a
n op
posi
te a
ppro
ach
was
use
d, w
ith f
unct
ions
for
ced
into
a "
Got
hic"
for
m. D
urin
g th
ispr
oces
s of
fac
ade
desi
gn
-8-
the
asym
met
eric
al a
spec
ts o
f th
e ea
rlie
r bu
ildin
gs(w
hich
had
thei
r re
ason
in th
e pl
an)
lost
thei
r si
gnif
ican
cean
d th
e fa
cade
ste
nded
to b
ecom
e m
ore
sym
met
eric
al. T
hesa
me
tend
ency
isap
pare
nt in
the
plan
arr
ange
men
ts o
f bu
ildin
ggr
oups
.
The
exa
ct d
uplic
atio
n of
Got
hic
deta
ils r
equi
res,
as it
did
inth
e fo
urte
enth
cen
tury
,a
high
leve
l of
hand
cra
ftsm
ansh
ipw
hich
is n
ot r
eadi
ly a
vaila
ble
toda
y. W
e do
have
ava
ilabl
e a
mac
hine
cra
ftsm
ansh
ip w
hich
is e
xcep
tiona
l in
man
y in
stan
ces.
Our
pro
blem
is to
ret
ain
the
qual
ity a
ndsp
irit
of G
othi
c ar
chi-
tect
ure
at D
uke
and
tran
slat
e it
into
pre
sent
-day
mat
eria
ls a
ndm
etho
ds w
ithou
t dep
artin
g fr
om th
eri
chne
ss, s
cale
and
bea
uty
of th
e pr
esen
tca
mpu
s bu
ildin
gs.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. The
esse
nce
of G
othi
c ar
chite
ctur
e w
as th
eho
nest
exp
ress
ion
of p
lan
and
stru
ctur
e, a
nd th
is f
unct
iona
lap
proa
ch m
ust b
e th
e de
term
inan
t of
the
futu
re a
rchi
tect
ural
char
acte
r. F
rom
this
fou
ndat
ion
the
use
of m
ater
ials
and
thei
ren
rich
men
t mus
t rec
aptu
re th
e co
nsis
tent
hum
an s
cale
and
the
grea
t var
iety
of
form
and
com
posi
tion,
alo
ngw
ith th
e un
ity o
fpr
opor
tion,
col
or, a
nd te
xtur
e w
hich
isth
e es
senc
e of
the
Got
hic
styl
e an
d of
the
Duk
eca
mpu
s. I
n br
ief,
fut
ure
build
-in
gs m
ust r
esul
t fro
ma
prob
lem
-sol
ving
app
roac
h w
hich
pays
defe
renc
e to
cer
tain
cha
ract
eris
tics
inhe
rent
in th
e or
igin
alG
othi
c bu
ildin
gs a
nd in
the
Duk
ear
chite
ctur
al tr
aditi
on. T
hese
inhe
rent
cha
ract
eris
tics
may
be
clas
sifi
ed a
s:
Ver
tical
ityH
uman
sca
leR
ichn
ess
Var
iety
Uni
ty
and
are
disc
usse
d in
gre
ater
deta
il on
the
follo
win
gpa
ges.
-\;.
goe"
4Ab.
...
Ric
hnes
s, S
cale
, Bea
uty
--D
etai
l Fro
m C
hape
l Doo
rs
TH
E D
UK
E C
HA
PEL
VE
RT
ICA
LIT
Y
Fore
shor
tene
d V
iew
of
Ver
tical
Ele
men
ts
_
VE
RT
ICA
LIT
Y
If a
rchi
tect
ural
des
ign
coul
d be
div
ided
into
two
cate
gori
es it
wou
ld b
e fo
und
that
mos
t bui
ldin
gs h
ave
eith
er a
hor
izon
tal o
rve
rtic
al e
xpre
ssio
n, w
heth
er a
ccom
plis
hed
by s
ize,
scal
e,st
ruct
ure
or f
enes
trat
ion.
The
ver
tical
sug
gest
s th
e no
ble,
the
dram
atic
, the
asp
irin
g...
the
hori
zont
al s
ugge
sts
sere
ni-
ty, r
epos
e, e
arth
ines
s.T
he r
oman
tic c
hoic
e of
the
vert
ical
for
Duk
e se
ems
appr
opri
ate
to th
e ai
ms
of th
e un
iver
sity
and
one
whi
ch is
cal
led
for
by th
e la
ndsc
ape
and
dens
e pi
ne f
or-
ests
. The
tall
vert
ical
bun
dles
of
tree
trun
ks c
ompl
emen
t the
vert
ical
ele
men
ts o
f th
e G
othi
c-de
sign
ed b
uild
ings
.T
he e
le-
men
ts th
at e
stab
lish
this
ver
tical
fee
ling
are
the
"mea
suri
ng"
devi
ces
with
in a
n es
sent
ially
hor
izon
tal c
ompo
sitio
n--
- th
eve
rtic
al p
ropo
rtio
n of
win
dow
s, p
anel
s, s
hado
ws,
tow
ers
orst
ruct
ure.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. The
ver
tical
fee
ling
shou
ld b
e ex
pres
sed
whe
reve
r po
ssib
le a
nd e
mph
asiz
ed w
here
fea
sibl
e. C
onsi
der-
atio
n sh
ould
be
give
n to
the
fore
shor
tene
d vi
ew o
ne w
ill s
eew
hile
wal
king
pas
t the
bui
ldin
gs.
It is
in th
ese
fore
shor
tene
dvi
ews
that
the
vert
ical
impa
ct is
mos
t not
icab
le in
the
quad
-ra
ngle
, as
plan
pro
ject
ions
, pila
ster
s, a
nd g
able
d bu
ildin
gen
ds c
atch
the
eye.
The
ver
tical
ele
men
ts m
ost r
eadi
ly e
x-pr
esse
d ar
e co
lum
ns. P
lan
com
pone
nts
such
as
stai
r to
wer
s,pi
pe c
hase
s, v
ario
us ty
pes
of r
oom
s m
ay b
e of
f-se
t to
achi
eve
a ve
rtic
al b
reak
in th
e bu
ildin
g an
d ca
st v
ertic
al s
hado
ws
onad
jace
nt s
urfa
ces.
All
entit
ies
such
as
win
dow
s, d
oors
and
wal
l pan
els
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
a ve
rtic
al p
ropo
rtio
nwhe
resi
ble.
Whe
re th
e ov
eral
l wid
th o
f a
grou
p of
win
dow
s or
doo
rsex
ceed
s th
eir
heig
ht, t
hey
shou
ld b
e de
taile
d to
rea
d vi
sual
lyas
a g
roup
of
vert
ical
ly p
ropo
rtio
ned
entit
ies
rath
er th
an a
son
e ho
rizo
ntal
ele
men
t.
-10-
SCA
LE
The
ove
r-al
l sca
le o
fth
e ca
mpu
s w
ill d
epen
dul
timat
ely
onw
heth
er th
e un
iver
sity
plan
will
be
base
d on
ape
dest
rian
scal
e or
an
auto
mob
ilesc
ale.
The
dis
tanc
es in
the
exis
ting
Got
hic
quad
rang
le a
repe
dest
rian
dis
tanc
es a
nd it
ispo
ssib
lefo
r th
e ca
mpu
s to
gro
w in
such
a w
ay a
s to
mai
ntai
nth
is r
e-la
tions
hip.
Alth
ough
the
univ
ersi
ty p
osse
sses
eno
ugh
land
tosp
read
out
in a
ll di
rect
ions
,th
ere
may
be
a go
od r
easo
n to
plan
for
hig
her
stud
ent
dens
ity s
o th
at th
e pe
dest
rian
scal
e of
the
cam
pus
can
bere
tain
ed.
If th
e au
tom
obile
dic
tate
sth
e ca
mpu
s sc
ale,
it c
ould
beco
me
a sp
raw
ling,
disc
onne
cted
and
unr
elat
edsc
hem
e. W
hen
this
happ
ens,
a c
ampu
s ta
kes
on a
"fill
ing
stat
ion"
cha
ract
er,
ina
sens
e,w
ith B
iolo
gy a
nd E
ngin
eeri
ngin
stea
d of
Tex
aco
and
Hum
ble.
The
des
ign
of th
eou
tdoo
r ro
oms
beco
mes
an
entir
e-ly
dif
fere
nt m
atte
r if
they
are
to b
e a
view
fro
m a
spee
ding
auto
mob
ile, i
nste
ad o
f a
spac
ein
whi
ch p
eopl
e w
alk.
Whe
n ap
proa
chin
g th
e ca
mpu
s,th
e sc
ale
is d
omin
ated
by
the
cent
rally
loca
ted
chap
el s
pire
and
the
mas
s of
the
med
ical
grou
p to
the
nort
heas
t. T
o co
mpl
ete
this
com
posi
tion
of d
is-
tant
sca
le s
ome
tall
elem
ents
may
be
need
ed to
the
sout
h.T
he in
divi
dual
sca
le o
f th
eol
der
build
ings
is f
aith
ful t
oth
eG
othi
c, w
hich
was
bas
ed o
nth
e si
ze o
f a
man
's h
and.
The
hum
an h
and
can
span
alm
ost a
nyun
it of
a G
othi
c bu
ildin
g.T
his
is o
ne o
f th
e ro
ots
of it
sap
peal
and
the
reas
on th
at e
ven
the
loft
iest
cat
hedr
alst
ill r
etai
n a
sens
e of
hum
an s
cale
.T
he la
rger
ele
men
ts a
ndth
e pr
opor
tions
are
gene
rally
no
larg
er th
an th
e he
ight
and
wid
th o
f a
man
. Thi
s al
so e
x-pl
ains
why
the
Got
hic
styl
e is
ast
yle
that
per
mits
a h
ouse
and
a ca
thed
ral t
o be
equ
ally
succ
essf
ul w
here
sca
le is
the
cons
ider
atio
n,
PED
EST
RIA
N S
CA
LE
AU
TO
MO
BIL
E S
CA
LE
HU
MA
N S
CA
LE
--
Han
d -S
ized
Uni
ts
1' rR tI [11
11
Gro
upin
g of
Sm
alle
r E
lem
ents
Mai
ntai
ns H
uman
Sca
le.
ru-n
-inz
infu
trIn
n
ioi
Unf
ortu
nate
ly, t
he h
uman
sca
le h
as b
een
lost
in s
ome
of th
em
ore
rece
nt s
tone
bui
ldin
gs, w
here
mas
sive
wal
ls w
ithou
ten
rich
men
t or
relie
f be
com
e ov
erpo
wer
ing
inst
ead
of in
ti-m
ate
in s
cale
.
Mas
sive
, Unr
elie
ved
Wal
ls O
verp
ower
The
Hum
an F
igur
e.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.In
all
view
s th
e bu
ildin
gs m
ust r
eadi
lyre
late
to th
e hu
man
bei
ng.
Thi
s re
latio
n to
hum
an s
cale
can
be m
ost r
eadi
ly a
chie
ved
at th
e le
vel o
f th
e sm
alle
r sy
m-
met
rica
l ent
ities
suc
h as
win
dow
s an
d do
ors.
It is
at t
his
leve
l tha
t peo
ple
rela
te m
ore
quic
kly
and
pers
onal
ly. W
hen
thes
e co
mpo
nent
s m
ust o
ccur
in la
rge
num
bers
they
sho
uld
be g
roup
ed a
nd d
etai
led
to r
ead
as h
uman
siz
ed a
nd u
sabl
eel
emen
ts. P
lace
men
t as
dete
rmin
ed b
y fu
nctio
n ra
ther
than
for
sym
met
ry w
ill u
sual
ly r
einf
orce
the
hum
an s
cale
.L
arge
,un
inte
rrup
ted
plan
es s
houl
d be
bro
ken
up in
to m
ore
hum
ansi
ze e
lem
ents
thro
ugh
emph
asis
of
join
ts, s
hado
ws,
and
the
size
and
text
ure
of th
e un
its o
r ag
greg
ate
used
. A s
tead
fast
expr
essi
on o
f th
e st
ruct
ure
will
als
o he
lp p
reve
nt m
assi
vean
d in
hum
an s
cale
.
.,
RIC
HN
ESS
Orn
amen
t and
dec
orat
ion
wer
e es
sent
ial f
eatu
res
of th
e or
i-gi
nal G
othi
c st
yle
and
wer
e us
ed in
the
build
ings
her
e.In
each
suc
ceed
ing
build
ing
one
obse
rves
the
dim
inut
ion
of o
rna-
men
t bec
ause
of
the
proh
ibiti
ve c
ost
of d
uplic
atin
g th
e or
nate
carv
ings
des
igne
d fo
r ha
nd c
raft
smen
,an
d no
w b
eing
exe
cut-
ed b
y m
achi
ne p
rodu
ctio
n. A
s th
e or
nam
enta
tion
decr
ease
dso
did
the
rich
ness
of
the
styl
e.Pl
ain
win
dow
s se
t int
o pl
ain
wal
ls s
uffe
r by
com
pari
son
with
thei
r si
ster
bui
ldin
gsan
dgi
ve th
e im
pres
sion
of p
riso
n-lik
e se
veri
ty a
gain
st a
bac
k-gr
ound
of
rich
ness
.
Con
tem
pora
ry a
rchi
tect
ure
ofte
nfa
irs
to s
olve
this
pro
blem
of th
e de
sire
for
dec
orat
ive
qual
ity w
ithin
the
boun
ds o
fbu
dget
lim
itatio
ns.
The
pop
ular
ity o
f th
e su
n sc
reen
that
swep
t the
cou
ntry
was
one
inst
ance
of
this
, whe
re th
e gr
ille'
sro
le a
s a
sun
cont
rol d
evic
e be
cam
e se
cond
ary
toits
use
as
a m
eans
to e
nric
h th
e st
yle.
Orn
amen
t is
a m
eans
of
givi
ngde
fini
tion
and
hum
an s
cale
to a
com
pone
nt o
f th
e ar
chite
ctur
e.W
ithou
t it,
build
ings
bec
ome
scal
eles
s, a
nd li
fele
ss .
Pre
s -
ent-
day
sta
ndar
ds d
o no
t dem
and
the
sam
e ab
unda
nce
of o
rna-
men
t tha
t som
e pr
eced
ing
styl
es h
ad, b
ut a
sen
seof
hum
ansc
ale
and
prop
ortio
n is
stil
l a r
equi
site
.A
n es
sent
ial t
rait
of G
othi
c or
nam
ent w
as th
e "u
nder
cutti
ng"
of th
e pa
rts
to g
ive
cris
p an
d lin
ear
shad
ows
of s
mal
l sca
le.
Thi
s in
crea
sed
the
effe
ct o
f th
e in
terp
lay
of p
lane
s in
ligh
t,sh
ade
and
shad
ow. T
his
can
still
be
done
toda
y, b
ut in
sha
pes
mor
e ad
apte
d to
mac
hine
exe
cutio
nan
d m
oder
n co
nstr
uctio
n.
Got
hic
orna
men
t was
nev
er a
pplie
d su
rfac
e de
cora
tion
but
rath
er e
nric
hmen
t of
esse
ntia
l ele
men
ts. T
here
is a
par
al-
lel b
etw
een
this
and
con
tem
pora
ry o
rnam
ent i
n w
hich
orn
a-m
ent a
ssum
es a
new
voc
abul
ary
and
expr
essi
ondi
ctat
ed b
yth
e m
etho
ds o
f its
con
stru
ctio
n. S
truc
ture
, joi
nery
and
term
i-na
tion
poin
ts b
ecom
e th
e or
nam
ent o
f pr
esen
t-da
y bu
ildin
g.-1
3-
r
SEV
ER
ITY
Has
Rep
lace
d R
ichn
ess
SUN
SCR
EE
NG
RIL
LE
<,r
4^ "
UN
DE
RC
UT
OR
NA
ME
NT
GO
TH
IC O
RN
AM
EN
T
Enr
ichm
ent o
f E
ssen
tial E
lem
ents
For
inst
ance
, ins
tead
of
unde
rcut
mol
ding
s, th
e cr
eatio
n of
void
s be
twee
n m
ater
ials
in th
e fo
rm o
f re
veal
s re
info
rces
and
clar
ifie
s th
e pl
anes
of
cont
empo
rary
arc
hite
ctur
e.T
his
deco
ratio
n is
an
inte
gral
par
t of
the
desi
gn o
ccur
ring
at
plac
es w
here
ther
e is
a c
hang
e of
mat
eria
ls, a
cha
nge
of d
i-re
ctio
n or
the
mee
ting
of th
e bu
ildin
g w
ith th
e gr
ound
.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.T
he r
ichn
ess,
or d
ecor
atio
n of
fut
ure
build
ings
sho
uld
be a
n ex
tens
ion
of th
e G
othi
c tr
aditi
onof
enri
chm
ent o
f es
sent
ial e
lem
ents
.T
his
can
be d
one
thro
ugh
emph
asis
on
deco
rativ
e tr
eatm
ent o
f st
ruct
ure,
join
ery,
shad
ows
and
text
ures
.T
he s
ize
and
text
ure
of m
ason
ryun
its o
r ex
pose
d ag
greg
ate,
trea
tmen
t of
win
dow
fra
min
gan
d do
or h
ardw
are,
the
desi
gn o
f w
ater
dra
inag
e fe
atur
es,
can
all b
e -
hand
led
in w
ays
tLat
enr
ich
with
out o
sten
tatio
n or
artif
ical
ity.
-14-
D D
1 U
I L U
VA
RIE
TY
AN
D U
NIT
Y
The
mor
e ex
tens
ive
the
anal
ysis
of
Duk
e ar
chite
ctur
e be
-ca
me,
the
mor
e va
riet
y w
as r
evea
led.
With
in th
e fr
ame-
wor
k of
uni
ty e
stab
lishe
d by
the
basi
c m
ater
ials
and
Got
hic
styl
e, a
clo
se in
spec
tion
unco
vers
an
amaz
ing
vari
ety
ofbu
ildin
g he
ight
s, p
lan
arra
ngem
ents
, roo
f ty
pes,
win
dow
and
door
siz
es a
nd ty
pes,
and
a w
ealth
of
orna
men
tal f
ea-
ture
s.T
his
vari
ety
is c
lose
ly r
elat
ed to
the
rich
ness
and
hum
an s
cale
of
the
arch
itect
ure.
It is
fur
ther
em
phas
ized
in c
erta
in v
iew
s of
the
jagg
ed s
ilhou
ette
of
the
Duk
e sk
ylin
e.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. With
mod
ern
tech
nolo
gy th
ere
will
tend
to b
e le
ss v
arie
ty in
win
dow
and
doo
r ty
pes,
and
mor
e un
i-fo
rmity
in c
onst
ruct
ion.
The
rug
ged
info
rmal
ity o
f m
ost
futu
re b
uild
ing
site
s w
ill te
nd to
off
set t
his.
Eve
ryop
por-
tuni
ty s
houl
d be
take
n to
rec
all t
he v
arie
ty o
f th
e G
othi
cbu
ildin
gs, i
n pl
an a
rran
gem
ents
and
win
dow
gro
upin
gs, i
nbu
ildin
g he
ight
s an
d si
lhou
ette
s, v
arie
d st
ruct
ural
bay
s an
din
the
expr
essi
on o
f th
e va
ried
fun
ctio
ns b
eing
car
ried
onw
ithin
.T
his
vari
ety
mus
t be
capt
ured
in th
e ou
tdoo
r spa
ces
form
ed a
s w
ell a
s in
the
build
ings
them
selv
es.
In a
ppar
ent c
ontr
ast t
o va
riet
ya
stro
ng tr
aditi
on o
f vi
sual
unity
mus
t be
cont
inue
d. P
erha
ps th
e fa
ct th
at th
eva
riet
yis
a c
onsi
sten
t fea
ture
act
ually
rei
nfor
ces
the
unity
. Oth
erun
ifyi
ng f
eatu
res
will
be
in th
eus
e of
mat
eria
ls, t
he v
er-
tical
exp
ress
ion,
con
sist
ent h
uman
sca
le a
nd s
truc
tura
lex
-pr
essi
on, a
nd in
the
care
ful d
esig
n of
out
door
spac
es a
ndvi
stas
whi
ch w
eave
a th
read
of
cont
inui
ty th
roug
hout
the
cam
pus.
-15-
JAG
GE
D S
ILH
OU
ET
TE
°
4
iSSS,
"14
4 , %,",'
:...rL
"01111111immorrep 1..0111111
agengiv-- lip if
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r=i =
CO
MPO
NE
NT
S
The
var
ious
bui
ldin
g co
mpo
nent
s ar
e th
e "v
ocab
ular
y" w
ithw
hich
the
desi
red
char
acte
r m
ust b
e st
ruct
ured
.In
a li
kese
nse
the
build
ings
them
selv
es a
re th
e co
mpo
nent
s of
the
tota
l spa
tial d
efin
ition
.T
he c
hoic
e of
mos
t of
the
build
ing
com
pone
nts
mus
t res
t with
the
indi
vidu
al a
rchi
tect
s an
dB
uild
ing
Com
mitt
ee w
ho m
ust d
esig
n bu
ildin
gs to
sol
ve c
er-
tain
pro
blem
s.H
owev
er, c
erta
in o
f th
e co
mpo
nent
s w
illha
ve th
e m
ost t
o do
with
the
exte
rnal
app
eara
nce
of th
e bu
ild-
ings
, and
the
se s
houl
d be
cho
sen
with
two
impo
rtan
t con
side
r -at
ions
in m
ind:
(1)
To
solv
e th
e pr
ogra
m r
equi
rem
ents
of
the
part
icul
ar b
uild
ing,
and
, (2)
To
brin
g th
e bu
ildin
g in
to f
ocus
as a
har
mon
ious
ele
men
t of
the
tota
l cam
pus
envi
ronm
ent.
We
hope
that
the
follo
win
g su
gges
tions
will
enc
ompa
ss s
uf-
fici
ent f
lexi
bilit
y to
off
er a
n ap
prop
riat
e an
swer
to b
oth
re-
quir
emen
ts, a
nd w
ill a
llow
the
arch
itect
s to
be
crea
tive
inbo
th th
e fu
nctio
nal a
nd a
esth
etic
pha
ses
of p
lann
ing.
-16-
c C E 1..] L. 0 I] 0 C I C
STR
UC
TU
RE
The
bas
is o
f G
othi
c ar
chite
ctur
e w
asst
ruct
ural
inno
vatio
nan
dthe
bui
ldin
gs e
xpre
ssed
thei
rst
ruct
ural
ele
men
ts v
isua
l-ly
, rat
her
than
cov
erin
g th
em u
p.T
he b
asic
str
uctu
ral e
le-
men
ts w
ere
the
poin
ted
arch
and
ribb
ed v
aults
, with
the
arch
load
s ca
rrie
d to
the
grou
nd b
yco
lum
ns a
nd v
ario
us ty
pes
ofbu
ttres
ses.
The
se b
uttr
esse
s w
ere
ofte
nw
eigh
ted
dow
n by
pinn
acle
s to
ena
ble
them
to a
bsor
b ev
en g
reat
erth
rust
.T
hebu
ttres
ses
usua
lly p
roje
cted
out
from
the
exte
rior
wal
l sur
-fa
ces
and
cast
sha
dow
s on
the
wal
ls w
hich
fur
ther
hei
ghte
ned
the
vert
ical
eff
ect.
The
cap
itals
and
col
umns
wer
e sh
aped
by th
e fo
rm o
f th
e ri
bbed
arc
hes
rest
ing
on th
em. T
he s
yste
mw
as b
asic
ally
skel
eton
con
stru
ctio
n as
we
know
it to
day,
with
non-
load
bea
ring
wal
ls a
ndw
indo
ws
filli
ng in
bet
wee
n th
est
ruct
ural
ele
men
ts.
Man
y of
the
orig
inal
Duk
e bu
ildin
gsan
d es
peci
ally
the
chap
elbr
ing
fort
h th
e st
ruct
ural
exp
ress
ion
in tr
ue G
othi
c fo
rm,
but s
ome
of th
e st
one
build
ings
fail
to e
xpre
ss th
eir
stru
c-tu
re c
onsi
sten
tly.
Thi
s m
ay b
e du
e in
par
t to
the
blen
ding
qual
ities
of
the
ston
e, w
hich
cov
ers
colu
mn
and
wal
l alik
e,an
d in
par
t bec
ause
of
the
use
of s
mal
l win
dow
s in
man
yw
alls
, whi
ch g
ive
them
a m
assi
ve,
stru
ctur
eap
pear
ance
.E
ven
whe
re b
uttr
esse
s pr
ojec
t fro
mth
e w
alls
t ey
oft
en c
on-
vey
the
appe
aran
ceth
at th
ey w
ere
appl
ied
rath
erth
an in
-he
rent
str
uctu
re. T
he u
se o
f co
ntra
stin
gw
hite
lim
esto
ne o
nth
e ar
ches
has
cap
ture
d th
e st
ruct
ural
qual
ity o
f th
is f
orm
,bu
t in
man
y ca
ses
the
expr
essi
onof
ver
tical
sup
port
is lo
st.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. In
any
cont
inua
tion
of th
e G
othi
c st
yle
the
stru
ctur
e, a
nd e
spec
ially
the
vert
ical
ele
men
ts o
r co
l-um
ns, m
ust b
eco
nsis
tent
ly a
nd e
mph
atic
ally
expr
esse
d.O
ne o
r m
ore
of th
e fo
llow
ing
tech
niqu
es m
ay b
e em
ploy
ed,
depe
ndin
g on
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
requ
irem
ents
:
-17-
VA
UL
T
CO
LU
MN
BU
T T
RE
SS
AR
CH
INH
ER
EN
T S
TR
UC
TU
RE
UN
DE
FIN
ED
ST
RU
CT
UR
E
,.
CO
LU
MN
S T
UR
NE
D 4
5°
Plan
Ele
vatio
n
VA
RIE
D S
TR
UC
TU
RA
L B
AY
S
ffi S. CO
LU
MN
S A
ND
WA
LL
S O
FD
IFFE
RE
NT
MA
TE
RIA
LS
1.C
olum
ns m
ight
be
turn
ed 4
5 de
gree
s to
the
wal
lpl
ane
and
proj
ecte
d on
e-ha
lf o
f th
eir
wid
th to
the
exte
rior
of
the
wal
l to
reca
ll th
e qu
ality
of
smal
l col
umns
bun
dled
toge
ther
.
2.W
here
pla
n co
nsid
erat
ion
allo
w, t
wo
stru
ctur
alba
ys o
f di
ffer
ent d
imen
sion
cou
ld b
e es
tabl
ishe
dan
d re
peat
ed to
acc
omm
odat
e di
ffer
ent i
nter
ior
spac
e re
quir
emen
ts (
i.e.,
bedr
oom
s an
d ba
th-
room
s), t
hus
addi
ng v
arie
ty o
f fu
nctio
nal
ex-
pres
sion
and
ver
tical
ity to
the
exte
rior
.
3.T
he m
ater
ial u
sed
for
colu
mns
cou
ld b
e di
ffer
-en
t fro
m th
at u
sed
for
the
wal
l pla
nes
betw
een
colu
mns
.T
his
wou
ld g
ive
both
str
uctu
ral a
ndve
rtic
al e
mph
asis
, but
it s
houl
d be
poi
nted
out
that
this
wou
ld b
e a
depa
rtur
e fr
om th
e ex
ist-
ing
expr
essi
on (
at le
ast o
n th
e ex
teri
or)
and
wou
ld n
ot r
elat
e as
clo
sely
to e
xist
ing
build
ings
.
4.C
olum
ns (
even
if s
truc
tura
l ste
el c
olum
ns a
rere
quir
ed)
coul
d be
cla
d in
mas
onry
cove
rs.
Such
cov
erin
g w
ould
be
requ
ired
for
fir
epro
of-
ing
And
sho
uld
be e
xpre
ssed
as
a se
para
te e
ntity
for
inte
grity
.
5.T
he a
rch
form
, so
inhe
rent
to G
othi
c st
ruct
ure,
coul
d be
rec
alle
d th
roug
h m
oder
n te
chno
logy
inpr
ecas
t sto
ne o
r ev
en in
oth
er m
ater
ials
, as
afu
nctio
nal m
etho
d of
spa
nnin
g w
indo
w a
nd d
oor
open
ings
, or
as a
roo
f st
ruct
ure.
Thi
s w
ould
be e
spec
ially
app
licab
le a
t arc
ades
or
conn
ec-
tions
bet
wee
n bu
ildin
g un
its.
-18-
U
IL
i u
I
MA
TE
RIA
LS
The
thou
ghtf
ul o
rgan
izat
ion
of s
pace
s an
d sk
illfu
l exe
cutio
nof
a b
uild
ing
desi
gn a
re m
ore
impo
rtan
t con
side
ratio
ns th
anth
e ch
oice
of
mat
eria
ls. T
he m
ater
ials
cho
sen
can
rein
forc
e,ra
ther
than
det
erm
ine,
the
arch
itect
ural
cha
ract
er in
mod
ern
times
whe
n su
ch a
var
iety
of
mat
eria
ls is
ava
ilabl
e. E
ven
so, t
he c
ampu
ses
whi
ch a
ppea
r to
hav
e th
e m
ost h
omog
eneo
usqu
ality
are
thos
e su
ch a
s D
uke
whe
re th
e sa
me
mat
eria
lsha
ve b
een
empl
oyed
reg
ardl
ess
of s
tyle
cha
nges
. Con
sist
ent
use
of a
mat
eria
l with
a s
tron
g vi
sual
impa
ct p
rovi
des
a un
i-fy
ing
forc
e an
d in
som
e in
stan
ces
impl
ies
a co
ntin
uity
of
styl
ew
hich
doe
sn't
real
ly e
xist
.
The
terr
ain
of th
e ca
mpu
s di
ctat
es a
phy
sica
l sep
arat
ion
offu
ture
add
ition
s an
d ca
lls f
or u
nity
with
in th
ese
new
gro
ups
as w
ell a
s co
nsid
erat
ion
for
the
esse
nce
of th
e st
yle
alre
ady
begu
n. T
he s
tone
fro
m D
uke'
s qu
arry
wou
ld b
e on
e m
ater
ial
that
cou
ld b
e co
ntin
ued
to in
sure
har
mon
y of
the
old
with
the
new
, but
new
way
s of
usi
ng th
e st
one
shou
ld b
e in
vest
igat
edto
take
adv
anta
ge o
f ad
vanc
es in
bui
ldin
g te
chno
logy
. Oth
erm
ater
ials
whi
ch a
re s
tron
g de
term
inan
ts o
f th
e D
uke
cam
pus
char
acte
r ar
e th
e w
hite
lim
esto
ne tr
im, t
he d
ark
win
dow
san
d th
e sl
ate
wal
ks.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. Mod
ern
met
hods
sho
uld
be u
tiliz
ed to
achi
eve
unity
thro
ugh
the
use
of th
e ba
sic
mat
eria
ls a
lrea
dyin
use
in th
e G
othi
c qu
adra
ngle
.
1.T
he c
ontr
astin
g us
e of
the
dark
gra
y D
uke
ston
ean
d th
e w
hite
lim
esto
ne c
ould
be
achi
eved
inei
ther
of
the
follo
win
g w
ays:
a. S
truc
ture
and
pri
ncip
al p
lana
r el
emen
ts in
Duk
e st
one,
with
win
dow
fra
mes
and
non
-be
arin
g pa
nel w
alls
in li
ght l
imes
tone
.b.
Str
uctu
re in
ligh
t sto
ne, p
anel
wal
ls a
ndot
her
non-
bear
ing
surf
aces
in D
uke
ston
e.
-19-
UN
ITY
OF
MA
TE
RIA
LS
SLA
TE
WA
LK
S
DU
KE
ST
ON
E P
AN
EL
S
'Mr
Ibr
.4.1
101.
.1.
;giti
otlh
olvo
w00
0141
,4/
wIs
t an
Imm
o/)7
Zir
aiau
s.2;
;III
Am
l...=
="
Mem
lf A
...1
1O
r,rit
! Atz
_l°
attn
. at..
...=
st,O
,OV
IL S
W/ S
WA
T-a
'WT
I! W
anw
hew
1m
1 ef
- -
LA
ID U
P D
UK
E S
TO
NE
DA
RK
WIN
DO
WS
Eith
er c
ombi
natio
n m
ight
be
valid
, but
sho
uld
not b
em
ixed
in th
e sa
me
build
ing
grou
p.
2. T
he D
uke
ston
e sh
ould
be
a pr
inci
pal e
lem
ent o
f al
lfu
ture
arc
hite
ctur
e; h
owev
er, m
oder
n te
chno
logy
will
prov
ide
man
y m
ore
econ
omic
al a
pplic
atio
ns th
an th
epa
st m
etho
ds o
f la
ying
up
by h
and.
Am
ong
thes
e w
ere
com
men
d pa
nels
of
the
crus
hed
or c
ut s
tone
pre-
cast
in c
oncr
ete
pane
ls. T
hese
cou
ld e
mpl
oy a
var
ie-
ty o
f ag
greg
ate
size
s an
d pa
ttern
s, p
anel
siz
es a
ndca
st jo
iner
y de
tails
.O
ther
tech
niqu
es o
f po
ured
-in-
plac
e co
ncre
te w
ith e
xpos
ed s
tone
agg
rega
te c
ould
also
be
inve
stig
ated
.
3. A
tech
niqu
e w
hich
cou
ld b
e em
ploy
ed to
rec
all t
he e
x-is
ting
use
of th
e D
uke
ston
e w
ould
be
to u
se a
larg
e(6
to 8
in.)
agg
rega
te in
pre
cast
wal
l pan
els,
and
asm
all (
1 to
2 in
.) a
ggre
gate
in p
anel
s to
be
used
tocl
ad th
e co
lum
ns.
4. A
var
iety
of
light
or
dark
col
ored
pre
cast
ele
men
tsco
uld
be m
ass
prod
uced
for
win
dow
and
doo
r op
enin
gs.
5. T
he D
uke
ston
e co
uld
be u
sed
in th
e pr
esen
t lai
d-up
man
ner
for
reta
inin
g w
alls
and
bui
ldin
g w
alls
whe
rebu
dget
per
mits
.
6. T
he u
se o
f sl
ate
wal
ks m
ust b
e co
ntin
ued
to a
nd w
ith-
in n
ew b
uild
ing
grou
ps.
Thi
s is
a d
elig
htfu
l uni
fyin
gel
emen
t.
Futu
re p
itche
d ro
ofs
mus
t util
ize
stan
ding
sea
m m
etal
cove
ring
or
gray
tile
as
used
on
exis
ting
roof
s.
Dar
k gr
ay g
lare
red
ucin
g gl
ass
shou
ld b
e us
ed in
all
win
dow
s (w
ith th
e ex
cept
ion
of th
ose
whi
ch m
ight
re-
ceiv
e st
aine
d gl
ass
or o
ther
art
istic
trea
tmen
t).
-20-
L-.
CO
LO
R
The
col
or o
f th
ebu
ildin
gs in
the
Got
hic
com
plex
has
a c
ha-
mel
eon-
like
qual
ity.
At c
lose
han
d, th
ein
divi
dual
sto
nes
are
rust
red
, ora
nge
and
slat
e gr
ay a
nd th
ero
ofs
are
mot
-tle
d sh
ades
of
gray
-blu
etil
e.T
his
over
all e
ffec
t is
one
of
brill
iant
col
or.
From
a d
ista
nce,
eve
n a
shor
t dis
tanc
ew
ithin
the
quad
rang
le, t
hese
colo
rs f
use
into
a w
arm
, som
-be
r gr
ay -
- a
gray
that
blen
ds h
arm
onio
usly
with
the
tree
trun
ks a
nd g
reen
fol
iage
.T
his
appa
rent
illu
sion
is a
dem
on-
stra
tion
of th
e po
intil
list
theo
ry o
f pa
intin
g w
ithdo
ts o
f co
lor
and
allo
win
g th
e ey
e to
mix
the
colo
rs in
to th
efi
nal h
ue th
atis
tran
smitt
ed to
the
min
d. A
ppro
achi
ng th
e ca
mpu
s, o
neis
impr
esse
d by
the
som
ber
dign
ity o
f th
e bu
ildin
gs.
The
cho
ice
of th
e st
rong
red
bric
k fo
r th
ebu
ildin
gs w
est o
fth
e G
othi
c m
all w
as a
disr
uptiv
e on
e, e
spec
ially
with
thei
rco
ntra
stin
g w
hite
col
umns
and
pane
ls.
The
sha
rp c
ontr
ast
is in
com
patib
le w
ithth
e bl
endi
ng q
ualit
y of
the
ston
e ar
chi-
tect
ure.
It c
reat
es a
n im
pres
sion
mor
eap
prop
riat
e to
the
form
al G
eorg
ian
arch
itect
ure
of th
e ea
st c
ampu
s. A
t cer
-ta
in p
oint
s on
the
cam
pus
the
red
bric
k bu
ildin
gsan
d th
est
one
build
ings
can
be s
een
toge
ther
, and
the
disc
orda
ncy
ism
ost o
bvio
us.
The
app
eara
nce
of th
eda
rk w
indo
ws
is v
ery
suita
ble
for
the
arch
itect
ure
but g
ray
glas
sw
ould
be
even
mor
eef
fect
ive
sinc
e it
wou
ld e
limin
ate
the
view
of
whi
te v
enet
ian
blin
ds in
win
dow
s di
rect
ly li
t by
sunl
ight
. Whe
n th
is o
ccur
s,th
e de
-si
red
effe
ct o
f da
rkop
enin
gs is
des
troy
ed.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.A
ll ne
w b
uild
ings
sho
uld
resp
ect t
hew
arm
, dig
nifi
ed g
ray
qual
ity o
f th
e ex
istin
g st
one
build
ings
.T
he c
ontr
astin
g an
dm
inor
ligh
t sto
ne s
houl
d be
used
insi
mila
r pr
opor
tions
.T
he d
ark
win
dow
s sh
ould
be r
ecal
led
in g
lare
red
ucin
g gl
ass
orde
ep r
eces
ses.
Con
tras
ting
colo
r sc
hem
es, s
uch
asre
d or
whi
te b
rick
or
colo
redp
re-
fabr
icat
ed o
r pa
inte
d pa
nels
fnu
stbe
rel
igio
usly
avo
ided
.-2
1-
Ooe
cte,
006
04.
4541
elec
afi
c.°4
1)D
6,0
t)%
,.."
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64
Ch4
W$
00 0
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iria
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° 9)
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ibo
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di..0
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-ate
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A/b
os
POIN
TIL
LIS
T C
OL
OR
Com
plem
enta
ry C
olor
s M
ixed
Mak
e a
Neu
tral
Col
or.
DA
RK
WIN
DO
WS
VE
RT
ICA
LL
Y P
RO
POR
TIO
NE
D P
LA
NE
S
Ele
vatio
n
Plan
PLA
NA
R E
MPH
ASI
S
PLA
NE
S
The
arc
hite
ctur
e of
Duk
e ex
pres
ses
a pl
anar
em
phas
is. L
ook-
ing
at th
e to
tal o
f th
e bu
ildin
gs, t
he d
etai
ls o
f w
indo
ws,
orna
-m
ent a
nd m
ater
ials
oft
en b
ecom
e in
cide
nts
with
in v
ertic
ally
prop
ortio
ned
plan
es th
at d
efin
e in
teri
or a
nd e
xter
ior
spac
es.
The
se w
ell d
efin
ed w
all p
anel
s re
info
rce
the
vert
ical
ity o
fth
e ar
chite
ctur
e, b
ut te
nd to
dilu
te th
e st
ruct
ural
exp
ress
ion.
The
exc
eptio
n ag
ain
is th
e ch
apel
, whe
re th
e st
ruct
ural
ele
-m
ents
pro
ject
bey
ond
the
wal
l sur
face
s. I
n m
any
of th
e bu
ild-
ings
the
stru
ctur
e is
not
pro
min
ent a
nd th
e w
all p
lane
s,es
-pe
cial
ly g
able
d en
ds a
nd to
wer
s do
min
ate
the
view
.
In G
othi
c ar
chite
ctur
e m
any
wal
l pla
nes
wer
e gi
ven
to la
rge
win
dow
are
as a
nd r
eces
sed
back
of
the
prin
cipa
l str
uctu
ral
colu
mns
and
tow
ers,
thus
red
ucin
g th
eir
mas
sive
ness
.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. The
pla
nar
emph
asis
of
exis
ting
build
-in
gs s
houl
d be
con
tinue
d, w
ith th
is im
port
ant a
dmon
ition
:th
at c
are
mus
t be
take
n to
vis
ually
dif
fere
ntia
te b
etw
een
stru
ctur
al a
nd n
on-l
oad
bear
ing
elem
ents
.T
his
may
be
ac-
com
plis
hed
thro
ugh
a ch
ange
in m
ater
ials
or
text
ure
or a
chan
ge in
pla
ne b
y pr
ojec
ting
the
stru
ctur
al c
olum
ns o
ut b
e-yo
nd th
e w
all p
lane
. Pla
n sh
ould
be
give
n ve
rtic
alpr
opor
-tio
ns w
here
ver
poss
ible
.O
ff-s
ets
in p
lane
bet
wee
n va
riou
sty
pes
of r
oom
s or
fun
ctio
ns w
ill p
erm
it a
chan
ge in
pla
ne in
elev
atio
n an
d fu
rthe
r re
info
rce
this
qua
lity.
-22-
RO
OFS
The
pitc
hed
roof
s on
man
yof
the
Got
hic
build
ings
ser
vetw
o
visu
al p
urpo
ses.
The
firs
t is
to ti
e to
geth
er a
llth
e sm
alle
rsh
afts
, dor
mer
s,an
d oc
tago
nal p
iers
ben
eath
them
. Sec
ond-
ly, b
ecau
seof
thei
r cl
osen
ess
inco
lor
and
text
ure
to th
ew
alls
, the
y te
ndto
rea
d as
a c
ontin
uatio
nof
the
wal
l, gi
ving
the
build
ings
an
adde
dve
rtic
al e
ffec
t.T
his
roof
pla
ne o
ften
does
not
app
ear
pitc
hed
and
also
cre
ates
inte
rior
spa
cew
hich
is d
iffi
cult
to u
tiliz
e.A
noth
er f
eatu
re o
f th
e ro
oflin
e of
Duk
eis
its
man
y-to
wer
ed p
rofi
le.
The
pla
cem
ent o
f to
wer
s at
the
inte
rsec
tion
of b
uild
ings
and
the
cent
ral t
ower
of
the
chap
elco
ntri
bute
to th
is.
Chi
mne
y po
ts a
lso
add
to th
e fe
elin
g of
aja
gged
silh
ouet
te,
whi
ch is
typi
cal o
f G
othi
car
chite
ctur
e.C
lose
ly r
elat
ed to
the
roof
line
are
the
cren
elat
ed w
all t
ops
that
con
tain
the
roof
pla
nean
d se
rve
as o
peni
ngs
for
the
dow
nspo
uts.
Fro
m m
any
view
s th
ese
"bat
tlem
ents
" ar
e a
mor
e do
min
ant
feat
ure
than
the
roof
s.T
hese
thre
e pr
in-
cipa
l fea
ture
sof
the
Duk
e ro
ofsc
ape;
pitc
hed
roof
s, to
wer
s,an
d ba
ttlem
ents
, pro
duce
an
over
all i
mpr
essi
on o
f va
riet
yw
hich
is a
n ho
nest
inhe
rita
nce
from
Got
hic
arch
itect
ure.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.B
oth
flat
and
pitc
hed
roof
s sh
ould
be
used
whe
re a
ppro
pria
teto
the
build
ing
plan
and
site
. Am
ixtu
re o
f ro
of ty
pes
will
rein
forc
e th
e qu
ality
of
vari
ety.
The
jagg
ed s
ilhou
ette
of th
e G
othi
c qu
adra
ngle
shou
ld b
e re
-ca
lled
thro
ugh
the
vari
ety
of r
oofs
and
bui
ldin
g he
ight
san
dth
roug
h th
e ve
rtic
alex
tens
ion
of s
tair
wel
ls a
nd p
ipe
chas
esin
the
fam
iliar
tow
er f
orm
.G
roup
ing
vent
sw
here
allo
wed
by th
e pl
anw
ill p
erm
it th
em to
be
atle
ast p
artia
lly e
nclo
s-ed
in to
wer
s w
ith p
arap
ets
whi
ch p
rovi
de a
vis
ual
and
func
-tio
nal u
se.
Pitc
hed
roof
s of
met
al m
ight
logi
cally
be u
sed
over
nar
row
bui
ldin
gs o
run
its w
ith s
impl
e fu
nctio
nsan
dm
inim
um n
eed
for
expo
sed
mec
hani
cal e
lem
ents
, i. e
., ov
ercl
assr
oom
s, o
ffic
es, o
r do
rmito
ryro
oms.
Thi
s m
ight
be
the
mos
t ple
asin
g de
sign
whe
re b
uild
ings
will
be
built
inva
lleys
and
ofte
n vi
ewed
fro
m a
bove
.
-23-
.
RO
OFS
AN
D W
AL
LS
of s
imila
r co
lor
and
text
ure
MA
NY
TO
WE
RE
D P
RO
FIL
E
/01
I t1
VA
RIE
TY
OF
RO
OF
TY
PES
1;w
ig
tee
VA
RIE
TY
OF
WIN
DO
W T
YPE
S A
ND
GR
OU
PS
WIN
DO
WS
Win
dow
s of
ten
have
a g
reat
er e
ffec
ton
the
tota
l cha
ract
er o
fa
build
ing
than
is c
onsc
ious
ly r
ealiz
ed. T
heir
eff
ect i
s of
ten
subt
le, b
ut th
ey m
ay b
e th
e fa
ctor
whi
ch le
aves
the
impr
es-
sion
that
a b
uild
ing
is "
old-
fash
ione
d"or
"m
oder
n". T
hey
can
assu
me
a va
riet
y of
cha
ract
eris
tics:
they
can
app
ear
solid
or
tran
spar
ent;
they
can
app
ear
as p
lane
s or
hol
es, a
slig
ht o
r da
rk, a
s pr
ojec
tions
or
rece
sses
. A b
ay o
f w
indo
ws
may
con
vey
the
impr
essi
on o
f on
e la
rge
win
dow
or
man
ysm
all o
nes.
Win
dow
s m
ay m
ake
a bu
ildin
g se
em s
impl
e an
ddi
rect
, or
com
plex
and
clu
ttere
d.
In G
othi
c ar
chite
ctur
e th
e w
indo
ws
rece
ived
a w
ide
vari
ety
oftr
eatm
ent.
The
loca
tion
of w
indo
ws
in th
e fa
cade
was
like
lyto
take
on
a ra
ndom
pat
tern
bec
ause
thei
r lo
catio
nw
as d
e-te
rmin
ed b
y th
e re
quir
emen
ts o
f th
e pl
an r
athe
r th
an b
y vi
su-
al s
ymm
etry
as
in la
ter
Ren
aiss
ance
and
Geo
rgia
n ar
chite
c-tu
re.
The
win
dow
s w
ere
also
like
ly to
be
quite
larg
e, f
illin
gth
e en
tire
bay
betw
een
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ents
. In
man
y of
the
Duk
e bu
ildin
gs th
e tr
eatm
ent o
f w
indo
ws
refl
ects
mor
e of
aR
enai
ssan
ce a
nd e
ven
Geo
rgia
n in
flue
nce
than
Got
hic.
Thi
sm
ay h
ave
been
a c
onsc
ious
atte
mpt
to c
aptu
re s
ome
of th
ech
arac
ter
of th
e ol
d T
rini
ty C
olle
geon
the
new
cam
pus.
The
pro
port
ions
of
Got
hic
win
dow
s,ev
en w
here
gro
uped
inho
rizo
ntal
bay
s, a
nd th
e po
inte
d ar
chov
er m
any
of th
em te
n-de
d to
rei
nfor
ce th
e sp
irit
of v
ertic
ality
.
Gre
at s
kill
will
be
requ
ired
in h
andl
ing
win
dow
s in
fut
ure
build
ing
desi
gn.
The
y m
ust r
emai
n a
true
exp
ress
ion
offu
nctio
n an
d sk
elet
on c
onst
ruct
ion,
as in
Got
hic
arch
itect
ure,
and
yet n
ot c
reat
e a
bree
ch f
rom
the
char
acte
r of
the
exis
t-in
g st
one
build
ings
.
-24-
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.
1.W
here
pos
sibl
e, w
indo
ws
shou
ld b
e gr
oupe
dra
ther
than
isol
ated
as
"pun
ched
hol
es."
2.W
indo
ws
shou
ld b
e ex
pres
sed
as v
ertic
ally
pro
-po
rtio
ned
entit
ies
no m
atte
r w
hat t
he o
vera
lldi
men
sion
of
the
win
dow
or
grou
p.
3.W
indo
ws
and
door
s sh
ould
be
rece
ssed
whe
r-ev
er p
ossi
ble
to r
ecal
l the
dee
p vo
ids
of th
e ex
-is
ting
ston
e bu
ildin
gs.
4.T
he v
arie
ty o
f ro
om u
ses
or f
unct
iona
l req
uire
-m
ents
sho
uld
be e
xpre
ssed
by
the
vari
ety
ofw
indo
w tr
eatm
ent i
n th
e bu
ildin
g fa
cade
.
5.D
ark
glar
e re
duci
ng g
lass
sho
uld
be u
sed
to r
e-ta
in th
e pr
esen
t win
dow
cha
ract
er w
hich
may
be
com
pare
d to
that
of
the
subj
ect t
o th
e ba
ckgr
ound
of a
pai
ntin
g.
It s
houl
d be
not
ed th
at w
indo
ws
no lo
nger
nee
d to
fun
ctio
n as
a co
mpr
omis
e be
twee
n th
e re
quir
emen
ts o
f ve
ntila
tion,
ligh
tan
d vi
ews.
Mec
hani
cal v
entil
atio
n an
d lig
htin
g ar
e su
peri
or,
and
win
dow
s ca
n fu
nctio
n pu
rely
as
view
ing
(and
vie
wed
) el
e-m
ents
.
-25-
I
Win
dow
s Sh
ould
Be
Gro
uped
Not
Iso
late
d
1
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VIM r-- r--- -1 ri MINI
111
CO
MPO
SIT
ION
It is
in th
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
the
sele
cted
com
pone
nts
that
the
skill
of
the
desi
gner
will
be
mos
t sev
erel
y te
sted
. The
tech
-ni
ques
whi
ch m
ay b
e re
quir
ed in
indi
vidu
al c
ases
are
diff
i-cu
lt to
ant
icip
ate,
but
a r
evie
w o
f th
e pr
inci
pal o
bjec
tives
may
be h
elpf
ul.
-z6-
U r Li J D
AD
DIT
IVE
QU
AL
ITY
Got
hic
arch
itect
ure
has
a hi
ghly
dev
elop
ed a
dditi
ve q
ualit
yw
hich
is o
ne o
f th
e ch
ief
sour
ces
of it
s ch
arm
.B
uild
ings
and
elem
ents
of
build
ings
whi
ch a
re c
ompl
ete
entit
ies
in th
em-
selv
es a
re a
ttach
ed to
geth
er in
a v
arie
ty o
f w
ays
with
out a
rigi
d fo
rmul
a.T
his
is a
ref
lect
ion
of th
e m
anne
r in
whi
chG
othi
c bu
ildin
gs w
ere
built
up
over
per
iods
of
deca
des
and
even
cen
turi
es b
efor
e a
proj
ect w
as c
ompl
eted
. Som
etim
esar
cade
s jo
in b
uild
ings
, som
etim
es a
sin
gle
arch
join
s th
em,
and
som
etim
es th
ey b
utt a
t 90
degr
ees.
Lik
ewis
e, th
e va
ri-
ous
smal
ler
entit
ies
such
as
win
dow
s an
d co
lum
ns a
re a
dded
,or
gro
uped
into
the
size
or
quan
tity
need
ed f
or th
e jo
b at
hand
, rat
her
than
mer
ely
bein
g a
sing
le la
rger
ele
men
t whi
chha
s lo
st it
s sc
ale.
Thi
s ch
arac
teri
stic
is in
con
tras
t to
som
e bu
ildin
g ty
pes
inw
hich
a v
olum
e or
cub
e is
impl
ied,
fro
m w
hich
cor
ners
,sl
ots
and
hole
s ha
ve b
een
subt
ract
ed.
Som
e of
the
new
erbu
ildin
gs o
n th
e ca
mpu
s, b
oth
in s
tone
and
bri
ck, t
end
to-
war
d th
e la
tter
char
acte
r.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. The
des
ign
of e
ach
new
bui
ldin
g or
gro
upsh
ould
be
appr
oach
ed a
s a
proc
ess
of jo
inin
g to
geth
er m
any
smal
l com
pone
nts
as d
escr
ibed
abo
ve r
athe
r th
an a
s a
pro-
cess
of
mol
ding
or
carv
ing
away
at a
larg
e sc
ulpt
ural
obj
ect.
-27-
AD
DIT
IVE
IL
i
SUB
TR
AC
TIV
E
it*;
illV
s's
JOIN
ER
Y O
F B
UIL
DIN
GS
JOIN
ER
Y O
F M
AT
ER
IAL
S
JOIN
ER
Y
Tw
o ca
tago
ries
of
join
ery
are
of in
tere
st to
this
stu
dy: t
hejo
inin
g of
the
prin
cipa
l bui
ldin
g fo
rms,
and
the
deta
ils o
fco
nnec
ting
mat
eria
ls.
The
add
itive
com
posi
tion
of b
uild
ing
com
pone
nts,
and
the
conn
ectio
n of
bui
ldin
gs th
roug
h ar
cade
san
d w
alks
, aro
und
cour
ts a
nd p
leas
ant o
pen
spac
es r
esul
tsin
a h
arm
onio
us a
nd a
ppea
ling
who
le in
the
Duk
e qu
adra
ngle
.
At t
he d
etai
l lev
el, j
oine
ry h
as n
ot b
een
trea
ted
with
such
sens
itivi
ty.
For
exam
ple,
in s
ome
build
ings
littl
e ef
fort
has
been
mad
e to
rel
ate
mor
tar
join
ts in
the
ston
e w
alls
toth
ose
in a
djac
ent q
uoin
s, o
r w
indo
w f
ram
es.
Eco
nom
icpr
essu
res
and
a de
clin
e of
han
d cr
afts
man
ship
hav
e re
sulte
din
a r
egre
ssio
n of
det
ail q
ualit
y in
join
ery
as w
ell a
s in
orna
men
tatio
n.
One
str
ikin
g qu
ality
at D
uke
is th
e ty
pe o
f m
orta
r jo
iner
yus
ed in
the
ston
e w
alls
.T
he c
ontr
ast o
f th
e w
hite
mor
tar
and
dark
sto
ne, a
nd th
e un
ique
pro
ject
ion
of th
e m
orta
r be
-yo
nd th
e st
one
give
a v
ery
dist
inct
ive
appe
aran
ce a
t clo
sera
nge.
Thi
s an
d ot
her
deta
ils o
f jo
iner
y gi
ve a
n ef
fect
of
"app
lique
tech
niqu
e."
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. Aga
in th
e ob
ject
ive
is to
exe
rcis
e ca
rean
d se
nsiti
vity
in th
e jo
inin
g of
the
addi
tive
entit
ies
com
pos-
ing
the
arch
itect
ure,
whe
ther
it is
the
join
ing
of tw
o st
ones
or tw
o bu
ildin
gs.
Join
ing
tech
niqu
es s
houl
d be
dev
elop
edw
hich
are
sui
tabl
e fo
r th
e m
ater
ials
bei
ng jo
ined
and
con
tri-
bute
to th
e ap
pear
ance
of
the
who
le. A
car
eful
stu
dy o
f jo
ints
in e
leva
tion
and
sect
ion
shou
ld b
e m
ade
so th
at th
e ov
eral
lpa
ttern
can
be
rela
ted
and
emph
asiz
ed to
enr
ich
the
build
ing.
Bui
ldin
g gr
oups
mus
t be
care
fully
arr
ange
d an
d co
nnec
ted
ina
vari
ety
of w
ays
to r
esul
t in
a ha
rmon
ious
who
le.
-28-
U 9
G
SPA
CE
S &
VO
IDS
The
arr
ange
men
t of
build
ings
sha
pes
outd
oor
spac
es. F
ur-
ther
mor
e, s
ome
build
ing
com
pone
nts
form
voi
ds, o
r sp
aces
,w
hich
app
ear
as a
pen
etra
tion
into
or
thro
ugh
the
build
ing
mas
s. T
hese
cha
ract
eris
tics
are
an im
port
ant e
lem
ent o
fto
tal a
rchi
tect
ural
set
ting.
At D
uke,
the
arca
des
join
ing
vari
ous
build
ings
aro
und
the
quad
rang
le c
reat
e vo
ids
in th
e en
clos
ure
of th
at o
utdo
orro
om, w
hich
offe
r an
inte
rest
ing
pene
trat
ion
into
oth
ersp
aces
.T
he e
ffec
t of
this
gre
at s
pace
, ver
y ne
arly
, but
neve
r qu
ite c
onta
ined
, has
a s
tron
g im
pact
and
sho
uld
be r
e-ca
lled
in f
utur
e bu
ildin
g gr
oups
.
Inte
rest
ingl
y en
ough
, the
win
dow
s in
the
Duk
e bu
ildin
gs, b
yvi
rtue
of
thei
r da
rk h
ue a
nd e
xten
sive
sto
ne a
nd le
ad jo
iner
y,ap
pear
mor
e as
solid
obj
ects
than
as
void
s.L
ikew
ise,
join
ts w
hich
oft
en c
an b
e ex
pres
sed
as v
oids
or
reve
als,
are
give
n th
e op
posi
te tr
eatm
ent i
n th
e D
uke
build
ings
, bei
ngei
ther
rai
sed
or f
lush
.
The
spa
ces
betw
een
build
ings
may
be
thou
ght o
f as
thre
e ge
n-er
al ty
pes:
(1)
Tho
se o
ccur
ring
whe
re th
e lo
catio
n of
the
build
ing
was
con
side
red
firs
t, an
d th
e vo
id w
as g
ener
ated
mor
e or
less
inci
dent
ally
. The
se c
an b
e co
nsid
ered
as
"for
-tu
itous
voi
ds",
and
occ
ur m
ost f
requ
ently
as
smal
l irr
egu-
lar
nook
s cr
eate
d by
the
vari
ed p
lan
shap
es o
f th
e bu
ildin
gs.
The
y of
ten
add
a pl
easa
nt v
arie
ty a
nd s
urpr
ise
aspe
ct to
the
envi
ronm
ent,
and
are
usua
lly in
form
al a
nd in
timat
e in
cha
r-ac
ter.
(2)
Tho
se d
esig
ned
prim
arily
as
spac
es o
r ou
tdoo
rro
oms,
in w
hich
the
build
ings
ser
ve th
e sp
ace
by e
nclo
sing
it, s
uch
as th
e m
ain
quad
rang
le.
The
se "
delib
erat
e vo
ids"
may
be c
onta
ined
par
tly b
y bu
ildin
gs a
nd p
artly
by
void
s of
-29-
,,
VO
IDS
Pene
trat
ion
Thr
ough
And
Int
o B
uild
ings
PLA
N V
IEW
S1.
Voi
d
2.
Voi
d
3.
^ , .
....
-, ..
.._ ..
.
acci
dent
al f
orm
but
stil
l ret
ain
thei
r po
sitiv
e sp
atia
l def
ini-
tion.
Suc
h ar
eas
are
mor
e fo
rmal
and
mon
umen
tal i
n ch
ar-
acte
r; th
ough
the
dorm
itory
cou
rtya
rds
have
a v
ery
hum
ansc
ale.
(3)
The
thir
d ty
pe o
f ou
tdoo
r sp
ace
foun
d on
the
cam
-pu
s m
ay b
e th
ough
t of
as a
for
tuito
us v
oid,
but
it is
opp
osite
in c
hara
cter
to th
e fi
rst t
ype
desc
ribe
d.In
this
cas
e bu
ild-
ings
are
dro
pped
into
, and
dis
rupt
the
spac
e as
has
occ
urre
dw
ith th
e ne
wer
red
bri
ck b
uild
ings
.
The
mon
umen
tal s
cale
of
the
mai
n qu
adra
ngle
is b
roke
ndo
wn
bytr
ees,
sid
ewal
ks, c
hain
bar
rier
s an
d ot
her
furn
iture
into
mea
ning
ful s
pace
s of
mor
e hu
man
sca
le.
The
re is
ast
artli
ng d
iffe
renc
e in
this
spa
ce b
etw
een
sum
mer
and
win
-te
r, w
ith th
e ch
ange
in f
oila
ge.
In th
e w
inte
r th
e vo
lum
e is
over
pow
erin
g; in
the
sum
mer
, int
imat
e.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. One
of
the
mos
t im
port
ant v
irtu
es o
f th
eD
uke
cam
pus
is th
e pl
easa
nt c
ombi
natio
n of
spa
ces
form
ing
and
form
ed b
y th
e ar
rang
emen
t of
build
ings
in th
e qu
ad-
rang
le.
Thi
s ch
arac
teri
stic
mus
t be
capt
ured
in n
ewbu
ild-
ing
grou
ps in
ord
er to
ret
ain
the
spir
it of
the
Duk
e ca
mpu
s.A
t bot
h th
e de
tail
and
build
ing
grou
p le
vel a
con
scio
us s
tudy
mus
t be
mad
e of
the
"em
pty"
spa
ces
and
void
s cr
eate
d, a
sw
ell a
s th
e so
lid b
uild
ings
and
com
pone
nts
bein
g as
sem
bled
.V
oids
suc
h as
win
dow
s m
ust b
e de
sign
ed to
impa
rt th
e sa
me
dark
, sol
id q
ualit
y th
at th
ey d
o in
the
exis
ting
build
ings
.A
ll th
e ou
tdoo
r sp
aces
for
med
by
build
ings
mus
t be
stud
ied
for
thei
r fo
rmal
or
info
rmal
qua
litie
s, a
nd th
eir
rela
tion
toa
hum
an o
r m
onum
enta
l sca
le.
The
out
door
roo
ms
mus
t be
care
fully
wov
en to
geth
er to
pul
l the
cam
pus
into
a u
nifi
edan
d pl
easi
ng w
hole
. The
app
roac
h m
ust b
e to
atte
mpt
to e
n-ha
nce
outd
oor
spac
e w
ith b
uild
ing
addi
tions
; not
to d
isru
pt it
,an
d to
enh
ance
bui
ldin
gs w
ith th
e va
riou
s vo
id'S
, rev
eals
, and
pene
trat
ions
; not
to c
lutte
r or
litte
r th
em.
-30-
-IL
I',-,
-
TE
RM
INA
TIO
N
Ano
ther
impo
rtan
t asp
ect o
f th
e to
tal a
rchi
tect
ural
impa
ct is
the
qual
ity o
f te
rmin
atio
n, o
r th
e m
anne
r in
whi
ch b
uild
ings
,co
mpo
nent
s an
d sp
aces
are
end
ed.
In o
vera
ll pl
an th
e or
igin
al c
once
pt w
as a
qua
dran
gle
with
apr
ecis
e ed
ge.
Hor
izon
tal t
erm
inat
ion
of s
pace
s se
ems
to b
ein
here
nt.
Futu
re g
row
th m
ust t
hen
occu
r in
rep
etiti
ons
ofbu
ildin
g gr
oups
with
this
sam
e qu
ality
rat
her
than
as
exte
n-si
ons
adde
d to
the
exis
ting
quad
rang
le.
The
bui
ldin
gs a
re c
ompo
sed
of s
mal
ler
units
whi
ch te
nd to
be
extr
uded
ver
tical
ly,
The
refo
re, t
he m
ain
term
inat
ion
prob
-le
m o
ccur
s at
gro
unds
and
roo
f, w
hich
cou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
as th
e en
ds o
f th
e ve
rtic
al c
ompo
sitio
n. A
t the
gro
und
ther
eis
littl
e so
phis
ticat
ed e
ndin
g ef
fect
.T
he g
roun
d pl
ane
butts
the
build
ing
and
the
90 d
egre
e ch
ange
of
plan
e is
suf
fici
ent
to e
nd th
e bu
ildin
g.(T
his
cont
rast
s w
ith b
uild
ings
whi
chha
ve th
e fi
rst f
loor
fac
ade
trea
ted
diff
eren
tly, o
r w
hich
are
rais
ed o
n "s
tilts
" ab
ove
the
grou
nd le
vel.)
Occ
asio
nally
ef-
fect
s su
ch a
s gi
rt c
ours
es, a
rche
d do
orw
ays
and
enla
rge-
men
t at f
ound
atio
n te
nd to
giv
e ad
ditio
nal t
erm
inat
ion
at th
ebo
ttom
.
The
pitc
hed
roof
s, w
ith th
eir
sim
ilari
ty to
the
wal
ls in
tex-
ture
and
hue
, app
ear
mor
e as
a w
hittl
ing
away
of
the
mas
sth
an a
s a
term
inat
ion.
The
cre
nela
ted
para
pets
or
battl
e-m
ents
and
tow
er s
ilhou
ette
s gi
ve a
def
inite
, if
jagg
ed, t
oat
the
tops
of
the
build
ings
.
The
gab
led
ends
whi
ch o
ccur
so
ofte
n in
the
build
ing
com
plex
give
mor
e of
a te
rmin
al e
ffec
t in
the
hori
zont
al d
irec
tion
-31-
TE
RM
INA
TIO
N
of S
pace
in Q
uadr
angl
e
TE
RM
INA
TIO
N
of B
uild
ings
at G
roun
d an
d R
oof
*:.
0:.%
. ;:t
% -
.*:
.:.
f . :
:,..
: ...
*:::.
......
:.:
-.
Bui
ldin
gs S
houl
d H
ave
a So
lid M
eetin
gW
ith T
he G
roun
d an
d a
Jagg
edM
eetin
gW
ith T
he S
ky.
than
is a
ctua
lly in
here
nt in
the
plan
s of
the
build
ing.
The
sear
e, in
a s
ense
, a te
mpo
rary
endi
ng; e
ach
actu
ally
aff
ords
a pl
ace
whe
re a
bui
ldin
gad
ditio
n co
uld
be a
ttach
ed.
The
wal
l pla
nes
are
gene
rally
not
str
ongl
y te
rmin
ated
. At
mos
t cor
ners
they
turn
with
littl
e ar
ticul
atio
n. A
t win
dow
san
d do
ors
ther
e is
a c
hang
e of
mat
eria
ls b
ut th
e tw
o ar
em
eshe
d (q
uoin
ed)
in th
e sa
me
plan
e.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.It
is im
port
ant t
o en
d a
build
ing,
mat
e-ri
al o
r sp
ace
thou
ghtf
ully
.C
are
mus
t be
take
n to
rec
all
the
solid
del
iber
ated
man
ner
in w
hich
the
Got
hic
build
ings
mee
t the
gro
und,
and
the
jagg
ed s
ilhou
ette
of
thei
r m
eetin
gw
ith th
e sk
y.B
uild
ings
and
spa
ces
do n
ot e
nd in
a v
acuu
m;
they
mee
t oth
er b
uild
ings
, spa
ces
or o
bjec
ts. T
his
term
in-
atio
n m
ust b
e ap
proa
ched
as
a fo
rm o
f jo
iner
y. E
ach
build
-in
g el
evat
ion
mus
t be
stud
ied
as th
e en
d of
an
outd
oor
room
,an
d as
the
mee
ting
of s
olid
s an
d vo
ids,
not
mer
ely
as a
fa-
cade
. The
bui
ldin
g gr
oups
mus
t be
arra
nged
to e
nclo
se a
ndte
rmin
ate
the
prin
cipa
l cou
rts
form
ed, i
n a
way
whi
ch w
illre
call
the
com
bina
tion
of p
reci
se e
dge
and
void
pen
etra
tions
whi
ch d
efin
e th
e m
ain
quad
rang
le.
-32-
PLA
NS
Plan
s m
ust b
e an
alyz
ed a
t tw
o sc
ales
:th
at o
f bu
ildin
ggr
oups
and
that
of
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
and
thei
r co
mpo
nent
s.
At b
oth
scal
es e
arly
Got
hic
plan
s w
ere
usua
lly th
e re
sult
offu
nctio
nal r
equi
rem
ents
rat
her
than
an
atte
mpt
to a
chie
ve a
form
al v
isua
l eff
ect.
In m
ore
rece
nt r
eviv
als
of th
e st
yle,
it w
as a
"fu
nctio
n fo
llow
s fo
rm"
appr
oach
.T
hus,
whe
nG
othi
c fo
rms
are
sele
cted
and
the
func
tiona
l req
uire
men
tsm
ade
subo
rdin
ate
to th
e vi
sual
eff
ect,
the
appr
oach
is n
ottr
uly
Got
hic.
The
sym
met
rica
l axi
al p
lan
of th
e D
uke
cam
pus
is r
elat
edto
the
late
r R
enai
ssan
ce b
uild
ing
of th
e 18
th a
nd 1
9th
cen-
turi
es.
Thi
s fo
rmal
pla
n is
wel
l sui
ted
to th
e le
vel p
late
auup
on w
hich
the
build
ings
are
, pla
ced.
It s
houl
d be
not
ed th
atth
ere
are
few
,if
any
, suc
h le
vel s
ites
else
whe
re o
n th
eca
mpu
s. F
utur
e bu
ildin
g gr
oups
mus
t tak
e on
a m
ore
in-
form
al n
atur
e as
dic
tate
d by
thei
r si
te c
onfi
gura
tion.
The
pric
e fo
r im
itatin
g th
e or
igin
al q
uadr
angl
e w
ould
be
to s
trip
a si
te o
f tr
ees
and
leve
l it w
ith a
bul
ldoz
er. A
lthou
gh th
egr
eat,
leve
l qua
dran
gle
impa
rts
muc
h of
wha
t mak
es u
p th
eD
uke
char
acte
r, it
mus
t rem
ain
uniq
ue.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
. A tr
ue G
othi
c ap
proa
ch to
pla
nnin
g w
ould
be th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
te o
ne f
or D
uke
Uni
vers
ity.
It is
at
the
begi
nnin
g of
the
proc
ess,
or
in th
e ap
proa
ch to
arc
hite
c-tu
ral d
esig
n th
at it
s re
al c
hara
cter
is d
evel
oped
. Suc
han
appr
oach
is th
e on
ly o
ne w
hich
can
tran
smit
the
esse
nce
ofth
e D
uke
trad
ition
to f
utur
e ca
mpu
s pl
anni
ng a
nd b
uild
ing.
The
pre
viou
s di
scus
sion
has
bro
ught
out
the
mai
n pl
anni
ngco
nsid
erat
ions
, and
led
us to
this
com
pelli
ng c
onvi
ctio
n:
No
new
bui
ldin
gs s
houl
d be
bui
lt be
fore
the
tota
lbu
ildin
g gr
oup
of w
hich
they
are
a p
art h
as b
een
plan
ned.
-33-
r---
1
1 1
1 1 I I 1 I I
I i I
'T
1 I I I
11
Ij 1
Ii
1 II
1st S
tage ta
war
el tg
air1
6
1II
II
I IFu
ture
II it I
I1
II
II
II
I
PLA
N T
HE
TO
TA
L G
RO
UP
POT
EN
TIA
L B
UIL
DIN
G A
RE
AS
The
res
ults
of
a to
tal p
lann
ing
appr
oach
are
appa
rent
in th
eG
othi
c qu
adra
ngle
and
the
wom
an's
col
lege
mal
l.T
he r
e-su
lts o
f an
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing
appr
oach
are
appa
rent
alo
ngSc
ienc
e D
rive
.T
he r
ed b
rick
doe
s no
t mak
e al
l the
dif
fer-
ence
.
The
acc
ompa
nyin
g sk
etch
map
sho
ws
five
maj
or f
utur
ebu
ildin
g ar
eas.
Det
ails
of
the
cam
pus
plan
may
alte
r th
ese
boun
dari
es, b
ut g
ener
ally
spe
akin
g th
ese
five
area
s ar
ena
tura
lly d
elin
eate
d by
topo
grap
hy, s
tree
ts, o
r fu
nctio
nal
cons
ider
atio
ns. W
ithin
eac
h su
ch a
rea
deta
iled
plan
ning
of
the
type
of
use,
cha
ract
er o
f sp
ace,
and
bui
ldin
g co
nfig
ur-
atio
n m
ust p
rece
de th
e co
mm
issi
on o
f an
y on
e bu
ildin
gpr
o-je
ct if
suc
cess
ful c
ampu
s en
viro
nmen
t is
to b
e as
sure
d.Su
ch p
lann
ing
is n
ow b
eing
acc
ompl
ishe
d in
area
#5,
the
Med
ical
Cen
ter.
Are
a #4
pre
sent
sa
spec
ial p
robl
em b
e-ca
use
of th
e bu
ildin
gs a
lrea
dy p
rese
nt.
Are
a #1
has
a s
peci
al s
igni
fica
nce
beca
use
of it
s lo
catio
nat
a pr
inci
pal c
ampu
s en
tran
ce.
The
bui
ldin
gs to
be
loca
ted
here
mus
t ser
ve a
dou
ble
purp
ose:
they
mus
t int
rodu
ce th
evi
sito
r to
the
Duk
e ca
mpu
s w
ithou
t det
ract
ing
from
or "
up-
stag
ing"
the
quad
rang
le.
The
bui
ldin
gs s
houl
d no
t be
dilu
t-ed
imita
tions
of
the
view
to c
ome
in th
e qu
adra
ngle
; nei
ther
shou
ld th
ey b
e "p
rim
a do
nnas
" cl
amor
ing
for
atte
ntio
n. T
heto
pogr
aphy
of
the
area
may
dic
tate
two
or e
ven
thre
e sm
al-
ler
build
ing
grou
ps r
athe
r th
anon
e, b
ut n
o w
ise
deci
sior
fsca
n be
mad
e be
fore
the
tota
l are
a is
pla
nned
.W
ithin
eac
h bu
ildin
g gr
oup
the
peri
met
er b
uild
ings
sho
uld
form
an
encl
osin
g w
all.
In o
rder
to a
chie
ve c
ontin
uity
inth
is w
all,
the
leve
l of
the
roof
s of
the
build
ings
for
min
g it
shou
ld b
e ve
ry c
aref
ully
stu
died
, esp
ecia
lly if
a di
ffer
ence
of m
ore
than
one
sto
ry in
hei
ght i
s co
nsid
ered
.M
atch
ing
this
con
side
ratio
n to
the
topo
grap
hy w
ill b
ea
dete
rmin
ant
of b
uild
ing
loca
tion.
-34-
-.
ri 0
0 0 0 0 I:
Li Ft e-...
.,
The
rol
ling
topo
grap
hy o
f m
any
futu
re b
uild
ing
site
s w
illdi
ctat
e a
mor
e in
form
algr
oupi
ng o
f bu
ildin
gs, a
nd th
esp
aces
for
med
will
be
of a
mor
e fo
rtui
tous
nat
ure
rath
erth
an f
orm
al o
r de
liber
ate
asin
the
quad
rang
le. A
s co
m-
pens
atio
n, b
ecau
se o
f m
oder
nte
chno
logy
,th
e bu
ildin
gsth
emse
lves
will
tend
to b
ecom
e m
ore
sim
ple
and
form
al.
Thu
s th
e co
ntra
st b
etw
een
thes
e tw
oqu
aliti
es w
ill b
e re
tain
-ed
, eve
n th
ough
rev
erse
d in
sou
rce.
The
res
ult w
ill a
chie
vem
ore
harm
ony
with
the
exis
ting
quad
rang
leth
an w
ould
agr
oupi
ng o
f fo
rmal
bui
ldin
gs a
roun
d a
form
al s
pace
, or
in-
form
al b
uild
ings
aro
und
an in
form
al s
pace
.A
t the
sam
etim
e th
e ne
w s
pace
s cr
eate
d sh
ould
link
to th
e ol
d on
es a
ndto
eac
h ot
her
thro
ugh
vist
as,
void
s an
d th
e de
sign
of
the
circ
ulat
ion
and
land
scap
e fe
atur
es.
-35-
Form
ality
Info
rmal
ity
Info
rmal
ity
Form
ality
.....M
.NaM
a.
Con
tras
t
Con
tras
t
FOL
LO
W T
HR
OU
GH
Tho
ught
ful a
naly
ses
of p
ast a
rchi
tect
ure,
clev
er f
orm
ulas
for
crea
ting
char
acte
r, p
retty
sket
ches
of
build
ing
com
pon-
ents
, and
pla
usib
le p
epta
lks
urgi
ng d
esig
n qu
ality
will
mea
nno
thin
g -
abso
lute
ly n
othi
ng w
ithou
tth
e pr
oper
arc
hite
ctur
alfo
llow
thro
ugh.
We
know
from
exp
erie
nce
that
the
tem
pta-
tion
to p
lace
exp
edie
ncy
over
prin
cipl
e an
d th
e ev
er-p
rese
ntty
rann
y of
dol
lar
cost
as
dist
ingu
ishe
d fr
om v
alue
rec
eive
dca
n pl
ace
man
ypi
t-fa
lls in
the
path
of
prop
er c
ampu
sde
vel-
opm
ent.
The
Boa
rd o
f T
rust
ees
mus
tun
ders
tand
and
sup
port
the
broa
d co
ncep
ts o
f th
e st
udy.
The
bui
ldin
g co
mm
ittee
and
the
Uni
vers
ity o
ffic
ials
invo
lved
in e
ach
proj
ect m
ust u
nder
-st
and
the
reco
mm
enda
tions
in d
epth
and
pur
sue
an a
ctiv
ero
le in
thei
r im
plem
enta
tion.
For
this
impl
emen
tatio
n to
be s
ucce
ssfu
l, th
e m
ost
com
pete
nt a
rchi
tect
s, la
ndsc
ape
arch
itect
s, a
nd o
ther
des
ign
spec
ialis
ts m
ust b
e em
ploy
edfo
r ea
ch p
roje
ct. O
necr
udel
y pl
anne
d bu
ildin
g m
ight
eas
i-ly
rui
n a
sens
itive
lyde
sign
ed b
uild
ing
grou
p. A
nd h
ere
isth
e ke
y to
a s
ucce
ssfu
l cam
pus
plan
.It
is th
e se
nsiti
ve c
on-
side
ratio
n of
spa
ce -
not
just
build
ings
, wal
ks, s
tree
ts, a
ndpa
rkin
g lo
ts.
Whe
n on
e w
alks
thro
ugh,
see
san
d fe
els
a be
autif
ul c
ampu
s,he
is a
war
e no
t so
muc
hof
the
build
ings
as
he is
of
the
wal
ls in
the
outs
ide
room
s, w
hich
he f
inds
as
he w
ande
rsfr
om a
rea
to a
rea.
Isn'
t a q
uadr
angl
e a
big
outs
ide
room
?H
ere
spac
e is
con
fine
d lik
e a
room
.O
nly
the
ceili
ng is
mis
sing
.B
ut e
ven
here
ther
e is
a v
isua
lde
fini
tion
of a
ceili
ng.
The
eff
ect o
f ri
bbon
wal
kssu
peri
mpo
sed
on th
ela
wns
mak
e th
e w
alki
ng p
lane
an
enor
mou
spa
ttern
ed c
arpe
tth
at h
elps
to g
ive
unity
to th
isgr
eat o
utsi
de r
oom
.
-36-
U L...
.... 0
In th
e ha
nds
ofse
nsiti
ve a
rchi
tect
s sp
ace
plan
ning
, inv
olvi
ng
a va
riet
yof
for
ms
and
mat
eria
ls, c
an b
e m
ost
effe
ctiv
e. B
utun
fort
unat
ely
arch
itect
s,lik
e al
l pro
fess
iona
lpe
ople
, hav
eva
ryin
g de
gree
s of
tale
nts
and
expe
rien
ce.
A m
edio
cre
ar-
chite
ct w
ith n
o co
ncep
tof
spa
ce p
lann
ing
nor
the
abili
tyto
hand
le o
utsi
de r
oom
sm
ight
ver
y w
ell
dest
roy
a be
autif
ulan
d
unif
ied
cam
pus
plan
by th
e co
nstr
uctio
nof
one
sm
all
build
ing
com
plex
.
The
refo
re, w
e ur
ge th
eU
nive
rsity
to c
hoos
eon
ly th
e m
ost
com
pete
nt s
pace
-con
scio
usar
chite
ctur
al d
esig
ners
to e
xe-
cute
fut
ure
build
ing
com
mis
sion
s.T
hey-
can
mak
e or
brea
ka
good
cam
pus
plan
.Im
pres
s on
them
that
sch
olar
s ar
ese
nsiti
ve to
thei
ren
viro
nmen
t and
that
thei
r ar
chite
ctur
alde
sign
s ca
n st
imul
ate
orde
pres
s. E
mph
asiz
e to
thes
e ar
-ch
itect
s th
at q
uite
ofte
n th
e st
ress
on
men
tal a
nd p
hysi
cal
deve
lopm
ent i
s ca
used
by th
e ne
glec
t of
soci
al,
spir
itual
,em
otio
nal,
and
aest
hetic
deve
lopm
ent o
f th
ein
divi
dual
. Say
to th
em th
at th
ey a
reno
t onl
y re
spon
sibl
efo
r th
e sp
ace
con-
tain
ed in
the
build
ing
shel
ls, b
ut th
ey a
real
so r
espo
nsib
lefo
r w
hat t
hey
do to
the
spac
e su
rrou
ndin
gth
eir
build
ings
.Po
int o
ut to
o, th
atth
e pr
eser
vatio
nof
bea
utif
ul v
ista
san
d
enri
chm
ent o
f na
tura
lla
ndsc
ape
is th
eir
resp
onsi
bilit
y.
The
suc
cess
of
this
or
any
othe
r ca
mpu
sen
viro
nmen
t lar
gely
depe
nds
on th
e co
mpe
tenc
eof
the
arch
itect
s w
ho a
rese
lect
edto
des
ign
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
.Pi
ck th
e be
st o
nes;
they
cost
no
mor
e.M
ake
sure
they
hav
eth
e se
nsiti
vity
of
spac
epl
anni
ng. T
he g
ood
arch
itect
will
kno
w th
at s
pace
is e
xper
-ie
nced
as
wel
l as
seen
.
The
com
bina
tion
of a
good
cam
pus
plan
and
good
arc
hite
cts
for
indi
vidu
albu
ildin
gs is
of
the
esse
nce.
One
with
out t
heot
her
won
't do
.
-37-
-n
.
PAR
T B
1,...
...
PRO
POSE
D G
RA
DU
AT
E S
TU
DE
NT
CE
NT
ER
As
a lo
gica
l ste
p in
the
Des
ign
Stud
y it
was
nec
essa
ry to
test
the
reco
mm
enda
tions
on
a re
al b
uild
ing
prog
ram
.Fr
om th
e lis
t of
futu
re p
roje
cts
a pr
opos
ed 6
00 b
ed G
radu
-at
e St
uden
t Cen
ter
was
sel
ecte
d.T
he s
cope
of
the
proj
ect
was
to c
ompl
ete
the
sche
mat
ic d
esig
n ph
ase,
as
desc
ribe
dun
der
the
stan
dard
A. I
. A. A
gree
men
t.
The
pro
gram
min
g, a
naly
sis,
and
des
ign
of th
e G
radu
ate
Cen
ter
are
brie
fly
sum
mar
ized
on
the
follo
win
g pa
ges,
with
em
phas
is o
n a
criti
cal a
naly
sis
of th
e ex
teri
or c
har-
acte
r an
d si
te p
lan.
The
asp
ects
of
prog
ram
and
ana
lysi
sar
e ex
plai
ned
here
onl
y to
the
exte
nt n
eces
sary
for
an
over
-al
l com
preh
ensi
on o
f th
e pr
ojec
t.
A b
rief
exp
lana
tion
of o
ur d
esig
n m
etho
d m
ay b
e in
ord
erfo
r th
ose
unfa
mili
ar w
ith C
RS.
In
our
prac
tice
we
have
foun
d th
at th
e be
st b
uild
ings
res
ult f
rom
a te
am a
ppro
ach,
with
the
clie
nt a
s an
act
ive
mem
ber
of th
e te
am. T
here
-fo
re, a
fter
the
prog
ram
is e
stab
lishe
d, a
des
ign
team
goe
sto
the
vici
nity
of
the
proj
ect f
or a
con
cent
rate
d ni
ght a
ndda
y de
sign
ses
sion
.T
his
on-t
he-s
pot d
esig
n te
chni
que
ata
plac
e co
nven
ient
to th
e cl
ient
and
to th
e si
te, h
as a
cqui
r-ed
the
rath
er u
ndig
nifi
ed n
ickn
ame
of "
squ
atte
r s
".
Dur
ing
the
squa
tters
the
idea
s de
velo
ped
are
rapi
dly
re-
cord
ed in
rou
gh s
ketc
h fo
rm o
n 5
x 8
card
s w
hich
can
be
proj
ecte
d as
slid
es f
or g
roup
rev
iew
and
pro
vide
a c
om-
pact
, usa
ble
reco
rd. T
he g
raph
ics
on th
e fo
llow
ing
page
sar
, hal
f-si
ze r
epro
duct
ions
of
som
e of
the
anal
ysis
car
dsfr
om th
e G
radu
ate
Cen
ter
squa
tters
.T
he o
rigi
nals
are
inco
lor
and
som
e de
tails
hav
e be
en lo
st in
the
blac
k an
dw
hite
rep
rodu
ctio
n.
-39-
I '.1
Cf
R8
RB
A C PRO
VIP
E5
RATH
E P
HY
SIC
AL
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
TO
mC
OV
GE
;nI
4. 5
EL
E-A
CT
U14
TIN
G iN
DIV
iDuA
L.
On+
e 01
:1P0
T3T
oNIT
Y P
oK S
EL
F-pt
5c1P
LIN
Eap
hiFo
RM
AL
GR
OU
P D
iscv
SSIo
NS,
It4
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PRO
GR
AM
The
req
uire
men
ts o
f th
e pr
opos
ed f
acili
ty, a
s de
term
ined
by
the
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
Com
mitt
ee a
nd th
e G
radu
ate
Dor
m-
itory
Sub
com
mitt
ee, a
re s
umm
ariz
ed in
the
follo
win
g lis
t of
desi
gn c
onsi
dera
tions
:
1. D
esig
n fo
r ad
ult l
ivin
g --
gra
duat
e st
uden
ts a
re a
dult,
and
and
if tr
eate
d as
suc
h, w
ill b
e m
ore
likel
y to
res
pond
in
a m
atur
e m
anne
r.
2. P
rovi
de s
ingl
e se
lf-c
onta
ined
roo
ms,
con
duci
ve to
pri
-
vacy
and
stu
dy.
3. E
limin
ate
mon
oton
ous,
noi
sy, d
oubl
e-lo
aded
hal
ls.
4. P
rovi
de a
com
plet
e re
side
ntia
l com
mun
ity li
ving
, stu
dy,
dini
ng, r
ecre
atio
n w
ith s
pace
s w
hich
enc
oura
ge in
form
al
disc
ussi
ons
and
conf
eren
ces.
5. C
reat
e va
riet
y in
din
ing
faci
litie
s, li
ving
roo
ms,
com
mon
area
s.
6. E
ncou
rage
the
amen
ities
of
grac
ious
livi
ng -
tabl
e se
r-
vice
, aft
er d
inne
r te
a, m
usic
, per
iodi
cals
, aut
o en
tran
ce
to d
inin
g an
d co
mm
ons.
-40-
L.
7. A
chie
ve e
cono
myt
hrou
gh m
ultip
le u
se o
f sp
aces
and
com
-
bini
ng o
f co
mpa
tible
are
as.
8. E
mph
asiz
e so
und
cond
ition
ing
to c
reat
e qu
iet r
oom
s an
d
alco
ves
as w
ell a
s is
olat
ion
of n
atur
ally
noi
sy a
reas
.
9. P
rovi
de c
ompl
ete
air
cond
ition
ing
-- g
radu
ate
educ
atio
n
is a
yea
r-ro
und
proc
ess.
10. D
esig
n fo
r ou
tdoo
r liv
ing
to ta
ke a
dvan
tage
of
the
beau
ti-
ful v
iew
and
des
irab
le c
limat
e.
11. B
egin
with
a 5
00 to
600
bed
fac
ility
, exp
anda
ble
to tw
ice
that
siz
e.
12. D
esig
n fo
r m
axim
um u
se o
f na
tura
l env
iron
men
t and
min
-
imum
des
truc
tion
of e
xist
ing
tree
s an
d co
ntou
rs.
The
site
sel
ecte
d is
a b
eaut
iful
, rol
ling,
woo
ded
trac
t wes
tof
the
pres
ent u
nder
grad
uate
dor
mito
ries
and
sou
th o
f th
eD
uke
Cha
pel.
The
site
is a
val
ley,
or
"dis
h" s
lopi
ng d
own
from
the
peri
met
er to
the
cent
er.
It is
hea
vily
woo
ded.
-41-
V R
S
PRO
f05E
D S
ITE
DII
I4E
cAM
P115
.,
.
A "
Aru
m-
ersk
vilt
tren
.ug
utt
I ry
MA
J.&
A rV
AO
aset
., ie
r" 4
4 $
et.tu
A ,
(dol
lso
u .4
.441
4-T
hisk
S ,
,,,t
,,,,,4
,44
,.....
.;..
5.),
,,,,..
.....k
tiu
.14
,11-
0.7.
..._
AN
AL
YSI
S
Clim
ate.
A th
orou
gh in
vest
igat
ion
of th
e D
urha
mcl
imat
ew
as m
ade
prio
r to
the
desi
gn s
quat
ters
.T
his
stud
y de
alt
with
tem
pera
ture
s, h
eatin
g an
d co
olin
gse
ason
s, c
lear
and
clou
dy d
ays,
pre
cipi
tatio
n,sn
ow a
nd s
leet
, sun
ang
les,
and
win
d. A
ll of
thes
e fa
ctor
s m
ust b
e co
nsid
ered
in th
eor
ient
atio
n an
d de
sign
of
a bu
ildin
g an
d its
mec
hani
cal
syst
ems.
Site
.T
he s
ite r
ecei
ved
a gr
eat d
eal o
f at
tent
ion,
It is
abe
autif
ul a
nd c
halle
ngin
g po
rtio
n of
the
cam
pus.
It b
ecam
eap
pare
nt th
at th
e bu
ildin
g co
mpl
ex s
houl
d be
arr
ange
dto
:
1. A
llow
a m
axim
um a
mou
nt o
f th
e ex
istin
gla
ndsc
ape
tore
mai
n un
dist
urbe
d.
2. C
reat
e ou
tdoo
r ro
oms
whi
char
e in
timat
e in
sca
le, a
ndpr
ovid
e sh
elte
r en
ough
to a
llow
max
imum
out
door
liv-
ing
and
circ
ulat
ion.
3. O
pen
a vi
sta
to th
e C
hape
l Tow
er.
4. S
epar
ate
vehi
cula
r an
d pe
dest
rian
cir
cula
tion.
Bui
ldin
gs.
The
gre
ates
t eff
ort w
as s
pent
on th
e an
alys
isof
pla
n an
d ex
teri
or d
esig
n. P
art A
of
this
repo
rt c
onta
ins
the
gene
ral a
spec
ts o
f th
is a
naly
sis,
whi
ch n
eed
not b
e re
-pe
ated
her
e.T
he s
ite o
ffer
s a
uniq
ue o
ppor
tuni
ty to
util
-iz
e ta
ll co
mpa
ct b
uild
ings
, whi
chsa
ve tr
ees
and
grou
ndar
ea, a
nd y
et n
ot c
ompe
te in
hei
ght w
ith th
e C
hape
l Tow
er,
whi
ch is
loca
ted
on h
ighe
r gr
ound
. -.42
-
0 1
DE
SIG
N
Dis
cuss
ions
with
the
Gra
duat
e D
orm
itory
sub
com
mitt
ee r
e-pe
ated
ly r
evol
ved
arou
nd th
e ad
ult l
ivin
g co
ncep
t, an
d th
edi
sadv
anta
ges
of d
oubl
e-lo
aded
cor
rido
rs in
exi
stin
g do
rmi-
tori
es.
The
con
clus
ion
was
that
sin
gle
room
s an
d ex
teri
orci
rcul
atio
n, w
ith a
sep
arat
e ou
tsid
e en
tran
ce to
eac
h ro
omof
fere
d th
e be
st a
nsw
er f
or b
oth
priv
acy
and
soun
d co
ntro
l.T
his
also
off
ered
adv
anta
ges
in e
cono
my
of o
pera
tion
by r
e-du
cing
the
area
to b
e ai
r co
nditi
oned
. One
que
stio
n ra
ised
by th
e co
mm
ittee
was
that
of
cont
rol,
espe
cial
ly f
or w
omen
resi
dent
s.
Thr
ee b
asic
flo
or p
lans
wer
e de
velo
ped.
The
se p
lans
can
be
adde
d in
rep
etiti
ve u
nits
to c
reat
e bu
ildin
gs o
f va
ried
leng
th,
wid
ths
and
heig
hts.
Plan
A. T
his
basi
c un
it co
nsis
ts o
f fo
ur s
ingl
e be
droo
ms
shar
ing
one
bath
room
. Cir
cula
tion
is b
y an
out
door
cov
ered
balc
ony
and
fing
er c
orri
dors
to e
ach
four
roo
ms.
Plan
B. T
he b
asic
uni
t is
sim
ilar
to P
lane
A, b
ut c
ombi
ned
in a
dif
fere
nt w
ay. H
ere
a w
ider
and
mor
e co
mpa
ct b
uild
ing
resu
lts f
rom
add
ing
units
on
each
sid
e of
a c
ontin
uous
util
i-ty
cor
e.
Plan
C.
Thi
s is
a d
iffe
rent
type
of
plan
des
igne
d to
off
erth
e op
tion
of m
ore
cont
rol.
The
uni
ts a
re a
dded
ver
tical
lyto
for
m a
tow
er w
ith 1
0 ro
oms
per
floo
r.Pl
an C
is d
esig
n-ed
pri
mar
ily...
with
wom
en s
tude
nts
in m
ild, a
nd c
onta
ins
aho
usem
othe
r's a
part
men
t and
vis
ito--
3 lo
unge
s on
the
grou
ndfl
oor.
It w
as a
lso
felt
that
mor
e w
omen
wou
ld p
refe
r do
uble
room
s.
-43-
On
S
CR
S
Cn
$
Ge,
Vet
126r
,M
ALC
ON
Y,A
10
cove
nsd
t.cc,
Nr
E5
covS
Mer 4.4,
LL
a.m
.-ca
wr
PLA
NA
PLA
N
PLA
NC
In th
e pl
an w
hich
was
pre
sent
ed f
or r
evie
w a
t the
end
of
the
squa
tters
wee
k th
e bu
ildin
gs c
onta
inin
g A
and
B u
nits
wer
egr
oupe
d ar
ound
a to
wer
of
C u
nits
and
a c
omm
ons
build
ing
cont
aini
ng d
inin
g, lo
unge
s an
d re
crea
tion
spac
e.T
his
plan
was
rev
ised
som
ewha
t on
the
basi
s of
a la
ter
and
mor
e ac
-cu
rate
topo
grap
hic
surv
ey, b
ut r
emai
ned
the
sam
e in
con
-ce
pt.
The
rem
aini
ng s
ketc
hes
illus
trat
e th
e in
tend
ed c
hara
cter
of
the
Cen
ter
as p
rese
nted
at t
he f
irst
rev
iew
.T
he b
uild
ings
are
cons
truc
ted
with
con
cret
e st
ruct
ure
and
clad
in p
reca
stpa
nels
of
Duk
e st
one
aggr
egat
e.T
he to
wer
con
tain
s 10
0be
ds o
n el
even
flo
ors.
-44-
D ii F U o 0 o D
1
h11
-
SIS
0
[11
LiEl,
r
CR
ITIQ
UE
AN
D F
OL
LO
W -
UP
Upo
n re
view
by
the
Bui
ldin
g C
omm
ittee
, Edu
catio
nal F
acili
-tie
s C
omm
ittee
, Gra
duat
e D
orm
itory
Sub
com
mitt
ee a
nd v
ar-
ious
uni
vers
ity o
ffic
ials
, the
bas
ic c
once
pts
wer
e ap
prov
ed,
but t
here
was
a g
ener
al f
eelin
g of
the
Bui
ldin
g C
omm
ittee
that
the
exte
rior
des
ign
of th
e bu
ildin
gs s
houl
d es
tabl
ish
acl
oser
tie
with
the
exis
ting
quad
rang
le, e
spec
ially
in th
eca
se o
f fu
ture
bui
ldin
gs w
hich
mig
ht b
e lo
cate
d m
ore
in th
e"f
ront
doo
r" o
f th
e ca
mpu
s. T
he v
ery
valid
obs
erva
tion
was
mad
e th
at th
e ex
istin
g G
othi
c qu
adra
ngle
exh
ibite
d bo
th m
ore
vari
ety
and
mor
e un
ity th
an th
e G
radu
ate
Cen
ter
sket
ches
indi
cate
d.Fu
rthe
r st
udy
was
sug
gest
ed, p
rim
arily
in th
etr
eatm
ent o
f ro
ofs
and
win
dow
s.Su
ch a
stu
dy w
as m
ade,
alo
ng w
ith a
new
site
pla
n ba
sed
onan
acc
urat
e to
pogr
aphi
c su
rvey
.T
he a
ppro
ved
sche
mat
icde
sign
and
pla
ns a
ppea
r on
the
follo
win
g pa
ges.
-46-
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UD
ILL
RO
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TT
SC
OT
T
MIM
SM
INIM
mai
e6a
L
EL
EV
AT
ION
ST
UD
Y
The
fol
d-ou
t at t
he r
ight
is a
larg
e sc
ale
elev
atio
n st
udy
thro
ugh
a po
rtio
n of
the
Cen
ter,
look
ing
east
tow
ard
the
ex-
istin
g un
derg
radu
ate
dorm
itori
es.
The
silh
ouet
te in
the
back
grou
nd r
epre
sent
s th
e ex
istin
g do
rmito
ries
,as
acc
u-ra
tely
as
can
be d
eter
min
ed f
rom
pla
ns a
nd a
eria
l pho
togr
a-ph
y.T
he k
ey m
ap b
elow
sho
ws
whe
re th
e vi
ew is
take
n.
Uni
ty. T
he o
vera
ll vi
ew il
lust
rate
s un
ity o
f m
ater
ials
, sca
le,
and
vert
ical
exp
ress
ion,
bot
h w
ithin
the
new
com
plex
, and
with
the
exis
ting
build
ings
in th
e ba
ckgr
ound
.
Ver
tical
ity.
The
hei
ght o
f th
e to
wer
, and
the
prop
ortio
n of
wal
l pla
nes,
cre
ated
mai
nly
by o
ffse
ts w
hich
hav
e th
eir
rea-
son
in th
e pl
an, d
ram
atiz
e th
e ve
rtic
al.
Alte
rnat
e ba
ys o
fdi
ffer
ent w
idth
, the
art
icul
atio
n of
col
umns
and
pip
e ch
ases
,an
d th
e pr
opor
tions
of
win
dow
s an
d do
ors
rein
forc
e th
e ve
rti
-
cal f
eelin
g.
Var
iety
. The
Cen
ter
expr
esse
s co
nsid
erab
le v
arie
ty, t
hrou
ghth
e di
ffer
ent s
truc
tura
l bay
s, w
indo
w a
rran
gem
ents
, roo
fty
pes,
bui
ldin
g he
ight
s, te
xtur
es, a
nd o
utdo
or s
pace
s re
sult-
ing
from
the
vari
ety
of f
unct
ions
and
act
iviti
es e
ncom
pass
edan
d th
e na
ture
of
the
site
.
Scal
e.W
indo
w p
ropo
rtio
ns,
pane
l siz
es,
ston
e te
xtur
e,st
airs
, and
bal
cony
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