Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 - DSPA · 2019-08-13 · (DSPA) has paid close...
Transcript of Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 - DSPA · 2019-08-13 · (DSPA) has paid close...
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
Acknowledgement - Data Sources (in alphabetical order)
Cartography and Cadastre Bureau (DSCC)
Civil Aviation Authority (AACM)
Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (DSEJ)
Financial Services Bureau (DSF)
Fire Services Bureau (CB)
Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ)
Health Bureau (SS)
Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau (DSSOPT)
Legal Affairs Bureau (DSAJ)
Macao Customs Service (SA)
Macao Economic Services (DSE)
Macao Government Tourism Office (DST)
Macao Water Supply Company Limited (SAAM)
Macau Electricity Company Limited (CEM)
Macau International Airport Company Limited (CAM)
Macau Productivity and Technology Transfer Center (CPTTM)
Marine and Water Bureau (DSAMA)
Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG)
Municipal Affairs Bureau (IAM, formerly Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau)
Office for the Development of the Energy Sector (GDSE)
Statistics and Census Service (DSEC)
Transport Bureau (DSAT)
In order to continuously improve the quality of the Report on the State of the Environment of
Macao, the Environmental Protection Bureau (http://www.dspa.gov.mo) welcomes your
valuable comments for our continual improvement in relevant work. Thank you! DSPA
Index
Message 11
Preface 22
Introduction 33
11.. SSoocciiaall,, EEccoonnoommiicc aanndd EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall EEvvoolluuttiioonn ooff MMaaccaaoo 44
2. Atmospheric Environment 88
3. Water Environment 2299
4. Solid Waste 4444
5. Nature Conservation 5533
6. Ambient Noise 6611
7. Environmental Investment and Participation 6677
8. Conclusions 7755
Appendix 8800
Abbreviations 8822
Reference 8833
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Message
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges influencing our planet,
the effect is visible on the increase in temperature and the more frequent
and intense extreme weather events, bringing repercussions on various
aspects of our daily lives.
We are naturally more attentive to environmental issues than ever.
Being impacted by climate change in daily lives, the community is more
aware of the importance of environmental protection. And in order to
ensure and enhance the quality of life of residents, the Government of the
Macao Special Administrative Region remains committed and has
undertaken necessary measures to reduce emissions and tackle climate
change.
Environmental issues and corresponding polices have become priorities
of social concerns. Macao, positioning as the World Centre of Tourism and
Leisure in the new era of national development, environmental protection
is of particular significance, which has already been integrated into the
Five-Year Development Plan of Government of the Macao Special
Administrative Region in correspondence to the national strategies.
For the objectives to be achieved, collaboration of both the community
and the government at regional level is essential. Therefore, environmental
issues have become the focus of attention in the Policy Address and plans
for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as well as the
Belt and Road Initiative.
We all have the same objective which is also our shared responsibility -
to ensure sustainable development for the city and the future generations.
To this end, instead of consequential management, why not tackle issues
at the source by means of minimizing ecological footprint, reducing waste
as well as increasing the use of public transport and
environmentally-friendly vehicles.
Together we can make a difference.
Secretary for Transport and Public Works
Raimundo Arrais do Rosário
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Preface
The Report on the State of the Environment of Macao serves as one of
the essential channels for residents to obtain information about different
environmental aspects of Macao. The Environmental Protection Bureau
(DSPA) has paid close attention to the continuous improvement in the
quality and publication date of this Report, so that residents can timely
understand the environmental status of Macao.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 demonstrates the
overview of the environment of Macao in 2018 and illustrates evolution and
trends in various environmental aspects during the past decade, also
analyzes the causes and factors of the environmental issues, management
measures to cope with the situation as well as suggestions for residents to
practice in daily lives. The DSPA hopes to promote public concern and
social support for environmental protection with the Report, so as to cope
with the policies of the Government of the Macao Special Administrative
Region through environmentally-friendly practice, building a low carbon
Macao together.
In 2018, in addition to continually push forward relevant work of the
Five-Year Development Plan of the Macao Special Administrative Region
(2016-2020) and enhance regional cooperation accordingly, the DSPA has
also commenced a study on the Environmental Protection Planning of
Macao (2021-2025), and has continued the work on solid waste
management, improving air quality and strengthening maritime
environmental protection, etc; which included the launch of the “Funding
Scheme for Acquisition of Equipment and Vehicles for the Waste Collection
Sector”, as well as the Construction Waste Management System of Macao
and the Restrictions on the Provision of Plastic Bags which are both in the
legislative process. Moreover, the DSPA progressively strengthen maritime
monitoring and relevant studies. In 2018, the DSPA finished the revision of
the standards for exhaust emissions of newly imported vehicles and
motorcycles, promulgated regulations such as the standards for exhaust
emissions of vehicles in use, emission standards for air pollutants in
wastewater treatment plants as well as emission standards for air pollutants
from industrial establishments for pharmaceutical production, copper clad
laminate manufacturing and plastic processing, etc; also encouraged
residents to participate in waste reduction and plastic reduction activities,
working together to further improve the environmental quality of Macao.
I wish to extend my gratitude to the members of Advisory Council on the
Environment who have shared their valuable insights, those government
departments and agencies who have provided information and assistance,
and the team that worked so diligently to compile this Report.
Director of the Environmental Protection Bureau
Tam Vai Man
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Introduction
The Environmental Protection Bureau (DSPA) prepares and publishes the
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao annually to provide the
status and evolution of the environment of Macao according to the attributes
conferred by law to all sectors, so as to promote social awareness and public
participation in environmental protection.
The “Driving Forces-Pressures-States-Impacts-Responses” (DPSIR)
indicator analysis system (see the figure below), which is widely adopted
worldwide, is continually adopted in the Report to categorize and analyze
the 19 environmental indicators1 and 82 environmental sub-indicators under
7 major aspects, namely, the society and economy, atmospheric
environment, water environment, solid waste, nature conservation, ambient
noise, environmental investment and participation, aiming to reflect the
status of relevant environmental factors and their interrelationships.
DPSIR framework
1 “Environmental indicators” are effective tools for analyzing and assessing the environmental quality of a
region or a country, and are adopted by most of the countries in the world.
DDrriivviinngg FFoorrcceess
PPrreessssuurreess
RReessppoonnsseess
IImmppaaccttss
SSttaatteess
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1. Social, Economic and
Environmental Evolution of
Macao
Society, economy and environmental protection are the three
pillars of sustainable development, which are also the core
elements for building an ecologically civilized city. This chapter
will introduce the major social, economic and environmental
indicators of Macao in 2018 and illustrate their evolution.
Indicator for environmental analysis in this chapter
Social, Economic and Environmental Evolution of Macao
DPSIR Framework
Status
Table 1.1 shows variations in the major social, economic and
environmental indicators of Macao. With respect to social and economic
indicators, the visitor arrivals, gross domestic product (GDP), tourism
intensity and end-year population increased in 2018 as compared to
those of 2017, despite the decreased population density resulting from
the increased land area attributed to new town zone A and Hong
Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Macao boundary crossing area.
In respect of environmental indicators, following a significant increase in
visitor arrivals, steadily progressing economic and local population
growth, the consumption of various resources (including electricity
consumption, billed water consumption) and the disposal quantity of
municipal solid waste in 2018 increased by around 2-3% respectively in
comparison with those in 2017 (see Table 1.1 and Figure 1.3).
P Pressures S States
I Impacts
R Responses
D Driving Forces
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Decadal trends
In the past decade, the population density, GDP, visitor arrivals, electricity
consumption, disposal quantity of municipal solid waste, billed water
consumption, end-year population and land area of Macao were on an
overall upward trend (see Figures 1.1 and 1.2).
The estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions maintained an overall
upward trend for the past decade, due to the increasing estimated
emissions between 2015 and 2017 (see Figure 1.1).
Table 1.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of major social,
economic and environmental indicators of Macao between 2017
and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Social and economic indicators
Population density (’000 ppl/km2) 21.1 20.0 -5.2%
End-year population (ʼ000) 653.1 667.4 +2.2%
Tourism intensity (day) 30.4 32.1 +5.6%
GDP (at current prices) (million MOP) 405,790r 440,316 +8.5%
Visitor arrivals (no.) 32,610,506 35,803,663 +9.8%
Environmental indicators
Disposal quantity of municipal solid
waste1 (tonne)
510,702 522,548 +2.3%
Billed water consumption (ʼ000 m3) 88,436 90,944 +2.8%
Electricity consumption2 (million kWh) 5,170 5,319 +2.9%
Land area (km2) 30.8 32.9 +6.8%
(Data sources: DSEC, DSPA, 2019)
Notes:
1 Municipal solid waste refers to solid waste generated in daily life, commercial and industrial
activities; which mainly includes domestic waste as well as industrial and commercial waste,
etc.
2 Final consumption. r Revised figure.
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Figure 1.1 Evolution of social, economic and environmental indicators of
Macao
(Data sources: DSEC, DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 Data of estimated GHG emissions was updated to 2017.
2 Municipal solid waste refers to the solid waste generated in daily life, commercial and industrial
activities, which mainly includes domestic waste as well as industrial and commercial waste,
etc.
3 The percentage of estimated GHG emissions in the figure is the variation between 2017 and
2016; the rest is the comparison between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 1.2 Population density
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 1.3 Tourism intensity
(Data sources: DST, DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 Tourism intensity refers to the ratio of annual total number of nights spent by hotel guests to
mid-year population of Macao.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
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Environmental knowledge
Table 1.2 Tourism intensity and population density in recent years
City/ Region
Tourism intensity
1
Data source Population
Density (’000 ppl/km
2)
Data source
Macao 32.12 DST, DSEC 20.0 DSEC
Hong Kong 12.13
Hong Kong
Tourism
Board,
Census and
Statistics
Department,
Hong Kong
6.9
Census and
Statistics
Department,
Hong Kong
Guangzhou 10.04
Guangzhou
Statistics
Bureau
2.0
Guangzhou
Statistics
Bureau
Notes: 1 Tourism intensity in this Report is estimated based on official data, with calculation methods
in notes 2-4.
2 Tourism intensity of Macao refers to the ratio of annual total number of nights spent by hotel
guests to mid-year population of Macao.
3 Data of 2017 is cited. Tourism intensity of Hong Kong refers to the ratio of annual total
number of nights spent by visitors to mid-year population of Hong Kong.
4 Data of 2017 is cited. Tourism intensity of Guangzhou refers to the ratio of annual total
number of tourists staying overnight (tourists and days) to end-year resident population of
Guangzhou.
According to the major social, economic and environmental indicators in
2018, Macao experienced steadily progressing economic development, local
population growth and significant increase in visitor arrivals; the continually
increased tourism intensity remained at a relatively higher level among those
of neighboring regions. In the meantime, consumption of various resources
and the disposal quantity of municipal solid waste tended to increase, which
is driven by the growth in GDP, population and visitor arrivals, indicating that
Macao is under considerable environmental pressure.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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2. Atmospheric Environment Over the years, the Government of the Macao Special
Administrative Region (Macao SAR) has dedicated to further
improving air quality through continuous reinforcement of
vehicle restriction, optimization of pedestrian network,
stipulation and revision of the standards for exhaust emissions
for imported vehicles and vehicles in use, phasing out of
two-stroke motorcycles through the Environmental Protection
and Energy Conservation Fund, tightening of the quality of fuel
oils of vehicles, promotion of environmentally-friendly vehicles,
order formulation of emission standards for the major stationary
air pollution sources, and restoration of production of electricity
with natural gas.
Air quality, general atmospheric pollutant emissions,
greenhouse gas emissions as well as the status and variation of
major factors that have influence on atmospheric environment
will be introduced in this chapter.
Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter
Air Quality
General Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Eco-efficiency of the Energy Sector
Eco-efficiency of the Transport Sector
2.1 Air Quality
DPSIR Framework
Status
In 2018, the number of days of air quality1 recorded as “Good” and
“Moderate” by the air monitoring stations2 exceeded 92% of the total
monitoring days, which was similar to that of 2017. The Air Quality Index
(AQI) of Macao in 2018 was better in May and July, but worse in October
(see Figure 2.3).
Decadal trends
Since the adoption of stricter AQI standard in 2012, the percentage of
days with air quality recorded as “Good” and “Moderate” showed an
overall upward trend between 2013 and 2018.
1 Currently, the air quality monitoring stations monitor the concentrations of six pollutants including PM10,
PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO to calculate the AQI of Macao. 2
The names of the air monitoring stations are consistent with those in the Annual Air Quality Report of
Macao of the Meteorological and Geophysics Bureau. For relevant station names, see Table 2.1.
P Pressures
S States
I Impacts
R Responses
D Driving Forces
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Compliance status of air pollutant emission standards
In 2018, O33 remained the major air pollutant in Macao. The annual mean
concentrations of O3 monitored at the Ambient (Taipa) Station and
Ambient (Coloane) Station both increased compared with those of 2017,
but the annual mean concentration of O3 at the High Density Residential
Area (Macao) Station decreased obviously compared with that of 2017.
The annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 recorded at all air
monitoring stations in 2018 were lower than the standard value, which is
consistent with the overall trend recorded by the Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network.
As for PM10, the annual mean concentration recorded at the High Density
Residential Area (Macao) Station in 2018 increased slightly as compared
to that of 2017 while that recorded by all other stations in 2018
decreased. As for PM2.5, the annual mean concentrations at the Roadside
(Macao) Station and High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station in
2018 increased as compared to those of 2017 while the values recorded
at all other stations decreased year-on-year.
3 O3 is not emitted directly by pollution sources, it is formed by the photochemical reaction of O2, NOx and
VOCs in the presence of sunlight. O3 is the major cause of photochemical pollution.
Compliance status of air pollutant emission standards
As for NO2, which is affected by various transport emissions, local
production of electricity and other factors, the annual mean concentration
recorded at the Ambient (Coloane) Station increased considerably in
2018, while the values recorded at all other stations decreased as
compared to those in 2017. However, it is noteworthy that the annual
mean concentrations of NO2 recorded at the Roadside (Macao) Station
and High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station still exceeded the
standard value.
As for SO2, the annual mean concentrations recorded at all stations
decreased in 2018 as compared to those of 2017, wherein the value
recorded at the Ambient (Coloane) Station decreased by more than 40%.
As for CO, the annual mean concentrations recorded at all stations
decreased in 2018, with the most significant decrease recorded at the
High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station.
(see Figure 2.4 and Table 2.3)
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Evolution of annual mean concentrations of air pollutants
As for the overall trends of the annual mean concentrations of air
pollutants, the annual mean concentrations of SO2 and PM10 showed a
downward trend in the past decade, in which those of SO2 remained
relatively low. The annual mean concentrations of NO2 and CO evolved
gently, with those of NO2 remaining relatively high. In the past 5 years,
the annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 showed an significant
downward trend. However, it is notable that the annual mean
concentrations of O3 showed an overall upward trend during the past
decade. From 2016 to 2018, O3 had replaced PM2.5 and became the
major air pollutant, indicating that photochemical pollution across the
region is to be improved (see Figure 2.4).
Table 2.1 Total number of days monitored by each air monitoring station in
2017 and 2018
(Unit: day) Total number of days
2017 2018
Roadside (Macao) Station 361 359
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station 1461
360
High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 362 360
High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station 3402 144
2
Ambient (Taipa) Station 365 365
Ambient (Coloane) Station 355 358
(Data source: SMG - 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, 2019)
Notes: 1 Monitoring has been started at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station since 1st August of 2017.
2 Monitoring at the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station has been suspended since
13th December of 2017, and resumed on 8
th August of 2018.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Figure 2.1 Percentage of different AQI recorded by air monitoring stations in
2018
(Data source: SMG - 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, 2019)
Figure 2.2 Percentage of days with air quality not reaching “Good” or
“Moderate” in the past years
(Data source: SMG - 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, 2019)
Notes: 1The AQI standard of Macao was upgraded on 2nd
July of 2012 to meet the interim target-1
suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO).
2 Due to the upgrading of the air quality monitoring equipment, monitoring of the Ambient
(Coloane) Station has been suspended since 11th June of 2014, and resumed on 1
st July of
2015.
3 Monitoring at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station has been started since 1st August of 2017. Due to
insufficient monitoring days in 2017, the percentage is not stated.
4 Monitoring at the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station has been suspended since 13th
December of 2017, and resumed on 8th August of 2018. Due to insufficient monitoring days in
2018, the percentage is not stated.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Table 2.2 Data of the days of various air quality levels recorded by monitoring
stations between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: day) Good Moderate Bad Very Bad
2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018
Roadside (Macao)
Station 203 237 149 119 9 3 0 0
Roadside (Ká-Hó)
Station 1
66 188 58 160 22 12 0 0
High Density
Residential Area
(Macao) Station
197 233 142 122 23 5 0 0
High Density
Residential Area
(Taipa) Station 2
172 88 145 56 23 0 0 0
Ambient (Taipa)
Station 188 190 148 146 28 29 1 0
Ambient (Coloane)
Station 166 192 165 152 24 14 0 0
(Data source: SMG - 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, 2019)
Notes: 1 Monitoring at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station has been started since 1st August of 2017.
2 Monitoring at the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station has been suspended since 13th
December of 2017, and resumed on 8th August of 2018.
Figure 2.3 Evolution of monthly mean values of AQI in 2017 and 2018
(Data source: SMG - 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, 2019)
Notes: 1 Monitoring at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station has been started since 1st August of 2017.
2 Monitoring at the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station has been suspended since 13th
December of 2017, and resumed on 8th August of 2018.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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PM10
PM2.5
Figure 2.4 Annual mean concentrations of air pollutants in the
past years
(Data Source: SMG, 2019) Notes:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Monitoring at the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station has been started since 1st August of 2017.
The Ambient (Coloane) Station has started monitoring PM2.5, O3 and CO since 2015.
The High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station has started monitoring PM2.5 and SO2
since 2013. Due to insufficient effective data in 2018, the annual mean concentrations
are not stated.
The Ambient (Taipa) Station has started monitoring CO since 2013.
PM2.5 data has been published since 2nd July of 2012.
PM10: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective
data from the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station in 2011-2013, 2017-2018;
the Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2009, 2012-2015 as well as the Roadside (Ká-Hó)
Station in 2017, the annual mean concentrations are not stated. The red dotted line
represents the standard value of annual mean concentration of PM10 is 70μg/m3.
PM2.5: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective
data from the Roadside (Macao) Station, the High Density Residential Area (Macao)
Station and the Ambient (Taipa) Station in 2012, the High Density Residential Area
(Taipa) Station in 2013 and 2018, the Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2015 as well as the
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in 2017 and 2018, the annual mean concentrations are not
stated. The red dotted line represents the standard value of annual mean concentration
of PM2.5 is 35μg/m3.
SO2: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective
data from the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station in 2013 and 2018, the
Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2014 and 2015 as well as the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in
2017, the annual mean concentrations are not stated. No standard value of annual mean
concentration of SO2 is defined.
NO2: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective
data from the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station in 2011-2013 and 2018, the
Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2014 and 2015 as well as the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in
2017, the annual mean concentrations are not stated. The red dotted line represents the
standard value of annual mean concentration of NO2 is 40μg/m3.
O3: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective
data from the High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station in 2011-2013 and 2018, the
Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2015 as well as the Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in 2017, the
annual mean concentrations are not stated. No standard value of annual mean
concentration of O3 is defined.
CO: According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective
data from the Ambient (Taipa) Station in 2013, the High Density Residential Area (Taipa)
Station in 2011-2013 and 2018, the Ambient (Coloane) Station in 2015 as well as the
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station in 2017, the annual mean concentrations are not stated. No
standard value of annual mean concentration of CO is defined.
SO2
NO2
O3
CO
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Table 2.3 Annual mean concentrations and percentage increase/decrease of
air pollutants recorded at air quality monitoring stations between
2017 and 2018
Respirable suspended particulates with diameter less than 10μm (PM10)
(Unit: µg/m3)
Standard value of annual mean
concentration: 70μg/m3
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Ambient (Taipa) Station 43.2 38.1 -11.8%
Ambient (Coloane) Station 44.3 41.2 -7.0%
Roadside (Macao) Station 53.1 50.4 -5.1%
High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 47.8 48.9 +2.3%
High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station Note1 Note
2 Note
3
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station Note4 42.4 Note
3
Fine suspended particulates with diameter less than 2.5μm (PM2.5)
(Unit: µg/m3)
Standard value of annual mean
concentration: 35μg/m3
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Ambient (Taipa) Station 22.9 18.6 -18.8%
Ambient (Coloane) Station 26.8 24.2 -9.7%
High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 19.9 22.7 +14.1%
Roadside (Macao) Station 22.1 25.8 +16.7%
High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station 27.6 Note2 Note
3
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station Note4 Note
5 Note
3
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) (Unit: µg/m3)
Standard value of annual mean
concentration is not defined 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Ambient (Coloane) Station 12.4 7.2 -41.9%
Ambient (Taipa) Station 4.9 4.0 -18.4%
High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 6.1 5.3 -13.1%
High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station 5.1 Note2 Note
3
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station Note4 0.8 Note
3
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (Unit: µg/m3)
Standard value of annual mean
concentration: 40μg/m3
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Ambient (Taipa) Station 30.7 27.6 -10.1%
Roadside (Macao) Station 55.7 52.6 -5.6%
High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 49.7 47.9 -3.6%
Ambient (Coloane) Station 29.3 39.5 +34.8%
High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station 39.7 Note2 Note
3
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station Note4 26.3 Note
3
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Ozone (O3) (Unit: µg/m3)
Standard value of annual mean
concentration is not defined 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 45.8 32.3 -29.5%
Ambient (Taipa) Station 57.1 59.8 +4.7%
Ambient (Coloane) Station 55.4 59.1 +6.7%
High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station 46.6 Note2 Note
3
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station Note4 60.0 Note
3
Carbon monoxide (CO) (Unit: mg/m3)
Standard value of annual mean
concentration is not defined 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
High Density Residential Area (Macao) Station 0.76 0.67 -11.8%
Ambient (Taipa) Station 0.59 0.55 -6.8%
Roadside (Macao) Station 0.97 0.91 -6.2%
Ambient (Coloane) Station 0.61 0.61 -
High Density Residential Area (Taipa) Station 0.64 Note2 Note
3
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station Note4 0.56 Note
3
(Data source: SMG, 2019) Notes: 1 According to 2017 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective data, the
annual mean concentration is not stated.
2 According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, monitoring at the High Density Residential
Area (Taipa) Station has been suspended since 13th December of 2017, and resumed on 8
th
August of 2018. Due to insufficient effective data in 2018, the annual mean concentration is not
stated.
3 Considering the comparability, the percentage increase/decrease is not calculated due to
insufficient effective data.
4 According to 2017 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, monitoring has been started at the
Roadside (Ká-Hó) Station since 1st August of 2017. Due to insufficient effective data in 2017, the
annual mean concentration is not stated.
5 According to 2018 Annual Air Quality Report of Macao, due to insufficient effective data, the
annual mean concentration is not stated.
2.2 General Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions
DPSIR Framework
Status
According to the estimation results of the emission inventory4, the
estimated emissions of Pb, SOx, CO, NMVOC, TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and NOx
in 2017 reduced successively as compared to those of 2016, only the
estimated emissions of NH3 increased compared with 2016 data (see
Table 2.4 and Figure 2.5).
4 The emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gas of Macao in 2017 in this Report is
estimated, analyzed, updated and revised based on the internationally adopted technical materials such
as EMEP/EEA“Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook”, IPCC “Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories” and USEPA “Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42”, etc. The estimated
atmospheric pollutants mainly include: CO, SOx, NOx, NH3, NMVOC, TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and Pb.
P Pressures S States
I Impacts
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Status
The proportion of emission sources in 2017 was similar to that in 2016.
Although the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants resulting
from land transport, local production of electricity as well as commercial,
domestic and service industries decreased in 2017 as compared to those
of 2016, transportation (including land transport, maritime transport and
air transport) and local production of electricity were still the major
sources of various atmospheric pollutants, accounting for a considerable
proportion. In 2017, wastewater treatment remained the major source of
NH3, while organic solvents and land transport were the major sources of
NMVOC. Except those from land transport and local production of
electricity, the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants resulting
from construction sector, industrial sector, waste incineration and air
transport increased in 2017 as compared to those of 2016. Construction
sector was the major contributor to particulates, while industrial sector,
waste incineration and air transport accounted for a relatively small
proportion. Besides, the estimated emissions of various air pollutants
(except SOx and Pb) resulting from maritime transport in 2017 also
decreased when compared with those in 2016 (see Figure 2.6).
Decadal trends
Considering the overview of the estimated emissions of atmospheric
pollutants from 2008 to 2017, CO emissions showed an overall
downward trend, NMVOC and SOx emissions exhibited a gentle upward
trend, while significant upward trends were observed in the estimated
emissions of NOx, NH3, Pb, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5. To be specific, the
estimated emissions of NMVOC, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 decreased
year-on-year since 2015, the reductions in 2017 were more obvious (see
Figure 2.5).
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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CO SOx NOx
NH3 NMVOC TSP
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
18
PM10 PM2.5
Pb
Figure 2.6 Percentage of emissions of various
atmospheric pollutant sources in 2017
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Figure 2.5 Annual estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants by sector in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2017 and 2016.
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Table 2.4 Percentage increase/decrease of estimated emissions of various atmospheric pollutants by sector between 2016 and 2017
(Unit: %) CO SOx NOx NH3 NMVOC TSP PM10 PM2.5 Pb1
Total estimated emissions -10.3 -12.1 -4.0 +17.6 -9.8 -7.0 -6.5 -6.2 -26.5
Land transport -12.3 -81.3 -5.4 -5.0 -21.4 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -31.6
Maritime transport -5.2 +2.2 -6.0 -5.4 -1.4 -1.4 -0.7 +4.8
Air transport +2.0 +0.6 +1.2 +2.9 - - - -
Commercial, domestic and service industries -3.0 -15.2 -11.0 -10.2 -9.6 -8.6 -10.0 -33.3
Construction sector +5.0 +5.2 +5.0 +4.6 +4.9 +4.9 +4.9 -
Industrial sector +8.8 +9.2 +9.2 +10.0 +8.8 +8.8 +8.8 +100.0
Local production of electricity -22.7 -23.3 -12.9 -19.6 -23.5 -23.0 -23.2 -23.0
Waste incineration +1.8 +1.9 +2.3 +14.3 +12.5 +12.5 +12.5 +5.4
Sanitary landfills -5.9 -4.9
Wastewater treatment +18.7 -1.7
Fuel supply +1.8
Organic solvents -3.3 - - -
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Note: 1 The major sources of estimated lead emissions are land transport, waste incineration and local production of electricity (approximately 98% in total).
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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2.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
DPSIR Framework
Status
Local production of electricity, waste incineration and land transport are
the main sources of the estimated emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG)
in Macao. In 2017, the estimated GHG emissions increased by 11.4%
compared with those in 2016 owing to a 60% increase in local production
of electricity.
In 2017, the estimated emissions of CO2 and N2O increased by 11.8%
and 11.4% respectively while that of CH4 decreased by 4.9% (see Figure
2.8 and Table 2.5).
In 2017, local production of electricity was the largest source of estimated
emissions of GHG and CO2. Sanitary landfill represents a major source of
CH4 emissions while wastewater treatment and waste incineration were
the major sources of N2O emissions (see Figure 2.9).
Decadal trends
Generally speaking, the estimated GHG emissions from 2008 to 2017
showed an overall upward trend due to the increase in estimated CO2
emissions, while N2O and CH4 accounted for a smaller proportion of total
emissions. It is noteworthy that the estimated GHG emissions rebounded
significantly from 2015 to 2017, principally due to the increase in local
production of electricity (see Figure 2.7).
GHG
Figure 2.7 Annual estimated GHG emissions in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of estimated GHG emissions.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2017 and 2016.
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GHG CO2
CH4 N2O
Figure 2.9 Percentage of GHG emissions from
various sources in 2017
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Figure 2.8 Annual estimated emissions of GHG by sector in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of estimated emissions of various GHGs.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2017 and 2016.
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Table 2.5 Percentage increase/decrease of estimated emissions of GHG by
sector between 2016 and 2017
(Unit: %) GHG CO2 CH4 N2O
Total estimated emissions +11.4 +11.8 -4.9 +11.4
Land transport -0.5 -0.5 -11.2 -6.7
Maritime transport -5.5 -5.5 -5.0 -
Air transport +0.7 +1.5 - -
Commercial, domestic and service
industries -1.4 -1.4 - -
Construction sector +5.8 +5.8 - -
Industrial sector +8.3 +11.4 - -
Local production of electricity +37.8 +37.9 +8.7 -
Waste incineration +12.3 +12.9 +4.2 +3.8
Sanitary landfills -4.7 - -5.1
Wastewater treatment +19.5 +19.0
Fuel supply - -
Organic solvents - -
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
2.4 Eco-efficiency of the Energy Sector
DPSIR Framework
Status
In 2018, the final energy consumption in Macao increased by 4.2%
compared with that of 2017. The energy consumption was
correspondingly for government departments and others, commercial,
restaurants and hotels as well as domestic users (see Figures 2.10 and
2.11).
In terms of energy consumption per unit of GDP, the energy consumption
per unit of GDP in 2018 decreased by 3.9% compared with that of 2017,
revealing that the efficiency of energy utilization was improved (see
Figure 2.10).
In 2018, nearly 90% of electricity of Macao was purchased from outside,
which was higher than that of 2017. Local production of electricity
decreased to 9% of the total, including 5% generated by natural gas, 4%
by fuel oil. Moreover, 2% of electricity was generated by incineration of
solid waste (see Figure 2.12).
In 2017, the estimated emission index of atmospheric pollutants related to
local production of electricity increased by 60% compared with that of
2016, in which a larger proportion was from production of electricity with
natural gas. Amongst the related atmospheric pollutants, the estimated
emission index of TSP、NOx、SOx decreased, however that of GHG
increased along with the increased local production of electricity in 2017
(see Figure 2.13).
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Decadal trends
In the past decade, the local final energy consumption increased with
economic and social development, while the energy consumption per unit
of GDP declined in general, indicating that energy efficiency was
improved (see Figure 2.10).
From 2008 to 2017, the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants
and the estimated emissions of GHG related to local production of
electricity both tended to decline, the latter rebounded in the recent years
(see Figure 2.13).
Figure 2.10 Final energy consumption in the past years
(Data sources: DSEC, AACM, 2019)
Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 2.11 Percentage of final energy consumption by sector in 2018
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 According to the data of DSEC, the sectors of final energy consumption in 2018 are updated.
2 The electricity consumption of government departments refers to the total usage of all
government-paid electricity meter contracts, including general public administrative agencies,
urban public lighting, public medical and educational institutions.
Figure 2.12 Electricity structure of Macao from 2014 to 2018
(Data source: GDSE, 2019)
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Figure 2.13 Eco-efficiency of the energy sector
(Data sources: DSPA, GDSE, 2019)
Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2017 and 2016.
Table 2.6 Percentage of final energy consumption by sector in 20181
(Unit: %) 2018
Industrial sector 3.8
Domestic sector 16.2
Commercial, restaurants and hotels 17.1
Government departments and others2 62.9
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 According to the data of DSEC, no comparison could be made with 2017 due to the update in
sectors of final energy consumption in 2018.
2 The electricity consumption of government departments refers to the total usage of all
government-paid electricity meter contracts, including general public administrative agencies,
urban public lighting, public medical and educational institutions.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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2.5 Eco-efficiency of the Transport Sector
DPSIR Framework
Status
In 2018, the number and density of motor vehicles as well as fuel
consumption of maritime transport in Macao decreased as compared to
those in 2017, while the fuel consumption of land transport and flight
movements both increased compared with those in 2017 (see Tables
2.7-2.9).
The estimated emission index of atmospheric pollutants associated with
land transport and the number of motor vehicles decreased concurrently
in 2017 (see Figure 2.16).
Decadal trends
In the past decade, the number of motor vehicles, density of motor
vehicles, fuel consumption of land transport and flight movements in
Macao increased in varying degrees, while the fuel consumption of
maritime transport remained relatively stable.
From 2008 to 2017, the estimated emission index of atmospheric
pollutants associated with land transport showed an overall upward trend
except for a downward trend observed in the emission indexes of CO and
NMVOC (see Figure 2.16).
Figure 2.14 Number of motor vehicles and motor vehicle density in the past
years (Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
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Figure 2.15 Fuel consumption of land and maritime transport as well as
flight movements in the past years (Data sources: DSEC, CAM, 2019)
Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Table 2.7 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of motor vehicles
between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: no.) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
No. of motor vehicles per kilometer
(motor vehicle density) (no./km) 565 535 -5.3%
Total number of motor vehicles 241,611r 240,145 -0.6%
• Light motorcycles [electric] 29,352
[80]
26,256 [72]
-10.6%
[-10.0%]
• Heavy vehicles [electric] 7,387
r
[1]
7,217
[63]
-2.3%
[+6,200.0%]
• Industrial vehicles [electric] 410
[1]
408
[0]
-0.5%
[-]
• Light vehicles [electric] 107,540
r
[140]
108,442
[245]
+0.8%
[+75.0%]
• Heavy motorcycles [electric] 96,922
[2]
97,822
[2]
+0.9%
[-] (Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Note: r Revised figures.
Figure 2.16 Eco-efficiency of the land transport sector
(Data sources: DSPA, DSEC, 2019)
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Table 2.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of fuel
consumption of land and maritime transport between 2017 and
20181
(Unit: TJ) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Fuel consumption of maritime transport 2,810 2,709 -3.6%
Fuel consumption of land transport 5,744 5,957 +3.7%
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Note: 1 Only fuel consumption is included.
Table 2.9 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of flight
movements between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: no.) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Flight movements 58,520 65,779 +12.4%
(Data source: CAM, 2019)
In 2018, the air quality recorded as “Good” and “Moderate” at the air
monitoring stations accounted for more than 92% of the total number of
monitoring days, which was similar to that of 2017. The AQI of Macao was
better in May and July, but worse in October.
In 2018, the major air pollutant in Macao was O3, with higher annual mean
concentrations recorded at the Ambient Stations than those recorded at the
High Density Residential Area Stations, revealing that photochemical
pollution is to be improved in those areas. Affected by transport emissions,
local production of electricity and other factors, the annual mean
concentrations of NO2 recorded at Roadside (Macao) Station and High
Density Residential Area (Macao) Station both exceeded the standard value
in 2018. Furthermore, the annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5
were both lower than the standard value, which is consistent with the overall
trend recorded by the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta
Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network. Likewise, the annual mean
concentrations of SO2 and CO recorded at all air monitoring stations
decreased compared with those of 2017.
In 2017, the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants in Macao,
including Pb, SOx, CO, NMVOC, TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and NOx decreased
successively as compared to those in 2016, except NH3. Transportation and
local production of electricity remained the major contributors of atmospheric
pollution. According to the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants
from 2008 to 2017, CO emissions showed an overall downward trend,
NMVOC and SOx emissions both exhibited a gentle upward trend, while
significant upward trends were observed in the estimated emissions of NOx,
NH3, Pb, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5.
In respect of GHG emissions, local production of electricity was the
largest source of the estimated emissions of GHG and CO2, sanitary landfill
represents a major source of CH4 emissions while wastewater treatment and
waste incineration were the major sources of N2O emissions. The estimated
emissions of GHG from 2008 to 2017 tended to increase in general. In the
past decade, local final energy consumption increased while energy
consumption per unit of GDP decreased, indicating that energy efficiency
was improved.
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The estimated emission index of atmospheric pollutants associated with
land transport and the number of motor vehicles decreased concurrently in
2017. From 2008 to 2017, the estimated emission index of atmospheric
pollutants associated with land transport showed an overall upward trend
except for a downward trend observed in the emission indexes of CO and
NMVOC.
In 2018, the Government of the Macao SAR successively approved
Regulations on the Construction and Operation of Fuel Filling Stations,
Emission Standards for Air Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment Plants as
well as Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Industrial Establishments
for Pharmaceutical Production, Copper Clad Laminate Manufacturing and
Plastic Processing, also revised the standards for exhaust emission of newly
imported vehicles, heavy and light motorcycles as well as vehicles in use,
pushed forward the formulation of emission standards for the major
stationary air pollution sources, so as to further improve air quality.
Regarding production of electricity, it is suggested to continually promote
the utilization of clean energy, increase the proportion of production of
electricity with natural gas, and promote carbon audit and energy efficiency
management in order to enhance public awareness of energy conservation
and emission reduction. In respect of transport sector, it is suggested to
continuously reinforce strategy to control the number of vehicles, optimize
public transportation network, timely review the exhaust gas emission
standards for vehicles, promote the use of electric vehicles and improve
supporting facilities, build orderly a pedestrian system, encourage green
commuting, and improve the fuel quality of various types of transportation, so
as to reduce pollutant emissions. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to
strengthen joint prevention and control for atmospheric pollution through
continual and close regional cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong
and Macao.
= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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3. Water Environment
The Government of the Macao SAR has been taking forward a
series of management work related to water environment of
Macao. In 2018, in addition to the ongoing coastal water quality
monitoring and ensuring water supply, the Government of the
Macao SAR also developed the Macao Sewage Treatment
Facilities Master Plan and issued Law No.7/2018 - Maritime Area
Management Framework Law, formulated general principles and
regulatory framework for maritime area management, which
included environmental protection of maritime areas.
This chapter will illustrate the status and variation of the
indicators regarding the water environment in potable water,
quality of coastal waters, maritime areas and wastewater
treatment.
Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter
Quality of Potable Water
Potable Water Consumption
Maritime Areas
Wastewater Treatment
3.1 Quality of Potable Water
DPSIR Framework
Status
In 2018, water supply in Macao was not affected by salty tide. The
potable water quality of Macao was maintained at a low salinity level
(green)1 through regional cooperation, centralizing the coordination of
water diversion in the Pearl River catchment, ensuring the water security
in Macao.
In 2018, the quality of potable water in Macao met all testing standards.
The chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water
Treatment Plant decreased when compared with that of 2017.
In 2018, the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks
in Macao was above 99%, which was similar to that of 2017 and was in
compliance with the requirements of relevant law2.
In 2018, the total rainfall in Macao increased slightly compared with that
of 2017 (see Table 3.1).
1 It is divided according to the Salinity Scale for Potable Water. For more information, please refer to the
website of Macao Water Supply Co., Ltd.. 2
According to Decree Law No.46/96/M, Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao
(RADARM), the water is conformed to the requirement of potable water that the qualified rate of tested
samples reaches 95%.
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Decadal trends
In the past decade, the annual average chloride concentration of treated
water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant showed an overall
downward trend, while the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the
distribution networks was maintained above 99%. Besides, the rainfall in
Macao remained at a stable level.
Figure 3.1 Rainfall in Macao in the past years
(Data source: SMG, 2019)
Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 3.2 Chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water
Treatment Plant in the past years
(Data source: IAM, 2019) Notes: 1 The standard limit on chloride concentration in the abstraction for hunman consumption
according to GB 3838-2002 is 250mg/L.
2 The gray line is the trend line.
Figure 3.3 Qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks of
Macao in the past years
(Data source: IAM, 2019)
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Table 3.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease or difference of
rainfall, chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde
Water Treatment Plant and qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the
distribution networks of Macao between 2017 and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
or difference
Rainfall (mm) 1,783.2 1,795.6 +0.7%
Chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment
Plant
Annual average chloride concentration (mg/L) 18.4 17.7 -3.8%
Highest chloride concentration (mg/L) 36.4 30.7 -15.7%
Qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks 1
• Coloane distribution network (%) 100.0 100.0 -
• Macao Peninsula distribution network (%) 99.6 99.7 +0.1%
• Taipa distribution network (%) 99.4 99.7 +0.3%
(Data sources: SMG, IAM, 2019)
Note:
1 According to Decree Law No.46/96/M, Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao
(RADARM), the water is conformed to the requirement of potable water that qualified rate of
coliform bacteria in the distribution networks of tested samples reaches 95%.
3.2 Potable Water Consumption
DPSIR Framework
Status
In comparison with 2017 data, billed water consumption increased
slightly, water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP decreased, and
domestic water consumption per capita was similar in 2018 (see Table
3.2).
Among different types of water consumption, all types of water
consumption increased in 2018 as compared to those of 2017, except a
decrease recorded in industrial water consumption. Wherein, commercial
water consumption, which is also the major driving factor for the increase
in the volume of water flowing through the distribution networks and billed
water consumption, accounted for a higher proportion and the increase
was large. It is believed that such increases might be attributed to the
booming economy, successive operations of large-scale tourism and
entertainment facilities and steady increase in visitor arrivals (see Table
3.3).
In terms of water consumption in different districts, water consumption of
all districts increased in varying degrees in 2018 as compared with those
of 2017. Specifically, the increases in Coloane and the Cotai Reclamation
Zone were more significant (see Table 3.4).
In 2018, leakage rate in the distribution networks was similar to that of
2017 (see Table 3.6).
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Decadal trends
Although billed water consumption in Macao has been on an overall
upward trend in the past decade, water consumption per ten thousand
MOP GDP has shown a downward trend. In 2018, water consumption per
ten thousand MOP GDP was reduced by nearly 50% of that of 2009.
Besides, leakage rate in the distribution networks also tended to
decrease, representing that water consumption efficiency was improved.
In the past decade, domestic water consumption per capita maintained at
150-160 L/capita·day.
In the past decade, all types of water consumption, except industrial
water consumption, increased to varying degrees; with the most notable
increase in commercial water consumption. In terms of water
consumption in different districts, the upward trend in water consumption
of the Cotai Reclamation Zone was the most obvious in the past decade.
Figure 3.4 Volume of water flowing through the distribution networks, billed
water consumption and domestic water consumption in the past
years
(Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019) Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Figure 3.5 Billed water consumption per capita, domestic water consumption
per capita and water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP (Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019) Notes: 1 Billed water consumption per capita = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷
(end-yearpopulation × days of the year).
2 Domestic water consumption per capita = domestic water consumption for the whole year ÷
(end-year population × days of the year).
3 Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP refers to the volume of water consumed for
producing ten thousand MOP GDP (at current prices), calculated based on the volume of water
supply for the whole year.
4 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 3.6 Volume of billed water consumption by sector in the past years
(Data source: DSAMA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of total billed water consumption.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 3.7 Volume of billed water consumption by geographical area in the
past years
(Data source: DSAMA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of total billed water consumption.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Table 3.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed/domestic
water consumption, billed/domestic water consumption per capita,
and water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP between 2017
and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Water consumption per ten thousand MOP
GDP1 (m
3/10,000 MOP)
2.40r 2.28 -5.0%
Domestic water consumption per capita2
(L/capita·day) 156.9 157.2 +0.2%
Billed water consumption per capita3
(L/capita·day) 371.0 373.3 +0.6%
Domestic water consumption (ʼ000 m3) 37,391 38,283 +2.4%
Billed water consumption (ʼ000 m3) 88,436 90,944 +2.8%
(Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP refers to the volume of water consumed for
producing ten thousand MOP GDP (at current prices), calculated based on the volume of water
supply for the whole year.
2 Domestic water consumption per capita = domestic water consumption for the whole year ÷
(end-year population × days of the year).
3 Billed water consumption per capita = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year
population × days of the year). r Revised figure.
Table 3.3 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed water
consumption by sector between 2017 and 20181
(Unit: m3) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Industrial sector 4,780,408 (5.4%) 4,536,947 (5.0%) -5.1%
Public sector 5,684,786 (6.4%) 5,762,152 (6.3%) +1.4%
Domestic sector 37,391,197 (42.3%) 38,283,332 (42.1%) +2.4%
Commercial sector 40,579,426 (45.9%) 42,361,984 (46.6%) +4.4%
(Data source: DSAMA, 2019)
Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of billed water consumption by sector
over total billed water consumption in Macao.
Table 3.4 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed water
consumption by geographical area between 2017 and 20181
(Unit: m3) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Macao Peninsula 56,075,398 (63.4%) 56,925,411 (62.6%) +1.5%
Taipa 12,422,886 (14.0%) 12,885,638 (14.2%) +3.7%
University of
Macau in Hengqin
Island
858,369 (1.0%) 894,155 (1.0%) +4.2%
Cotai Reclamation
Zone 15,188,698 (17.2%) 16,047,531 (17.6%) +5.7%
Coloane 3,890,466 (4.4%) 4,191,680 (4.6%) +7.7%
(Data source: DSAMA, 2019)
Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of billed water consumption by
geographical area among total billed water consumption in Macao.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
35
Environmental knowledge
Table 3.5 Water consumption per capita and domestic water consumption per
capita in recent years1
City/Region
Water
consumption per
capita
(L/capita·day)
Domestic water
consumption per
capita
(L/capita·day)
Data source
Macao 373.3 2 157.2
2
Report on the State of
the Environment of
Macao 2018, Macao
Hong Kong 368.9 3 200.4
3
Water Supplies
Department Annual
Report 2016/2017,
Hong Kong
Guangzhou 368.7 4 279.0
4
Guangzhou Statistical
Yearbook 2018,
Guangzhou
Notes: 1 Water consumption per capita and domestic water consumption per capita are estimated
based on the official data of different regions, with the calculation methods in Notes 2-4.
2 (Billed) water consumption per capita in Macao = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷
(end-year population × days of the year); domestic water consumption per capita = domestic
water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year population × days of the year).
3 This is 2016 data, excluding sea water consumption. Water consumption per capita = water
consumption per capita (m3/year) ÷ days of the year; domestic water consumption per capita =
domestic potable water consumption ÷ (population served with potable water × days of the
year).
4 This is 2017 data. Water consumption per capita = volume of water sales ÷ (end-year resident
population × days of the year); domestic water consumption per capita = water consumption
per capita per day.
Figure 3.8 Leakage rate in the distribution networks in the past years
(Data source: SAAM, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Table 3.6 Numerical data and difference of leakage rate in the distribution
networks between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: %) 2017 2018 Difference
Leakage rate in the distribution networks 9.0 9.4 +0.4
(Data source: SAAM, 2019)
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
36
3.3 Maritime Areas
DPSIR Framework
Status
The quality of coastal waters in 2018 was improved compared with that of
2017, however, heavy pollution was still observed in Inner Harbor (see
Figure 3.9).
The evaluation3 of the quality of coastal waters in Macao in 2018 shows
that the total evaluation index, non-metal evaluation index and heavy
metal evaluation index all decreased to varying degrees compared with
those of 2017. Specifically, the heavy metal evaluation index remained far
below the standard value, but the non-metal evaluation index was still
higher than the standard value (see Table 3.7 and Figure 3.10).
In terms of chlorophyll a concentration4, data recorded at all monitoring
points decreased in 2018 except those recorded at Sanitary Landfill and
Cheoc Van monitoring points. Decrease at the Inner Harbor was the most
notable, which was more than 50% (see Table 3.10 and Figure 3.14).
3 Sea Water Quality Standards - Category III (applicable to general industrial water consumption zones and
coastal resort zones) (GB3097-1997) of China was adopted for the analysis of the water quality.
Additionally, due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018. 4 Organic pollution and eutrophication are key factors of red tide outbreak. Therefore, the eutrophication
index can reflect the level of eutrophication in the waters, with chlorophyll a concentration as supporting
data to determine the richness of planktonic algae.
Status
In terms of eutrophication index, the indices of all monitoring points
increased in varying degrees except those recorded at Inner Harbor,
Cheoc Van and Airport monitoring points. High index was recorded at
Inner Harbor (see Table 3.9 and Figure 3.13).
In terms of water quality of maritime areas, the DSPA has been
conducting the “Studies on Water Quality Monitoring Scheme of Maritime
Areas of Macao”, serving as scientific references for developing the
related water quality monitoring schemes of maritime areas in the future.
According to relevant studies, inorganic nitrogen and active phosphorus
are the primary factors that affect the quality of sea water of Macao. In
addition, open sea water, Pearl River surface runoff, surrounding
land-based pollution and hydrodynamic conditions also affect the water
quality of maritime areas in Macao.
P Pressures
S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
Resposta
D Driving Forces
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
37
Decadal trends
In the past decade, the total evaluation index of quality of coastal waters
in Macao showed an overall downward trend. Wherein, the heavy metal
evaluation index showed a downward trend, but the upward trend and
exceedance of the non-metal evaluation index is notable.
In the past decade, the eutrophication index at each monitoring point
(except Praia Grande and Inner Harbor) indicated an overall upward
trend, while improvement was recorded in the chlorophyll a concentration
with a significant decrease.
Figure 3.9 Distribution of monitoring points of coastal waters in 2018
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2018.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
38
Figure 3.10 Evaluation indices of coastal waters in Macao in the past years
(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00).
2 The gray line is the trend line.
3 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 3.11 Non-metal evaluation index for water quality by monitoring point
in 2018
(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019)
Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00).
2 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.
Figure 3.12 Heavy metal evaluation index for water quality by monitoring
point in 2018
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00)
2 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.
Figure 3.13 Eutrophication index by monitoring point in the past years
(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
39
Figure 3.14 Chlorophyll a concentration by monitoring point in the past
years
(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.
Table 3.7 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of comprehensive
evaluation index of coastal waters of Macao between 2017 and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Heavy metal evaluation index 0.03 0.02 -33.3%
Total evaluation index 0.50 0.47 -6.0%
Non-metal evaluation index 1.11 1.05 -5.4%
(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019)
Table 3.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of non-metal
evaluation index by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Airport 0.89 0.71 -20.2%
Inner Harbor 2.28 1.89 -17.1%
Cheoc Van 0.81 0.69 -14.8%
Hac Sa 0.77 0.68 -11.7%
Tam Kong Temple 0.96 0.93 -3.1%
Reference Point 0.89 0.87 -2.2%
Pac On 1.09 1.08 -0.9%
Outer Harbor 1.13 1.13 -
Sanitary Landfill 1.03 1.04 +1.0%
Taipa 1.05 1.15 +9.5%
Praia Grande 1.12 1.24 +10.7%
Reclamation Zone A Note1 Note
1 Note
2
(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Notes:
1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.
2 Considering the comparability and insufficient data, the percentage increase/decarease cannot
be calculated for Reclamation Zone A.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
40
Table 3.9 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of eutrophication
index by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Inner Harbor 190.4 137.8 -27.6%
Cheoc Van 13.5 11.0 -18.5%
Airport 17 14.7 -13.5%
Tam Kong Temple 27.4 27.6 +0.7%
Hac Sa 11.4 11.6 +1.8%
Sanitary Landfill 30.5 36.2 +18.7%
Outer Harbor 36.4 44.4 +22.0%
Reference Point 18.4 23.7 +28.8%
Praia Grande 35.5 47.4 +33.5%
Taipa 26.7 41.7 +56.2%
Pac On 28.7 46.0 +60.3%
Reclamation Zone A Note1 Note
1 Note
2
(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019)
Notes: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.
2 Considering the comparability and insufficient data, the percentage increase/decarease cannot
be calculated for Reclamation Zone A.
Table 3.10 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of chlorophyll a
concentration by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: μg/L) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Inner Harbor 21.3 10.2 -52.1%
Pac On 4.7 3.1 -34.0%
Praia Grande 6.9 4.6 -33.3%
Reference Point 3.6 2.5 -30.6%
Taipa 5.6 4.3 -23.2%
Hac Sa 3.9 3.0 -23.1%
Outer Harbor 4.2 3.6 -14.3%
Tam Kong Temple 3.8 3.3 -13.2%
Airport 3.4 3.2 -5.9%
Cheoc Van 3.2 3.3 +3.1%
Sanitary Landfill 4.4 4.6 +4.5%
Reclamation Zone A Note1 Note
1 Note
2
(Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019)
Notes: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring
point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.
2 Considering the comparability and insufficient data, the percentage increase/decarease cannot
be calculated for Reclamation Zone A.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
41
3.4 Wastewater Treatment
DPSIR Framework
Status
In 2018, the daily mean treated volume of each WWTP/WWTS of Macao
and the total treated volume of wastewater increased compared with
those of 2017.
In respect of effluent quality of WWTP/WWTS, the effluent quality
recorded at Macao Peninsula WWTP and TIP WWTS of 2018 met the
design standard and the requirements of relevant law. However, some
exceedances5 were recorded at Taipa WWTP and Coloane WWTP,
owing to the discharge of oil waste and high concentrated wastewater
into public sewage network beyond the design capacity of wastewater
treatment.
Tendência
5 Exceedances in COD and SS were observed in the effluent of Coloane WWTP, and exceedance in SS
was recorded in the effluent of Taipa WWTP. Such exceedances were primarily attributed to the following
aspects: frequent inflow of oil waste and high concentrated wastewater into the above WWTPs through
public sewage network; Taipa WWTP suffered from a lack of standby capacity of wastewater treatment
due to the upgrading project; the inffluent quality of Coloane WWTP exceeded frequently the maximum
design capacity because oil waste from kitchen grease traps of eating houses as well as chemical
wastewater from temporary toilets collected by mobile suction sewage trucks in the entire city are to be
treated at the Coloane WWTP.
Decadal trends
In the past decade, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was
on an overall upward trend, which had been in line with the trend of
potable water consumption. With the increase of resident population in
Coloane and the operation of tourism and entertainment facilities in the
Cotai Reclamation Zone, the treated volume of wastewater of the
Coloane WWTP has been increased by over three times in the past
decade.
Regarding the overall effluent quality of WWTP/WWTS in the past
decade, the pollutant concentration of the effluent of Macao Peninsula
WWTP was improved, those recorded at Coloane WWTP and Taipa
WWTP tended to increase, while no comparison could be made at the
TIP WWTS due to the adjustment of testing indicators.
Table 3.11 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of daily mean
treated volume by WWTP/WWTS of Macao between 2017 and 20181
(Unit: m3 ) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Daily mean treated
volume 210,850 223,274 +5.9%
• Macao Peninsula
WWTP 144,338 (68.5%) 147,839 (66.2%) +2.4%
• Taipa WWTP 2 22,174 (10.5%) 24,837 (11.1%) +12.0%
• Coloane WWTP 43,159 (20.5%) 48,770 (21.8%) +13.0%
• TIP WWTS 1,179 (0.5%) 1,828 (0.8%) +55.0%
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Notes: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of daily mean treated volume by
WWTP/WWTS in Macao.
2 The treated volume of Taipa WWTP includes the treated volume of Macau International Airport
WWTS.
P Pressures
S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
Resposta
D Driving Forces
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
42
Figure 3.15 Daily mean treated volume by WWTP/WWTS in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The treated volume of Taipa WWTP includes the treated volume of Macau International Airport
WWTS.
2 The gray line is the trend line of the total treated volume of wastewater.
3 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
The quality of potable water was maintained at a low salinity level (green)
in 2018, and the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks
complied with the requirements of relevant laws. Driven by the increase in
commercial water consumption, billed water consumption in 2018 increased
slightly compared with that of 2017, water consumption per ten thousand
MOP GDP decreased compared with that of 2017, and domestic water
consumption per capita was similar to that of 2017.
The overall quality of coastal waters in 2018 was improved compared with
that of 2017, but it is notable that non-metal evaluation index was still higher
than the standard value. In addition, the eutrophication index recorded at
several monitoring points increased in varying degrees compared with 2017
data, with the highest index recorded at Inner Harbor.
In the past decade, the overall quality of coastal waters and chlorophyll a
concentration in Macao were improved. However, the trend of non-metal
evaluation index, which exceeded the standard value, should be a concern.
In the past decade, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was
on an overall upward trend, which was in line with the trend of potable water
consumption.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
43
It is suggested to strengthen water environmental protection and pollution
control, enhance the separation system for rainwater and wastewater as well
as network management, optimize continuously the coastline remediation,
step up the management of coastal waters, conduct monitoring of water
quality of maritime areas, formulate the emergency response plan and
precautionary measures against marine pollution, as well as promote
maritime functional zones during the detailed work related to the
implementation of the Maritime Area Management Framework Law. In the
meantime, it is also recommended to continuously reduce the leakage rate in
the distribution networks in an orderly manner, implement the Macao
Sewage Treatment Facilities Master Plan, promote the construction and
upgrading of wastewater treatment facilities, also to revise relevant
regulations and standards as well as promote the publicity and education of
water conservation, so as to protect the water environment and water
resources more effectively.
= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
44
4. Solid Waste
In recent years, the Government of the Macao SAR has
launched a number of policies related to “waste reduction at
source and resources recycling”, formulated the Macao Solid
Waste Resources Management Programme (2017-2026), and
gradually expanded recycling network for more types of
recyclable waste.
The generation, treatment, disposal and recycling of solid
waste in Macao in 2018 will be introduced in this chapter.
Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter
Generation, Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste
Recycling of Solid Waste
4.1 Generation, Treatmnt and Disposal of Solid
Waste
DPSIR Framework
Status
Driven by the steadily progressing economic, increased purchasing
power of residents and rapidly increasing number of visitor arrivals, the
disposal quantity of municipal solid waste in Macao increased slightly in
2018, while the disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita was
similar to that of 2017 (see Figure 4.1 and Table 4.1). The major physical
components of municipal solid waste are correspondingly organic
substances, plastics and paper/cardboard, etc. (see Figure 4.2 and Table
4.3).
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Forcess
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
45
Status
In 2018, the volume of construction waste decreased drastically
compared with that in 2017, owing to the substantially reduced production
of sea mud which can be attributed to the decreased number of
large-scale excavation projects. In comparison with 2017, the quantity of
slag also decreased in 2018, but that of fly ash increased. In 2018,
legislative process of Construction Waste Management System of Macao
has been started; the Government of the Macao SAR also continued to
facilitate waste classification and waste reduction at source of
construction waste through a variety of measures in order to encourage
reduction of construction waste in the construction sector (see Figure 4.4
and Table 4.5).
In 2018, the quantity of special and hazardous waste was similar to that in
2017 (see Figure 4.3 and Table 4.4).
In comparison with 2017, the quantity of all types of waste vehicles in
2018 decreased significantly except for the increases recorded in
industrial machines and heavy vehicles (see Figure 4.6 and Table 4.6).
In 2018, the quantity of oily waste in storage tanks of the electricity supply
company decreased slightly compared with that in 2017 (see Figure 4.5).
Decadal trends
In the past decade, the disposal quantity of municipal solid waste and the
disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita in Macao both had
an overall upward trend, despite the slowdown in growth between 2015
and 2018.
In the past decade, the volume of construction waste and the quantity of
special and hazardous waste showed overall upward trends, however
there was a decline for the former in recent year.
In the past decade, the number of waste vehicles was on an overall
upward trend, maintaining at relatively stable level between 2009 and
2014. Specifically, the number of waste vehicles increased in recent years
due to the reinforced control of vehicles, phasing out of two-stroke
motorcycles and the impact of the typhoon.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
46
Figure 4.1 Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste and disposal quantity
of municipal solid waste per capita in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of disposal quantity of municipal solid waste.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Table 4.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the disposal
quantity of municipal solid waste and disposal quantity of municipal
solid waste per capita between 2017 and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Disposal quantity of municipal solid
waste per capita1 (kg) 2.16 2.17 +0.5%
Disposal quantity of municipal solid
waste2 (tonne) 510,702 522,548 +2.3%
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Notes: 1 Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita = disposal quantity of municipal solid waste
÷ (mid-year population × days of the year).
2 Municipal solid waste refers to the solid waste generated from daily life, commercial and industrial
activities; which includes domestic waste as well as commercial and industrial waste.
Environmental knowledge
Table 4.2 Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita in recent years1
City/
Region
Disposal quantity
of municipal solid
waste per capita
(kg/capita‧day)
Data source
Macao 2.172
Report on the State of the Environment of
Macao 2018, Macao
Singapore 1.453
Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2018,
Singapore
Hong Kong 1.454
Monitoring of Solid Waste in Hong Kong 2017,
Hong Kong
Beijing 1.175 Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2018, Beijing
Guangzhou 0.995
Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook 2018,
Guangzhou
Shanghai 0.845
National Bureau of Statistics of China –
National Data, China
Notes: 1 Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita in this Report is estimated based on the
official data, with calculation methods stated in notes 2-5.
2 Data of 2018 is cited. Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita = disposal quantity of
municipal solid waste ÷ (mid-year population × days of the year).
3 Data of 2017 is cited. Waste for disposal per capita = disposal quantity of waste (domestic
waste + non-domestic waste) ÷ (mid-year population × days of the year).
4 Data of 2017 is cited. Per capita disposal rates of municipal solid waste = disposal quantity of
municipal solid waste (daily average) ÷ mid-year population. Municipal solid waste includes
domestic waste, commercial waste and industrial waste.
5 Data of 2017 is cited. Daily mean quantity of domestic waste for removal per capita = removal
quantity of domestic waste ÷ [resident population (end-year) × days of the year].
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
47
Figure 4.2 Physical composition of municipal solid waste in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Table 4.3 Physical composition of municipal solid waste between 2017 and
2018
(Unit: %) 2017 2018
Wood 5.1 1.9
Metals 3.8 4.4
Glass and rubble 3.3 4.7
Fabrics 5.2 3.4
Paper/cardboard 29.7 20.3
Plastics 23.0 22.5
Organic substances 27.4 39.5
Others 2.6 3.3
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Figure 4.3 Quantity of special and hazardous waste transferred for treatment
in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 4.4 Waste disposed in landfills in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of construction waste.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
48
Figure 4.5 Oily waste in storage tanks of the electricity supply company in
the past years
(Data source: CEM, 2019) Notes: 1 The data shows the quantity of oily waste in storage tanks of the electricity supply company in
that year.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017
Figure 4.6 Quantity of waste vehicles in the past years
(Data source: DSAT, 2019)
Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of the total number of waste vehicles.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Table 4.4 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the quantity of
special and hazardous waste between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: tonne) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Special and hazardous waste1 3,751 3,756 +0.1%
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Note: 1 Special and hazardous waste includes waste tyres, slaughterhouse waste, animal carcasses,
medical waste, oil residues, chemical waste and waste oil, etc.
Table 4.5 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of quantity of
construction waste, sea mud, slag and fly ash between 2017 and
2018
2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Construction waste (’000 m3) 2,933 2,010 -31.5%
Among which: Sea mud1 (’000 m
3) 1,408 331 -76.5%
Slag (tonne) 101,244r 96,821 -4.4%
Fly ash (tonne) 19,242 20,879 +8.5%
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 Sea mud is a kind of excavation material generated in civil works. r Revised figure.
Table 4.6 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of quantity of
waste vehicles between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: no.) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Total number of waste vehicles 26,224 16,647 -36.5%
• Light motorcycles 8,711 3,521 -59.6%
• Semi-trailers 34 18 -47.1%
• Light vehicles 9,745 5,712 -41.4%
• Heavy motorcycles 7,403 6,841 -7.6%
• Industrial machines 9 13 +44.4%
• Heavy vehicles 322 542 +68.3%
(Data source: DSAT, 2019)
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
49
4.2 Recycling of Solid Waste
DPSIR Framework
Status
In terms of waste recycling, the import/export statistics of plastics, rubber,
paper and metals reveals that the recovery rate of recyclable waste in
2018 is 22.1%, equal to that of 2017 (see Figure 4.7 and Table 4.8).
Meanwhile, paper and metals collected through “Eco Fun-Waste Sorting
can be Fun” Scheme, “Recycling Red Envelopes is Very Easy” Scheme
and “Recycling Lunar Cake Boxes is Very Easy” Scheme of DSPA, as
well as “Waste Separation and Recycling Programme” of the Municipal
Affairs Bureau (IAM) increased in 2018 than those in 2017, but plastics
collected decreased. The “Glass Bottle Recovery Programme” of IAM
was suspended owing to the typhoon in 2017, and resumed in May of
2018. Additionally, IAM recycled 1,734 tonnes of timber waste in 2018.
Status
In respect of electronic waste treatment, DSPA had launched the
“Computers and Communication Equipments Recovery Programme”1,
through which, 39,646 computers or communication equipments were
collected in 2018. Wherein those conformed to the requirements were
donated to charities after treatment, while the rest were dismantled and
recycled. Some recyclable components and materials were transported to
other regions for recycling and resource treatment according to the
requirements of the Basel Convention, the overall recovery rate reached
roughly 90%.
In 2018, DSPA established more than 1,100 collection points through
“Recycling Batteries is Very Easy” Scheme2, and collected a total of
11,692 kg of used batteries, which increased by 80% compared with that
in 2017.
Table 4.7 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of quantity of
computers and communication equipments between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: no.) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Computers and
communication equipments 1
7,646 39,646 Note 2
(Data source: DSPA 2019) Notes: 1 Computers and communication equipments include desktop, laptop, cathode ray tube/ liquid
crystal display, printer, scanner and others.
2 The “Computers and Communication Equipments Recovery Programme” was commenced in
October of 2017. Considering the comparability, the percentage increase/decrease is not
calculated.
1 Computers and Communication Equipments Recovery Programme
http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext3.aspx?a_id=1506045567 2“Recycling Batteries is Very Easy” http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext2.aspx?a_id=101411
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Forcess
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
50
Status
In 2018, the DSPA and IAM jointly recovered about 355,016 kg of food
waste, which roughly increased by 50% compared with that of 2017. The
DSPA has established food waste treatment facilities at the Macao
Refuse Incineration Plant, processing the food waste collected through
the recovery plan with the participation of government departments,
schools, hotels, banks, restaurants, supermarkets, etc. In 2018, DSPA
initiated the “Food Waste from Eating Houses Recycling Pilot Scheme”3,
collecting industrial and commercial food waste from the small and
medium-sized restaurants in Macao. Besides, DSPA also developed the
“Financial Support Scheme for Acquisition of Equipments and Vehicles
for the Waste Collection Sector” through the Environmental Protection
and Energy Conservation Fund, providing financial support to the
companies in the waste collection sector for the purchase of equipments
or vehicles necessary for the processes of collection, transportation,
separation, pre-treatment or recycling of recyclable waste.
3 Work overview on the reduction and recycling of food waste
https://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext.aspx?a_id=1533635494
Decadal trends
According to the recovery rate based on calculation of import and export
statistics of plastics, rubber, paper and metals, notwithstanding the
continuous increase in varieties of recycled waste, expanded recycling
network and increased recovery quantity, the overall growth of recovery
rate was moderate in the past decade, owing to an obvious increase in
the generation of solid waste.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
51
Figure 4.7 Recovery rate of recyclable waste based on calculation of import
and export statistics in the past years
(Data source: DSEC, 2019) Notes: 1 It includes plastics, rubber, paper and metals.
2 As recyclable waste recovered in Macao is basically transported to the Mainland China and
other countries for recycling, the above calculation is made in accordance with import and
export statistics of DSEC including quantity of plastics, rubber, recovered (waste and scrap)
paper or paperboard and scrap metals.
3 The gray line is the trend line.
4 The “Equal” in the figure indicates the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Table 4.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the recovery
rate of recyclable waste based on calculation of import and export
statistics between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: %) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Recovery rate of recyclable waste 1 22.1 22.1 -
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 It includes plastics, rubber, paper and metals.
2 As recyclable waste recovered in Macao is basically transported to the Mainland China and
other countries for recycling, the above calculation is made in accordance with import and
export statistics of DSEC including quantity of plastics, rubber, recovered (waste and scrap)
paper or paperboard and scrap metals.
Table 4.9 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the quantity of
recycled waste collected by DSPA and IAM between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: kg) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Used batteries1 6,471 11,692 +80.7%
Recycled metals2 153,390 242,973 +58.4%
Food waste3 237,860 355,016 +49.3%
Recycled paper2 2,575,541
r 2,697,573 +4.7%
Recycled aluminum/iron cans2
(no.) 1,100,943 1,114,662 +1.2%
Recycled plastics2 278,932 250,194 -10.3%
Recycled glass4 491,480 417,544 Note
4
(Data sources: DSPA, IAM, 2019)
Notes: 1 Used batteries: Used batteries collected through the “Used Battery Collection Scheme” of
DSPA.
2 Recycled plastics, recycled paper, recycled aluminum/iron cans (number) and recycled metals:
Including recovery quantity in the “EcoFun-Waste Sorting can be Fun” Scheme, “Recycling Red
Envelopes is Very Easy” Scheme, “Recycling Lunar Cake Boxes is Very Easy” Scheme of
DSPA and the “Waste Separation and Recycling Programme” of IAM.
3 Food waste: Including food waste recovery quantity treated by the food waste demonstration
project, on-site treatment studies and “Food Waste from Eating Houses Recycling Pilot
Scheme” of DSPA and the food waste recovery plan of IAM.
4 Recycled glass: Recovery quantity collected through the “Glass Bottle Recovery Programme”
of IAM, which has been suspended since October 2017 due to the typhoon, then resumed in
May 2018. Considering the comparability, the percentage increase/decrease is not calculated. r Revised figure.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
52
Generally speaking, the disposal quantity of municipal solid waste
increased slightly in 2018, while the disposal quantity of municipal solid
waste per capita was similar to that in 2017. The quantity of all types of waste
vehicles decreased in 2018 except for the increases recorded in industrial
machines and heavy vehicles compared with 2017 data. The quantity of
special and hazardous waste was similar to that in 2017; the quantities of
construction waste, sea mud and slag decreased in varying degrees, while
that of fly ash increased. Moreover, the types of recyclable solid waste
increased continuously and the recycling network expanded gradually.
According to the import and export statistics, the recovery rate of recyclable
waste in 2018 was computed to be 22.1%, equal to that of 2017. In addition,
paper and metals collected through various recycling programs organized by
the DSPA and IAM increased in 2018 than those in 2017, but plastics
collected decreased.
= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad
During the past decade, there was a continuous increase in the disposal
quantity of municipal solid waste of Macao, and the disposal quantity of
municipal solid waste per capita remained at a high level. It is suggested to
make efforts to promote the construction and improvement of legislation and
supporting infrastructures with respect to the Macao Solid Waste Resources
Management Programme (2017-2026), employ measures of Restrictions on
the Use of Plastic Bags, take forward the legislation work of Construction
Waste Management System of Macao and Financial Support Scheme for
Food Waste Treatment Equipments, strengthen implementation of “Waste
reduction at source and resources recycling”, promote waste classification
and and waste reduction, take forward the “Recycling and Pre-treatment
Programme of Electrical and Electronic Equipments” and “Reducing Plastic
is Very Easy”, so as to improve the recovery rate of recyclable waste,
advocate cherishing resources and waste reduction not only for residents in
their daily life but also for enterprises in business operation. Furthermore, it is
suggested to facilitate the regional cooperation for solid waste management
under the Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Greater Bay Area, reinforce the capacity building of regional collaborative
treatment and disposal for special and hazardous waste, and strengthen the
supervision of transboundary movements, so as to promote harmless
disposal, reduction and recycling of solid waste.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
53
5. Nature Conservation
Facilitating ecological civilization and striking for a balance
between humans and nature are prioritized work of
environmental protection.
In recent years, aside from constantly pushing forward the
urban greening action plans in the Five-Year Development Plan,
the Government of Macao SAR has proactively initiated survey
on ecological environment, mapped out the reforestation and
conservation programmes, proceeded with relevant work of
forest stand improvement, ecological remediation, wetland and
mangrove conservation, as well as biodiversity preservation. The
evolution in green area as well as animals and plants of Macao
will be introduced in this chapter.
Indicator for environmental analysis in this chapter
Green Area
1
Photo source: IAM, 2019
5.1 Green Area
DPSIR Framework
Status
In accordance with the “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area
in Macao” (2015), the green area under the jurisdiction of IAM in 2018
was similar to that of 2017. Green area per capita in 2018 had slightly
decreased compared with that in 2017, owing to increased population
(see Figure 5.2 and Table 5.1).
In 2018, the number of roadside trees of Macao increased compared with
that of 2017 (see Table 5.5), however, the total number has not yet
reached 2017 level before the typhoon attack. The number of roadside
tree species (including arbor and shrub) in 2018 remained the same as
that in 2017 (see Figure 5.5).
In terms of animal species, according to the results of survey in 2018, the
species of reptiles increased compared with that in 2017, and the species
of fishes and amphibians remained unchanged, but the species of birds
decreased compared with that in 2017. Considering the comparability, no
comparison is made in the number of species of mammals and insects
between 2017 and 2018 due to updated statistical methods or new
findings in research (see Table 5.4).
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Forcess
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Status
The Cotai Ecological Zone is one of the valuable wetlands of Macao,
which provides habitats for numerous species of fishes, benthos, insects
and birds. Among them, some are classified as Grade II National Key
Protected Species, including Platalea minor (Black-faced Spoonbill),
Egretta eulophotes, Egretta sacra and Platalea leucorodia. During the
bird season, the maximum number of Black-faced Spoonbills recorded in
the zone decreased from 59 in 2017 to 54 in 2018.
In 2018, there was no record of hill fire in Macao.
In terms of fulfillment of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)1, 7,949
certificates of imports and re-exports of endangered species were issued
in 2018, which was significantly higher than that in 2017. Moreover, there
were 37 cases prosecuted for CITES violations in 2018, substantially
decreased by 60% compared with that in 2017.
1 In order to cooperatively fulfill the responsibility stipulated in the CITES, the Government of the Macao SAR
regulates the imports and exports of relevant endangered species, and the Enforcement Law of CITES
came into force in September 2017.
https://www.economia.gov.mo/zh_TW/web/public/pg_cites_intro?_refresh=true
Decadal trends
Since the “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” has
been revised in 2015, no comparison between evolution of green area
under the jurisdiction of IAM and green area per capita in the past decade
could be made. In recent years, green area under the jurisdiction of IAM
was similar, however, green area per capita under the jurisdiction of IAM
tended to shrink owing to the growing population in Macao.
In the past decade, the total number of roadside trees of Macao was on
an overall upward trend (see Figure 5.7). Regarding the number of
roadside tree species, the shrubs remained unchanged while those of the
arbors increased (see Figure 5.5).
In respect of animal species, relevant survey indicated that there was a
downward trend in bird species, amphibian species remained relatively
stable while other animal species increased in varying degrees in the past
decade (see Figure 5.6). In addition, the total number of Black-faced
Spoonbills recorded in the Cotai Ecological Zone during the past decade
remained relatively stable.
In the past decade, hill fires of Macao showed a downward trend and
stayed at an extremely rare level.
In the past decade, the number of issued CITES certificates for imports
and re-exports of endangered species (see Figure 5.8) and cases
prosecuted for CITES violations increased in general (see Figure 5.9).
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
55
Figure 5.1 Macao green area in 2018
(Data source: DSCC, 2019)
Figure 5.2 Green area and green area per capita under jurisdiction of IAM
between 2016 and 2018
(Data sources: IAM, DSEC, 2019) Notes: 1 The “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” has been revised in 2015. Given
the modification of the standard, relevant green areas are calculated in conformity with the
updated standards.
2 The green area under jurisdiction of IAM.
3 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
4 Green area per capita is calculated with the end-year population.
Figure 5.3 Green area by category under jurisdiction of IAM between 2016
and 2018
(Data source: IAM, 2019) Notes: 1 The “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” has been revised in 2015. Given
the modification of the standard, relevant green areas are calculated in conformity with the
updated standards.
2 The green area under jurisdiction of IAM.
3 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
56
Figure 5.4 Number of hill fires in the past years
(Data sources: DSEC, CB, 2019)
Notes: 1 There was no hill fire records in 2018.
2 The gray line is the trend line.
Figure 5.5 Number of tree species in Macao in the past years
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Note: 1 The gray line is the trend line.
Figure 5.6 Number of animal species in Macao in the past years
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 There were 673 insect species in 2018.
2 The number of animal species is the number of survey records obtained through regular
monitoring and related research projects.
Figure 5.7 Number of roadside trees in Macao in the past years
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Note: 1 The gray line is the trend line.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
57
Table 5.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of green area
distribution under the jurisdiction of IAM between 2017 and
2018 1,2,3
(Unit: m2) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Green area per capita 4
(m2/capita)
10.8 10.6 -1.9%
Green area 7,068,262 7,080,138 +0.2%
• Cotai Reclamation
Zone 167,578 (2.4%) 170,581 (2.4%) +1.8%
• Taipa 1,517,493 (21.4%) 1,528,573 (21.6%) +0.7%
• Macao Peninsula 1,066,006 (15.1%) 1,066,006 (15.0%) -
• Coloane 4,317,185 (61.1%) 4,314,978 (61.0%) -0.1%
(Data sources: IAM, DSEC, 2019)
Notes: 1 The green area under the jurisdiction of IAM, excluding privately owned green area,
therefore relevant data does not represent the total green area of Macao.
2 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentages of the respective green area of
different regions under the jurisdiction of IAM in relation to the total green area under the
jurisdiction of IAM in that year.
3 The classification and area data of green area under the jurisdiction of IAM are calculated
based on the “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” (2015) as revised
in 2015.
4 Green area per capita refers to the green area per capita under the jurisdiction of IAM,
excluding privately owned green area, therefore relevant data does not represent the total
green area of Macao. Additionally, it is calculated based on the end-year population in
accordance to the IAM.
Table 5.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of green area
distribution under the jurisdiction of IAM by category between 2017
and 2018 1,2,3
(Unit: m2) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Green space for
traffic infrastructure 505,741 (7.2%) 519,824 (7.3%) +2.8%
Green space for
ecological landscape 3,658,655 (51.8%) 3,658,655 (51.7%) -
Nursery for urban
greening 42,203 (0.5%) 42,203 (0.6%) -
Green space for
leisure and recreation 2,861,663 (40.5%) 2,859,456 (40.4%) -0.1%
(Data source: IAM, 2019)
Notes: 1 The green area classification and area data for 2017 and 2018 are calculated based on the
“Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” (2015) as revised in 2015.
2 The green area under the jurisdiction of IAM, excluding privately owned green area, therefore
relevant data does not represent the total green area of Macao.
3 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentages of the respective green area of each
category in relation to the total green area of Macao in that year.
Table 5.3 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of hill fires
between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: no.) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Number of hill fires 1 0 -100.0%
(Data source: CB, 2019)
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Table 5.4 Number of animal species in Macao between 2017 and 20181
(Unit: type) 2017 2018
Birds 145 126
Amphibians 9 9
Mammals 34 212
Fishes 218 218
Reptiles 23 35
Insects 573 6733
(Data source: DSEC -“Environmental Statistics 2018”, 2019)
Notes:
1 The number of animal species is recorded through regular monitoring and related research
projects.
2 The number decreased due to the deduction of captive animals and that there were no new
findings in native animals in recent years.
3 The number of insects increased due to the reorganization of insect records and that 113 ant
species were proven by related research in 2018.
Table 5.5 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the number and
tree species in Macao between 2017 and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Number of trees (Unit: no.)
Roadside trees in Macao Peninsula
7,841 8,740 +11.5%
Roadside trees in the islands 8,315 8,642 +3.9%
Number of tree species (Unit: type)
Roadside tree species (Arbor) 241 241 -
Roadside tree species (Shrub) 175 175 -
(Data source: DSEC -“Environmental Statistics 2018”, 2019)
Figure 5.8 Number of CITES certificates for imports and re-exports issued by
Macao Economic Services (DSE) in the past years
(Data source: DSE, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 5.9 Number of cases prosecuted for CITES violations
(Data source: SA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Table 5.6 Accumulated number of species of animals and plants recorded in
Ecological Zone I & II in 2018 (type)
Fishes Benthos Insects Birds Amphibians
70 131 484 177 5
Reptiles Mammals Floating
Algae Zooplankton Embryophyta
20 10 217 134 381
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Table 5.7 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of CITES1
certificates for imports and re-exports issued by DSE between 2017
and 2018
(Unit: no.) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
CITES certificates 6,881 7,949 +15.5%
(Data source: DSE, 2019)
Note:1 In order to cope with the implementation of the CITES, the Government of the Macao SAR
regulates the imports and exports of relevant endangered species, and the Enforcement Law of
CITES came into force in September 2017.
Table 5.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease in the number of CITES
1 violations prosecuted between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: no.) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Number of cases 101 37 -63.4%
(Data source: SA, 2019)
Note: 1 In order to cope with the implementation of the CITES, the Government of the Macao SAR
regulates the imports and exports of relevant endangered species, and the Enforcement Law of
CITES came into force in September 2017.
In comparison with 2017, the green area under the jurisdiction of IAM
remained stable in 2018, the green area per capita slightly decreased, while
the number of roadside tree species stayed unchanged. Despite the increase
in the number of roadside trees, the total number has not yet reached 2017
level before the typhoon attack.
In recent years, the green area per capita under the jurisdiction of IAM
tended to decrease. In the past decade, the total number of roadside trees of
Macao was on an overall upward trend. Regarding the number of roadside
tree species, the shrubs remained unchanged while that of the arbors
increased.
Since the end of 2017, DSPA has continued to take forward the “Ecological
Survey of Macao and Study on Management Norms” in order to
systematically investigate and evaluate the animals, plants and ecosystem in
Macao.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
60
It is suggested to continually push forward urban greening action plans,
optimize greening layout, expand green space for leisure and recreation, as
well as promote road greening, ecological remediation of mountain forests
and biodiversity preservation. Additionally, concerted efforts shall be made to
promote the construction of ecological civilization, map out corresponding
measures of ecological protection planning, optimize protection of wetlands
and mangroves, enhance maritime ecosystem, and proceed with ecological
education, so as to raise public awareness of nature conservation across the
whole society. Furthermore, it is also recommended to improve the ecosystem
across the region and jointly construct the green bay area through closer
cooperation among Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao in ecological
protection.
= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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6. Ambient Noise
The Government of the Macao SAR has been striving to
mitigate the impact of different noise sources on the daily lives of
residents through law optimization, improving mechanisms of
complaints and inter-departmental collaboration, reinforcement
of control of vehicles, promotion of the use of electric vehicles,
as well as strengthening inspections and publicity measures, etc.
In 2018, the Government of the Macao SAR also drafted the
Revision of Prevention and Control of Ambient Noise, so as to
timely improve relevant regulations to be in line with social
development.
This chapter will analyze the
noise sources, noise monitoring
and noise complaints to
illustrate the ambient noise
status in Macao.
Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter
Driving Force of Noise
Noise Levels
Noise Complaints
6.1 Driving Force of Noise
DPSIR Framework
Status
Road traffic noise, noise from social and residential activities, as well as
construction noise are the major noise sources in Macao. In 2018, the
total number of motor vehicles decreased slightly compared with that of
2017 (see Table 2.7), the population density also decreased compared
with that of 2017 (see Figure 1.2), while the number of construction
establishments increased slightly (see Figure 6.1).
Figure 6.1 Number of licensed construction establishments in the past years
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Forcess
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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6.2 Noise Levels
DPSIR Framework
Status
In 2018, the Horta e Costa Station recorded the highest noise level
(including daytime and night-time, see Table 6.1).
In comparison with 2017, the Horta e Costa Station and Braga Street
Station recorded similar noise levels in 2018, the noise levels recorded at
the Seac Pai Van Station, Correia Silva Street Station and Ecological
Zone Station increased. Since the operation of the Areia Preta Station is
less than one year in 2017, no comparison is made (see Figure 6.2 and
Table 6.1).
Decadal trends
In the past decade, the noise levels recorded at the Horta e Costa Station
showed an overall downward trend, the noise levels at the Braga Street
Station remained stable, while those recorded at the Ecological Zone
Station which is located near the newly developed area (in the past half
decade) and the Correia Silva Street Station (in the past decade) tended
to increase in general (see Figure 6.3).
Figure 6.2 Annual average hourly Leq at each fixed ambient noise monitoring station between 2017 and 2018
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Note: 1 The Venceslau de Morais Station has been moved to the Areia Preta Station since 27th April of
2017 as for operation owing to district planning and only data from May to December of 2017 of
the Areia Preta Station is available. As the data is less than one year, no comparison between
2017 and 2018 is made.
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Force
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Horta e Costa Station Braga Street Station Correia Silva Street Station
Ecological Zone Station Seac Pai Van Station Areia Preta Station
Figure 6.3 Annual average Leq recorded at each fixed ambient noise monitoring station in the past years (at various time intervals)
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of the annual average 24-hour Leq of relevant monitoring stations.
2 The monitoring data collected at Ecological Zone Station has been published officially since April of 2014.
3 The monitoring data collected at Seac Pai Van Station has been published officially since January of 2016.
4 The monitoring data collected at Areia Preta Station has been published officially since May 2017.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Table 6.1 Annual average Leq at each fixed ambient noise monitoring station (at
various time intervals) between 2016 and 2018, and level differences (Unit: dB(A))
Horta e Costa Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018
Difference
24 hours 73.4 73.3 73.3 -
Daytime (08h-20h) 74.7 74.6 74.5 -0.1
Night-time (20h-08h) 71.7 71.3 71.7 +0.4
Evening (20h-24h) 73.2 73.1 73.2 +0.1
Midnight (24h-08h) 70.5 70.1 70.6 +0.5
Difference between L10 and L90 16.0 16.1 13.7 -2.4
Braga Street Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018 Difference
24 hours 65.9 65.9 66.1 +0.2
Daytime (08h-20h) 66.9 67.1 67.2 +0.1
Night-time (20h-08h) 64.4 64.3 64.5 +0.2
Evening (20h-24h) 65.2 65.1 65.3 +0.2
Midnight (24h-08h) 63.9 63.9 63.9 -
Difference between L10 and L90 11.7 12.0 11.9 -0.1
Correia Silva Street Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018
Difference
24 hours 69.0 67.4 68.6 +1.2
Daytime (08h-20h) 70.4 69.2 70.1 +0.9
Night-time (20h-08h) 66.8 64.1 66.4 +2.3
Evening (20h-24h) 68.5 66.2 68.5 +2.3
Midnight (24h-08h) 65.3 61.7 64.7 +3.0
Difference between L10 and L90 23.1 22.7 23.2 +0.5
Ecological Zone Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018
Difference
24 hours 58.9 60.5 61.6 +1.1
Daytime (08h-20h) 60.8 62.5 63.4 +0.9
Night-time (20h-08h) 55.0 56.1 58.2 +2.1
Evening (20h-24h) 56.4 58.0 60.1 +2.1
Midnight (24h-08h) 53.9 54.6 56.6 +2.0
Difference between L10 and L90 13.3 14.4 14.5 +0.1
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
65
Seac Pai Van Station 2016 2017 2018 2017/2018 Difference
24 hours 63.1 62.9 64.7 +1.8
Daytime (08h-20h) 65.0 64.5 66.7 +2.2
Night-time (20h-08h) 59.2 60.1 60.4 +0.3
Evening (20h-24h) 61.1 61.8 62.1 +0.3
Midnight (24h-08h) 57.6 58.9 59.1 +0.2
Difference between L10 and L90 17.7 15.6 16.8 +1.2
Areia Preta Station 1
2017
(May to December) 2018
24 hours 62.7 62.4
Daytime (08h-20h) 64.5 64.0
Night-time (20h-08h) 59.3 59.0
Evening (20h-24h) 61.4 61.1
Midnight (24h-08h) 57.5 57.2
Difference between L10 and L90 13.9 13.8
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Note: 1 The monitoring data collected at the Areia Preta Station has been published officially since May of
2017. Considering the comparability, the difference is not calculated.
6.3 Noise Complaints
DPSIR Framework
Status
In 2018, the number of noise complaints increased slightly compared with
that of 2017. The major types of complaints were still “Conversation and
shouting” as well as “Music and karaoke”, which together accounted for
approximately 60% of the total complaints, reflecting that noise from social
and residential activities caused significant nuisance to residents (see
Figure 6.5).
Figure 6.4 Noise complaints received in the past years
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Note: 1. The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Forcess
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Figure 6.5 Percentages of noise complaints by category in 2018
(Data source: DSEC, 2019)
Table 6.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of the total
number of noise complaints between 2017 and 2018
(Unit:case) 2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Total noise complaints 1 9,196 9,301 +1.1%
(Data source: DSEC -“Environmental Statistics 2018”, 2019)
Note: 1 It includes the noise complaints received by CPSP, DSPA, IAM and DST.
Noise from social and residential activities, road traffic noise as well as
construction noise were still the major noise sources.
In recent years, besides the noise levels recorded at stations near the
newly developed area increased, those recorded at other stations remained
stable or decreased slightly. Meanwhile, according to the number of noise
complaints, noise from social and residential activities caused significant
noise disturbance to residents, indicating that it’s necessary to promote good
citizenship to reduce noise and respect others.
In the future, it is suggested to proceed with law revision, urban master
plan and control the number of vehicles, promote the use of electric vehicles,
install noise barriers, improve pedestrian system, encourage green
commuting, adopt low-noise construction equipments, enhance law
enforcement and inspections, as well as promote public awareness of
reducing noise, in an effort to build a quiet and livable environment together.
= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
67
7. Environmental Investment
and Participation
In recent years, ecological conservation and green
development have been the keynote of government policies. As a
matter of fact, besides the lead of the government policies, social
participation is crucial. Furthermore, concerted effort has been
made to push forward the construction of ecological civilization
through closer environmental cooperation with neighboring
regions, specifically taking opportunity of the construction of
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.
Relevant environmental investment, participation as well as
regional cooperation will be introduced in this chapter.
Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter
Public Investment Related to Environmental Protection
Regional Cooperation
Public Participation and Concern
Environmental Management of Enterprises
7.1 Public Investment Related to Environmental
Protection
DPSIR Framework
Status
“Planning and Environment” and “Infrastructure” are the two major
categories related to environmental protection in the public expenditure of
the Government of the Macao SAR. In total, these two categories
accounted for 2.1% of the public expenditure in 2018, which was similar
to that in 2017. However, the total amount of the two expenditures
decreased (see Figures 7.1-7.2 and Table 7.1). The major expenditure
included operation and enhancement of infrastructures, urban drainage
system, sewage interception and sludge removal projects, among others.
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Forcess
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
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Decadal trends
There was an upward trend in the expenditure on “Planning and
Environment” and “Infrastructure” in the past decade, which accounted
for 1.7% to 3.4% of the total public expenditure. However, it has fallen
back since 2016 (see Figure 7.1).
Figure 7.1 Public expenditure on “Planning and environment” and
“Infrastructure” in the past years (Data source: DSF, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of the total public expenditure of “Planning and environment” and
“Infrastructure”. 2 The percentage in the figure is the variation of “Planning and environment” and “Infrastructure”
between 2018 and 2017.
Table 7.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of expenditure on
“Planning and environment” and “Infrastructure” between 2017 and
20181
(Unit: ‘000 MOP) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Infrastructure 1,145,161 (1.5%) 860,359 (1.1%) -24.9%
Planning and
environment 749,032 (1.0%) 811,324 (1.0%) +8.3%
(Data source: DSF, 2019) Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of public expenditure of each category to
the total public expenditure.
Figure 7.2 Public expenditure by function in 2018
(Data source: DSF, 2019)
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
69
7.2 Regional Cooperation
Status
In 2018, the Government of the Macao SAR continued to strengthen and
deepen international and regional environmental exchange and
cooperation, including organization of the “2018 Macao International
Environmental Co-operation Forum & Exhibition (2018 MIECF)”1.
Meanwhile, the Government of the Macao SAR is also pushing foward
environmental protection cooperation with the Ministry of Ecology and
Environment of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Science
and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, the Pan-Pearl River
Delta Region, and the Guangdong-Macao, Hong Kong-Macao and
Zhuhai-Macao regions through relevant cooperative mechanisms (for
details, please refer to Work Report of the Environmental Protection
Bureau 20182). In addition, relevant work of “Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network”3
has been carried on continually.
1 2018 Macao International Environmental Co-operation Forum & Exhibition (2018 MIECF):
http://www.macaomiecf.com/miecf2018 2 Section 2.8 Exchange and Cooperation for Environmental Protection of the Work Report of the
Environmental Protection Bureau 2018: http://www.dspa.gov.mo/publish.aspx 3Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network:
http://www.dspa.gov.mo/richtext.aspx?a_id=100988
Development trends
In the wake of promulgation of the “Outline Development Plan for the
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area”, construction of
ecological civilization will be pushed forward through building ecological
barriers, enhancing environmental protection and improvements as well
as green innovation and low carbon development, being in line with the
principle of “Green Development and Ecological Conservation”. Regional
cooperation in environmental protection will develop in a diversified,
forward-looking and pragmatic direction.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
70
7.3 Public Participation and Concern
DPSIR Framework
Status
The Government of the Macao SAR has continuously promoted public
awareness on environmental protection and green living by organizing
diversified publicity and education activities. In 2018, the number of
co-organizers and the total number of activities related to environmental
publicity and education held by DSPA and IAM decreased while the total
number of participants and expenses increased, compared with those in
2017 (see Figure 7.3 and Table 7.2).
In comparison with 2017, the number of environmental complaints
reported by residents to DSPA increased to 2,038 in 2018, and the
number of complaints on environmental hygiene problems reported to
IAM decreased to 7,007 in 2018. A significant increase in the noise
complaints is observed (see Tables 7.3 and 7.4).
Decadal trends
In the past decade, the number of co-organizers, total number of activities
and expenses of environmental protection activities held by DSPA and
IAM all tended to increase in general, the total number of participants
remained relatively stable (see Figure 7.3).
The number of complaints reported by residents to DSPA and IAM has
been on an overall upward trend in the past decade. Specifically, the
environmental complaints reported to DSPA increased significantly (see
Figures 7.4 and 7.5).
Table 7.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of environmental
publicity and educational activities held by DSPA and IAM between
2017 and 2018
2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Expenses (‘000 MOP) 7,880.9 9,311.8 +18.2%
Total number of participants
(‘000 ppl) 419.5 491.4 +17.1%
Total number of activities (no.) 1,772 1,571 -11.3%
Number of co-organizers (no.) 986 783 -20.6%
(Data source: DSEC -“Environmental Statistics 2018”, 2019)
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Forcess
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
71
Total number of activities Total number of participants Table 7.3 Numerical data and percentage
increase/decrease of environmental
complaints lodged with DSPA by category
between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: case) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Total number of
complaints 1,976 2,038 +3.1%
• Air pollution 562 510 -9.3%
• Noise 1,304 1,368 +4.9%
• Others 88 105 +19.3%
• Environmental
hygiene 22 55 +150.0%
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Number of co-organizers Expenses
Table 7.4 Numerical data and percentage
increase/decrease of environmental hygiene
complaints lodged with IAM by category
(cooking fumes emission, noise disturbance
and waste) between 2017 and 2018
(Unit: case) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Total number of
complaints 8,124 7,007 -13.7%
• Waste 1,384 1,227 -11.3%
• Cooking fumes
emission 489 516 +5.5%
• Noise
disturbance 54 110 +103.7%
Figure 7.3 Statistics on the environmental publicity and education activities held by DSPA and IAM in
the past years
(Data source: DSEC -“Environmental Statistics 2018”, 2019)
Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line.
2 Tthe percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017. (Data source: IAM, 2019)
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
72
Figure 7.4 Number of environmental complaints presented to DSPA by the
public in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Notes:
1 The gray line is the trend line of total complaint cases.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 7.5 Number of environmental hygiene complaints presented to IAM by
the public in the past years (cooking fumes emission, noise
disturbance, waste) (Data source: IAM, 2019) Notes:
1 The gray line is the trend line of total complaint cases.
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation of “cooking fumes emission”, “noise disturbance”
and “waste” between 2018 and 2017.
7.4 Environmental Management of Enterprises
DPSIR Framework
Status
The Government of the Macao SAR continued to promote
environmental management in various industries. In particular, 19
hotels were awarded the “2018 Macao Green Hotel Award”, which
increased compared with that in 2017. The “Macao Green Hotel Award”
has a validity of three years, the awardees of 2018 and those of
2016-2017 totaled 55 hotels, accounting for approximately 50% of the
hotels in Macao with over 28,400 guestrooms, which is more than 70%
of the total number of guestrooms in Macao (see Figure 7.6 and Table
7.5).
The Government of the Macao SAR continued to enhance the
performance of enterprises on environmental protection by awarding
environmental management certifications as well as organizing various
courses and seminars related to environmental management. The
accumulated number of entities awarded the ISO14001 Certificate in
2018 increased by 6.3% compared with that of 2017 (see Figure 7.7
and Table 7.6), and the participants of courses and seminars related to
environmental management held by public departments and
institutions4 totaled more than 1,500.
4 Mainly refers to the courses and seminars related to environmental management held by DSPA, DSAMA,
CPTTM, SAAM, CEM and CAM.
P Pressures S States I Impacts
R Responses
Resposta
D Driving Forcess
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
73
Decadal trends
In the past decade, the number of awarded green hotels has continued to
increase, indicating that the hotel industry is more concerned with
environmental protection (see Figure 7.6).
Figure 7.6 Accumulated number of hotels awarded the “Macao Green Hotel
Award” and the number of guestrooms in the past years
(Data source: DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation of “accumulated number of hotels awarded the Macao
Green Hotel Award” and “number of guestrooms in the awarded hotels” between 2018 and 2017.
Figure 7.7 Accumulated number of entities awarded the ISO14001 Certificate
on Environmental Management System in the past years
(Data source: CPTTM, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line
2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.
Table 7.5 Accumulated number and percentage increase/decrease of hotels
awarded the “Macao Green Hotel Award” and the number of
guestrooms between 2017 to 2018
(Unit: no.) 2017 2018
Percentage
increase/
decrease
Accumulated number of hotels awarded the
“Macao Green Hotel Award” 51 55 +7.8%
Number of guestrooms in the awarded hotels 27,159 28,449 +4.7%
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
74
Table 7.6 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of information
related to environmental management system between 2017 and
2018
2017 2018 Percentage
increase/decrease
Total number of participants enrolled in
courses and seminars related to
environmental management system (ppl)
8041 1,581
2 Note
3
Courses and seminars related to
environmental management system (no.) 25
1 55
2 Note
3
Accumulated number of entities awarded
the ISO14001 Certificate on
Environmental Management System (no.)
96r 102 +6.3%
(Data source: Government departments and institutions that provide information to the Report, 2019) Notes: 1 The statistical data before 2017 (include 2017) is made based on the number of courses and
seminars related to environmental management held by CPTTM.
2 Mainly refers to the courses and seminars related to environmental management held by
DSPA, DSAMA, CPTTM, SAAM, CEM and CAM.
3 Considering the comparability, the percentage increase/decrease is not calculated. r Revised figure.
The Government of the Macao SAR continued to allocate public
expenditure on environmental protection and strengthen environmental
cooperation with different regions in 2018. Moreover, the number of hotels
awarded the “Macao Green Hotel Award” as well as the number of entities
awarded certificate on environmental management continued to increase. In
2018, the number of co-organizers and the total number of activities related
to environmental publicity and education decreased in comparison with
2017, while the total number of participants and expenses increased
compared with those in 2017. The total number of participants remained
relatively stable in the past decade.
In terms of promoting public participation, it is suggested to progressively
launch diversified environmental publicity and education, training
programmes and seminars aiming at different communities, push forwards
ecological education, enhance social concerns and sense of responsibility
for environmental protection, elevate public awareness of protecting the
environment as protecting lives, advocate low-carbon living (such as waste
reduction, plastic reduction, carbon reduction and noise reduction),
production as well as urban construction and operation mode, encourage
enterprises to implement environmental management, as well as enhance
public understanding of international environmental issues and international
conventions.
As for regional cooperation, it is suggested to push forward the
construction of ecological civilization in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Greater Bay Area, further improve and deepen regional environmental
cooperation in accordance with the Five-Year Development Plan of the
Government of the Macao SAR as well as requirements of maritime
management, for the purpose of jointly building a green, livable and
low-carbon ecological bay area.
= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
75
8. Conclusions
The Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 reveals the
status and evolution trends of various areas, including social and economic
evolution, atmospheric environment, water environment, solid waste, nature
conservation, ambient noise as well as environmental investment and
participation.
In 2018, the economy of Macao progressed steadily, local population grew
and visitor arrivals soared, tourism intensity continued to increase and
stayed relatively higher than those of neighboring regions. Furthermore, the
consumption of various resources and the disposal quantity of municipal
solid waste also tended to increase, driven by the growth of GDP, population
and visitor arrivals, representing that Macao is under considerable
environmental pressure.
In respect of atmospheric environment, the number of days of air quality
recorded as “Good” and “Moderate” at air monitoring stations in 2018
accounted for more than 92% of the total number of monitoring days, which
was similar to that of 2017. The AQI of Macao was better in May and July, but
worse in October. In 2018, the major air pollutant in Macao was O3, with
annual mean concentrations recorded at the Ambient Stations being higher
than those recorded at the High Density Residential Area Stations, indicating
that measures are required to reduce the photochemical pollution in those
areas. Affected by various transport emissions, local production of electricity
and other factors, the annual mean concentrations of NO2 recorded at
Roadside (Macao) Station and High Density Residential Area (Macao)
Station both exceeded the standard value in 2018. Besides, the annual mean
concentrations of SO2 and CO recorded at all monitoring stations decreased
compared with those of 2017. On the other hand, the annual mean
concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were both lower than the standard value,
corresponding to the overall trend observed by the Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network.
According to the analysis of estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants
and GHG, the estimated emissions of atmospheric pollutants in Macao in
2017, including Pb, SOx, CO, NMVOC, TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and NOx,
decreased successively as compared to those in 2016, except NH3. Various
types of transports and local production of electricity remained the major
sources of atmospheric pollution. In respect of GHG emissions, local
production of electricity was the largest source of estimated emissions of
GHG and CO2, sanitary landfill was the major source of CH4 emissions while
wastewater treatment and waste incineration were the major sources of N2O
emissions.
With respect to water environment, the quality of potable water was
maintained at a low salinity level (green) in 2018, and the qualified rate of
coliform bacteria in the distribution networks complied with the requirements
of relevant laws. Driven by an increase in commercial water consumption,
billed water consumption in 2018 increased slightly compared with that of
2017. Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP decreased in 2018
compared with that of 2017, and domestic water consumption per capita was
similar to that of 2017. In respect of coastal waters, the overall quality of
coastal waters in 2018 was improved compared with that of 2017, but it is
notable that non-metal evaluation index was still higher than the standard
value. In addition, the eutrophication index recorded at several monitoring
points increased in varying degrees compared with 2017 data, with the
highest value recorded at Inner Harbor.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
76
8. Conclusions
With regard to solid waste management, the disposal quantity of municipal
solid waste in Macao increased slightly compared with that of 2017, and the
disposal quantity of municipal solid waste per capita was similar to that of
2017. The quantity of all types of waste vehicles decreased in 2018 except
for the increases recorded in industrial machines and heavy vehicles
compared with 2017 data. The quantity of special and hazardous waste was
similar to that in 2017; the quantities of construction waste, sea mud and slag
decreased in varying degrees, however, that of fly ash increased. Moreover,
the types of recyclable solid waste increased continuously and the recycling
network expanded gradually. According to the import and export statistics,
the recovery rate of recyclable waste in 2018 was computed to be 22.1%,
equal to that of 2017. In addition, the paper and metals collected through
various recycling programs organized by the DSPA and IAM increased in
2018 compared with those in 2017, but that of plastics collected decreased.
As for nature conservation, in comparison with 2017, the green area under
the jurisdiction of IAM remained similar in 2018, the green area per capita
decreased slightly, while the number of roadside tree species stayed
unchanged. Despite the increase in the number of roadside trees, the total
number has not yet reached 2017 level before the typhoon attack.
As for ambient noise, noise from social and residential activities, road
traffic noise and construction noise were still the major noise sources. In
2018, the highest noise level occurred at the Horta e Costa Station. In recent
years, noise levels recorded at stations near the newly developed area
increased, and those recorded at other stations tended to remain stable or
decrease slightly. Meanwhile, according to the number of noise complaints,
noise from social and residential activities caused significant nuisance to
residents.
With respect to environmental investment and participation, the
Government of the Macao SAR continued to allocate public expenditure on
environmental protection and strengthen environmental cooperation with
different regions in 2018. Moreover, the number of hotels awarded the
“Macao Green Hotel Award” as well as the number of entities awarded
certificates on environmental management continued to increase. In 2018,
the number of co-organizers and the total number of activities related to
environmental publicity and education decreased in comparison with 2017,
while the total number of participants and expenses for such activities
increased compared with those in 2017.
One of the priorities outlined in the “Five-Year Development Plan of the
Macao Special Administrative Region (2016-2020)” is to enhance
environmental protection and promote environmentally-friendly lifestyle,
followed by a suite of policies which comprises key projects for optimizing
environmental protection, environmental improvement plan and urban
greening action plan, etc., in a bid to protect the environment more
effectively.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
77
8. Conclusions
In the future, consistent efforts shall be made to support national strategies
and regional principles of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay
Area for green development and ecological conservation, to take forward
construction of ecological civilization, improve the quality of ecological
environment, enhance resource conservation and stick to environmental
policies, improve environmental laws, regulations, guidelines and quality
standards, reinforce pollution control and expand waste recycling; also to
progressively optimize environmental infrastructures and relevant
management, facilitate green, intelligent, energy-saving and low-carbon
production and lifestyle, encourage residents to practice
environmentally-friendly living, promote waste reduction at the source,
encourage enterprises to implement environmental management and recycle
waste products, while enhancing environmental services and publicity in
communities, as well as promoting regional and collaborative environmental
management, aiming to improve ecological environment and sustain green
development together.
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
78
Major environmental sub-indicators Comparison between
2018 and 2017
Trends of the past
decade
Atmospheric Environment
Percentage of days with air quality recorded as “Good” and “Moderate” at air monitoring stations
1
Estimated emissions of greenhouse gases
2
3
Electricity consumption
Energy consumption per unit of GDP
Water Environment
Annual average chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant
Billed water consumption per capita
Total evaluation index of quality of coastal waters
Non-metal evaluation index of quality of coastal waters
Heavy metal evaluation index of quality of coastal waters
Eutrophication index of coastal waters
Chlorophyll a concentration of coastal waters Solid Waste
Disposal quantity of municipal solid waste
Nature Conservation
Green area per capita 4
No comparability 6
Green area 5
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
79
Major environmental sub-indicators Comparison between
2018 and 2017
Trends of the past decade
Ambient Noise
Annual average 24 hours Leq
Horta e Costa Station Braga Street Station
Horta e Costa Station
Braga Street Station
Seac Pai Van Station Correia Silva Street Station
Ecological Zone Station
Ecological Zone Station 7
Correia Silva Street Station
(Areia Preta Station is excluded) (Seac Pai Van Station and Areia
Preta Station are excluded)
Environmental
Investment and
Participation
Public expenditure on “Planning and environment”
and “Infrastructure”
Total number of participants (in activities)
Number of entities awarded the ISO14001
Certificate on Environmental Management System
Notes: 1 The AQI standard of Macao has been upgraded in 2012 to meet the interim target-1 suggested by the WHO. This shows the trend from 2013 to 2018.
2 This is the comparison between 2017 and 2016.
3 This shows the trend from 2008 to 2017.
4 Green area per capita refers to the green area per capita under the jurisdiction of IAM, excluding privately owned green area, therefore relevant data does not represent the total green area of Macao. Additionally,
it is calculated based on the end-year population in accordance to the IAM.
5 The green area under the jurisdiction of IAM, excluding privately owned green area, therefore relevant data does not represent the total green area of Macao.
6 The “Standard for Classification of Urban Green Area in Macao” has been revised in 2015. As relevant standard has been adjusted, no comparison on the trend of the past decade was made for the time being.
7 The data recorded at the Ecological Zone Station in recent years is from 2014 to 2018.
= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
80
Appendix
I. Air Quality Index of Macao 1 PPoolllluuttaanntt PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 O3 CO
Unit μg/m3 mg/m
3
Index 24 hour-average Hourly
average* 8 hour-average*
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 100 35 40 100 80 5
100 150 75 125 200 160 10
200 350 150 660 750 350 17
300 420 250 1,300 1,500 600 34
400 500 350 1,700 2,000 800 46
500 600 500 2,120 2,500 1,000 57
(Data source: SMG, 2019)
Notes: 1 The AQI adopted since 2nd
July of 2012.
* The highest value in 24 hours.
II. Noise monitoring parameters
Parameter Definition
Leq,T
Equivalent Continuous Sound Pressure Level (Leq) refers to the
mean value of noise level energy during a specific period of time (T),
or the energy equivalent of steady noise level along with time.
L10 The noise level exceeded during 10% of the monitoring period,
representing a rather high-intensity noise level during that period.
L90 The noise level exceeded during 90% of the monitoring period,
representing a relatively low-intensity noise level during that period.
(Data source: DSPA, 2019)
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
81
Appendix
III. Distribution of environmental protection
infrastructures and monitoring stations in Macao
Map source: DSCC
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
82
Abbreviations
A AACM Autoridade de Aviação Civil (Civil Aviation Authority)
AQI Air Quality Index
As Arsenic
C CAM Sociedade do Aeroporto Internacional de Macau, S.A.R.L. (Macau International
Airport Co. Ltd.)
CB Corpo de Bombeiros (Fire Services Bureau)
Cd Cadmium
CEM Companhia de Electricidade de Macau, S.A. (Macau Electricity Company Limited)
CH4 Methane
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CPSP Corpo de Polícia de Segurança Pública (Public Security Police Force)
CPTTM Centro de Produtividade e de Transferência de Tecnologia de Macau (Macau
Productivity and Technology Transfer Center)
Cr Chromium
Cu Copper
D dB Decibel, sound level
DPSIR Driving forces - Pressures - States - Impacts - Responses
DSAMA Direcção dos Serviços de Assuntos Marítimos e de Á gua (Marine and Water Bureau)
DSAT Direcção dos Serviços para os Assuntos de Tráfego (Transport Bureau)
DSCC Direcção dos Serviços de Cartografia e Cadastro (Cartography and Cadastre
Bureau)
DSE Direcção dos Serviços de Economia (Macao Economic Services)
DSEC Direcção dos Serviços de Estatística e Censos (Statistics and Census Bureau)
DSF Direcção dos Serviços de Finanças (Financial Services Bureau)
DSPA Direcção dos Serviços de Protecção Ambiental (Environmental Protection Bureau)
DST Direcção dos Serviços de Turismo (Macao Government Tourism Office)
E EEA European Environment Agency
EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme
G GB Guobiao (Chinese National Standard)
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GDSE Gabinete para o Desenvolvimento do Sector Energético (Energy Sector
Development Office)
GHG Greenhouse gas
H Hg Mercury
I IAM Instituto para os Assuntos Municipais (Municipal Affairs Bureau)
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO International Organization for Standardization
K kWh kilowatt hour
L L10
The noise level exceeded during 10% of the monitoring period, representing
a rather high-intensity noise level during that period
L90 The noise level exceeded during 90% of the monitoring period, representing
a relatively low-intensity noise level during that period
Leq Equivalent Continuous Sound Pressure Level (Leq)
M Macao SAR Macao Special Administrative Region
MIECF Macao International Environmental Cooperation Forum & Exhibition
N N2O Nitrous oxide
NH3 Ammonia
Ni Nickel
NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
NOx Nitrogen oxides
O O3 Ozone
P Pb Lead
PM10 Respirable suspended particulate with diameter less than 10μm
PM2.5 Fine suspended particulate with diameter less than 2.5μm
ppl people
ppl/km2 People per square kilometer
R RADARM Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao
S SA Serviços de Alfândega (Macao Customs Service)
SAAM Sociedade de Abastecimento de Á gua de Macau
(Macao Water Supply Company Limited)
Se Selenium
SMG Direcção dos Serviços Meteorológicos e Geofísicos
(Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau)
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
SOx Sulphur oxides
SS Serviços de Saúde (Health Bureau)
SS (Section 3.4) Suspended solids
T TIP Transborder Industrial Park
TSP Total suspended particulates
U USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
V VOC volatile organic compound
W WHO World Health Organization
WWTP wastewater treatment plant
WWTS wastewater treatment station
Z Zn Zinc
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
83
Reference
General Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s
Republic of China
http://www.mee.gov.cn
Environmental Protection Bureau (DSPA) http://www.dspa.gov.mo
Cartography and Cadastre Bureau (DSCC) http://www.dscc.gov.mo
Municipal Affairs Bureau (IAM) http://www.iam.gov.mo
Civil Aviation Authority (AACM) http://www.aacm.gov.mo
Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (DSEJ) http://www.dsej.gov.mo
Energy Sector Development Office (GDSE) http://www.gdse.gov.mo
Financial Services Bureau (DSF) http://www.dsf.gov.mo
Fire Services Bureau (CB) http://www.fsm.gov.mo/cb
Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ) http://www.dicj.gov.mo
Government Information Bureau (GCS) http://www.gcs.gov.mo
Health Bureau (SS) http://www.ssm.gov.mo
Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau (DSSOPT) http://www.dssopt.gov.mo
Legal Affairs Bureau (DSAJ) http://www.dsaj.gov.mo
Macao Customs Service (SA) http://www.customs.gov.mo
Macao Economic Services (DSE) http://www.economia.gov.mo
Macao Government Tourism Office (DST) http://www.macautourism.gov.mo
Marine and Water Bureau (DSAMA) http://www.marine.gov.mo
Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG) http://www.smg.gov.mo
Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) http://www.dsec.gov.mo
Transport Bureau (DSAT) http://www.dsat.gov.mo
Others
European Environment Agency (AEA) http://www.eea.europa.eu
Macao Water Supply Company Limited (SAAM) http://www.macaowater.com
Macau Electricity Company Limited (CEM) http://www.cem-macau.com
Macau Productivity and Technology Transfer Center
(CPTTM)
http://www.cpttm.org.mo
Portuguese Environmental Agency (APA) http://www.apambiente.pt
International Conventions
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
their Disposal
http://www.basel.int
Convention on Biological Diversity
http://www.cbd.int
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
http://www.cites.org
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Convention-on-the-Pr
evention-of-Marine-Pollution-by-Dumping-of-Wastes-and-Other-Matter.aspx
International Plant Protection Convention
https://www.ippc.int
Minamata Convention on Mercury
http://www.mercuryconvention.org/
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
http://www.pic.int
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
http://www.pops.int
The Paris Agreement
https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region
http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/plant.protection.south-east.asia.pacific.1956.html
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
http://unfccc.int
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer; Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
http://www.ozone.unep.org
Technical Planning
Title Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018
Published by Environmental Protection Bureau
Date of Publication August 2019
Address Estrada de D. Maria II, 32-36, Edifício CEM, 1º andar, Macau
Hotline (853) 2876 2626
Telephone (853) 2872 5134
Fax (853) 2872 5129
E-mail [email protected]
Website http://www.dspa.gov.mo
ISSN 2415-4652
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