REPORT ON NARMADA

WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER

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A REPORT ON WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER, GUJARAT

2013-2015

Rajat Kumar Gupta

B.Tech, Dept. of Chemical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar

Under the Guidance of

Ms. Maitri Desai

Assistant Environmental Engineer, GEMI

Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)

(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Gujarat)

Office of the Director, First floor, Plot No. 272-273,

Behind Central Bank of India, GH-4½ , Sector-16, Gandhinagar - 382016 (Gujarat) Phone No. : (O) 079 - 23240964. Fax: 079 - 23240965 Email: [email protected], Website: www.gemi-india.org

GEMI's Laboratory

Plot No. A-58, G.I.D.C., Sector-25 Gandhinagar - 382028 (Gujarat)

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.gemi-india.org/


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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

As I start writing the acknowledgements, I must mention that these acknowledgements are not

only in relation to my project but my heartfelt thanks are due overall for these people, whom I

will mention hereafter. Be it their knowledge, patience expertise or simply their company and

friendship, I have enjoyed it all.

First and foremost I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude towards Gujarat

Environment Management Institute (GEMI) which has given me opportunity to carry out

training. GEMI is an Autonomous Institute of Government of Gujarat that promote

conservation, protection, and management of the total environment of Gujarat through

Scientific and Technical pursuits in order to maintain or restore the pristine elements of such

environment.

I sincerely thank Dr. Sanjiv Tyagi, IFS; Director of Gujarat Environment Management Institute

(GEMI), one of the rare experts in the field of environment in the state of Gujarat who by

allowing me to carry out a project at GEMI, gave me a golden opportunity to work with

acknowledged people. Many thanks to Ms. Maitri Desai, Assistant Environmental Engineer,

GEMI whose motivation never lessened, who always inspired me to think out of the box. Without

her support I would not have completed my training. I would also like to show my gratitude to

all GEMI’s lab staff for doing analysis and providing the results due on time and giving

knowledge about the analysis and significance of different parameters of Water and Waste-

water. Also, many thanks to the sampling team of GEMI, who taught me to collect the most

representative samples in the correct way and accompanied me to some of the most difficult

sampling locations.

Last but not the least, I would thank almighty God and my Parents for always being there,

believing, putting the faith in me and brought about the strength to complete this entire

process.

Rajat


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About Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)

The Industrial Development in Gujarat has continued with vigour since the 1970s and 1980s.

During this, clusters of chemical industries found their way in various regions. The situation

not only warranted a more attention on arresting pollutants and pollution, but also there

were concerns for improvement of environment. Later during the mid-nineties, the pollution

problem became so much alarming that the Gujarat High Court had to intervene. The Hon’ble

High Court issued closures to hundreds of polluting industries. The Government of Gujarat

then decided to have an Institute on the lines of NEERI, Nagpur. It was decided to establish

an Autonomous Institute registered under both Society, Registration Act 1860 as well as

Bombay Public Trust Act 1950.Hence, Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)

was set up with an objective of preserving and protecting the environment of Gujarat. It was

envisaged as an Institute that would provide environmental solutions to all concerned. The

Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI) was constituted in accordance with the

Govt. Resolution No. ENV-1098-1280-P, dated. 1.2.1999 issued by the Forest & Environment

Department, Government of Gujarat, with its Head Quarter at Vadodara. The GEMI was

registered under the Society of Registration Act, 1860 vide the Registration No.

Gujarat/1380/Vadodara dated. 1.3.1999 as well as under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950

vide the Public Trust Register no. F/1065/Vadodara, dated 01/03/1999. The Institute

shifted it’s headquarter to Gandhinagar on 1st November 2011.It has also set up a Separate

Laboratory. After shifting to Gandhinagar, the Institute has been given a boost with new

vigour. The revamped Institute has started contributing to the environmental action based

on awareness about the environment issues.


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GEMI’s Mission- “To Promote Conservation, Protection, and Management of the Total

Environment of Gujarat through Scientific and Technical Pursuits in order to maintain or

restore the pristine elements of such Environment.”

Objectives of Gujarat Environment Management Institute as enlisted in Government

resolution dated 01/02/1999:

Advising and providing guidance to the industrial units of the State for the prevention

and control of pollution in consultation with other National & State level Institute, and

Government and NGOs and Voluntary institutes, wherever required.

Creation of an Institute committed to the objective of Prevention, Control and

Abatement of the pollution.

Advise on the final disposal of industrial hazardous waste and effluent generated in

industrial unit after carrying out study on their use.

Exploring the means and use for reuse and recycling of industrial hazardous waste.

Facilitate the trade of industrial waste and to act as an information bank.

Carrying out studies to review the impact of Environment and Evaluation of its

carrying capacity.

Conducting Environmental Audits and preparation of statement on Environmental

Impact.


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Sampling Team

Sampling team of Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI) who carried sampling

of sewage at Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region comprises of following members. The

team was headed by Ms. Maitri Desai, Assistant Environment Engineer, Gujarat Environment

Management Institute (GEMI).

1. Ms. Maitri Desai (Assistant Environmental Engineer, GEMI)

2. Amit Patel (Field Chemist, GEMI)

3. Indrajit Singh Vaghela (Field Assistant, GEMI)

4. Sandeep Prajapati (Field Chemist, GEMI)

5. Rajat Kumar Gupta (Student, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar)


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UNDERTAKING

I, Rajat Kumar Gupta of 2nd Year of B.Tech (Department of Chemical Engineer) Course,

Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, hereby declare that all the

data/results/information mentioned in this report, ‘A REPORT ON WATER QUALITY

MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER, GUJARAT - 2013-2015’ are only for the purpose of my

two months internship and are the sole property of Gujarat Environment Management

Institute (GEMI), Gandhinagar. I shall not copy/transfer/use any part of this report without

prior written permission from the Director, GEMI.

Rajat

26-06-15


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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T

Chapter Sub

Section

Topic

Page no.

1. 1.1 Introduction 9

1.2 About Narmada River Monitoring 9

1.3 Needs of Water Monitoring 10

1.4 Aim of Study 11

1.5 Objectives 11

1.6 Scope 11

2. 2.1 Methodology 12

2.2 Background Study of Narmada River 13

2.3 List of Selected Locations 15

2.4 Map for Narmada River Monitoring Stations 16

2.5 Finalization of Physico-chemical Parameters to be

analyzed for each samples

17

2.6 Sample Collection, preservation and storage 21

3. 3.1 Location wise Trend analysis, correlation of

parameters and Classification according to

different standards

22

3.2 Overall Trend Analysis of parameters for Narmada

River

81

3.3 Establishing Correlations among the Parameters 88

3.4 Comparison of Water Quality of Mahisagar River

with Drinking Water Quality Specifications;

IS:10500(2012)

92

3.5 Overall Classification of Mahisagar River according

to IS 2296:1992 Classification for Designated Best

Use of Water

93


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3.6 Developing Criticality Index 98

4. 4.1 Conclusion 109

5. 5.1 Future Scope 111

6. 6.1 References 112


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C H A P T E R - 1

1.1 Introduction

Rivers are of immense importance geologically, biologically, historically and culturally. They

are critical components of the hydrological cycle, acting as drainage channels for surface

water. Rivers play a very important role as Habitats, for Transport, Farming and Energy. One

of the very important features of the Rivers is it carries away the waste. Whatever we

discharge into it is treated naturally by the River, as river possess self-cleansing capacity,

capacity to take care of waste by natural Processes and restore its original condition.

As we depend on Rivers for our day to day activities, and we all know that the quality of river

water is going worst day by day because of careless discharge by us and the untreated

wastage by industries. So it is of great importance to monitor the river water to find the

present status and planning accordingly to maintain the quality of river water.

To cleanse the rivers and restore them to their natural and pristine conditions, Gujarat

Environment Management Institute has entrusted with the work of River and Costal

Monitoring of Gujarat State since 2012. One of the objectives of this project are maintaining

and restoring the aquatic resources by preventing and controlling pollution. It also advises

the state government on issues related to water quality. The institute is monitoring five

major rivers Sabarmati, Mahisagar, Narmada, Tapti & Damanganga and their tributaries

from 2 years.

1.2 About Narmada River Water Monitoring

Water monitoring of Narmada River was started by institute in July 2013. River water quality

is determining by physico-chemical analysis. Thirteen different locations were selected in

Narmada in Gujarat state. But due to bad weather most of the time, one of the location has

been excluded. All the locations were monitored in all the three seasons winter (November

to February), Summer (March to June) and Monsoon (July to October) considering required

frequency of sampling and availability of resources for the purpose of monitoring. Eight

times sampling has been done at all the selected locations for two consecutive years July,


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2013 to June, 2015. Various physic-chemical parameters (like pH, TDS, Hardness, Cl, DO, BOD

etc.) at various locations were analyzed in GEMI’s Laboratory.

Further it was studied that whether the quality of river water satisfies limits specified by IS:

10500 (2012), Drinking water specifications. Also, all the selected locations were classified

for their designated best use. Overall Class of Narmada River was also determined. Also,

Trend analysis was performed to find out location to location variation in parameters. At last,

Correlation among physicochemical parameters for Narmada River was studied. It is found

from the study that Narmada River Water quality is very good.

1.3 Needs of Water Monitoring

As river provides us water for drinking purpose, for irrigation of our fields, fishes and other

nutrients. So, the principal reason for monitoring water quality is to verify whether the

observed water quality is suitable for intended uses. However, monitoring has also evolved

to determine trends in the quality of the aquatic environment and how the environment is

affected by the release of contaminants, by other human activities.

So there is a need of monitoring the water quality because it helps us:

To find the current status of River water

To find out causes that effects the river water

To finalize the pollution control strategy accordingly

To identify the sudden changes over a period of time

To classify accordingly as their best uses


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1.4 Aim of study

To monitor the water quality of River Narmada using physicochemical analysis to preserve

and improve the water quality.

1.5 Objectives

Selection and finalization of the sampling stations in Narmada River for the purpose

of Monitoring

Finalization of the frequency of Sampling

Finalization of suitable physicochemical parameters to be analyzed for monitoring

Sampling Process, Sampling site observation and laboratory testing

Comparison of obtained result for these parameters at various locations with IS:

10500(2012), Drinking water specifications.

Classification of Narmada River along with all location for designated best use

according to IS 2296:1992 classifications

Trend analysis of all the parameters at a particular location with time

Trend analysis for location to location variation in parameters

Establish Correlation amongst physicochemical parameters

1.6 Scope of Study

Monitoring of Narmada River is carried out from July 2013, at 12 different locations in state

of Gujarat. Eight samples have been collected so far and analyzed as per our study of physico-

chemical analysis.

This study involves the classification of all the locations as per their best uses, and trend

analysis is done to study the variations in the quality of River. Correlation is also done

amongst physico-chemical parameters to study the variation of one parameter with respect

to another.


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C H A P T E R - 2

2.1 Methodology

The following methodology was adopted in this study:

1. Background study of Mahisagar River

2. Selection and Finalization of Sampling Stations on Mahisagar River

3. Finalization of the frequency of Sampling

4. Finalization of physico-chemical parameters to be analyzed for each samples

5. Sample collection, preservation and storage

6. Sample analyses in the NABL accredited GEMI’s laboratory

7. Results and Discussion

Comparison with Water Quality Specifications; IS: 10500(2012)

Overall Classification of River for its designated best use; IS 2296:1992

Season wise Classification of River for its designated best use

Trend Analysis for studying location to location variations in parameters

Establishing correlations among the parameters

8. Conclusions


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2.2 Background study of Narmada River

Narmada is a major river of India that flows from East to West direction along with Mahi

and Tapti River. Amarkantak hill in Madhya Pradesh state is the origin of this River. It

traverses the first 320 km course around the Mandla Hills of the Satpura Range; then

moves towards Jabalpur

district of Madhya Pradesh,

passing through the 'Marble

Rocks', it enters the Narmada

Valley between the Vindhya

mountain range and Satpura

mountain ranges, and moves

westwards towards the Gulf of

Cambay.

Narmada River flows through

Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh state before merging into the Arabian Sea in

Bharuch District of Gujarat.

The longest tributary of Narmada is the Tawa River. It joins Narmada River at Hoshangabad

district in Madhya Pradesh. This river broadens out in Bharuch district after traversing

through Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Below Bharuch city it forms a 20 km wide

estuary where it enters the Gulf of Cambay. The water of the river is used not only for feeding

the drought prone areas of states of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, but also for navigation as

well.

http://www.indianetzone.com/4/vindhya_range.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/4/vindhya_range.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/4/satpura_range.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/4/satpura_range.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/13/maharashtra.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/2/gujarat.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/4/madhya_pradesh.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/40/arabian_sea.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/49/bharuch_district.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/14/tawa_river.htm


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NARMADA RIVER BASIN

The Narmada basin extends over an area of 98,796 km2. Lying in the northern extremity of

the Deccan plateau, the basin covers large areas in the Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and a

comparatively smaller area in Maharashtra. The Narmada Basin is bounded on the north by

the Vindhya, on the east by the Maikala range, on the south by the Satpura and on the west

by the Arabian Sea. In Gujarat, Important urban cities which lies in Narmada basin are

Bharuch and Ankleshwar.

NARMADA BASIN

AREA 98796 km2

Madhya Pradesh (84%), Gujarat (14%), Maharashtra (2%)

Coordinates East longitudes 72° 32' to 81°45' North latitudes 21° 20' to 23° 45'

Tributaries 41 22 in Satpura Range and rest in Vindhya Range


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2.3 LIST OF SELECTED LOCATIONS:

Sr. No. Sample Code Location Latitude/Longitude

1. N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 21°52'13.6"N 73°46'05.0"E

2. N-2 Navagam village 21°50'29.1"N 73°42'40.5"E

3. N-3 Akteshwar bridge 21°53'37.9"N 73°38'47.5"E

4. N-4 Tilakvada village 21°56'54.8"N 73°35'16.6"E

5. N-5 Dariapura bridge 23°27'52.5"N 73°21'36.9"E

6. N-6 Sinor village 21°54'49.7"N 73°20'16.1"E

7. N-7 Sayar village 21°50'52.2"N 73°14'07.1"E

8. N-8 Jhagadia village 21°50'52.2"N 73°14'07.1"E

9. N-9 New Sardar bridge 21°42'52.9"N 73°02'46.7"E

10. N-10 Golden bridge 21°41'43.4"N 73°00'14.7"E

11. N-11 Bhadbhut village 21°41'04.2"N 72°50'37.4"E

12. N-12 Jageshwar village 29°50'23.0"N 79°46'31.6"E


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2.4 Map for Narmada River monitoring stations:

Sources: Google Maps


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2.5 Finalization of Physico-chemical Parameters to be analyzed for each

samples:

The physicochemical parameters which are important to study the quality of River water are

selected. Below is the list of parameters which are included in the study because of their

significance to predict water quality and relevant environmental impacts.

Sr.

No.

Parameter Significance

1. Temperature The main influence of temperature is on the living

organism in water bodies. It influences the chemical and

biological activity of micro-organism as well as aquatic

Flora and Fauna. Also, as the temperature of water

increases, the capacity of water to hold dissolved oxygen

(DO) becomes lower. It affects various other parameters

rather than DO like pH, conductivity etc. Ambient

temperature and sample temperature is measured at

various locations.

2. Color Generally, people believe that colorless water is safe for

drinking and other useful purposes. Presence of any

color in water is the indication of industrial and

domestic wastage in the river.

3.

Turbidity Turbidity is caused by suspended particles in river

water which interfere with the passage of sunlight down

the depth of river. High levels of turbidity over long

periods of time can greatly diminish the health and

productivity of aquatic ecosystems because it effect the

process of photosynthesis in the plants and other

chemical reactions which initiates on light.

4. Total Solids (TS) Total solids are dissolved solids plus suspended and

settle able solids in water. A high concentration of total


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solids will make drinking water unpalatable and might

have an adverse effect on people who are not used to

drinking such water. Levels of total solids that are too

high or too low can also reduce the efficiency of

wastewater treatment plants, as well as the operation of

industrial processes that use raw water.

5. Total dissolved

Solids (TDS)

Dissolved solids consist of calcium, chlorides, nitrate,

phosphorus, iron, sulfur, and other ions particles that

can pass through a filter with pores of around 2 microns

(0.002 cm) in size. The concentration of total dissolved

solids affects the water balance in the cells of aquatic

organisms.

6. Total Suspended

Solids (TSS)

Suspended solids include silt and clay particles,

plankton, algae, fine organic debris, and other

particulate matter. These are particles that will not pass

through a 2-micron filter. Higher concentrations of

suspended solids can serve as carriers of toxics, which

readily cling to suspended particles. This is particularly

a concern where pesticides are being used on irrigated

crops.

7. pH pH is the measure of acidic and alkaline nature of a

solution. Most organisms are highly susceptible to

changes in the pH of their surroundings or water supply,

so fluctuations in pH or long-term acidification of a

water body are exceedingly harmful. The pH of water

can affect the pH of an organism’s body fluids, can affect

the speed of chemical reactions within the body, and can

impact biological activities including photosynthesis,

respiration, and reproduction. pH should be between 6.5

to 8.5 for useful purpose.


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8. Alkalinity Alkalinity is the measure of capacity of water to

neutralize the acid. Measuring alkalinity is important in

determining a stream's ability to neutralize acidic

pollution from rainfall or wastewater. Alkalinity is

important to aquatic organisms because it protects them

against rapid changes in pH. Alkalinity in streams is

influenced by rocks and soils, salts, certain plant

activities, and certain industrial wastewater discharges.

9. Ammonia- Nitrogen

(NH3N)

Nitrogen is an essential ingredient in the formation of

proteins for cell growth. But too much nitrogen

discharged into our waterways can contribute to

eutrophication, the gradual change of water bodies into

marshes, meadows, and then forests. Presence of NH3-N

indicates interference of Industrial Wastewater.

10. Chlorides (Cl-) Almost all natural water sources contain chlorides.

Chlorides are not significant in small amount, but it

create problems in large amount. Excess concentration

make water unpleasant to drink. High concentration of

chlorides is harmful for irrigation purpose also.

11. Total Hardness

(Ca and Mg

Hardness)

The main reason of water becomes hard by being in

contact with soluble, divalent, metallic cations. Calcium

and Magnesium are the main cations that causes

hardness. Hard water restricts the foaming as it forms

precipitates with the soap. Also Hard water can cause

kidney stones if it is consumed for drinking purpose for

long period of time. Calcium is dissolved in water as it

passes over and through limestone deposits. Magnesium

is dissolved as water passes over and through dolomite

and other magnesium bearing formations.


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12. Dissolved Oxygen

(DO)

DO is the concentration of gaseous oxygen which is

dissolved in water. Oxygen gets into water by diffusion

from atmospheric air and as a waste product of

synthesis. DO concentration decreases with increase in

temperature. High DO concentration implies good water

health. A decreased DO level is also the indication of

runoff fertilizers from farm fields.

13. Biologically Oxygen

Demand (BOD)

BOD is the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to

break down the organic compounds. Natural sources of

organic matter include plant decay and leaf fall. Sewage

has more BOD concentration compare to industrial

effluents. BOD is also the indicator of pollution strength.

14. Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD)

COD is the total quantity of oxygen required for the

chemical degradation of waste into CO2 and H2O under

strong acidic conditions. COD is also an indicator of

strength of the waste.

BOD to COD ratio is generally used to determine the

source of pollution and suitable treatment options. COD

test is helpful in indicating toxic conditions and the

presence of biologically resistant organic substances.


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2.6 Sample Collection, preservation and storage:

2.6.1 Sample Collection:

All the samples during the study period have been collected following GEMI’s protocol for

sample collection, which involves Grab Sampling, Composite Sampling and Grab &

Composite Sampling by GEMI’s well trained and experienced Sampling Team.

2.6.2 Field Observation:

Weather, Approximate depth of River at a monitoring station, Flow, pH, Temperature, color,

Odour, Activities in the surrounding areas, point and non-point discharges in the river from

nearby areas, Potential water usage applications of river water.

2.6.3 Preservation

All the samples are collected in the air tight sampling bottles to protect them from any outer

interferences and possible contamination.

Testing of BOD, COD and Ammonia Nitrogen require preserving agents to be added in the

samples in required dosage at the time of sample collection to prevent any possible

interference.

Preserving Agents to be used for COD and Ammonia Nitrogen: H2SO4

Preserving Agents to be used for BOD: MnSO4 and Alkali Iodide-Azide

2.6.4 Sample Storage

All the collected samples are preserved in the ice box during transportation from the

monitoring site to GEMI’s Laboratory.

All the samples are systematically received and preserved in the controlled conditions at

GEMI’s Laboratory and retained there for 30 days.


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C H A P T E R - 3

3.1 Location wise Trend analysis, correlation of parameters and Classification according to different

standards:

N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam

It is the largest dam and part of the Narmada Valley Project. The dam irrigates 17,920 km2 of land spread over 12 districts and

3,393 villages (75% of which is drought-prone areas) in state of Gujarat. The water quality of Narmada River is pretty good here.

This water is used for drinking purpose as well.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat


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*Due to the maximum value is exceptionable from another values, so we can neglect this

value and the mean value is calculated after neglecting exceptionable values.

Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water

Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS

concentration is half of the Desirable limit.

TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for

designated best use of water in the classes A to E.

TS and TDS curves are showing like a positive perfect Correlation. TSS concentration

is very low compare to TDS and it is showing high positive correlation with TS

concentration curve.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

Graph 1.1.1

From this Graph, it is evident that Total

dissolved solids is usually more than

Total Suspended solids.

TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.95 0.70 0.48

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean TS (mg/l) 150 334 222.5 TDS 80 226 187.5 TSS 2 146* 6*


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*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior

Because of the average BOD is 2, it can classified as A class according to IS 2296:1992

standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.

BOD and COD curves are showing a high positive correlation.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

COD and BOD

COD BOD

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15

DO

DO

class A

Graph 1.1.2

Correlation Factor (r) = 0.84

COD to BOD ratios are not very large

so we can’t characterize it as a result

of Industrial effluents or Sewage.

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean

COD (mg/l) 1 48* 9

BOD 1 5* 2

Min: 3 Mean: 7.25 Max: 10

Graph 1.1.3

Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be classified

as class A for designated best used criteria.


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Total Hardness desirable limit is 300 according to drinking water criteria and here

the maximum Total hardness is approximate half of this desirable value.

According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three

parameters. Thus, Sardar Sarovar comes under A class.

Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation and it is greater than

the value of Total and Ca++ Hardness correlation value. At this location Ca++ and Mg++

hardness is showing nearly a Zero correlation.

020406080

100120140160180

Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness

Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness

Graph 1.1.4

At this location, Ca Hardness is

greater than Mg Hardness except in

July 13.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca & Mg Hardness

r 0.62 0.81 0.05

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean Total Hardness (mg/l) 90 170 132.5 Ca++ Hardness 60 100 78.75 Mg++ Hardness 30 80 53.75


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*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.

Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,

and here Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.

0

100

200

300

400

Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15

Total alkalinity & Conductivity

Total alkalinity Conductivity

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Chlorides ion Conentration

Chloride as CL- Desirable limit

Graph 1.1.5

Total alkalinity and Conductivity

trends are showing a high negative

correlation with correlation factor

r = -0.78.

Max: 120 Average: 45.25 Min: 20

Graph 1.1.6

At this location, the chloride ion concentration is less than its desirable value. Even the

maximum chloride ion concentration is half of the desirable value. So we can use the

average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve

are also showing a good correlation after the data of June 2013.

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 200 142.28 Conductivity (µS/cm) 197 390 284.5


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6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9


pH

pH Minimum limit Maximum limit

Min: 8.04 Mean: 8.33 Max: 8.58

Graph 1.1.7

pH value in July 2014 & March 2015 exceed the permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, But the

average value is between this limit so it can be classify as A class.


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N-2 Navagam Village

Grab sampling was done from the bridge in this village. At the time of sampling, water of Narmada River was clear. And a Ghat

has been developed here where peoples and mammals were bathing. Big rocks and plants were present in middle of the river.


29 | P a g e






At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS. But TDS

and TSS have no such correlation.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

TS , TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

Graph 1.2.1




TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.76 0.62 0.15

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean TS (mg/l) 160 250 220.25 TDS 164 228 200.5 TSS 0 40 14.5


30 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 1 20 9.8

BOD 0.6 5* 1.94


Because of the average BOD is less than 2, it can classified as A class according to IS

2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.

BOD and COD curves are not showing an overall positive correlation, but in 2015

these values are equal i.e. high correlation.

0

5

10

15

20

25

COD & BOD

COD BOD

0

2

4

6

8

10


DO

DO class A

Graph 1.2.2


COD to BOD ratios are not very large so we

can’t characterize it as a result of Industrial

effluents or Sewage.


Graph 1.2.3




31 | P a g e



the maximum Total hardness is half of the desirable value.


parameters. Thus, Navagam Village location fall under class A.

Total and Mg Hardness are showing nearly perfect positive correlation,

Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a high positive correlation, At this location

Ca and Mg hardness are also showing a good positive correlation.

020406080

100120140160



Graph 1.2.4

Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has

similar variations i.e. very high correlation.

Here, Ca Hardness is always greater than Mg

Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.87 0.94 0.64


32 | P a g e


Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 180 140.85 Conductivity (µS/cm) 203 309 267.16




0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15

Total alkalinity and conductivity

Conductivity Total alkalinity

100

4020

40 40 30 20 20

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Chloride ion concentration

Chloride as CL-

desirable limit

Graph 1.2.5

Total alkalinity and Conductivity trends

are showing a high negative correlation

with correlation factor r = -0.78.


Graph 1.2.6


maximum chloride ion concentration is less than half of the desirable value. So we can use

the average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve

are also showing a good correlation (r=0.68) after the June 2013.


33 | P a g e

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9


pH

pH

lower limit

Upper limit

Min: 7.87 Mean: 8.19 Max: 8.41

Graph 1.2.7

All the pH values are lying between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, and the average value

is 8.19, so it can be classify as A class.


34 | P a g e

N-3 Akteshwar Bridge

At the time of Sampling, Water was clear but depth was very low even we could see the ground surface of the river. People were

also bathing there. No fishes were there but there was a board which signal us for beware of crocodiles. Velocity of water was

very high.


35 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean TS (mg/l) 60 340 208.5 TDS 54 226 170.5 TSS 2 150* 14.57





TDS value below 500 comes under A class according IS 2296:1992 standards for


At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS.

Whereas, TDS and TSS also have good correlation.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

Graph 1.3.1




TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.80 0.74 0.50


36 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 3 26 8.87

BOD 0.2 6* 1.78


Because of the average BOD is less than 2, it can classified as A-class according to IS

2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.

Showing high negative correlation after December 2013, these value become equal in

May 2015.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

COD & BOD

COD BOD

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15

Dissolved Oxygen

DO

class A

Graph 1.3.2

Correlation Factor (r) = -0.71 (after

December 2013)




Min: 2 Mean: 7 Max: 10

Graph 1.3.3




37 | P a g e



the maximum Total hardness is half of the desirable value.


parameters. Thus, Akteshwar Bridge location fall under class A.

Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation,

Total and Ca Hardness are showing negative correlation, At this location Ca and Mg

hardness are also showing a negative correlation.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160



Graph 1.3.4



Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than

Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r -0.2 0.87 -0.68


38 | P a g e


Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 190 141 Conductivity (µS/cm) 223 324 272.5




0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Total Alkalinity & Conductivity


0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Chlorides ion concentration

Chloride as CL-

Desirable limit

Graph 1.3.5


are showing a high negative correlation

with correlation factor r = -0.60.


Graph 1.3.6


maximum chloride ion concentration is less than half of the desirable value. So we can use the

average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve are

also showing a good correlation (r=0.68) after the June 2013.


39 | P a g e

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9


pH

pH

lower limit

Upper limit

Min: 8.02 Mean: 8.29 Max: 8.43

Graph 1.3.7

All the pH values are lying between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, and the average value

is 8.29, so it can be classify as A class.


40 | P a g e

N-4 Tilakvada Village

People were bathing and washing their clothes at the time of sampling. Too much dead plants and grass were present in the

river. A temple is established at the bank of river, thus, there were a large amount of temple wastage present in the river. People

use this water for drinking and irrigation purpose.


41 | P a g e





TDS value below 500 comes under A class according IS 2296:1992 standards for


At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS.

Whereas, TDS and TSS doesn’t have good correlation.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

Graph 1.4.1




TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.89 0.61 0.22


42 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 2 17 8.87

BOD 1 5* 2


Because of the average BOD is approximately 2, it can classified as A-class according

to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.

Showing less positive correlation, and the values were equal in December’13 and

March’15.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Dissolved Oxygen Concentration

DO

Class A

0

5

10

15

20

COD & BOD

COD BOD

Graph 1.4.2






Graph 1.4.3

Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be

classified as class A for designated best used criteria.


43 | P a g e



the maximum Total hardness is less than the desirable value.


parameters. Thus, Tilakvada village location fall under class A.


Total and Ca Hardness are showing a very less positive correlation,

Ca and Mg hardness are showing a very less negative correlation or nearly no

correlation.

0

50

100

150

200

250



Graph 1.4.4




Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.26 0.95 -0.05


44 | P a g e





and here average Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.

Conductivity values were high at some dates, but the current status of conductivity of

river water is good.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Total Alkalinity and Conductivity


Graph 1.4.5


trends are showing a negative


(r) = -0.40.


45 | P a g e

N-5 Dariyapur Bridge


46 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean TS (mg/l) 154 298 216.5 TDS 130 230 182 TSS 4 70 26.25






At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and an average

correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are not showing good correlation here.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

Graph 1.5.1


dissolved solids is usually more than Total

Suspended solids.

TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.85 0.52 0.07


47 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 2 23 11.625

BOD 0.4 5* 2.55


Because of the average BOD is greater than 2, it can classified as B-class according to

IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.

0

5

10

15

20

25

COD & BOD

COD BOD

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Dissolved Oxygen concentration

DO

Class A

Graph 1.5.2

Correlation Factor (r) = -0.47

COD to BOD ratios are not very large so

we can’t characterize it as a result of

Industrial effluents or Sewage.


Graph 1.5.3




48 | P a g e





parameters. Thus, Dariyapur bridge location fall under class A.


Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a good positive correlation,

Ca and Mg hardness are showing a less positive correlation

0

50

100

150

200



Graph 1.5.4




Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.65 0.93 0.35


49 | P a g e








0

100

200

300

400

500




Graph 1.5.5


trends are showing a negative


(r) = -0.71.


50 | P a g e

N-6 Sinor Village


51 | P a g e




concentration is 232.



At this location, TS shows nearly perfect positive correlation with TDS and an average

correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are not showing good correlation here.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

Graph 1.6.1



Suspended solids.

TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.92 0.01 -0.33


52 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 1 14 6.625

BOD 0.2 5* 2.02


Because of the average BOD is approximately equal to 2, it can classified as A-class

according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A

to E.

0

5

10

15

COD & BOD

COD BOD

7

5

8

12

10

4

8

4

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14



DO

Class A

Graph 1.6.2






Graph 1.6.3




53 | P a g e





parameters. Thus, Sinor Village location fall under class A.



Ca and Mg hardness are showing negative correlation

020406080

100120140160180



Graph 1.6.4




Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.37 0.85 -0.15


54 | P a g e


Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 24* 200 149.85 Conductivity (µS/cm) 267 390 302






0

100

200

300

400

500


Total alkalinity & Conductivity


Graph 1.6.5


are showing a negative correlation with

correlation factor (r) = -0.56.


55 | P a g e

N-7 Sayar Village


56 | P a g e




concentration is 286.



At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and nearly zero

correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing average negative

correlation here.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.80 0.06 -0.51

Graph 1.7.1



Suspended solids except in July’13


57 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 5 27 14.42

BOD 2 6 3.83

Because of the average BOD is greater than 3, we can’t classified it as any class

according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


COD & BOD

COD BOD

67

1110

8

4

9

4

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12



DO

Class A

Graph 1.7.2






Graph 1.7.3


classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen

concentration is less than class A criteria.


58 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean Total Hardness (mg/l) 110 210 150 Ca++ Hardness 70 120 87.5 Mg++ Hardness 30 110 62.5


the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. It crossed desirable limit

in December’13.


parameters. Thus, Sayar village location fall under class A.




0

50

100

150

200

250



Graph 1.7.4




Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.51 0.79 -0.10


59 | P a g e








0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400




Graph 1.7.5





60 | P a g e

N-8 Jhagadia Village

Water was clear at the time of sampling, river condition is good, and a Ghat is developed there. There is a famous temple at the

bank of river. Water is used for irrigation and drinking purpose also. Crop of banana is very popular here.


61 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean TS (mg/l) 170 580 329.75 TDS 30* 460 279.71 TSS 8 140 57.42



Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, the average TDS value is

279.71.



At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and less positive

correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative

correlation here.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.90 0.35 -0.07

Graph 1.8.1



Suspended solids except in July’13


62 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 3 30 11.125

BOD 0.1* 4 2.375


Because of the average BOD is less than 3, we can classified it as B class according to

IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

COD & BOD

COD BOD

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15


DO

Class A

Graph 1.8.2




Industrial effluents or Sewage. In 2015,

these values are equal.


Graph 1.8.3


classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen



63 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean Total Hardness (mg/l) 90 190 142.5 Ca++ Hardness 50 100 75 Mg++ Hardness 10* 90 77.5



the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. Here, average Mg

Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.


parameters. Thus, Jhagadia village location fall under class A.




0

50

100

150

200



Graph 1.8.4




Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.43 0.86 -0.06


64 | P a g e


Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 25* 210 143.55 Conductivity 238 344 296.8






0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15



Graph 1.8.5





65 | P a g e

N-9 New Sardar Bridge


66 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean TS (mg/l) 166 294 240 TDS 140 216 180.28 TSS 2 120 54



180.28.



At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TSS and less positive

correlation with TDS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative

correlation here.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.29 0.81 -0.30

Graph 1.9.1



Suspended solids.


67 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 3 30 10.85

BOD 0.2* 6 3.34




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

COD & BOD

COD BOD

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15


DO

A class

Graph 1.9.2






Graph 1.9.3 Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it

can be classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen



68 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean Total Hardness (mg/l) 120 420* 145.71 Ca++ Hardness 70 150* 82.85 Mg++ Hardness 50 270* 62.85

*Due to a very high value comparable to others, this value is neglected.



in December’13.

Here, average Mg Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.


parameters. Thus, New Sardar bridge location fall under class A.




0

50

100

150

200

250


Total Hardness Ca Hardness

Mg hardness

Graph 1.9.4

Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has similar

variations i.e. very high correlation. Here, Ca

Hardness is not always greater than Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.32 0.91 -0.09


69 | P a g e

N-10 Golden Bridge


70 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean TS (mg/l) 200 6070* 509.42 TDS 130 5472* 196.6 TSS 2 716* 58

*Exceptional case, these values are not considered in average value

In October ’13, River was showing an exceptional behavior.



180.28.



At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and less positive

correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative

correlation here.

0200400600800

1000120014001600

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.84 0.34 -0.20

Graph 1.10.1



Suspended solids.


71 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 3 24 14.42

BOD 0.2* 6 3.33




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

COD & BOD

COD BOD

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15

Dissolved Oxygen concentration

DO A class

Graph 1.10.2


Approaching each other, both values

have become equal in May’15.


Graph 1.10.3 Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it

can be classified as class A for designated best used criteria.


72 | P a g e




in December’13.

Here, average Mg Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.


parameters. But considering all other parameters we are not classifying it as A Class.

Total Hardness is showing less positive correlation with both Mg and Ca Hardness.

Ca and Mg hardness are showing high negative correlation

0

50

100

150

200



Mg hardness

Graph 1.10.4




Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.33 0.54 -0.56


73 | P a g e

N-11 Bhadbhut Village


74 | P a g e


*Exceptional case, these values are not considered in average value

In September ’13, River was showing an exceptional behavior, TSS can’t be greater

than TS.

Quality of river is increasing from March’15



180.28.


designated best use of water in the classes A to E. But here all other parameters are

not in permissible limit.

At this location, TS shows a Very high positive correlation with TDS and an average

positive correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing a less positive

correlation here.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

TS, TDS & TSS

TS TDS TSS

TS &

TDS

TS &

TSS

TDS &

TSS

Correlation

Value (r)

0.59 0.92 0.26

Graph 1.11.1

Here, many of the time TSS is greater than

TDS. And TSS is contributing more in Total

solid concentration. This is an exceptional

case.


75 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 11 83* 22.16

BOD 1 5 2.85

*Due to a very high value comparable to others, this value is neglected.

Because of the average BOD is less than 3, it should be in Class-B, but we are not classfying

it as B class considering all other parameters at this location, and this is also an estuarine

area.

0

20

40

60

80

100

COD & BOD

COD BOD

7 7

9 910

8

4

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15


DO

Class A

Graph 1.11.2


COD showed an exceptional value in

September’13.


Graph 1.11.3

Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, but considering

all other parameters like turbidity and conductivity, we are not classifying this location

as A class.


76 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean Total Hardness (mg/l) 80 190 135.71 Ca++ Hardness 40 90 70 Mg++ Hardness 10 100 65.71


the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. Total Hardness and Mg

Hardness is decreasing from Jan’14.


parameters.

Total Hardness is showing high positive correlation with Mg Hardness and an average

positive correlation with Ca Hardness.

Ca and Mg hardness are showing very less positive correlation

0

50

100

150

200



Mg hardness

Graph 1.11.4




Mg Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.59 0.87 0.12


77 | P a g e

N-12 Jageshwar Village


78 | P a g e

In 2013, River was showing an exceptional behavior



30640.4.

At this location, TS shows nearly a perfect positive correlation with TDS with a

correlation factor 0.99.

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15

Graph 1.12.1: TS and TDS

TS TDS

0

2

4

6

8

10



DO

Class A


Graph 1.12.2

Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, but considering

all other parameters like turbidity and conductivity, we are not classifying this location as

A class. This is also an estuarine area.


79 | P a g e


COD (mg/l) 19 669 218.62

BOD 1 8 3.75



Because of interference of sea water, COD is very high here.

Here COD to BOD ratios is very high, thus, this is a sign of domination of industrial

influence.

COD has a very large increment from July’14. This is because of increase in industrial

effluent in river.

9044 19

15591 64

617669

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Graph 1.12.3: COD

COD

12

6

8

5

1

43

0123456789

Graph 1.12.4: BOD

BOD


80 | P a g e

Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean Total Hardness (mg/l) 90* 7000 5586.66 Ca++ Hardness 20* 1740 1061.66 Mg++ Hardness 70* 5800 4525

*These values are excluded because of exceptional behavior

Total Hardness Permissible limit is 600 according to drinking water criteria and here

the average Total hardness is 10 times the permissible value. Total Hardness and Mg

Hardness is decreasing from Jan’14.

Total Hardness is showing nearly perfect positive correlation with Mg Hardness and

high positive correlation with Ca Hardness.

Ca and Mg hardness are also showing high positive correlation

These values show some Exceptional kind of behavior in 2013.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Jul-13

Dec-13

Jan-14

Jul-14

Mar-15

May-15



Mg hardness

Graph 1.12.5



Here, all the time Mg Hardness is greater than

Ca Hardness.

Total & Ca Hardness

Total & Mg Hardness

Ca and Mg Hardness

r 0.81 0.98 0.71


81 | P a g e

3.2 Overall Trend Analysis of parameters for Narmada River

As we have seen that all the parameters have not a large variation with respect to time, so

for establishing correlation and trend analysis we can use the average of the parameters

value at all the locations with respect to time.

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12

pH

pH

lower limit

Upper limit

0

10

20

30

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12

Color

Color

Requirement

Permisible limit

Graph 2.1.1: Variation in pH Min: 8.06, Max: 8.33

The variation in pH is random and not following any trend but all the pH values are lying

between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, so it can be classify as A class according to (IS

2296:2012) classification for the best designated use of water .

Graph 2.1.2: Variation in color (in Hazen) Min: 9.37, Max: 26.87

All the values are lying between the required and permissible limit according to IS-

10500(2012) drinking water specifications except the value at Jageshwar village because of

the meeting point with Arabian Sea.


82 | P a g e

120

140

160

180

200

220

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12

Total Alkalinity

Total alkalinity

Desirable limit

250

300

350

400

450

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11

Conductivity

Graph 2.1.3: Variation in Alkalinity Min: 141, Max: 170.42

Total alkalinity at every location is less than desirable limit according to drinking water

specifications.

Graph 2.1.4: Variation in Conductivity (µS/cm) Min: 267.16, Max: 395.5

Conductivity at N-4 location is very different from nearby locations but this is in

permissible limit. There are no such specifications for conductivity but the conductivity

value at location N-12 is very high and not permissible because of the impact of sea water.

So water at this location should not be used as drinking purpose at this location.


83 | P a g e

25

75

125

175

225

275

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11

Cl- concentration

Chloride as CL-

Desirable limit

150

200

250

300

350

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10

TS

TS

Graph 2.1.6: Variation in Total Solid Concentration Min: 188.5, Max: 334.85

There is a large variation from N-7 to N-10 location. Total solid concentration at every location is

in permissible limit except estuarine area i.e. N-11 and N-12, so water at the locations N-11 and

N-12 is not suitable to be directly used as drinking water.

Graph 2.1.5: Variation in Cl- Concentration Min: 38.75, Max: 73.33

There is not much variation in Cl- concentration from location N-1 to N-11. Chloride ion

concentration at every location except N-12 is below desirable limit because of the impact

of sea water this concentration goes very high, so water should not be used as drinking

purpose at location N-12.


84 | P a g e

100

200

300

400

500

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11

TDS

Desirable limit

TDS

0

15

30

45

60

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10

TSS

TSS

Graph 2.1.7: Variation in Total dissolved solid concentration Min: 170.5, Max: 355.42

N-11 and N-12 are the locations situated in the estuarine area, so TDS, Chlorides and

Hardness values are expected to be higher than the locations situated on the river and

exceed permissible limits, so water at the locations N-12 is not suitable to be directly used

as drinking water. And we are not showing N-12 location in trend analysis.

Graph 2.1.8: Variation in Total suspended solid Concentration Min: 6, Max: 57.42

TSS value is continuously increasing. There are no such specifications for total suspended

solid concentration but the TSS value at location N-11 & N-12 is very high and not

permissible because of the impact of sea water. So water at this location should not be

used as drinking purpose at this location.


85 | P a g e

6

8

10

12

14

16

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10

COD

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12

BOD

BOD

A class

B Class

Graph 2.1.9: Variation in Chemically oxygen Demand Min: 6, Max: 14.42

Variation in COD from N-5 to N-7 is very high. N-6 location is in excellent condition

because of very low chemically oxygen demand. There are no such specifications for

chemically oxygen demand but the COD value at location N-11 and N-12 is very high and

not permissible because of estuarine area. So water at this location should not be used as

drinking purpose at this location.

Graph 2.1.10: Variation in Biologically oxygen Demand Min: 1.78, Max: 3.83

Condition of location N-3 with respect to biologically oxygen demand is excellent. BOD at

all the location except N-1, 2, 3 are exceeding the A-class, whereas N-7, 9, 12 are exceeding

the B-class limit. From the previous parameter value, it is cleared that water at N-12

location should not be used for any purpose according to IS 2296-1992 for designated use.


86 | P a g e

5

6

7

8

9

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12


DO

A class

100

150

200

250

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11

Total Hardness

Class A Total Hardness

Graph 2.1.11: Variation in dissolved oxygen Concentration Min: 6.5, Max: 8.33

Oxygen content of Overall River is very good and falls under A class. Oxygen content of N-

11 and N-12 location is very good but oxygen demand at these location is very high so

water at these place should not be used.

Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Total Hardness Min: 121.5, Max: 157.5

There is not very much variations in Total hardness concentrations. Total Hardness

concentration at all the location falls under A class except N-12 location. Here, it supports

our all the previous conclusions.


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50

100

150

200

250

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11

Ca++ Hardness

Class A Ca Hardness

0

50

100

150

200

250

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11

Mg++ Hardness

Mg hardness Class A

Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Ca++ Hardness Min: 70, Max: 88.75

There is not very much variations in Ca++ concentration and falls under A class except N-

12 location. Here, it supports our all the previous conclusions.

Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Mg++ Hardness Min: 43.75, Max: 80

There is not very much variations in Mg++ concentration and falls under A class except N-

12 location. Here, it supports our all the previous conclusions.


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3.3 Establishing Correlations among the Parameters:

Considering the fact that physicochemical parameters which determine the quality of water

are not completely independent of each other, some parameters influence the other

parameters. Thus, it is required to study the correlation among parameters. The correlation

can be studied considering the variations in parameter values from location to location and

how parameters vary with respect to each other.

For this purpose, the average values of parameters for the period of Jan, 2013 to April, 2015

at a particular location are used, and using these values the correlations among parameters

are studied.

Correlations are mainly of two types.

i) Positive

ii) Negative

Correlation is Positive in the case when parameter values increase together, and Correlation

is Negative when one parameter decreases with the increase in other parameter.

As we know, theoretically Chlorine contributes more in total dissolved concentration, thus,

the correlation factor between these too curve should be high and the trend of graph should

be nearly same. We will see some parameters with good correlation.


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3.3.1 Calculations for finding correlation between two parameters

We are taking an example of how to find correlation between TDS and Cl- Concentration for Narmada River:

TDS (X) Chloride as Cl- (Y) Xbar Ybar (X-Xbar) (Y-Ybar) (X-Xbar)(Y-Ybar) (X-Xbar)^2 (Y-Ybar)^2

187.50 45.25 221.83 51.21 -34.33 -5.96 204.75 1178.80 35.56

200.50 38.75 221.83 51.21 -21.33 -12.46 265.89 455.12 155.34

170.50 47.50 221.83 51.21 -51.33 -3.71 190.63 2635.14 13.79

238.50 50.00 221.83 51.21 16.67 -1.21 -20.23 277.77 1.47

182.00 50.00 221.83 51.21 -39.83 -1.21 48.34 1586.72 1.47

173.14 51.25 221.83 51.21 -48.69 0.04 -1.77 2371.07 0.00

174.25 47.50 221.83 51.21 -47.58 -3.71 176.71 2264.20 13.79

297.66 51.42 221.83 51.21 75.83 0.21 15.65 5749.64 0.04

181.00 73.33 221.83 51.21 -40.83 22.12 -903.09 1667.39 489.13

279.70 47.50 221.83 51.21 57.87 -3.71 -214.89 3348.52 13.79

355.42 60.85 221.83 51.21 133.59 9.64 1287.29 17845.32 92.86

221.83 51.21 Total = 1049.29 Total = 39379.68 Total = 817.26

Where, Xbar = Average of X

And Ybar = Average of Y

y = 0.0266x + 45.303R² = 0.0342

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00

Ch

lori

de

io

n c

on

cen

tra

tio

n

TDS

TDS & Chlorine ion concentration

(X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2 32183565.16

V(X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2 5673.06

R = ((X-Xbar)(Y-Ybar))/(V((X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2)) 0.18

Graph 3.1.1

When we draw a scatter plot between TDS and

Chloride ion Concentration, the R-squared value

for the trend line of that scatter gives the square

value of correlation factor.


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3.3.1 Correlation factor for all the possible pairs of parameters

Ambient Temp.

Sample Temp.

pH Color Total alkalinity

TS TDS TSS NH3N Chloride as CL-

Total Hardness

Ca++

Hardness Mg++ hardness

COD BOD DO Conductivity Turbidity NTU

Ambient Temp.

1.0

1.0 -0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2

-0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 -0.3 0.1 0.2

-0.1 0.4 0.3

Sample Temp.

1.0 -

0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 -

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.2 pH

1.0 -0.2 -0.4 -

0.1 0.1 -

0.1 0.1 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.1 -

0.3 -

0.6 -

0.1 -0.5 -0.1 Color 1.0 -0.1 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.3 -0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 -0.1 1.0 Total alkalinity 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.0 TS 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.6 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.0 TDS 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 -0.6 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.7 TSS 1.0 0.3 0.4 -0.1 -0.6 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.0 NH3N

1.0 0.1 0.3 -0.2 0.5 0.2 -

0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 Chloride as CL- 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.4 Total Hardness 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.7 -0.1 Ca++ Hardness

1.0 -0.1 -

0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 -0.5 Mg++ hardness 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.1 COD 1.0 0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.9 BOD 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 DO 1.0 0.2 0.3 Conductivity

1.0 -0.1 Turbidity NTU 1.0

Some important points from the above study of correlation

Color and turbidity are related to each other thus, the correlation between these two parameters should be high, and in

the case of Narmada River this correlation factor came out as 0.97 i.e. nearly perfect positive correlation.

Color and Turbidity are due to solid particles present in river i.e. both the dissolved solids and suspended solids

contributes in color and turbidity of River, but the solids which are suspended in river water contributes more than

dissolved solids. And in case of Narmada River, these parameters are following this theory.

Total alkalinity and conductivity is the measure of net effect of cations and anions, thus, these two parameters should be

well correlated, and in our case, it is quite clear. Both of these two parameters are showing a negative correlation with

the pH of water.

pH has the negative correlation with most of the parameters except TDS and ammonical-Nitrogen.

TS, TDS, TSS curves are showing a high positive correlation with BOD while a high negative correlation with ca++

hardness.

Theoretically, TDS and Cl- curves should show high correlation because of Cl- contribution is high in TDS, but for Narmada

River it is not the case. Here, the correlation is very low, this is may be because of other ions are contributing more than

Cl-.

0.7<r<1 High Positive Correlation

0.3<r<0.7 Medium positive Correlation

0<r<0.3 Low positive Correlation

r<-0.5 High Negative Correlation

0>r>-0.5 Low Negative Correlation


91 | P a g e

TABLE FOR AVERAGE VALUE OF PARAMETERS AT EVERY LOCATIONS:

3.3.2 Describing the correlation between parameters

Location Code

Location Total Hardness

Ca++

Hardness Mg++ hardness

COD BOD DO Conductivity Turbidity NTU

N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 132.50 78.75 53.75 9.00 2.00 7.25 284.50 4.35

N-2 Navagam Village 121.25 77.50 43.75 9.87 1.94 6.50 267.16 1.30

N-3 Akteshwar Village 121.25 77.50 43.75 8.87 1.78 7.00 272.50 1.80

N-4 Tilakvada Village 157.50 88.75 68.75 8.88 2.38 7.50 395.50 1.80

N-5 Dariyapur Village 143.75 77.50 66.25 11.62 2.55 7.25 300.33 1.95

N-6 Sinor Village 138.75 86.25 52.50 6.62 2.40 7.25 302.00 1.75

N-7 Sayar Village 150.00 87.50 62.50 14.42 3.83 7.37 299.60 11.86

N-8 Jhagadia Village 145.71 77.14 80.00 12.28 2.28 7.85 298.50 4.80

N-9 New Sardar Bridge 150.00 85.00 65.00 12.16 3.40 8.33 276.00 28.30

N-10 Golden Bridge 142.50 75.00 77.50 11.12 2.37 7.37 296.80 10.20

N-11 Bhadbhut Village 135.70 70.00 65.71 22.16 2.85 7.71 295.20 275.00

N-12 Jageshwar Village 4222.50 805.00 3417.50 218.63 3.75 6.88 33603.83 261.50

Location Code

Location Ambient Temp.

Sample Temp.

pH Color Total alkalinity

TS TDS TSS NH3N Chloride as CL-

N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 32.50 28.10 8.33 9.37 142.28 222.50 187.50 6.00 2.14 45.25

N-2 Navagam Village 31.30 27.06 8.19 10.60 140.80 220.25 200.50 14.50 1.40 38.75

N-3 Akteshwar Village 31.20 26.51 8.29 10.62 141.00 208.50 170.50 14.57 1.14 47.50

N-4 Tilakvada Village 34.23 29.81 8.09 9.37 170.42 272.25 238.50 26.50 2.16 50.00

N-5 Dariyapur Village 33.80 29.68 8.17 11.87 142.14 216.50 182.00 26.25 1.44 50.00

N-6 Sinor Village 34.58 30.17 8.25 10.62 149.85 188.50 173.14 28.57 1.37 51.25

N-7 Sayar Village 32.27 27.88 8.10 10.62 160.14 221.50 174.25 40.75 1.17 47.50

N-8 Jhagadia Village 28.08 25.74 8.30 10.00 166.57 334.85 297.66 51.66 1.85 51.42

N-9 New Sardar Bridge 31.30 27.63 8.19 10.00 143.50 237.00 181.00 52.00 1.50 73.33

N-10 Golden Bridge 29.20 26.15 8.30 9.38 143.50 329.75 279.70 57.42 1.75 47.50

N-11 Bhadbhut Village 34.20 29.20 8.19 22.85 148.85 1354.85 355.42 1051.43 2.00 60.85

N-12 Jageshwar Village 34.10 29.30 8.06 26.87 168.57 23624.90 22000.50 512.00 1.53 12456.13


92 | P a g e

25

75

125

175

225

275

325

375

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11

TDS & Chloride ion Concentration

TDS Chloride as CL-

150

200

250

300

350

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10

TS & TDS

TS TDS

Graph 3.2.2: TS & TDS trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.796

For these two parameters the correlation factor is approximately 0.8 i.e. high positive

correlation. From here we can conclude that dissolved solids have a good contribution in

total solids.

Graph 3.2.1: TDS & Cl- Concentration trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.18

Theoretically, TDS and Cl- curves should show high correlation because of Cl- contribution

is high in TDS, but for Narmada River it is not the case. Here, the correlation is very low,

this is may be because of other ions are contributing more than Cl-.


93 | P a g e

0

100

200

300

400

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10

TS & TSS

TSS TS

0

50

100

150

200

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11


Mg hardness Total Hardness Ca Hardness

Graph 3.2.4: Total, Ca & Mg Hardness

Correlation factor(r) for TH-Ca, TH-Mg & Ca-Mg curves are 0.55, 0.75 & -0.07 respectively.

From here we can conclude that Mg++ doesn’t contribute much quantitatively in

concentration of Total hardness but contribute very much qualitatively as compared to

Ca++.

Graph 3.2.3: TS & TSS trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.99

For these two parameters the correlation factor is approximately 1 i.e. perfect positive

correlation. From here we can conclude that TSS doesn’t contribute much quantitatively

in concentration of TS but contribute very much qualitatively as compared to TDS.


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3.4 Comparison of Water Quality of Mahisagar River with Drinking Water Quality Specifications;

IS:10500(2012):

Water Quality Parameters data at all the monitoring stations of Mahisagar River are Compared with Drinking Water Quality

Specifications; IS:10500(2012) to find out if the water quality of Mahisagar River is suitable to be used as Drinking water.

Comparison of Water Quality at all the Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River with IS:10500(2012) Drinking Water

Specifications is given in the following Tables.

Comparison of Narmada River Water Quality with Drinking Water Specifications IS: 10500

PARAMETER IS DRINKING WATER LOCATIONS

Desirable limit

Permissible limit

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12

pH 6.5 to 8.5 No

relaxation 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.1

Color 5 15 9.4 10.6 10.6 9.4 11.9 10.6 10.6 10.0 10.0 9.4 22.9 26.9

Total alkalinity

200 600

142.3 140.8 141.0 170.4 142.1 149.9 160.1 166.6 143.5 143.5 148.9 168.6

TDS 500 2000 187.5 200.5 170.5 238.5 182.0 173.1 174.3 297.7 181.0 279.7 355.4 22001

Chloride as CL-

250 1,000

45.3 38.8 47.5 50.0 50.0 51.3 47.5 51.4 73.3 47.5 60.9 12456

Total Hardness

200 600

132.5 121.3 121.3 157.5 143.8 138.8 150.0 145.7 150.0 142.5 135.7 4222.5

Turbidity 1 5 4.4 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 11.9 4.8 28.3 10.2 275.0 261.5

Less than DL

Equal to DL

B/W DL & PL

More than PL

By the comparison shown above, it can be concluded that at all the locations except N-11 for color and N-12 (i.e. Estuarine

location) for color, TDS, Chlorides, Total Hardness and Turbidity all the parameter values are within the Permissible limits

specified by IS:10500 for the use of water as a drinking water.

From Location N-1 to N-11, all the values regarding alkalinity, TDS, chlorides and hardness are below desirable limit.

N-12 location is situated in the estuarine area, thus, color, TDS, Chlorides and Hardness and turbidity values are expected

to be higher than permissible limit.

N-11 location is also situated in estuarine area, thus, that color and turbidity values are beyond permissible limit.

Turbidity value is exceeding the permissible limit at N-7, N-9 and N-10 locations also.

From above points we can conclude that water from N-11 and N-12 locations should not be used directly for drinking purpose.


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3.5 Overall Classification of Mahisagar River according to IS 2296:1992 Classification for Designated

Best Use of Water

IS 2296:1992 are Primary water quality criteria for Designated Best Uses of Water. As water is subjected to various useful

applications, considering the type of use or activity for which the water is required, water quality criteria have been specified to

determine its suitability for a particular purpose. Among the various types of uses there is one use that demands highest level

of water quality or purity and that is termed as ‘designated best use’ in that particular stretch of the water body. Based on this,

water quality requirements have been specified for different uses in terms of primary water quality criteria, which is shown in

the following table.

Classification of all the Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River for their Designated Best Use:

Average parameter values for the period of Jan-2012 to April-2015 at all the monitoring stations are used for the purpose of

classification of monitoring stations for their designated best use. These parameter values are compared with the values

specified through IS 2296:1992 for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.

Based on this, Monitoring Stations of Narmada River are classified in the classes A to E, A being the best class. Thus, Narmada

River as a whole can also be classified in such classes.

Assumption made here is like, if all the parameters lie in A class except one parameter in B, then it will be classified as A

class. If one parameter in B, and one is beyond E with remaining in A, then it will be classified as B. If more than three

parameters are beyond E, then it will have beyond E classifications.

Classification of Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River is shown in the following Tables

Designated Best Use Class Criteria

Drinking Water source without

conventional treatment but after

disinfection

A Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 50 or less

pH between 6.5 and 8.5

Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more

Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20° C, 2 mg/l or less

Outdoor Bathing (Organized) B Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 500 or less

pH between 6.5 and 8.5



Drinking Water source after

conventional treatment and

disinfection

C Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 5000 or less

pH between 6 and 9



Propagation of Wild Life and

Fisheries

D pH between 6.5 and 8.5


Free Ammonia


Irrigation, Industrial Cooling,

Control Waste Disposal

E pH between 6.5 and 8.5

Electrical Conductivity at 25 C micro mhos/cm, maximum 2250

Sodium Absorption Ratio, Maximum 26

Boron, Max. 2 mg/l

Below E

Not meeting any of the A,B,C,D & E


96 | P a g e

Comparison of Narmada River Water Quality with designated best use criteria IS 2296:1992

PARAMETER

IS DRINKING WATER LOCATIONS

A B C D E

N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12

pH 6.5-8.5

6.5-8.5

6.0-9.0

6.5-8.5

6.0-8.0 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.1

Color 10 300 300 - - 9.4 10.6 10.6 9.4 11.9 10.6 10.6 10.0 10.0 9.4 22.9 26.9

Total alkalinity

200 600 1500 2100

142.3 140.8 141.0 170.4 142.1 149.9 160.1 166.6 143.5 143.5 148.9 168.6

TDS 250 500 600 600 187.5 200.5 170.5 238.5 182.0 173.1 174.3 297.7 181.0 279.7 355.4 22000.5

Chloride as CL-

200

45.3 38.8 47.5 50.0 50.0 51.3 47.5 51.4 73.3 47.5 60.9 12456.1

Total Hardness

300 600 132.5 121.3 121.3 157.5 143.8 138.8 150.0 145.7 150.0 142.5 135.7 4222.5

Turbidity 5 10 4.4 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 11.9 4.8 28.3 10.2 275.0 261.5

From the above tables, it is clearly seen that at several locations, some parameter values exceed the limits specified for Class-

A and fall under Class-B or beyond class E for that particular parameter value at a particular location.

We can classify locations from N-1 to N-6 and N-8 as A class locations and N-7, N-9, N-10 as B-class. Because of Turbidity

value is very high at N-11 location we are classifying it as beyond E class. N-12 location is already lie in beyond E Class.


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3.6 Developing criticality Index

Criticality in general terms means the quality, state or degree of being of the highest

importance.

Criticality in terms of Surface Water Quality means the value of its physico-chemical

parameters at which the parameter just has approval or disapproval.

In other words, it would be an indicator of the values of surface water quality

parameters at which the water becomes suited or unsuited for the use to which it has

been put to.

It is defined by range and/ or lower limits and higher limit of parameter. Normally, a

higher range indicates lower criticality of that parameter. Exceedance of the specified

limits can lead to different results in probable environmental impacts.

In GEMI office, the criticality index is defined by using following theories and standards

value:

Criticality is inversely proportional to the range of parameter

The range of water quality parameters are based on the drinking water quality

specifications: IS: 10500.

Range for several parameters, for which the limits are not specified by drinking

water quality specifications: IS: 10500, are adopted from Class – A of classification

for the designated best use of water.

And the range for remaining parameters are assigned based on some basic

criteria.


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3.6.1 Range of parameters as per drinking water specifications IS: 10500:

Parameters Desirable limit Acceptable limit

Temperature

Color 5 15

Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable

Taste Agreeable Agreeable

Turbidity 1 5

Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS) 500 2000

pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5

Alkalinity 200 600

Chlorides (Cl-) 250 1000

Sulphates 200 400

Nitrates 45 100

Fluoride 1 1.5

Total Hardness 200

600

Calcium and

Magnesium

Hardness 200 and 200 200 and 200

Dissolved oxygen

(DO) 6 6

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD)

2 2

Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD) 7 7


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3.6.2 Discussion of some of the parameters defined by GEMI’s Engineers:

Relative Criticality factor (C1):

Relative criticality factor C1 is defined as the inverse of range of parameters from the base

value which is considered 0 here. C1 for desirable and acceptable are found.

Relative criticality factor (C2):

Relative criticality factor C2 is defined as the desirable limit divide by acceptable limit.

Parameter wise criticality factor (P.C.F.):

Theoretically, PCF is an index which define the criticality of a parameter, i.e. how much a

little variation in parameter affects the quality of water. Parameter wise criticality factor is

defined as multiplication of relative criticality factor C1 and relative criticality factor C2.

Ranking of Parameters according to criticality:

Ranking of parameter is done according to their PCF values. The parameter which is most

critical is placed on the top of the table. Fluorides concentration is the most critical

parameter.

Total Exceedance factor:

Total exceedance Factor is defined as the deviation of measured value from desirable and

acceptable value.

Average T.E.F. based on desirable and acceptable limit is find out by taking minimum 10

measured values.

Total Criticality factor:

𝑻. 𝑪, 𝑭 = 𝑷. 𝑪. 𝑭.× 𝑻. 𝑬. 𝑭.


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Relative criticality factor C1 = x / R and C2 = Desirable / Acceptable

Desirable Acceptable Base Value

Range for D

Range for A x

C1 for D

C1 for A

C2 = D/A

Color 5.00 15.00 0.00 5.00 15.00 1.00 0.200 0.067 3.000

Turbidity 1.00 5.00 0.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 1.000 0.200 5.000

Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS)

500.00 2000.00 0.00 500.00 2000.00 1.00 0.002 0.001 4.000

pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.50 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.500 0.500 1.000

Alkalinity 200.00 600.00 0.00 200.00 600.00 1.00 0.005 0.002 3.000

Chlorides (Cl-) 250.00 1000.00 0.00 250.00 1000.00 1.00 0.004 0.001 4.000

Sulphates 200.00 400.00 0.00 200.00 400.00 1.00 0.005 0.003 2.000

Nitrates 45.00 100.00 0.00 45.00 100.00 1.00 0.022 0.010 2.222

Fluoride 1.00 1.50 0.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.000 0.667 1.500

Total Hardness 200.00 600.00 0.00 200.00 600.00 1.00 0.005 0.002 3.000

Calcium Hardness 200.00 200.00 0.00 200.00 200.00 1.00 0.005 0.005 1.000

Magnesium

Hardness 200.00 200.00 0.00 200.00 200.00 1.00 0.005 0.005 1.000

Dissolved oxygen

(DO) 6.00 6.00 0.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 0.167 0.167 1.000

Biochemical

Oxygen Demand

(BOD) 2.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.500 0.500 1.000

Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD)

6.67 7.00 0.00 6.67 7.00 1.00 0.150 0.143 1.050


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Ranking of Critical Factor P.C.F.= C1*C2 Ranking

Fluoride 0.667 1

pH 0.500 2

Biochemical

Oxygen Demand

(BOD) 0.500 2

Dissolved oxygen

(DO) 0.167 3

Chemical

Oxygen Demand

(COD) 0.143 4

Turbidity 0.200 5

Color 0.067 6

Nitrates 0.010 7

Calcium

Hardness 0.005 8

Magnesium

Hardness 0.005 8

Sulphates 0.003 9

Total Hardness

0.002 10

Alkalinity

0.002 10

Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS)

0.001 11

Chlorides (Cl-)

0.001 11

Parameter wise Criticality Factor = C1 * C2

C1 C2 P.C.F.= C1*C2

Color 0.200 0.333 0.067

Turbidity 1.000 0.200 0.200

Total

Dissolved

Solids (TDS) 0.002 0.250 0.001

pH 0.500 1.000 0.500

Alkalinity 0.005 0.333 0.002

Chlorides

(Cl-) 0.004 0.250 0.001

Sulphates 0.005 0.500 0.003

Nitrates 0.022 0.450 0.010

Fluoride 1.000 0.667 0.667

Total

Hardness 0.005 0.333 0.002

Calcium

Hardness 0.005 1.000 0.005

Magnesium

Hardness 0.005 1.000 0.005

Dissolved

oxygen (DO) 0.167 1.000 0.167

Biochemical

Oxygen

Demand

(BOD) 0.500 1.000 0.500

Chemical

Oxygen

Demand

(COD) 0.150 0.952 0.143


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Exceedence-1

Lower Limit Desirable Acceptable Measured Value M1

Value Factor V1 based on A

Value Factor V1 based on D

Colour 0 5.00 15.00 5.00 0.33 1.00

Turbidity 0 1.00 5.00 1.00 0.20 1.00

Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS) 0

500.00 2000.00 500.00 0.25 1.00

pH 6.5 8.50 8.50 8.50 1.00 1.00

Alkalinity 0 200.00 600.00 200.00 0.33 1.00

Chlorides (Cl-) 0 250.00 1000.00 250.00 0.25 1.00

Sulphates 0 200.00 400.00 200.00 0.50 1.00

Nitrates 0 45.00 100.00 45.00 0.45 1.00

Fluoride 0 1.00 1.50 1.00 0.67 1.00

Total Hardness 0 200.00 600.00 300.00 0.50 1.50

Calcium Hardness 0 200.00 200.00 200.00 1.00 1.00

Magnesium

Hardness 0

200.00 200.00 200.00 1.00 1.00

Dissolved oxygen

(DO) 0

6.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 1.00

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD) 0

2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00

Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD) 0

6.67 7.00 6.67 0.95 1.00


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Total Exceedance Factor = T.E.F. based on A

Value Factor V1

Value Factor V2

Value Factor V3

Value Factor V4

Value Factor V5

Value Factor V6

Value Factor V7

Value Factor V8

Value Factor V9

Value Factor V10

T.E.F. = Sum(V1 to V10) TEF/10

Colour 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 3.333 0.333

Turbidity 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.000 0.200

Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS)

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.500 0.250

pH 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Alkalinity 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 3.333 0.333

Chlorides (Cl-) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.500 0.250

Sulphates 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.000 0.500

Nitrates 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 4.500 0.450

Fluoride 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 6.667 0.667

Total Hardness 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.000 0.500

Calcium

Hardness 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Magnesium

Hardness

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Dissolved

oxygen (DO)

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Biochemical

Oxygen Demand

(BOD)

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Chemical

Oxygen Demand

(COD)

0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 9.524 0.952


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Total Exceedance Factor = T.E.F. based on D

Value Factor V1

Value Factor V2

Value Factor V3

Value Factor V4

Value Factor V5

Value Factor V6

Value Factor V7

Value Factor V8

Value Factor V9

Value Factor V10

T.E.F. = Sum(V1 to V10) TEF/10

Colour 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Turbidity 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Total

Dissolved

Solids (TDS)

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

pH 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Alkalinity 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Chlorides (Cl-

) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Sulphates 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Nitrates 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Fluoride 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000 Total

Hardness 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 15.000 1.500

Calcium

Hardness 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Magnesium

Hardness

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Dissolved

oxygen (DO)

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Biochemical

Oxygen

Demand

(BOD)

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000

Chemical

Oxygen

Demand

(COD)

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.000 1.000


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Total Criticality Factor based on A

P.C.F.= C1*C2

T.E.F. = Sum(V1 to V10)

T.C.F = P.C.F * T.E.F

Colour 0.067 0.333 0.022

Turbidity 0.200 0.200 0.040

Total

Dissolved

Solids (TDS) 0.001 0.250 0.000

pH 0.500 1.000 0.500

Alkalinity 0.002 0.333 0.001 Chlorides

(Cl-) 0.001 0.250 0.000

Sulphates 0.003 0.500 0.001

Nitrates 0.010 0.450 0.005

Fluoride 0.667 0.667 0.444 Total

Hardness 0.002 0.500 0.001

Calcium

Hardness 0.005 1.000 0.005

Magnesium

Hardness 0.005 1.000 0.005

Dissolved

oxygen (DO) 0.167 1.000 0.167

Biochemical

Oxygen

Demand

(BOD) 0.500 1.000 0.500

Chemical

Oxygen

Demand

(COD) 0.143 0.952 0.136

2.270 9.436 1.827

0.629

Criticality based on A = T.C.F / P.C.F

T.C.F 1.827

P.C.F. 2.270

Total Variability 0.805

Average of T.E.F. Values


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Criticality based on D = T.C.F / P.C.F

T.C.F 2.271

P.C.F. 2.270

Total Variability 1.000

Total Criticality Factor based on D

P.C.F.= C1*C2

T.E.F. = Sum(V1 to V10)

T.C.F = P.C.F * T.E.F

Colour 0.067 1.000 0.067

Turbidity 0.200 1.000 0.200

Total

Dissolved

Solids (TDS) 0.001 1.000 0.001

pH 0.500 1.000 0.500

Alkalinity 0.002 1.000 0.002 Chlorides

(Cl-) 0.001 1.000 0.001

Sulphates 0.003 1.000 0.003

Nitrates 0.010 1.000 0.010

Fluoride 0.667 1.000 0.667 Total

Hardness 0.002 1.500 0.003

Calcium

Hardness 0.005 1.000 0.005

Magnesium

Hardness 0.005 1.000 0.005

Dissolved

oxygen (DO) 0.167 1.000 0.167

Biochemical

Oxygen

Demand

(BOD) 0.500 1.000 0.500

Chemical

Oxygen

Demand

(COD) 0.143 1.000 0.143

2.270 15.500 2.271

1.033

Average of T.E.F. Values


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According to above calculations, following values are found and classified as follows:

Total Variability

w.r.t Desirable w.r.t Acceptable

Up to Desirable 1.00 0.88 Excellent

Avg. Of desirable & Acceptable 1.29 0.93 Very Good

Up to Acceptable 1.57 1.00 Good

25% 2.15 1.43 Slightly Critical

50% 2.72 1.86 Moderate critical

75% 3.29 2.29 Very critical

100% 3.86 2.76 Extremely critical

Unacceptable

After applying criticality index on Narmada River, the results are as follows:

Location Code

Total Variability Status Desirable Acceptable

N-1 1.54 0.99 Good

N-2 1.52 0.97 Good

N-3 1.51 0.96 Good

N-4 1.55 1.01 Good

N-5 1.62 1.07 Slightly Critical






N-11 23.63 5.58 Unacceptable

N-12 26.40 7.60 Unacceptable


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C H A P T E R – 4

4.1 CONCLUSION

This study includes Monitoring of Water quality of Narmada River using physicochemical

analysis to preserve and improve its water quality. For this purpose, Narmada River has been

divided into several locations and Monitoring stations have been selected considering the

Selection Criteria and they were thoroughly monitored according to specified Sampling

Frequency for the duration of 2 years, July, 2013 to May, 2015 using physico-chemical

analysis.

Some major observations include, pH of the Narmada River is alkaline and varies within a

very narrow range of 8.06 to 8.33, and this range varies within lower limit and upper limit

i.e. 6.5-8.5. Average DO at all the locations is greater than 6.5 mg/L at all the locations which

indicates that health of river water is good. But the last sampling is showing a decrease in DO

at all the locations, it is may be due to some error at the time of sampling or at the time of

analysis. Average BOD value at all the sampling points never exceeds 3.83 mg/L, and it is

very less at some of the locations like Akteshwar Bridge, which shows that river water

quality is very good at this location. Average COD value also never exceeds 15 mg/L except

the values at estuarine area, which is a clear indication of good river water quality except

estuarine area.

TDS values are always less than 356 mg/L except Jageshwar village location which is the

meeting point of river with Arabian sea, and consequently the Chlorides are well below 75

mg/L. Considering the average Hardness values, it is found that Narmada River water is soft

in nature at the majority of places. If we look at TSS values for all the locations from Sardar

Sarovar Dam to Bhadbhut Village, it is increasing continuously. Color of the river is also in

between desirable and permissible limit except Jageshwar Village location which is obvious.

Conductivity value is also not too high, it is varying around 200 to 400. Total alkalinity is also

in limit.

From the obtained results, it was studied that how parameter values vary at a particular

location over the time and it was observed that no major variations are found, parameter

values vary in a very narrow range. Thus, it was decided to take the average value of


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parameters determined for a particular location from 8 times sampling for further study.

Using these average values, Trend Analysis for location to location variation in parameters

has been studied. No major variations are observed except several variations in some of the

parameter values at some locations. This indicates that overall quality of Narmada River

water is good.

Further it has been studied that if the Water Quality of Narmada River at selected Monitoring

Stations is suitable to be used as a Drinking Water Source by comparing the average

parameter values with Drinking Water Specifications IS: 10500 (2012). It is found that TDS,

Cl-, Color, Total Hardness and Turbidity values are beyond permissible limit at Jageshwar

village location that is because of estuarine location, thus, from here we can conclude that

water at this location should not be used for drinking purpose or other domestic purpose.

Turbidity is beyond permissible limit at Sayar Village, New Sardar Bridge, Golden Bridge and

Bhadbhut Village location also. Water Quality of Narmada River is good enough to be used

as a source of Drinking Water without conventional treatment but after pH corrections and

Disinfection. Bhadbhut Village (N-11) and Jageshwar Village (N-12) are the locations

situated in the estuarine area, thus water at the locations Bhadbhut Village (N-11) and

Jageshwar Village (N-12) is not suitable to be directly used as drinking water.

Quality of Narmada River is diminishing after entering in industrial area which starts after

Jhagadia village location. All the locations in Ankleshwar and Bharuch region are affected

because of the main industrial region of Gujarat State. New Sardar Bridge and Golden Bridge

locations are situated in Bharuch and Ankleshwar region, and after these two locations, the

remaining two locations are in estuarine area.

Narmada River has been classified using IS 2296:1992 classification for the designated best

use of water; and it is found that Overall Class of Narmada River is Class-A (Except estuarine

locations), considering the assumptions made in this section, which indicates that water

quality is as good as that it can be utilized as a source of drinking water without conventional

treatment but after disinfection. We can classify locations from Sardar Sarovar Dam to Sinor

Village and Jhagadia Village as A class locations and Sayar Village, New Sardar Bridge and

Golden Bridge as B-class. Because of Turbidity value is very high at Bhadbhut Village


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location, we are classifying it as beyond E class. Jageshwar Village location is already lie in

beyond E Class.

Correlation among the parameters for overall study period has been studied. Color and

turbidity are showing nearly perfect positive correlation with correlation factor of 0.97. pH

has the negative correlation with most of the parameters except TDS and Ammonical-

Nitrogen. TS, TDS, TSS curves are showing a high positive correlation with BOD while a high

negative correlation with Ca++ Hardness. Theoretically, TDS and Cl- curves should show high

correlation because of Cl- contribution is high in TDS, but for Narmada River it is not the case.

Here, the correlation is only 0.18, this is may be because of other ions are contributing more

than Cl-.

Classification of River location according to quality of water is also done using a newly

created index by GEMI. Here, we are considering that excellent river water quality is an ideal

condition. Excellent condition implies that all parameter values are below desirable limit.

According to which Sardar Sarovar Dam, Navagam Village, Akteshwar Bridge and Tilakvada

village location are at good condition. Dariyapura Village, Sinor Village, Sayar Village,

Jhagadia Village, Golden Bridge and New Sardar Bridge location falls under slightly critical

condition. Bhadbhut village and Jageshwar village location’s water condition is unacceptable.


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C H A P T E R – 5

5.1 Future Scope

Monitoring of Narmada River shall be continued for several more years in order to

perform the statistical analysis, trend analysis and correlations more effectively and

come to any solid conclusion.

Criticality index may be modified and more indices may be developed to interpret and

compare the water quality of various locations and various rivers in an easy manner

so that laymen could also easily understand the river water quality available to them.

Aspects of Bio-monitoring may be incorporated for monitoring of water quality and

findings of bio monitoring may be compared with physicochemical findings for more

reliable conclusion of the condition of any water body.


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C H A P T E R - 6

6.1 REFERENCES

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB), Ministry of Environment &

Forests “WATER QUALITY IN INDIA – STATUS AND TREND (1990 - 2001)”


Forests “STATUS OF WATER QUALITY IN INDIA- 2010


Forests “STATUS OF WATER QUALITY IN INDIA- 2011”

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB), “Water Quality Trend of River

Ganga” (2002-2008)

http://www.gits4u.com/water/narmadmapa.jpg

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rivers/narmada.html

http://www.lagoonsonline.com/laboratory-articles/ammonia-nitrogen.htm

http://water.me.vccs.edu/exam_prep/alkalinity.html

http://homa1.com/images/nl51_60/narmada_sunset01.jpg

http://www.gits4u.com/water/narmadmapa.jpg

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rivers/narmada.html

http://www.lagoonsonline.com/laboratory-articles/ammonia-nitrogen.htm

http://water.me.vccs.edu/exam_prep/alkalinity.html

http://homa1.com/images/nl51_60/narmada_sunset01.jpg


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REPORT ON NARMADA

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