Report of the Commission of Inquiry - Telangana · Report of the Commission of Inquiry on...

Report of the Commission of Inquiry

on Socio-Economic and Educational

Conditions of MuslimsGovernment of Telangana

August 2016

Presented byShri G. Sudhir, I.A.S (Retd)

Chairman

Report of the Commission of Inquiry

on Socio-Economic and Educational

Conditions of Muslims

Government of Telangana

August 2016

Shri G. Sudhir, I.A.S. (Retd) Chairman

Shri M.A. Bari, Member

Dr. Amir Ullah Khan Member

Prof. Abdul Shaban Member

iiiContents

Contents

Covering Letter v

Acknowledgements vii

Abbreviations x

Executive Summary xiii

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

Chapter 2: Demographic Profile 13

Chapter 3: Educational Status 31

Chapter 4: Health Status and Living Conditions 59

Chapter 5: Economic Conditions 77

Chapter 6 : Access to Credit and Financial Inclusion 105

Chapter 7: Status of Women 119

Chapter 8: Muslims in Government Employment 133

Chapter 9: Affirmative Action for Development of Muslims 147

Chapter 10: Public Hearings and Representations 159

Chapter 11: Case for Reservations :Arguments for extending this benefit to Muslims 165

Chapter 12: Major Findings and Recommendations 183

Bibliography 195

Annexure I: Methodology of Sample Survey and Survey Instrument 199

Annexure II: Appendix Tables 219

Annexure III: Meetings held in the Office of Commission of Inquiry 275

Annexure IV: Photographs 277

vCovering Letter

Commission of Inquiryon

Socio economic and educational Status of Muslims

Shakar Bhavan, Second FloorFateh Maidan Road, Hyderabad

August 12, 2016

Hon’ble Chief Minister,

The Commission of Inquiry on Socio economic and educational Status of Muslims in Telangana has pleasure in submitting herewith its final Report prepared in the context of the Terms of Reference indicated vide G.O.Ms.No.5, Minorities Welfare (OP & Budget) Department, dated:3rd March, 2015 published in Notification No. 84,dated: 4th March, 2015.

The notification mandated the Commission to study the Socio-Economic and Educational Conditions of Muslims in the State in G.O. Ms. No. 5, Minorities Welfare Department, dated 3-3-2015. The Commission of Inquiry was constituted to submit a Report to enable the Government to formulate suitable policies for the amelioration and upliftment of Muslims and to bring them on par with other sections of the society. The Commission was requested to submit its report within a period of 6 months from the date on which it commences the Inquiry. After identification of suitable office space in Shakar Bhavan, Basheer Bagh, Hyderabad, the T.S. Minorities Welfare Department issued orders to the Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation to get the place refurbished for setting up the office and also issued orders deputing skeletal staff to enable the office to be set up. The office became functional by the end of June, 2015.

The Committee would put on record its acknowledgement and sincerely thank the Government of Telangana for extending the period till the 30th of September 2016 for submission of the final report. The extension was necessitated due to the detailed primary survey required and the difficulties in obtaining department wise data from across the state.

Keeping in view the urgency of the task, the Committee started functioning immediately after the notification and chalked out a strategy taking a five pronged approach: (a) analysis of the latest data available in published or unpublished form (b) visiting the districts and interacting with the officials in the implementing agencies (c) Obtaining the perceptions and feedback on the policies and programs through public hearings, as per the terms and reference of the Committee, and by issue of Press notification calling for suggestions (d) commissioning a set of experts to write background papers; key issues and (e) engaging the Centre for Good Governance to conduct a large sample size survey across the state.

The members of the Committee visited all districts and interacted with the public, NGOs, leaders and Government departments associated with the task of administering welfare schemes being implemented by the Government of Telangana State, to evaluate their functioning. The Committee also received views from a cross-section of society.

The members of the Commission place on record their deep appreciation for the kind personal support received from you on a regular basis and all your officials. We have also benefited from the patronage and help provided by Shri Mohammed Mahmood Ali, Hon’ble Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Revenue.

viReport of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

Particular mention must be made of the enthusiastic support received from the Chief Secretary Dr. Rajiv Sharma, IAS., Principal Secretary Finance, Shri K.Ramakrishna Rao, IAS., and Shri Syed Omer Jaleel, IAS., Secretary, Minorities Welfare Department without whose strong commitment for the work of the Commission it would have been impossible to bring out the Report in a short time assigned for this challenging task. The assistance provided by the other officials of the Department of Minorities Welfare and Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation to the Commission is also acknowledged.

The information and other materials collected by the Commission from various stake holders and other agencies will be kept in the office of the Commissioner for Minorities Welfare after the submission of the final report for future reference.

It is hoped that this report would be of use to the Government for taking measures for the upliftment of the socially and educationally backward communities among Muslims.

We have great pleasure in presenting the final report to you.

With best regardsYours sincerely,

1. G. Sudhir, Chairperson

2. Mr. M A Bari, Member

3. Prof Abdul Shaban, Member

4. Dr. Amir Ullah Khan, Member

viiAcknowledgements

Acknowledgements

The Commission of Inquiry is very grateful to Shri. K. Chandrasekhar Rao Garu, Hon’ble Chief Minister, Telangana State for giving this opportunity to undertake a very important study and submit a report. The Commission is also grateful for his valuable support by providing requisite staff and funds for the Commission.

The Commission is also grateful to Shri Mohammed Mahmood Ali Garu, Hon’ble Deputy Chief Minister and Minister for Revenue for his patronage and support to the Commission.

The Commission is very thankful to the Hon’ble Members of Parliament, Hon’ble MLAs, and Hon’ble MLC’s who have given their valuable suggestions to the Commission in the course of the public hearings, visits to various places and also in response to the letters addressed to them.

The Commission of Inquiry also places on record its deep appreciation of the support extended by Dr. Rajiv Sharma, IAS, Chief Secretary, Government of Telangana, The Commission is also grateful to Shri S. Narsing Rao, IAS, Principal Secretary to Chief Minister and Shri K. Bhoopal Reddy, IFS, (Retd), Special Secretary to Chief Minister for their support in the work of the Commission.

The Commission is very thankful to Shri K. Ramakrishna Rao, IAS, Principal Secretary Finance Department, Shri Syed Omer Jaleel, IAS, Secretary, Minorities Welfare Department, Shri M.J. Akbar, IFS, former Commissioner of Minorities Welfare Department, Shri M. Shafiullah, IFS, Managing Director of Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation and Prof. M.A. Shukur, Director, Urdu Academy who also extended their support to the Commission. The Commission places on record its thanks to Shri Somesh Kumar, IAS, Principal Secretary, Backward Classes Welfare Department (FAC) and Smt. G.D. Aruna, IAS, Commissioner, Backward Classes Welfare Department for providing copies of various reports, court judgements, etc. required for the inquiry.

The Commission of Inquiry places on record the valuable guidance it received from the study of the report of Prime Minister’s High Level Committee on Social, Economic & Educational Status of Muslim Community of India, popularly known as the Sachar Committee (2006) which covered all the states of the country. The Commission of Inquiry attempted a detailed study of the social, educational and economic conditions of Muslims in the twenty ninth state of India and other aspects per the terms of reference. The Commission has also referred to the data on various aspects contained in the above report.

The Commission of Inquiry has also studied the report of the Post– Sachar Evaluation Committee headed by Prof. Amitabh Kundu and has obtained information on the action taken by the Government of India and the State Governments on the report.

viiiReport of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

The Commission of Inquiry is also grateful to all the members of the Advisory Board for agreeing to be associated with the study and attending its meetings held on 17-11-2015, 5-2-2016 and 1-8-2016 for their valuable suggestions/comments on the background papers study papers and also the methodology, questionnaire for Sample Survey conducted by the Centre for Good Governance. The Commission of Inquiry is also grateful for the comments/suggestions of the Advisory Board on the findings of the study and the recommendations of the Commission.

The Commission is very thankful to Shri Abid Rasool Khan, Chairman Minorities Commission and Members for providing reports on the work of the Commission which provide an insight into the problems of the Muslims in the State.

The Commission of Inquiry is also grateful to all the researchers who agreed to prepare study papers/background papers on various aspects of the Inquiry. Their papers have enabled the Commission of Inquiry to obtain information on the current situation/status on various aspects. The Commission of Inquiry is also thankful to the experts who gave valuable comments and suggestions on the background papers. These papers will be published as an edited volume in collaboration with CGG by Orient Blackswan, and will be disseminated for wider debate.

The Commission is also thankful to Dr. B.M. Naidu, Associate Director, Centre for Good Governance and his team for their unstinted efforts in conducting the Sample Survey in all districts of State and submitting the survey report. The Commission is thankful to the Centre for Good Governance for their help in getting the report & tables formatted through M/S New Concept.

The Commission of Inquiry is also grateful to all the District Collectors and other district officers who made excellent arrangements for the visits to the districts and public hearings which drew large number of men and women from different walks of life who gave their suggestions for improving the conditions of Muslims in the State of Telangana. We are grateful for their active participation and valuable suggestions.

The Commission is also thankful to all the Departments of the State Government, the Deputy Director Census Operations, Hyderabad, the Registrar Administration of the Hon’ble High Court for the State of Telangana and State of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad and Legislature Secretariat for furnishing the information sought from them.

The Commission is also thankful to the Telangana Remote – Sensing Applications Centre, Hyderabad for their help in preparation of maps indicating distribution of population, literacy, etc.

The Commission of Inquiry is also thankful to the print and electronic media including numerous TV Channels which gave wide coverage to the work of the Commission particularly to the visits to all the districts of the State and the public hearings conducted in the course of the Inquiry.

The Commission is also thankful to SB Technologies, Hyderabad for their help in designing and maintaining the website of the Commission which has helped to keep the people informed about its work.

The Commission is also thankful to the Telangana State Technology Services Ltd. for their help in getting the Report printed in a short time.

ixAcknowledgements

The Commission of Inquiry is also grateful to the Research Assistants Dr. Kirtti Ranjan Paltasingh and Shri D P Priyadarshi Joshi for their painstaking work in preparation of the report.

The Commission is thankful to “The Plaza”, Begumpet, Hyderabad a hotel of Telangana Tourism Development Corporation for the arrangements made for the conduct of meetings of the Advisory Board held on 17-11-2015, 5-2-2016 and 1-8-2016.

The Commission is also thankful to the Director of Sugar and Cane Commissioner, Government of Telangana for providing space at very short notice in “Shakar Bhavan”, Basheer Bagh for setting up the office.

The Commission of Inquiry also acknowledge the hard work put up in by Shri V. Kumar, Secretary and all the staff of the Commission and also the Officers on Special Duty viz. S/Shri M.A. Nabi, Joint Director (Retd) Planning Dept, A. Laxmaiah, Assistant Secretary to Govt. (Retd.) Home Dept., P. Balakrishna, Assistant Secretary to Govt. (Retd.), Agriculture & Co-operation Dept., and K.V. Govardhan Rao, Section Officer (Retd.), General Administration Dept. of Telangana Secretariat who brought to bear their rich experience of work in Government to speed up the work of the Commission in a short span of time.

xReport of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

Abbreviations

15PP : 15 Point Programme

AHS : Annual Health Surveys

AMA : Assessment and Monitoring Authority

ANBC : Adjusted Net Bank Credit

ANC : Ante-natal Care

ANM : Auxiliary Nurse Midwife

ASHA : Accredited Social Health Activist

ASI : Archaeological Survey of India

BADP : Backward Areas Development Programme

BAMS : Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery

BCs : Backward Castes

BCG : Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

BDS : Bachelor of Dental Surgery

BHMS : Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery

BNYS : Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga Science

BRGF : Backward Region Grant Fund

CEC : Commerce, Economics and Civics

CGG : Centre for Good Governance

CHBS : Child Health Baseline Survey

COI : Commission of Inquiry

CRISIL : Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited

CSR : Child-Sex Ratio

CWR : Child Women Ratio

DHS : Demographic and Health Surveys

DLHS : District Level Household & Family Survey (Conducted under the Reproductive & Child Health Project (RCH) by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

DLHS : District Level Household Surveys

DPT : Diphtheria, Pertusis and Tetanus

EAG : Empowered Action Group

ECP : Emergency Contraceptive Pills

EOC : Equal Opportunity Commission

GHMC : Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation

xiAbbreviations

GOI : Government of India

HEC : History, Economics and Civics

IAS : Indian Administrative Service

ICDS : Integrated Child Development Programme

IFS : Indian Forest Service

IHSDP : Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme

IIHFW : Indian Institute of Health & Family Welfare

IIPS : Indian Institute of Population Studies

IMR : Infant Mortality Rate

IPS : Indian Police Service

ITI : Industrial Training Institute

IUD : Intra-Uterine Device

JNNURM : Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

JSCR : Justice Sachar Committee Report is the report of Prime Minister’s High level Committee on social, economic and educational status of the Muslim Community of India in Nov 2006.

JSY : Janani Suraksha Yojana

KCC : Kisan Credit Card

LHV : Lady Health Visitor

MAEF : Maulana Azad Educational Foundation

MBBS : Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery

MCD : Muslim Concentration Districts

MEPMA : Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas

MFC : Minorities Finance Corporation

MMR : Maternal Mortality Rate

MOHFW : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

MoMA : Ministry of Minority Affairs

MPCE : Monthly Per Capita Expenditure

MPCE MRP : Monthly Per Capita Expenditure by Mixed Recall Period

MPC : Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry

MPP : Mandal Praja Parishad

MPDO : Mandal Parishad Development Officer

MRO : Mandal Revenue Officer

MSDP : Multi- Sectoral Development Plan for the Welfare of Muslims

MTF : Maintenance Fee

NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NAWADCO : National Waqf Development Corporation Ltd.

NBFC : Non-Banking Financial Company

NBCFDC : National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation

NMDFC : National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation

NCRLM : National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities also referred as

xiiReport of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

Justice Ranganath Misra Commission Report (RCMR)

NCM : National Commission for Minorities

NDB : National Development Bank

NFHS : National Family Health survey (conducted in the years 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2004-05)

NMDFC : National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation

NNMR : Neo Natal Mortality Rate

NRDWP : National Rural Drinking Water Programme

NRHM : National Rural Health Mission

NSSO : National Sample Survey Organisation

OBC : Other Backward Castes

OBC-E : Other Backward Castes-E

OBE : Off-balance Sheet Exposure

PFAA : Prevention of Food Adulteration Act

PMRY : Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana

PSL : Priority Sector Lending

PSU : Public Sector Undertakings

RBI : Reserve Bank of India

RDO : Revenue Divisional Officer

RSBY : Rashtriya Swastha Beema Yojana

RSVY : Rashtriya Sram VikasYojana

RTF : Reimbursement of Tuition Fee

SBH : State Bank of Hyderabad

SCs : Scheduled Castes

SCA : State Channelising Agencies

SGSY : Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

SHGs : Self-Help Groups

SIDBI : Small Industries Development Bank of India

SJSRY : Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana

SLBC : State Level Bankers’ Committee

SMDFC : State Minority Development Finance Corporation

SRCs : Socio-religious Categories

STs : Scheduled Tribes

TFR : Total Fertility Rate

TOSS : Telangana Open School Society

TSMFCL : Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation Limited

U5MR : Under-5 Mortality Rate

UIDSSMT : Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns

UIG : Urban Infrastructure and Governance Scheme

VTC : Vocational Training Centres

WPR : Work Participation Rate

ZPP : Zilla Praja Parishad

xiiiExecutive Summary

Executive Summary

Background

Telangana is the newest state in India. Its population according to the Census of 2011 is 3.51 crores of which 12.68% are Muslims (44.64 lakhs). One of the major concerns raised during the formation of this new state was inclusive development of its marginalized populations. A key proposal was the introduction of reservations for Muslims in educational institutions and the work force in proportion to their population. Towards this, the Government of Telangana constituted a Commission of Inquiry (COI) to study the Socio-Economic and Educational Conditions of Muslims in the State in G.O. Ms. No. 5, Minorities Welfare Department, dated 3-3-2015 under Shri G. Sudhir, Retired Special Chief Secretary as Chairman and Shri M. A. Bari as Member. Subsequently Dr. Amir Ullah Khan and Prof. A. Shaban were appointed as Members on 30-07-2015.

Detailed terms of reference were issued asking the COI to prepare a comprehensive study on the Social, Educational and Economic Status of Muslims. This report would analyze data on income and education levels, educational indicators, health outcomes, employment figures in the private and public sectors, access to credit, infrastructure concerns and welfare mechanisms. This analysis would then be used to generate a set of immediate, medium term and long term recommendations that would outline the measures to be taken by the Government.

People

A high level Advisory Board was set up to guide the COI. This included Prof. Amitabh

Kundu who headed the Post Sachar Evaluation Committee, Dr. A. K. Shiva Kumar of Harvard University and UNICEF, Prof. Faizan Mustafa, Vice-Chancellor of NALSAR, Hyderabad, Prof. Shanta Sinha, Magsaysay Award winner, Shri P C Mohanan, formerly D.G. of the NSSO, Prof. Rafat Mobeen of ASCI, Prof. Suleman Siddiqi former Vice-Chancellor of Osmania University and Prof. Jeemol Unni, Director of the Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Prof. Meena Hariharan, Prof. Sheela Prasad and Prof. I. Ramabrahmam of the University of Hyderabad, Prof. Amit Bubna of the Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, Prof N Banik of Bennett University, Greater Noida, Prof Mohammad of MANUU, Prof Sanjay of GITAM, Prof A Ali of Osmania University and Prof Galab of CESS.

Methodology adopted

The COI undertook five major steps to complete its study. 1. The Centre for Good Governance was given the task of conducting a large sample study covering a detailed set of parameters required by the Commission. 2. A set of eminent academics and researchers were commissioned to write a series of study papers on the various issues under consideration. These papers were presented in two seminars conducted by the COI 3. The Commission undertook field trips to all districts and held intensive discussions with local leadership, the public, Government officials and civil society members. 4. Representations were requested for, both online and in person and were then collected and analysed. 5. The findings and suggestions made were then discussed with the Advisory Board over three consultative sessions and distilled into a set of policy recommendations.

xivReport of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

The case for reservations: Arguing for extending this facility for Muslims

The Commission analyzed various studies that used Government data to show how Muslims have been left behind because the reservation policy has not included them.

Evidence from NSSO data shows that although Hindu OBCs started off marginally lower than the average citizen in 1999, they are almost on par with the upper castes now. However, Muslims who were on par with OBCs then have fallen way behind. They were at the average forty years ago but now are behind everyone including the SCs and STs in some aspects.

Between 1999 and 2011, the least change in per capita incomes was seen among the Muslims. This is half the rate for SCs and STs and OBCs. While the Constitution had said that reservations would only be for social and economically backward classes, the Mandal recommendations were based on caste. A large number of Hindu castes got included and non Hindu minorities were not included. The criteria for inclusion of castes in the lists of backward classes varied from state to state. The Hon’ble Supreme Court framed certain guidelines in the Indra Sawhney case. However, number of legal experts have argued that it is time to re visit these criteria and include the most vulnerable sections of society in reservations.

The Post Sachar Evaluation Committee was headed by Prof. Amitabh Kundu. In 2014, the Committee highlighted that the literacy rate of Muslims (70%) was below that of Hindu OBCs (74%) and “General Hindus” (86%). The most disturbing point is that while the monthly per capita expenditure of Muslims has increased by 60% between 2004-05 and 2011-12 according to the National Sample Survey Organisation, it has increased by 69 % for Hindu STs, 73% for Hindu SCs, 89% for Hindu OBCs and 122% for “UC Hindus”. The gap is broadening, especially in urban India, where the proportion below the poverty line is now higher among Muslim OBCs than among Hindu SCs.

Justice Shri Gogoi and Justice Shri Nariman (2015, in Jat reservation case) have pointed out that, to identify new backward classes that are not necessarily caste groups…. “Backwardness is a manifestation caused by the presence of several independent circumstances, which may be social, cultural, economic, educational or even political. New practices, methods and yardsticks have to be continuously evolved, moving away from a caste-centric definition of backwardness. This alone can enable recognition of newly emerging groups in society, which would require palliative action.” That is why this COI report recommends reservation for the vulnerable sections among Muslims in Telangana to be fixed at 12 per cent or a minimum of 9 percent due to their backwardness. Legal experts may be consulted to draft an Act as per the existing law in Tamil Nadu.

Educational backwardness

STs and Muslims top the list of large populations that have never attended any school. STs (17%) and Muslims with (16%) have never attended any educational institution.

In the age groups of 18-20 years and 21-29 years, 7% and 9% of Muslims fall under the never attended category. The State’s literacy rate is lagging behind the national average. Literacy rate across SRCs reveals that Muslims are marginally better off compared to other SRCs. But they are worse off in higher education. Dropout ratio is very high among Muslims and when it comes to higher education, Muslim proportions are abysmally small. There are many reasons for discontinuing education. Most prominent reason is poor financial condition. There also exist wide rural-urban gaps and gender disparities in education across SRCs. Data collected from the Universities in Telangana shows a really low number of Muslim students across all courses.

Women

There is a huge gender disparity in education across all SRCs. But, gender disparity among Muslims is lower than among Hindus. Among

xvExecutive Summary

Muslims, the drop-out rates for women are high within these two age groups 21-29 and 18-20 (71.5% and 52.8% respectively). But, the contrast is noticed that while male drop-out ratio outnumbers the female drop-out ratio in the age group of 21-29 years, the opposite happens in the age group of 18-20 years where female drop-out ratio is greater than male drop-out ratio. It is observed that in the age group of 21-29 years, the Muslims women top the list with 85.2 % of drop-out ratio, followed by other minorities (82.3%). Muslim women drop out from educational institutions on a large scale.

A majority of rural Muslim women are engaged in tailoring activities. Muslim female populations are engaged in craft and related trade, agriculture and fishery, etc. In the urban areas also craft and related trade works dominate the occupations for Muslim females. Very few of the female workforce are engaged as professionals and technicians. Access to housing, health facilities, to secondary and high schools and to institutions of higher learning are what Muslim women almost unanimously demand.

Health status

Health outcomes among Muslim children are definitely better than other Socio religious groups. This is primarily because of the better treatment of the girl child which means lower Infant Mortality Rates, lower Maternal Mortality Rates and better nutritional levels. However these early advantages get dissipated when adult health is analyzed. This is on account of poor access to health facilities, poverty and slum like conditions of living. As a result of these factors, anaemia among pregnant women is higher among Muslims (66 per cent) as compared to Hindus (62 per cent), Christians (49.6 per cent) respectively.

The study found that Muslim women are more aware of family planning practices and contraception methods than others. Among children the level of wasting, stunting and malnutrition are lower among Muslims. Muslims prefer Government hospitals over private

healthcare providers. Muslim males suffer more from high sugar conditions than other SRCs. It is in housing however where Muslims suffer the most. A large percentage (43%) lives in rented accommodation. There is a strong feeling of discrimination in the housing market and this is one policy aspect that needs to be looked at closely.

Employment and economic conditions

Work participation of urban male is lowest among Muslims as compared to all Hindus and other Minorities in urban Telangana. This is due to lowest participation rate among Muslim upper caste population. It is only 64 percent among Muslim upper caste. The female work participation is only 8 percent among Muslims, lowest among SRCs in urban areas. More than one third of female are participating in economic activity among SCs, STs and other Minorities.

61 percent of all Hindus work as regularly employed. 26.5% of the Muslim households members work as casual labour in the non-agriculture sector. 26.4% and 26.8% of the Muslim BCs and Muslim others respectively are casual workers. The proportion of male workers working in the public sector is lowest among all Muslims both in rural and urban areas. Only 19.2% of the Muslims are regular salaried and 16.4% of the Muslim workers are self-employed in non-agricultural activities.

Access to credit

The problems with credit availability were reported by the most number of people who met the Commission. Lack of access to formal institutions, apathetic banks, a poorly staffed and inadequately funded Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation, lack of availability of start-up capital etc were given as the reasons for the large number of Muslim entrepreneurial ventures facing hardships or failing to scale up. The average amount loan borrowed by the Muslim households in Telangana is Rs 80,178 of which 22% is repaid and remaining 78%

xviReport of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

(Rs 62294) is outstanding. This amount is far less than for Hindus and other groups at both Telangana and all India levels. 48% of total loans borrowed by the Muslims are at higher interest rates i.e. simple (60.5%) followed by compound interest rate of 21.5%.

Our survey shows that 40.6% of the Muslim households have no savings at all and this figure is far lower than any other group. The average asset value of a Muslim household (Rs 5479) in bank is relatively less than that of the Hindu (Rs 9937) at both state and all India levels. Loan amounts from the money lenders (agricultural and professional) are very high for the Muslims in Telangana in comparison to the National average. Muslim households in the state even when compared to Muslims in other states, receive relatively lesser amount of loan from institutional sources (banks, co-operatives, SHGs) and higher amount from non-institutional sources (moneylender – agricultural & professional).

Key Recommendations for immediate implementation

1. Telangana state should be the first to appoint an “Equal Opportunity Commission” (EOC) to oversee recruitment and training and other developmental programmes. This Commission will ensure that all communities in the state have equal opportunities in all fields, both in the private and the public sector. The Commission would be an independent body that would look into any possibility of bias or prejudice against any group, be it social, religious, caste, linguistic or any other. The Commission recommends that the EOC should cover all levels of education, employment, housing, healthcare and access to development schemes; all other issues and provide remedies. This will address the feeling that exists, of being discriminated in the credit, housing and the education markets, etc.

2. The Government should implement the ‘diversity index’ already suggested by Sachar Committee (2006) and Kundu Committee

(2014). The Telangana Government should be the first to set up a Committee to suggest how best the diversity index can be implemented. Any institution within the state would be evaluated for its diversity and given a ranking according to the diversity its human resource composition displays. The Commission recommends that the Diversity index should cover all institutions and establishments within the state. The Diversity index works in a secular fashion giving all vulnerable groups an assurance that their representation in various spheres will eventually be proportional to their population figures, without disturbing any existing scheme. Affirmative actions have helped disadvantaged sections to develop fast and have contributed to greater diversity in the various institutions, places of work, etc.

3. The Indra Sawhney criteria have been laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to determine backwardness and recommend reservations. However, these conditions laid down 24 years ago need to be reviewed given the tremendous strides that have been made by way of development and growth of the Indian economy. While there is still wide prevalence of inequality, the deviations from state averages are no longer at a high of more than 25%. Hugely deprived communities too are closer to the mean than before, including the Scheduled tribe and Scheduled Caste populations. Work force participation rates have changed dramatically in all communities. Female work participation particularly has plummeted. The Government should appoint an expert group to study or revise those criteria for assessing the backwardness of a community.

4. Certain Muslim communities like Mehtar should be included in the Scheduled Castes (SCs) list and can be given reservation under the SC status. These communities continue to do work that is done by their SC Hindu counterparts and continue to be acutely discriminated in the society.

xviiExecutive Summary

5. Urdu-medium schools are badly staffed. The quality of teaching is poor. Students in Urdu schools should be given the option of learning English as a language paper. This way a growing number of students who switch their medium of instruction at the high school level will not face severe problems they face today. A quick step that the Government can take is to fill all vacancies for Urdu language teachers and take steps to appoint Urdu teachers where posts are lying vacant on account of the inability to find teachers among the SC/ST category. These posts should then be filled through increasing numbers among teachers in other subjects.

6. There is need for more effective steps for the implementation of Urdu as second official language. A simple a quick step that can be taken is to ensure that Government published material on available schemes is published in Urdu. In Government offices, like in the Warangal Collectorate, large and clear signboards in English, Telugu and Urdu should be put up. This simple step goes a long way in making government machinery inclusive and friendly for Muslims who feel overawed walking into formidable and unfriendly institutions. In Anganwadis, simple books in Urdu, handbooks on maternal health in Urdu would make women more comfortable and welcome.

7. The Government should put in place a ‘Sub-plan’ for Muslims to be prepared as part of the state budget to ensure that all departments provide adequate funds for welfare of Muslims and to prevent diversion of funds to departments. This again will not entail a greater expenditure but will convince the larger population that the Government does not want to save on allocated funds nor does it want to divert funds under Minorities welfare into other schemes.

8. As a large number of Muslims are small entrepreneurs, a small start-up fund must be allocated that will rotate its capital, provide collateral free investments, help and mentor

small businesses and leverage the start-up culture that exists among the very poor.

9. Scholarships have helped students from poorer sections to access higher education and in reducing dropout rates. However, they are still difficult to access and are often hostage to budgetary constraints and cut backs from Finance department. The Government should provide scholarships to Muslims on demand by making adequate provision in the budget. Like what is applicable for SCs and STs, Muslim students should also get cashless admission and Government should release the fee in a timely manner to educational institutions. Insistence of some of the managements on Muslim students to pay the fees and seek reimbursement causes hardship to the students.

10. One heart-warming learning from the study has been that the Telangana Muslim population trusts the police and the security institutions. To improve upon this situation and leverage it to its potential, Government should take steps to sensitize the Police on the need to avoid indiscriminate arrests of Muslim youth on suspicion of being involved in terrorism and other crimes. Government should take positive steps and confidence building measures to maintain communal harmony in the state, particularly in the capital city of Hyderabad.

11. The data gathered by the Commission shows that among the criteria the Indra Sawhney case looks at, Muslims are below the state average in many of them and are socially and educationally backward and severely deprived. Therefore, Government may provide reservation to them. Given that more than 81 per cent of the Muslim population is already categorized as backward, there may be an increase in the reservation percentage to 12 percent or a minimum of 9 per cent based on their social and educational backwardness and deprivation. The Government can do this quickly as about four fifths of the Muslim populations already have been placed in the BC-A, BC-B and BC-E categories.

xviiiReport of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

A suitable law may be passed on the lines of Act No. 45 of 1994 of Tamil Nadu and the matter taken up with Government of India for necessary Constitutional amendment on the lines of the Constitution (Seventy Sixth Amendment ) Act 1994.

Medium term Recommendations

Educationl There is a special need to improve quality of

education in schools. Models like the Gyan Shala can be brought in to help primary schools achieve quality education TOSS is a successful model that should be scaled up.

lMore schools to be set up and Urdu teachers appointed, with educational inspectors and administrators, who know Urdu and can supervise the schools.

l Recognise Madarsas as schools by inducting them into the mainstream school systems without interference in their core syllabi in collaboration with Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan on a voluntary basis. A Madarsa Board could be set up.

lMid-day meals schemes must be rigorously implemented and monitored. Mid-day meals must be provided to all students, whether in recognized or non-recognized schools, mainstream or community institutions.

Higher EducationlHigher education must be incentivized

through providing larger number of scholarships at the MPhil and PhD levels.

l Both Public and Private Universities must recruit larger number of Muslims in their higher education programmes.

HealthlMore Accredited Social Health Activists

(ASHA) should be hired from among Muslims and given proper training

l Interventions are required to reduce the incidence of anaemia among the whole

population with particular attention to Muslims.

l Increase reach of Rashtriya Swastha Beema Yojana (RSBY) in both rural and urban areas.

l Proper monitoring of vaccination rates and programmes in Muslim areas.

l In the current health insurance schemes, medication for blood pressure and sugar may be added as this drug required recurring expenditure considering the growing number of people developing these problems.

lMore Aanganwadis may be established in areas inhabitated by Muslims.

lUniversalization of access to drinking water and toilet facilities has to be achieved by 2020.

Economy and Employmentl Skill development programmes for Muslim

clusters with private sector participation must be encouraged.

l The wage differential among the Muslims with other religious groups is high. The Muslims have to be protected with minimum wage laws in the state being implemented.

l The manufacturing groups where Muslim groups are working should have insurance cover paid for by the state.

l The enterprise should ensure fair wages as well as other benefits like health cover, provident fund, educational allowance etc.

l SETWIN which has been running skill development and training programmes in Hyderabad should be extended to all the districts.

l The National Academy of Construction has been running some training programmes to impart skills required for the construction industry. Such centres may be opened in all districts to increase employment opportunities for youth.

xixExecutive Summary

Entrepreneurship DevelopmentlGovernment may extend incentives and

subsidies as per the Industrial policy, 2014 to the units promoted by Muslim entrepreneurs on par with SCs/STs including allotment of 12% industrial plots through TSIIC.

l Similar provisions may be made to ensure that at least 12% of funds as incentives for industries earmarked for the units set up by Muslims.

l Special training programmes may be conducted for Muslim youth and students for development of entrepreneurship.

HousinglGovernment have issued orders reserving

12 % of houses in urban areas and 7% of houses in rural areas for Muslims. But as we have witnessed a huge proportion of Muslims live in rented houses (43%) in urban areas and face discrimination in the housing market. There should be a proper mechanism to monitor this as there have been lapses in the past as the stipulated coverage had not been achieved. Government may consider increasing the reservations to 20% in urban areas 10 % in rural areas.

Credit and Financial Inclusionl There shall be group lending approach

to Muslims who mostly work in informal sectors and seek petty loans.

l SHGs should be formed by small businessmen/entrepreneurs/artisans and promoted with finance and productive skills also.

l Access to credit remains the biggest problem for Muslim households and entrepreneurs. The distortion in priority sector lending must be corrected.

l Special steps need to be taken to increase the coverage of Muslim under MUDRA scheme of commercial banks

lCoverage of SHG’s of women should be increased.

l ‘STREENIDHI’ (a co-operative federation with Government grants) may also step up lending to women self-help groups.

lOrganize the intensive training programmes for Muslims youth for imparting the productive skills and financial awareness to increase the demand for credit from within the community.

Muslim WomenlUrgently enact the ESI services in factories

where Muslim women work and have ESI dispensaries.

l The Government should establish specialized skill development centres with private sector and NGO participation in order to train Muslim women for employment.

l Rural development programmes must address gender discrimination in wages and access to livelihood assets.

lHave a centre for information dissemination. This centre can provide information related to various health and other schemes of the Government to Muslim households. Because, complete and correct information about Government schemes are currently not available.

l Some working models like the DEF’s CIRCs and Soochna Seva Kendras must be replicated

Govt. Employmentl To overcome the under-representation of

Muslims in administrative services like IAS, IPS and IFS, attempts should be made to fill the gap through promotion from state services.

l In selection panels, there should be adequate representation or at least one member from Muslim community for direct employment. A senior academic person should be appointed into that panel.

xxReport of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

l Again, in the case of departmental promotion, Govt. may consider nominating one Muslim member in the case of promotion of Muslim employees to ensure that their cases are considered fairly.

l There is need to promote good quality and intensive coaching to Muslim candidates preparing for various competitive exams like UPSC, TSPSC, Banking Services Recruitment Board, Railways Recruitment Board, etc. For all competitive exams, there should be a screening test and the meritorious Muslim students should be allowed to choose the coaching centres on their own from the list of reputed coaching institutions.

Affirmative Actionsl There is a need for enhancement and

optimum utilization of allocations of Minorities Welfare Department.

l Focus on poverty alleviation and economic empowerment of minorities with special emphasis on Muslim women.

lNeed to provide land for landless Minorities in rural areas.

l There is need for extending own your Auto scheme to all districts.

l Residential Minority Study Circles should be promoted.

lGovt. should appoint Urdu Officer/Translators and Urdu Computer Operators. Computer Centers can also be used as Training and Information Centers:

l Promote Urdu libraries as coaching centers and reading rooms

lMuslims in general live in overcrowded places in urban areas. So many do not have land assets. Due to this, they face enormous difficulties in securing burial ground. Therefore, it is recommended that the Govt.

should allocate land for burial ground within 3 km range of Muslims settlements with greater than 100 households

lWaqf as a subject was not in the TORs but given its importance, the COI recommends the setting up of a Special Commission to look into Waqf properties

Other Long-term Recommendations

Educationl The Government should establish primary,

middle and high schools for girls in all areas with high Muslim populations. Because a major disincentive for students to continue studies is that secondary schools are far fewer than primary schools

lGovernmentneed to set up a large number of high schools and junior colleges for girls through English medium because the percentage of Muslims girls in higher education is distressing.

l The Government should establish new models of ITIs in order to train Muslim youth for employment. However, before providing training, their requirements skills,etc should properly be studied and then accordingly training could be provided.

Health Status and Living Conditionsl Improvement of public health facilities by

setting up more sub-centres and hospitals in the Muslim dominated localities is a necessity.

lCollect weight at birth and monitor the same through pre-school and high school.

l Recruit more ASHAs, Anganwadi workers and Auxiliary Nurse Mid-wives from Muslims and deploy them in areas with large concentration of Muslim population.

l There is a need to open more Anganwadis in localities with large Muslim population.

xxiExecutive Summary

l Parks, playground and sidewalks are required for inculcating healthy lifestyle of the population in urban areas.

Economy and EmploymentlMost of the Muslims in the state are engaged

in self-employment activities and their participation in agricultural activity is very low. So, policies for employment generation within the Muslims should target non-agricultural sectors.

l The consumption expenditure of the Muslims is high accompanied by low monthly income. So policies should aim at increasing income through some measures like access to institutional credit.

Credit Accessibilityl Strengthening the Telangana State

Minorities Finance Corporation (TSMFC) as a main partner with formal credit agencies-banks, co-operatives, investment banks etc. It requires reforms in TSMFC to ensure community participation.

l The corporation needs to be strengthened and its branches opened in all the municipal towns and Revenue divisional headquarters.

l Social audits through grants in aid must be ensured through civil society that would monitor credit availability, evaluate the MSDP and the Prime Minister’s 15 point program.

l Lead Bank Model shall be followed in Muslim majority areas to cater the local credit needs.

l State may launch a special credit scheme for Muslims with special focus on women in the field of handicraft, artisan, transport business, mechanics at workshops, small businesses, animal husbandry, etc.

l Strengthening of Minorities Welfare department is very essential. Govt. may appoint Assistant Minorities Welfare officers in every Mandal and provide necessary supporting staff. The head office is also badly in need of additional staff.

Muslim Womenl Local medical workers who are the lifeline

for the poor inhabitants could be given special training at periodic intervals so that they provide better services.

l The Government should establish primary, Middle and High schools for girls in all areas with a high density of the Muslim community.

Govt. Employmentl Ensure adequate representation for Muslims

in Government Services and educational institutions, including admission in education.

l There is also a need to increase the share of Muslim women in Government employment.

1Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

The Government of Telangana constituted the Commission of Inquiry to study the Socio-Economic and Educational Conditions of Muslims in the State in G.O. Ms. No. 5, Minorities Welfare Department, dated 3-3-2015. The Commission of Inquiry was mandated to carry out a detailed study of the Socio-Economic and Educational and other Conditions of Muslims in the State and submit a Report to enable the Government to formulate suitable policies for the amelioration and upliftment of Muslims and to bring them on par with other sections of the society.

The Commission was asked to submit its report within a period of 6 months from the date on which it commences the Inquiry. After identification of suitable office space in Shakar Bhavan, Basheer Bagh, Hyderabad, the T.S. Minorities Welfare Department issued orders to the Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation to get the place refurbished for setting up the office and also issued orders deputing skeletal staff to enable the office to be set up. The office became functional by the end of June, 2015. Initially, the Chairman Mr G Sudhir and one Member, Mr M A Bari of the Commission were appointed. Subsequently, vide G.O. Ms.No.36, Minorities Welfare Department, Dt.30-7-2015 Government appointed Dr. Amir Ullah Khan, Development Economist & Visiting Professor at the Indian School of Business and Dr. Abdul Shaban, Professor & Deputy Director of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai and Director of Tuljapur Campus as Members of the Commission.

Following the establishment of the office, the work of the Commission of Inquiry began from the last week of June, 2015. The Commission of Inquiry started its work and held a number of meetings with the officials of various Departments at the State level. The Commission also visited all the Districts to hold meetings with the Collectors, and all District officials concerned, visited various habitations and localities, schools, anganwadies, primary health centres, residential schools, hostels, etc., and also held discussions with a number of self-help groups of women, street vendors etc.

The Commission also held public hearings in all the district headquarters and few other places as well and gathered the suggestions and views of a wide cross-section of society. As the process needed time, the State Government was requested to extend the time for submission of report. Government considered the matter and extended the term of the Commission upto 31-3-2016. Though the process of inquiry made good progress, a number of critical activities had to be completed. Hence, the Commission apprised the Government of Telangana about the progress of the inquiry the work done so far and requested for another 6 month’s time to complete the inquiry and submit its report. Accordingly, Government having examined the matter, issued the orders vide G.O. Ms. No.08 Minorities Welfare (OP & Budget) Department, Dt: 28-03-2016 to extend the term of the Commission by another 6 months i.e., upto 30-9-2016.

CHAPTER-1

Introduction

2Report of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana

1.2 Terms of Reference

The Commission of Inquiry was set up with the following terms of reference:-

(a) To prepare a comprehensive report on the Social, Educational and Economic Status of Muslims in the Telangana State

(b) Obtain information from State and Central Government Departments, Agencies/Institutions

(c) Collate data, Conduct Intensive Study/Survey on the Social, Educational, Economic conditions of the Muslims in Telangana State

(d) Report on the income levels and educational levels across the State,

(e) Report on the Educational Indicators like, literacy rate and health indicators, MMR & IMR compared with other sections of society

(f) Percentage of Muslims in employment in the Government/Quasi Government/Private Sector employment

(g) Report on the access of Muslims to banking credit and allied services provided by the Govt., compared with other communities

(h) Report on the availability of Govt. welfare infrastructure and institutional mechanism for implementation of Govt. welfare schemes in Muslim dominated areas

(i) Consolidate the information through its study and survey and analyse the data gathered and submit a report to the Government duly recommending the steps to be taken to remove the impediments to the improvement of the overall social, educational, economic conditions of Muslim community and to provide for reservations in education and employment to poor deserving Muslims of Telangana State, wherever necessary.

Muslims constitute 12.68% of the total population as per the census in the year 2011 and are the

largest group of minorities in the State, vis-a-vis Christians, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains etc., account for 85.11 percentage of total monitories. It is also to be noted that the proportion of Muslims amongst the poor, and the deprived sections/weaker sections is much larger. In other words, the degree of deprivation to which the Muslims are subjected to, is very high. It is also important to note that the efforts for improving the standing of the State on Human Development Indicators have to address the Socio-Economic & Educational problems of the Muslims and include measures for their economic upliftment.

1.3 Chairman and Members

G. Sudhir, Chairperson of the Commission was born and brought up in Hyderabad. He had his school and college education in Hyderabad. He graduated from Nizam College with his BA in 1973. He then went to the Jawaharlal Nehru University to do his MA in Political Studies. He was appointed to the IAS in 1977 and allotted the Andhra Pradesh cadre. He then served in the Krisha, Ranga Reddy and Vizianagram districts. He then went to Delhi for his stint with the Government of India where he was PS to a Union Minister, and then for 4 years was the Additional Development Commissioner, Handicrafts. He returned to the state in 1994 and served as Secretary Panchayat Raj and as Secretary in the Revenue department. He was Principal Secretary Higher Education, then as Principal Secretary, Cooperation and Agricultural Marketing, then Tourism and Culture followed by his stint in the Revenue (Commercial Taxes and Excise). Mr Sudhir was Special Chief Secretary Finance and Special Chief Secretary Medical and Health from where he retired in June 2012.

M. A. Bari Saheb was born in Medak and brought up in Hyderabad. He had his school education in Medak and college education in Hyderabad. He did his B.Sc. with Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry from Osmania University in 1973. He then did his M.A. and B. Ed with Mathematics from Osmania University in 1976. He is a retired Lecturer and Educationist and has since long been involved in Social activities to help the weaker sections of the Society in Old

3Introduction

City of Hyderabad and other areas of Telangana State. He worked as Rector for group of Colleges managed by Khoja Organisation, Dar-es-Salam; Tanzania East Africa. He has been conducting medical camps especially Eye camps and has so far conducted around 150 camps in which 4750 cataract operations are carried out free of cost with free food and accommodation to the patients. Apart from that, he has helped a number of people in getting old age, handicapped and widow pension sanctions. He has been arranging seminars in Hyderabad and different places of Telangana to bring awareness in youth to build their career in this competitive world. He has been motivating students to prepare themselves for competitive exams of the T.S.P.S.C and U.P.S.C. He is a known Social Activist and Social Worker.

Abdul Shaban has a Master’s Degree in Geography from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, and M.Phil. and Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mumbai. He has published 3 books and over 35 papers in various refereed journals and edited books. Shaban has been Visiting Professor at the Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication, Erasmus University, The Netherlands; Department of Geography, University of Paris- 7, Paris, France, and at University of Masaryk (Brno) and Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic. He has also been Fellow at the Department of Geography and Environment, LSE, London. He was Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellow at Cities Programme, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), London during 2011-12. He was a member of the Mahmoodur Rahman Committee set up by Government of Maharashtra, and the Post-Sachar Evaluation Committee, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Presently, he is Deputy Director TISS Tuljapur Campus, Osmanabad, Maharashtra, and Professor at School of Development Studies, TISS, Mumbai. Chairperson, International Relations Office (IRO), TISS, Mumbai.

Amir Ullah Khan is a Development Economist and Policy Advisor to the Bill and Melinda Gates

Foundation. Amir is also Visiting Professor at the Indian School of Business and at the Manipal Institute of Technology. He is co-founder and Research Director at Aequitas Consulting. Amir graduated from the College of Engineering, Osmania University and then studied at the Institute of Rural Management in Anand. He has a PhD from the Jamia Milia Central University in New Delhi. Amir is on the Governing boards at Presidency University, Gyan Shaala, Welhams Girls School, the Digital Empowerment Foundation, Pahle India Foundation, Education and Health Foundation, ACCESS ASSIST and the India China Economic Council. He has been Deputy Director at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Director at the India Development Foundation, Deputy Director General at the PHD Chamber of Commerce, Adjunct Professor of Law and Economics at the Edith Cowan University in Perth and Executive Director and Editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica.

1.4 Approach to the Inquiry

The Commission of Inquiry examined the matter in the light of the terms of reference and conditions prevailing in the State and decided to have meetings with all the Departments concerned, gather information about various development programmes, and other issues connected with them. Commission also decided to have wide ranging consultations with a cross section of the society, to elicit their suggestions on the terms of the reference of the Commission and the measures required for the betterment of the conditions of Muslims in the State.

The Commission also examined the reports of other Commissions like Rajendra Sachar Committee Report, Justice Ranganatha Mishra Commission Report on conditions of Religious and Linguistic Minorities which studied similar issues in great detail at the national level. The Commission also examined reports of the Commissions appointed by the Government in the undivided State of Andhra Pradesh like the Anantharaman Commission, Justice Dalavai Subrahmanyam (Retd.) Chairman, A.P.B.C. Commission, the report submitted by Sri P.S. Krishnan, Adviser, Backward Classes Welfare


Department (formerly, Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment) in the undivided State of Andhra Pradesh. Commission also referred to certain Judgments of the Hon’ble High Court and also the Hon’ble Supreme Court pertaining to various cases filed on reservations for Backward Classes and other Communities such as Muslims, Jats, Marathas, etc.

1.5 Methodology Adopted

Taking into account the terms of reference of the Commission and also having referred to the studies conducted by other Commissions in the past, as well as various Court judgments, the Commission of Inquiry has taken the following steps for its inquiry.

The Commission held a number of meetings with all the Departments concerned and also with other subject experts. All the Departments were requested to furnish the information required by the Commission of Inquiry such as the achievements during the past few years, details of all the employees in the Department and the number of Muslims among them.(List of meetings held with various Departments may be seen at Annexure-I).

With a view to seek the information from the general public and the interested persons, the Commission has also published a Notification in the widely circulated Newspapers in the State of Telangana on 17.9.2015 inviting suggestions from the public within forty-five days from the date of publication, which ended on 31.10.2015. Subsequently, time had been extended up to 30.11.2015for submitting representations and it was extended upto 15.03.2016. It was further extended upto 30.07.2016.

Further, to make the public aware of the activities of the Commission, a website was also been launched i.e.,http://coi4muslims.telangana.gov.in. Provision was made for submitting suggestions/views or to make representations on this also. In the Advisory Board meeting held on 17.11.2015, the Hon’ble Deputy Chief Minister Sri Mohammed Mahmood Ali also launched the social media accounts i.e., Facebook and twitter

on the Commission’s website. Subsequent to the launching of the website, the Commission’s activities have been made closer to the netizens with latest updates.

The Commission of Inquiry has also addressed all the Hon’ble MLAs/Hon’bleMLCs and Hon’ble Members of Parliament of Telangana and requested them to give their suggestions on Terms of Reference. The Commission received detailed representations from a number of influential civil society leaders and leaders of all major parties in the state.

Considering the complex nature of the Inquiry, the Commission felt that it would be appropriate to have the benefit of advice and guidance from eminent academicians and experts so that the Study would be based on sound Methodology, its findings and recommendations based on sufficient empirical data.

1.6 Members of Advisory Board

In the Advisory Board formed by the Commission, Prof. Amitabh Kundu who headed the Post Sachar Evaluation Committee, Dr.A.K. Shiva Kumar of the Harvard University and UNICEF, Advisor and former member of the National Advisory Council, Prof. Faizan Mustafa Vice-Chancellor of NALSAR, Hyderabad, Prof. Shanta Sinha Retired Professor, University of Hyderabad and Magsaysay Award winner, Prof. Rafat Mobeen of ASCI, Prof. Suleman Siddiqi former Vice-Chancellor of Osmania University and Prof. Jeemol Unni, Director of the Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat were among the members. Apart from them, Prof. Meena Hariharan, Prof. Sheela Prasad and Prof.I. Ramabrahmam of the University of Hyderabad, Prof. Amit Bubna of the Indian School of Business, Hyderabad joined as members.

Shiva Kumar A. K. earned his Postgraduate Diploma in Management from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, and his MA in Economics from Bangalore University. He also holds a Master’s degree in Public Administration and a PhD in Political Economy and Government from Harvard University.

5Introduction

Shiva Kumar teaches Economics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School and serves on the Academic Council of Ashoka University where he teaches in the Young India Fellowship programme. Shiva Kumar is also a member of the Executive Board of the Centre for Science and Environment. He has been a regular contributor to the global and national human development reports. Shiva Kumar has co-edited the Oxford Handbook of Development and the Oxford Handbook of Population and Development.

Mohd Akhter Ali teaches at the Dept. of Geography, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007. He has Ph.D (Osmania University) Geography after having obtained his M.A. (Osmania University) Geography, 2001. He teaches courses in Resource Management; Information Systems and Management, Principles of GPS, Remote Sensing and GIS, Terrain & Soil Analysis, Web GIS, Cartography, Urban Geography. He has delivered lectures in Turkey, Syria, Dubai, South Korea, Afghanistan, SriLanka, Indonesia, Tajikistan.

Nilanjan Banik was a faculty member at Mahindra Ecole Centrale, Hyderabad. He has moved recently to the Bennett University at Greater Noida, U.P. He has a PhD in Economics from Utah State University, USA, and holds a Master’s Degree in Economics from Delhi School of Economics. Dr. Banik’s work focused on application of econometrics in issues relating to international trade, market structure, and development macro-economics. He has written a book titled, The Indian Economy: A Macroeconomic perspective, Sage Publication Pvt. Ltd. Additionally, he has published articles in internationally reputed journals, and has consultancy experience with multilateral organizations such as ADB, WTO, UNESCAP, AUSAID, Laffer Associates, and KPMG.

Amit Bubna is Visiting Professor of Finance at the University of Maryland, College Park. He obtained his Bachelors and Masters degrees in Economics from Presidency College, Kolkata, and Cambridge University, U.K, and graduated from Stanford University, U.S., with a Ph.D in Economics. He has taught Economics and

Finance at a number of institutions, including the Indian School of Business (ISB), the Wharton School and the University of California at Berkeley. His research interests include venture capital and entrepreneurship, microfinance, IPOs, consumer credit card and digital technology. His research has been published in top-tier journals, such as the Journal of Financial Intermediation and Review of Finance. Prior to academia, he was a Senior Managing Economist at LECG, Inc, a leading economic consulting services firm that provides complex economic and financial analysis.

Sanjay Ch. joined GITAM University as a Founder Director on June 2009. He is a Certified Corporate Director of World Council for Corporate Governance – UK. He has visited all South Asian Countries for Research, having total 24 years of experience from Industry & Research. He has worked as an Associate Professor of Manufacturing Engineering at Government Universities in Malaysia and Singapore. Prof. Ch. Sanjay has received Dr. Radha Krishnan Gold Medal Award (2015), Outstanding Faculty Award (Engineering) (2015), Dr. Abdul Kalam Life time Achievement National Award (2015), Indira Gandhi Sadbhawana Award (2014), Gem of India /Arch of Excellence Award (2014), Engineering Educators Award (2014), ISTE P. Punnaiah Award for Best Engineering College Principal of AP State (2013), South Asia Best Academic Administrator Award (2012), Bharat Shiksha Ratna Award (2012), Rajiv Gandhi Seva Ratna (2012), Bharat Excellence Award (2011), Recipient of Educational Excellence Award (2011), India International Achievers Award (2011), ISTE Best Chapter Award (2008) and many other awards.

Meena Hariharan is Professor and Head in the Centre for Health Psychology, University of Hyderabad. She is the Founder Head of the Centre for Health Psychology. She has published 100 empirical research papers in national and international journals. She has authored three books published by Allied Publishers (2006), Sage Publications India Pvt. Limited (2008), and Global Vision Publishers (2010). Her book ‘Coping with Life Stress: The Indian Experience’


published by Sage has received international acclaim. Besides this, Prof. Hariharan has completed about 30 research projects funded by national and international agencies. She has produced 18 audio visual programmes on topics related to Psychology. She is also a Member of Board of Studies in different Indian Universities and Member of Ethics Committee of Corporate Hospitals in Hyderabad. Her focus area of research is Behavioral Cardiology, ICU Trauma and Resilience Studies. She is Founder President of Association of Health Psychologists (AHP) and Executive Member of National Academy of Psychology (NAOP).

Ramabrahmam I. obtained his Ph.D from the University of Hyderabad and M.Phil from Osmania University in Political Science and Public Administration respectively and has worked in the area of Educational Policies, Governance and Public Policy. He held the positions of Registrar, Controller Examination and Director of Academic Staff College and Director of Distance Education in University of Hyderabad and published in national and International journals. He has guided students for M.Phil and Ph.D.

Amitabh Kundu is Senior Fellow at Delhi Policy Group and Visiting Professor at the Institute for Human Development India. He has been Professor at the Centre for the Study of Regional Development and the Dean of the School of Social Sciences at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He has served as a member of National Statistical Commission during 2006-08 and Chairperson of Post Sachar Evaluation Committee. He has been a Visiting Professor at the University of Amsterdam, Sciences Po and Maison des Sciences de L’homme in Paris, University of Kaiserslautern and University of Wuerzburg in Germany.

P C Mohanan retired from the Indian Statistical Service in 2015. He worked in many capacities in the National Sample Survey Organisation and the Central Statistical Organisation. He also headed the Secretariat of the first National Statistical Commission. He also served as member of several committees including the

Post Sachar Evaluation Committee, Expert Committee on Agricultural Statistics, Technical Group on Housing Shortage, Committee for the formulation of Slum Index, etc. He has worked extensively on NSS data and published papers on Survey methodology, Employment-unemployment, Housing, Literacy, Child Labour, Unorganized Sector, Migration, etc. He has also done consultancy assignments with ILO, ADB and UNDP.

Faizan Mustafa is the Vice-Chancellor of NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad. He was the founder Vice-Chancellor of National Law University, Orissa. He has also served as Dean, Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University and Registrar of AMU. Prof. Mustafa has authored seven books and has about hundred national and International papers to his credit. He has worked in unexplored areas like Copyright Law, HIV Law, Art.356, Strict Liability Law, Freedom of Information Law, Religious Conversion Laws etc. He is also recipient of Commonwealth British Scholarship (1991) SAARC Law Teacher Award (2014). He regularly writes in national dailies.

Sheela Prasad is Professor and Head, Centre for Regional Studies, University of Hyderabad. Her training is in the discipline of Geography and she has done her M.Phil. and Ph.D. from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Her research interests are interdisciplinary in nature and include : Urban and Regional Geography, Health, Environment and Gender Issues. Dr. Sheela Prasad has a number of publications to her credit in leading journals in the areas of Health, Population Control Policies and Urban studies. She is actively involved with NGOs in Hyderabad working in the areas of Gender, Environment and Minorities.

Mubeen Rafat started her career in the Treasury Department of National Organic Chemical Industries Ltd, Mumbai, and headed the Finance and Accounting function at Intergraph Consulting Private Ltd, Hyderabad. She obtained a Master’s in Management Studies (MMS) JBIMS, Mumbai, with specialisation in Finance, Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) with specialization in Statistics. She is now Professor - Money,

7Introduction

Banking, Corporate Finance & Governance Area, at Administrative Staff College of India and an Independent director on the Board of VST Industries Ltd. She has been a finance faculty for the Goldman Sachs sponsored training programmes at ISB for women entrepreneurs. She is visiting faculty at Reserve Bank of India Staff Training College and the Indian School of Business.

Galab S is Director at Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS). He is a Professor of Economics and has a PhD from the Andhra University. He teaches Rural development, Labour and credit markets and has a keen interest in dry land agriculture.

Mohammed Suleman Siddiqi is a renowned scholar of Sufism in the Deccan, From 2005-08, he was Vice-Chancellor of Osmania University, and held concurrent responsibilities at various times for Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University; Mahatma Gandhi University; and Telangana University. He has been a member of several university academic and administrative panels, and at present is a member of the Executive Council of Haryana Central University. As an academic, his pioneering research showed that, contrary to established assumptions, the Junaidi Order was active in 13th and 14th century Deccan. Prof Siddiqi has a number of publications to his credit in leading national & international journals.

Shantha Sinha has a PhD from the Jawaharlal Nehru University and studied Political Science at the Osmania University. She is Secretary - Trustee, M. Venkatarangaiya Foundation, Hyderabad and is Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Hyderabad. She is Member of several National Committees of the Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Planning Commission on Issues relating to Child Labour, Universalisation of Elementary Education and Rural Development, Govt. of India and at the State level, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. Shantha Sinha is Recepient of several National and International; Awards such as Padmashri awarded by Government of India, Albert Shanker International Educational

Award, the U.S. International Fellow and the Ramon Magsaysay Award.

P. H. Mohammad is Professor and the Head, Department of Sociology in Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MANUU), Hyderabad. He is an active social researcher and has a formal training in anthropology with a Doctorate degree in Social Anthropology from the University of Hyderabad. He had been associated with different significant institutes, before joining MANUU, working on several assignments funded by various overseas agencies like the UNDP, World Bank, ILO, ESRC, etc., covering various sociological issues. He joined MANUU in 2007, in the Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy (CSSEIP) and headed the Centre as its founder Director (I/C) and contributed enormously towards the institution building of the Centre carving out it be one of the best such Centres in the country. He has a sound exposure to the issues relating to the aspects of social inequality, education, Grassroot level Governance, Religion, Minorities, Occupational groups, Entrepreneurship and social change, etc.

Jeemol Unni is Director and Professor of Economics at Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA). She was Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Chair Professor, IRMA and Professor at the Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad. She holds a Ph.D and M.Phil in Economics. She was a post-doctoral Fellow at the Economic Growth Center, Yale University, Visiting Faculty at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague and International Center for Research on Women, Washington DC. She was Consultant with the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, and Sachar Committee and member of Post Sachar Evaluation Committee.

Background papersThe Commission decided to appoint Subject Experts to prepare a number of Study Papers and Background papers on important aspects of the Inquiry. These papers are reviewed by members of the Advisory Board as Mentors and finalised under their super vision.


Name of the Study / Background paper writers with mentors given below:

Sl. No.

Name of the Study Paper writer Advisory Board Member / Mentor

Subject

1 Dr. K. Balasubramanian Consultant, Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad.

Prof. Ramabrahmam Demographic Profile of Muslims in Telangana State

2 Dr.Khwaja Mohd Ziyauddin Assistant Professor, Al-beruni Centre for Social Exclusion & Inclusive Policy, MANUU, Hyderabad.

Prof. Sheela Prasad Living Environment and Infrastructure

Dr. S. Abdul Thaha Assistant Professor, Al-beruni Centre for Social Exclusion & Inclusive Policy, MANUU, Hyderabad.

Prof. Sheela Prasad

3 Dr. Syed Najiullah Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Public Administration, MANUU, Hyderabad.

Prof. Ramabrahmam Telangana Government policies for Muslims

Mr. Md. Abdul Raheem Ph.D. Scholar, Dept. Of Public Administration, MANUU, Hyderabad.

Prof. Chintakindi Sanjay

4 Dr. Ch. Shankar Rao Asst. Professor, Council for Social Development, Hyderabad.

Prof. Amit Bubna Access to Banking Facilities and Credit to Muslims in Telangana State

5 Prof. Farida Siddiqui Head- Department of Economics, MANUU, Hyderabad.

Prof. Amit Bubna Financial inclusion in Telangana: The status of Muslims in Hyderabad

6 Dr. R.B. Bhagat Professor and Head, M.A., PhD (Bom), IIPS, Deonar, Mumbai.

Prof. Shanta Sinha Emigration and Health Status: The Context of Muslims in Telangana.

7 Prof. Satyasekhar Indian Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Hyderabad.

Prof. Amitabh Kundu Health & Nutrition - Malnutrition Anaemia

8 Prof SayeedUnisa Professor M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil.,), IIPS, Deonar, Mumbai

Prof. Meena Hari Haran Health and Nutrition Status: The Context of Muslims in Telangana

9 Dr. Perumalla Gopinath Associate Professor , Chairperson, Centre for Study of Developing Economies, School of Development Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai

Prof. Nilanjan Banik Financial Inclusion and Muslims in Telangana State

10 Dr. Mohammed Irfan Researcher, Hyderabad.

Prof. Jeemol Unni Status of women in Telangana - Socio economic situation

11

Dr. P. Aparna Assistant Professor, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, N.O. Campus, Hyderabad.

Prof. Rafat Mubeen Educational Conditions of Muslims & Structure of Employment among Muslims in Telangana

Dr. P. Aparna Assistant Professor, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, N.O. Campus, Hyderabad.

Prof. Amitabh Kundu Economic and Social issues

12 Dr. C. Ravi Centre for Economic and Social Studies, N.O. Campus, Hyderabad.

Prof. Chintakindi Sanjay Education - Income levels

13 Dr.Anant Maringanti Executive Director, Hyderabad Urban Lab, Hyderabad.

Prof. Nilanjan Banik Spatialities of Muslim Socio Economic Conditions Hyderabad Urban Lab

9Introduction

Sl. No.

Name of the Study Paper writer Advisory Board Member / Mentor

Subject

14 Prof. Aftab Alam Asstt. Professor, Dept. Of Political Science, ZakirHussain Delhi College

Prof.A.Kundu Reservation Policy of India

15 Prof. Tanveer Alam Delhi

Prof.A.Kundu Contemporary Muslim Challenge in India

16 Prof. Abu Saleh Shariff Prof.A.Kundu Telangana District Diversity Index

17 Prof. Ayesha Rubeena CEO - Centre for Social Sciences, Hyderabad.

Prof.A.Kundu Mainstreaming Muslims into Economy - Strengthening Muslim Entrepreneurship

The Commission also decided to get a Sample Survey conducted in all the 10 Districts of the State and gather first-hand information from households in all the 10 Districts of the State.

1.7 Sample Survey

It was decided to entrust the Sample Survey to the Centre for Good Governance a registered society under the Government of Telangana. The Centre for Good Governance has wide experience in the field of public policy and governance issues and has conducted several consultancy and training programmes. The officials of the CGG undertook the Sample Survey drawing investigators from institutions such as Moulana Azad National Urdu University and University of Hyderabad. (Details of the Survey Methodology are presented in Annexure-I of the report)

These two important activities have been carried out after detailed discussions in the meetings of the Advisory Board held on 17-11-2015 and 05-02-2016 at Hyderabad. The sample survey which is undertaken by the Centre for Good Governance is supervised by Shri P.C. Mohanan, former Director General of the National Sample Survey Organisation.

1.8 Visits to the Districts

Meetings with District Collectors & district officials concerned, visits to various institutions & Public Hearings:

Commission felt it imperative to travel to all the Districts of the State and obtain first-hand information about the conditions of the Muslims and other Weaker Sections and also to gather information on various development programmes. Commissions held meetings with each of the District Collectors and also other District Officers concerned with the problems of Muslims. Commission also visited Schools, Primary Health Centres, Sub-Centres, Residential Schools of various Departments like Social Welfare, Tribal Welfare, B.C.s Welfare and also Minorities Welfare to see the conditions/facilities themselves. Commission also held meetings with Women’s Self Help Groups to get their suggestions for improving the various schemes for Women and Children.

It was also felt desirable to hold and conduct Public Hearings in all the Districts to elicit suggestions and opinions of persons in various walks of life. The Commission began visiting Districts in the first week of September, 2015, with a visit to Medak district. Thereafter, programmes of all the other Districts were also chalked out. The Commission visited Mahabubnagar and Nizamabad in September 2015, Adilabad, Ranga Reddy and Hyderabad in October 2015, Warangal in December 2015, Khammam, Nalgonda and Karimnagar in January 2016. Public hearings were held in all the District headquarters and also a few other places like Siddipet in Medak, Khanapur and Nirmal in Adilabad district and Tandur in Ranga Reddy District.


The Visits to the districts and the public hearings gave the Commission a very good opportunity to have direct and frank discussions about the problems and difficulties being experienced by most of the poor people and the problems encountered often by the Muslims in the State. These problems were also mentioned in various written representations submitted to the Commission during visits to the various habitations and localities, public Hearings and also in response to the Notification requesting for views and suggestions from the general public to submit their views and suggestions.

The meetings with the District Collectors and concerned district officers were very useful to understand the various schemes being implemented to the welfare of the Muslims and also the constraints they are facing in practice. The details of the visits to the districts of the State, the meetings held with District Officers and the public hearings conducted along with problems and issues frequently raised therein are dealt with in a separate chapter No 10 on Public Hearings and Representations.

Details of the Districts, Places visited and Public Hearings conducted may be seen in Table 10.1.

It is worth noting the issues raised, grievances, suggestions and demands put forth in the public hearings which are discussed separately in Chapter 10. (Details of the total number of representations received during the visits may be seen in Table 10.2).

1.9 Recommendations

The recommendations/suggestions are subdivided into three parts as key recommendations for immediate implementation, mid-term recommendations and long-term recommendations. Key recommendations, are cited here on specific aspects.

1) Appoint an Equal Opportunity CommissionTelangana state should be the first to appoint an “Equal Opportunity Commission” to oversee recruitment and training and other developmental programmes. This Commission

will ensure that all communities in the state have equal opportunities in all fields, both in the private and the public sector. The Commission would be an independent body that would look into any possibility of bias or prejudice against any group, be it social, religious, caste, linguistic or any other. The Commission recommends that the EOC should cover all levels of education, employment, housing, healthcare and access to development schemes; all other issues and provide remedies. This will address the feeling that exists, of being discriminated in the credit, housing and the education markets, etc.

2) Develop a diversity indexThe Government should implement the ‘diversity index’ already suggested by Sachar Committee (2006) and Kundu Committee (2014). The Telangana Government should be the first to set up a committee to suggest how best the diversity index can be implemented. Any institution within the state would be evaluated for its diversity and given a ranking according to the diversity its human resource composition displays. The Commission recommends that the Diversity index should cover all institutions and establishments within the state. The Diversity index works in a secular fashion giving all vulnerable groups an assurance that their representation in various spheres will eventually be proportional to their population figures, without disturbing any existing scheme. Affirmative actions have helped disadvantaged sections to develop fast and have contributed to greater diversity in the various institutions, places of work, etc.

3) Review of the conditionalities laid down in the Indra Sawhney case The Indra Sawhney criteria have been laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to determine backwardness and recommend reservations. However, these conditions laid down 24 years ago need to be reviewed given the tremendous strides that have been made by way of development and growth of the Indian economy. While there is still wide prevalence of inequality, the deviations from state averages are no longer at a high of more than 25%. Hugely deprived communities too are closer to the mean than before, including the Scheduled tribe

11Introduction

and Scheduled Caste populations. Work force participation rates have changed dramatically in all communities. Female work participation particularly has plummeted.

The Government should appoint an expert group to study or revise those criteria for assessing the backwardness of a community.

4) Extend Scheduled Castes (SCs) status to some acutely discriminated groups that perform the same occupation as some SC groups do.Certain Muslim communities like Mehtar should be included in the Scheduled Castes (SCs) list and can be given reservation under the SC status. These communities continue to do work that is done by their SC Hindu counterparts and continue to be acutely discriminated in the society.

5) Improve standards of educational institutionsUrdu-medium schools are badly staffed. The quality of teaching is poor. Students in Urdu schools should be given the option of learning English as a language paper. This way a growing number of students who switch their medium of instruction at the high school level will not face severe problems they face today. A quick step that the Government can take is to fill all vacancies for Urdu language teachers and take steps to appoint Urdu teachers where posts are lying vacant on account of the inability to find teachers among the SC/ST category. These posts should then be filled through increasing numbers among teachers in other subjects.

6) Urdu signboards and IEC material in the Urdu languageThere is need for more effective steps for the implementation of Urdu as second official language. A simple a quick step that can be taken is to ensure that Government published material on available schemes is published in Urdu. In Government offices, like in the Warangal Collectorate, large and clear signboards in English, Telugu and Urdu should be put up. This simple step goes a long way in making Government machinery inclusive and friendly for Muslims who feel overawed walking

into formidable and unfriendly institutions. In Anganwadis, simple books in Urdu, handbooks on maternal health in Urdu would make women more comfortable and welcome.

7) Sub-plan for MuslimsThe Government should put in place a ‘Sub-plan’ for Muslims to be prepared as part of the state budget to ensure that all departments provide adequate funds for welfare of Muslims and to prevent diversion of funds to departments. This again will not entail a greater expenditure but will convince the larger population that the Government does not want to save on allocated funds nor does it want to divert funds under Minorities welfare into other schemes.

8) A small start up fund provision As a large number of Muslims are small entrepreneurs, a small start up fund must be allocated that will rotate its capital, provide collateral free investments, help and mentor small businesses and leverage the start up culture that exists among the very poor.

9) Scholarships to be enhanced and expandedScholarships have helped students from poorer sections to access higher education and in reducing dropout rates. However, they are still difficult to access and are often hostage to budgetary constraints and cut backs from Finance departments. The Government should provide scholarships to Muslims on demand by making adequate provision in the budget. Like what is applicable for SCs and STs, Muslim students should also get cashless admission and Government should release the fee in a timely manner to educational institutions. Insistence of some of the managements on Muslim students to pay the fees and seek reimbursement causes hardship to the students.

10) Promote an atmosphere of trust and harmonyOne heart-warming learning from the study has been that the Telangana Muslim population trusts the police and the security institutions. To improve upon this situation and leverage it to its potential, Government should take steps to sensitize the Police on the need to avoid


indiscriminate arrests of Muslim youth on suspicion of being involved in terrorism and other crimes. Government should take positive steps and confidence building measures to maintain communal harmony in the state, particularly in the capital city of Hyderabad.

11) The data gathered by the Commission shows that among the criteria the Indra Sawhney case looks at, Muslims are below the state average in some of them and are socially and educationally

backward and severely deprived. Therefore, Government may provide reservation to them. Given that more than 81 per cent of the Muslim population is already categorized as backward, there may be an increase in the reservation percentage to 12 percent or a minimum of 9 per cent based on their social and educational backwardness and deprivation. The Government can do this quickly as about four fifths of the Muslim populations already have been placed in the BC-A, BC-B and BC-E categories.

Demographic Profile13

2.1 Introduction

Muslim population in India was 17.22 crores in March 2011, accounting for 14.23% of the total population (Census of India, 2011). Muslims constitute the largest religious minority in the country. Other religious minorities are Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jain. Hindus are the largest religious community with 79.8% of the population share. Christians constitute the second largest religious minority with 2.3% of the total population.

Telangana’s population stood at 3.51 crores in the year 2011 of which 44.64 lakhs are Muslims, constituting 12.68% of the total population. Across India, the Muslim population is distributed unevenly. The highest share of Muslim population is in Jammu and Kashmir

(68%) and is followed by Assam (34.22%), West Bengal (27.01%), Kerala (26.56%), Uttar Pradesh (19.26%) and Bihar (16.87%). These seven states have higher Muslim shares than the average. On the other hand, the share of Muslim population is very low in Punjab (1.93%), Chhattisgarh (2.02%), Orissa (2.17%), Himachal Pradesh (2.18%), Tamil Nadu (5.86%) and Haryana (7.03%).

2.2 Population Size and Growth

Of the total Muslim population in India, around 2.6% live in Telangana State. In 1961, the total population of Telangana state was 1.27 crores of which the Muslim population was 13 lakhs. In 2011, the Muslim population in the state has increased to 44.64 lakh. The growth rate of population in Telangana is already much below the national average.

CHAPTER -2

Demographic Profile

Table 2.1: Growth rate (%) of population across district and religions

Districts Total Hindu Muslim Christian

1991-2001 2001-2011 1991-2001 2001-2011 1991-2001 2001-2011 1991-2001 2001-2011

Hyderabad 1.97 0.29 1.57 -0.36 2.42 0.83 2.37 -0.6

Nizamabad 1.41 0.84 1.34 0.68 1.64 1.45 3.47 1.93

Ranga Reddy 3.37 3.93 3.29 3.75 3.11 4.14 7.04 4.71

Medak 1.62 1.28 1.65 1.22 1.26 1.44 1.94 -0.1

Adilabad 1.78 0.97 1.73 0.83 2.07 1.53 2.48 0.44

Mahbubnagar 1.33 1.43 1.34 1.4 0.09 1.18 1.8 1.27

Karimnagar 1.39 0.78 1.32 0.71 2.23 1.35 3.15 1.94

Nalgonda 1.3 0.72 1.28 0.66 1.23 1.01 2.06 0.76

Warangal 1.41 0.79 1.38 0.78 1.27 1.08 3.9 -61

Khammam 1.52 0.81 1.6 0.76 0.33 1.44 0.09 0.84

Telangana 1.72 1.27 1.64 1.17 1.99 1.47 3.19 1.51Source: Census of India, 1991, 2001 & 2011.

Note: Growth rate is calculated using exponential growth rate formula Pt = P0ert. Here Pt is the population in time ‘t’ and P0 is the population in the

initial period ‘0’.

Report of Commission of Inquiry to Study Socio Economic and Educational Status of Muslims of Telangana14

The growth rate has slowed down considerably in the last two decades. The decadal growth rate of the population in Telangana was 1.78% during 1991 to 2001 which this slowed down to 1. 27% during 2001 to 2011. In the same time period, the Muslim population in the state grew at 1.99% per annum and then slowed down to 1.47% per annum. The rate of growth among the Christian community is marginally higher than the Muslim population growth rate that is higher than the growth rate of Hindus.

Christians constitute a very small proportion of the population (1.25% in 2011). Other religious groups like Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs have negligible presence in the State. The rural-urban distribution shows large portion of the Muslims live in urban areas. Among the urban population, about 24% of the population belongs to Muslim community where as only 5.05% of the rural population are Muslims (Census of India, 2011).

Household SizeAccording to Census 2011, there are 83,29,655 households in the state. The Survey conducted by CGG for the COI surveyed 8546 households of which 4348 households are Muslim. The total population covered in the study is 42,918. The total surveyed Muslim population is 23,881 of which 17,686 are from urban areas and the remaining from rural area. From the Survey, we find that the average household size in the state is 5. The household size of the Muslim community is 5.4 and 5.5 in the rural and urban areas respectively. The household size of the Muslims in the state is larger than other SRGs (See Table 2.2).

Table 2.2: Average household size by locality and religion

SCs STs Hindu-BCs

Hindu UCs

Hindu - All

Muslim-BC-E

Muslim –UCs

Muslim -All

Other minorities

All

Rural 4.7 5.0 4.5 4.4 4.5 5.4 5.2 5.4 4.6 4.8

Urban 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 5.6 5.5 4.4 5.2

All 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.5 5.0

Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

Telangana experienced a rapid population growth over the decades after Independence.

Figure 2.1: Trends in population share in Telangana, 1961-2011

100%

95%

90%

85%

80%

75%

Hindu

1961 1971 1991 2001 2011

Muslim Christian Other Religions

Source: Census of India 1961, 1971, 1991, 2001 & 2011

Figure 2.2: Trends in share in rural population in Telangana, 1961-2011

100%

98%

96%

94%

92%

90%

88%

Hindu

1961 1971 1991 2001 2011



Figure 2.3: Trends in share in urban population in Telangana, 1961-2011

Hindu

1961 1971 1991 2001 2011



100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%


Sects and Castes among MuslimsTable 2.3 gives the section-wise break-up among the Muslim community of the state. Sunnis are the dominant section of the Muslim community, comprising 99.3% of Muslim households. The sect-wise rural and urban break up also gives the same distribution of households.

Table 2.3: Sects of Muslims (in percentage)Locality Section of

Muslim religionCaste Total

M-BC-E M-OTH

Rural

Sunni 99.1 98.1 99.0

Shia 0.9 1.9 1.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Urban

Sunni 99.6 98.6 99.4

Shia 0.4 1.4 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total

Sunni 99.5 98.5 99.3

Shia 0.5 1.5 0.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Source: Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

The category-wise breakup of the Muslims in the state is also estimated from the survey. Among the total Muslim population, 73.3% falls under BC-E category (Table 2.4), while 2.1 come under BC-B category, while other Muslims (not covered by any reservation) constitute 24.6% of the total state population. Shaik/Sheikhs are the most populous group among Muslims in Telangana. They form around 66.2% of the total Muslim population. Syeds (11.5%) and Pathans (6.12%) are the other notable groups among Muslims in the state. The Rural-Urban breakup of the

Muslim population also shows the same picture. (For details see Table A2.2 in Annexure II)

Table 2.4: Rural-urban distribution of Muslim population in Telangana by category

Locality Muslim BC-E

Muslim BC-B

Other Muslims

Total

Rural 74.7 4.2 21.1 100.0

Urban 72.8 1.4 25.8 100.0

Total 73.3 2.1 24.6 100.0Source: Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

2.3 Spatial Distribution

Muslims in the Telangana state reside across all districts, but their concentration varies substantially. The total share of Muslim population in the state is 12.7% but Hyderabad and Nizamabad districts have higher shares than the statewise average. Of the total district population in Hyderabad, 43.4% are Muslims. In Nizamabad district, 15.35% of the total population is Muslim. The Muslim population share is lowest in the Nalgonda district at 5.41% (See, Table 2.5). A close geographical distribution reveals that the concentration of Muslim Population is high in the Western and north Western region of the state and the concentration of Muslims declines as we move towards the eastern districts (Map 2.1). The majority of the Muslim population in the state lives in two districts namely, Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy, constituting around 50.1% of the state’s total Muslim population.

Table 2.5 Share of Muslim population across districtsTotal Muslim Share of Muslims(%)

Hyderabad 3943323 1713405 43.45

Nizamabad 2551335 391596 15.35

Ranga Reddy 5296741 617518 11.66

Medak 3033288 342449 11.29

Adilabad 2741239 275970 10.07

Mahbubnagar 4053028 334172 8.24

Karimnagar 3776269 244723 6.48

Khammam 2797370 158887 5.68

Warangal 3512576 197333 5.62

Nalgonda 3488809 188646 5.41

Telangana 35193978 4464699 12.69Source: Census of India, 2011.


Map 2.1: District-wise Muslim population (in percentage)

2.3.1 Rural-urban distribution Of the total urban population of the state around 24% of the population is Muslim whereas in the rural areas they constitute only 5.05%. Hyderabad consists of only urban population and 43.4% of the total Hyderabad population is Muslims. Apart from Hyderabad, Nizamabad and Mahbubnagar districts have high concentration of Muslims in urban areas. 35.6% and 24.3% of the urban population are Muslims in these two districts respectively.

Adilabad, Karimnagar and Medak districts have also considerable share of Muslim population among their urban population. Muslims constitute 22.35% of the urban population in Adilabad district. In Karimnagar and Medak districts their share is 16.29% and 20.12% respectively. The share of Muslims in the rural population is higher than in the state average in Adilabad, Nizambad, Medak, Ranga Reddy and Mahbubnagar districts. (For details see Fig. 2.4, Fig. 2.5 and Fig. 2.6).


Figure 2.4: Muslim population in different districts of Telangana (Total) 2011

Source: Census in India, 2011.

43.4560

50

40

30

20

10

0

(In L

akhs

)

Total Muslim Share of Muslims

Hyd

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15.3511.66 11.29 10.07 8.24

6.48 5.68 5.62 5.41

(In P

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50.0045.0040.0035.0030.0025.0020.0015.0010.005.000.00

Figure 2.5: Muslim population in different districts of Telangana (Rural) 2011



(In L

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9.27 109876543210

30

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20

15

10

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0

Hyd

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3.63

(In P

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2.3.2 Variations across MandalsA large variation in the Muslim population can be seen across mandals of different districts. There are 462 mandals in total across 10 districts (Map 2.2). It is only in 8 mandals that the Muslim population exceeds one lakh. The highest Muslim population is registered at Bahadurpura Mandal in Hyderabad district. The Muslim population here is around 3.76 lakhs. Other Mandals with over one lakh Muslim population are Asifnagar, Bandlaguda, Charminar, Saidabad, Golconda, Rajendranagar and Nizamabad. Except Nizamabad Mandal, all other mandals mentioned above come under Hyderabad District. There are 12 mandals with more than 50000 & less than 100000 Muslim population. Muslim population in this range falls in Adilabad District (1 mandal), Karimnagar (1), Medak (1), Hyderabad (3), Ranga Reddy (3), Mahbubnagar (1) and Warangal (2). The number of Mandals goes on increasing as we go to a lesser population range. There are 60 mandals

where the Muslim population is even less than 1000. In 273 mandals the Muslim population ranges between 1000 to 5000. The mandals with low Muslim population are in large numbers in Nalgonda, Khammam and Warangal.

There are only two mandals with more than 75% of Muslim population (Map 2.3 and Table 2.6). The mandals are Bahadurpura and Charminar. 80.26% and 89.09% of the population are Muslims in these two mandals respectively. There are 4 mandals (all come under Hyderabad District) having Muslim population within the range of 50 to 75%. The mandals are Asifnagar, Golconda, Bandlaguda and Saidabad. 248 mandals have less than 5% of Muslim population; 125 mandals have less than 10% but more than 5% Muslim population. 13 mandals distributed across Adilabad (2 mandals), Nizamabad (4), Medak (2), Hyderabad (3), Ranga Reddy (1) and Mahbubnagar (1) have Muslim population greater than 25% and less than 50%.



(In L

akhs

)

43.45

(In P

erce

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50.0045.0040.0035.0030.0025.0020.0015.0010.005.000.00

Hyd

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454035302520151050

35.64

13.21

20.12 22.35 24.2916.29

13.61 12.77 12.36

Figure 2.6: Muslim population in different districts of Telangana (Urban) 2011


Map 2.2: Mandal-wise Muslim population in Telangana, 2011

Map 2.3: Mandal-wise Muslim population (in percentage) in Telangana, 2011


2.4 Age-Sex Composition

2.4.1 Age Structure:Around 7.64% of the total population in Telangana lies in the age group 0 to 4 years. A total population of 46.12% lies in the age group 0 to 24 years. In the working age group i.e. between 15 to 60 years, 62.67% of the population lies. The age sex pyramid for Telangana population suggests a younger population in the state in 2011 (see Fig. 2.7).

The age structure of the Muslims shows that there is comparatively higher share of younger age group. According to census 2011, 52.5% of the Muslim population in the state lies in the age group of 0-24 years. The total Muslim population within the age group of 0 to 4 years is 9.27%. 10.34% and 11.09% of the

Muslim population lies in the age group 5 to 9 years and 10-14 years respectively. 30% of the total Muslim population in the state is below working age. Of the total Muslim in the state, only 6.21% are within the age group of 60 to 80+. As such, around 64% of the Muslim population in the state lies within the working age group 15 to 60 years. The age structure clearly depicts in the years to come the percentage of working age population will grow as there will be more entrants in to the age group and rather a low exit from the group. The clear picture that emerges from the age structure is that the Muslim population is comparatively young and a lot of the population falls in the working age group. This is a positive sign and proper employment generation for the Muslims will lead to a better future for them (see Fig. 2.8 and Table 2.7).

Figure 2.7: Age-Sex distribution of population in Telangana, 2011

Figure 2.8: Age-Sex distribution of Muslims in Telangana, 2011

Source: Census of India, 2011. Source: Census of India, 2011.

80+

70-74

60-64

50-54

40-44

30-34

20-24

10-14

0-4

Female % Male % Female % Male %75-79

5-9

15-19

25-29

35-39

45-49

55-59

65-69

80+

70-74

60-64

50-54

40-44

30-34

20-24

10-14

0-4

75-79

5-9

15-19

25-29

35-39

45-49

55-59

65-69

Table 2.6: Number of mandals by Muslim population size and concentration in Telangana, 2011

Muslim Population in Mandals Number of Mandals

Percentage of Muslims in Total population in Mandals

Number of Mandals

More than 100000 8 Greater than 75% 2

More than 50000 less than 100000 12 Greater than 50% but less than 75% 4




Less Than 1000 60 Less than 5% 246

Source: Census of India, 2011.


Tabl

e 2.

7: A

ge-s

ex d

istri

butio

n ac

ross

relig

ions

, Tel

anga

na 2

011

Al

l rel

igio

ns %

Hind

u %

Mus

lims

%Ch

ristia

ns %

Othe

r rel

igio

ns %

Pe

rson

Mal

eFe

mal

ePe

rson

Mal

eFe

mal

ePe

rson

Mal

eFe

mal

ePe

rson

Mal

eFe

mal

ePe

rson

Mal

eFe

mal

e

0-4

7.64

7.84

7.43

7.37

7.58

7.15

9.27

9.36

9.17

7.27

7.54

7.01

8.46

8.76

8.15

5-9

8.88

9.10

8.66

8.66

8.89

8.44

10.3

410

.46

10.2

38.

038.

367.

729.

059.

388.

72

10-1

410

.15

10.3

49.

9510

.01

10.2

19.

8111

.09

11.1

811

.00

8.97

9.07

8.87

9.38

9.65

9.11

15-1

99.

729.

979.

479.

549.

849.

2411

.01

10.9

211

.09

8.70

8.68

8.73

9.41

9.51

9.32

20-2

49.

739.

649.

829.

569.

509.

6210

.84

10.5

811

.11

9.71

9.08

10.3

19.

399.

389.

40

25-2

99.

419.

149.

699.

419.

149.

689.

429.

149.

7110

.10

9.65

10.5

38.

948.

769.

13

30-3

47.

837.

827.

837.

877.

877.

867.

527.

507.

538.

768.

868.

667.

997.

948.

04

35-3

97.

557.

467.

647.

677.

567.

786.

826.

836.

808.

238.

398.

097.

257.

167.

35

40-4

46.

086.

305.

856.

176.

395.

955.

505.

785.

216.

556.

936.

185.

986.

055.

90

45-4

95.

135.

225.

055.

265.

345.

194.

304.

464.

135.

595.

715.

485.

065.

154.

97

50-5

44.

014.

053.

974.

114.

154.

083.

343.

443.

254.

464.

534.

394.

024.

014.

03

55-5

93.

212.

953.

483.

323.

023.

622.

492.

462.

533.

613.

523.

703.

032.

923.

15

60-6

43.

553.

303.

803.

733.

454.

012.

442.

382.

503.

273.

183.

353.

142.

953.

33

65-6

92.

342.

232.

452.

472.

352.

591.

521.

501.

552.

122.

052.

202.

152.

002.

31

70-7

41.

701.

701.

711.

801.

801.

811.

081.

081.

091.

441.

421.

471.

551.

411.

70

75-7

90.

740.

710.

770.

780.

750.

810.

470.

450.

480.

710.

690.

720.

810.

740.

88

80+

0.96

0.84

1.08

1.00

0.88

1.13

0.70

0.62

0.78

0.91

0.78

1.03

0.95

0.83

1.08

Age

not

stat

ed1.

371.

381.

361.

251.

261.

241.

851.

871.

831.

571.

561.

573.

423.

403.

44

Tota

l10

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

Sou

rce:

Cen

sus

of In

dia,

201

1


The sex ratio in Telangana is much better than the national average. The figure of sex ratio for all religions in 2011 was 987 in comparison to 943 at the national level. The ratio was 975 in the year 1961 and through the years it declined slightly to 971 in 2001. Then the situation improved in the next decade. The sex ratio for Telangana (Rural) is found to be higher than the overall. It was 997 females per thousand males in rural Telangana in 2011 and the figure is persistently better than the overall figure throughout the period 1961 to 2011. In contrast to the rural area figures, the sex ratio in Telangana urban is lower to the overall state figure but of course the trend of urban sex ratio also shows signs of improvement.

2.4.2 Sex- RatioSex ratio is an important aspect of demography, especially for a country that does poorly on most gender indices. In India, the average sex ratio was 943 females per thousand males in 2011. The sex ratio is found to be better for the Muslims at the national level at 951 females for 1000 males in comparison to 939 females per thousand males for Hindus in the same year. The sex ratio is high among the Christian community at 1023 females per thousand males. The trend in sex ratio from 1961 to 2011 shows that the figure hovers around 930 during the periods. However, Muslim population at the all India level maintains an increasingly better sex ratio than the general population (Sachar Committee Report, 2006).

1050

1000

950

900

850

800

Fem

ale

Pop

ulat

ion

per 1

000

Mal

es 984

968

958

950

970

Total Hindus ChristiansMuslims Other Religions

1961 1971 1991 2001 2011

Figure 2.9: Sex ratio across religions in Telangana (Total), 1961- 2011


1961 1971 1991 2001 2011

Figure 2.10: Sex ratio across religions in Telangana (Rural), 1961-2011


1022

990

975

977 99

4

1100

1050

1000

950

900

850


Fem

ale

Pop

ulat

ion

per 1

000

Mal

es


The sex ratio for the Muslim population in the state was found to be 970 in 2011 which was less than the state figure. The sex ratio was 984 in 1961 which declined to 950 in 2001. In the last decade, the sex ratio improved. The sex ratio among Muslims in rural Telangana was 994 females per thousand males. The figure was 1022 in 1961 which declined drastically to 977 in the year 2001. In urban areas, sex ratio for Muslims was 954 in 1961 and improved to 962 in 2011.

2.4.3: Child Sex Ratio (CSR)Child sex ratio gives the number of female children per thousand of male children under

the age of five. The overall child sex ratio in the country has been declining from 976 in 1961 to 927 in 2001 and then further declined to 918 in 2011 (Sachar Committee Report, 2006: 33; Census 2011). Two factors that caused the decline in the child sex ratio is higher female infant mortality rate and practice of female foeticide.

In comparison to the national figure on child sex ratio, the figure for Telangana is much higher. The child sex ratio in the state was 935 in the year 2011. The figure for the rural Telangana was 939 and that of the urban Telangana was 931 in the year 2011. The child sex ratio for the Muslims

Figure 2.11: Sex ratio across religion, Telangana (Urban), 1961-2011

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Fem

ale

Pop

ulat

ion

per 1

000

Mal

es


1961 1971 1991 2001 2011


951

950

938

962

954

Figure 2.12: Child-Sex ratio by religion in Telangana, 1961-2011 (female aged 0-5 years per 1000 males aged 0-5 years)

935

939

931

933

937

927

949

968

943

980

960

940

920

900

880

860

840

820

800

780Total

Total

Hindu

Rural

ChristianMuslim

Urban

Other Religion

961 97

0

957

890

849

914



in the state was 949 and was much better than the state figure. In the rural areas the child sex ratio for Muslims was 968 and that of for the urban was 943. The child sex ratio is high among the Christians in the state (See Fig. 2.12).

District-wise child sex ratio shows Medak, Khammam and Nizamabad district have high child sex-ratio where as Hyderabad has

the lowest figure. Apart from the above three districts, the child sex ratio was higher than the state average in Karimnagar district. Medak had the highest child sex ratio of 995 for Muslims also. In all the districts, except Hyderabad and Khammam, the child sex ratio is higher than the state average for the Muslims. Hyderabad had the lowest figure of 917 for Muslims in the year 2011 (Tables 2.8, 2.9, and 2.10).

Table 2.8: Child Sex ratio by religion in Telangana (total), 2011

Districts Total Hindus Muslims Christians Other Religions

Hyderabad 911 910 917 927 904

Nizamabad 954 949 976 971 919

Ranga Reddy 932 928 964 957 922

Medak 960 954 995 1004 903

Adilabad 937 934 966 895 826

Mahbubnagar 934 930 963 1015 1102

Karimnagar 938 936 955 977 910

Nalgonda 927 922 993 1020 1123

Warangal 924 922 961 927 661

Khammam 959 959 948 968 1213

Telangana 935 933 949 961 890Source: Census of India, 2011.

Table 2.9: Child Sex ratio by religion in Telangana (Rural), 2011

Districts Total Hindus Muslims Christians Other Religions

Hyderabad

Nizamabad 947 946 957 913 972

Ranga Reddy 938 933 987 989 976

Medak 960 955 1009 924 1031

Adilabad 938 939 956 1024 792

Mahbubnagar 932 931 951 992 1000

Karimnagar 939 939 959 909 811

Nalgonda 922 919 969 1036 872

Warangal 919 918 942 905 703

Khammam 961 962 932 1020 1250



2.4.4 Child Woman Ratio (CWR)The child woman ratio or fertility ratio, defined as the number of children in the age group 0-4 years per 1000 women in reproductive ages 15-49 years, is a measure of population structure but it can also be used as a measure of fertility when direct fertility indicators such as the crude birth rate and the total fertility rate are not available. CWR is affected to some extent by coverage errors of net omissions and age misreporting of children under 5 years of age in the census enumeration. If a significant percentage of children less than five years of age is omitted from the census count, the CWR may be affected unless the net omission of women in

the age group 15-49 offset the effect of omission of children in the age group 0-4 years. The ratio can also be affected by the relative differentials in levels of infant and child mortality.

In 2011, at the State level, Muslim group has the highest CWR of 339 while the Christian group has the lowest (247). The CWR for Hindus is 268 and the ratio of the entire population of Telangana state is 278. At the national level, Muslims again show the highest CWR (450), followed by all religions combined (362), Hindus (350) and Christians (307). Another noteworthy observation is that the level of fertility measured by CWR is considerably lower in Telangana State

Table 2.10: Child Sex ratio by religion in Telangana (Urban), 2011

Districts Total Hindus Muslims Christians Other ReligionsHyderabad 911 910 917 927 904

Nizamabad 973 960 992 1095 886

Ranga Reddy 930 925 958 953 915

Medak 958 950 977 1092 786

Adilabad 934 918 973 775 941

Mahbubnagar 943 926 979 1054 1476

Karimnagar 934 927 952 1064 975

Nalgonda 946 933 1019 986 1577

Warangal 937 932 971 947 644

Khammam 951 950 963 890 1148


Chi

ld W

oman

Rat

io

Hindus

Religion

ChristiansMuslims

TS India Column 1

All

268

350 339

450

247

307278

362

Figure 2.13: Child Woman ratio in Telengana and India, 2011

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0



as compared to the level observed in India as whole (Figure 2.13).

In the case of Telangana state, religious differentials in CWRs by place of residence are

rather weak or negligible (Figure 2.14). Muslims living in rural areas have the same level of fertility as their counterparts in urban areas. Fertility decline has spread to rural and urban areas of the state cutting across religious groups.

In all the districts of Telangana State (with the exception of Mahbubnagar) Muslims recorded the highest CWR, followed by the Hindus, Christians and all religious groups combined. The CWR for Muslims varies from a low of 264 in Khammam district to a high of 377 in Medak district. In the district of Hyderabad where the

Muslims account for about 44% of the total population, the CWR for Muslims is 344 as against 251 for Hindus and 241 for Christians. In Ranga Reddy district where Muslims comprise about 12% of the total population of the district, the CWR for Muslims is 366 as against 290 for Hindus and 272 for Christians (Figure 2.15).

Figure 2.15: CWR for districts by religion, Telangana 2011

Medak

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Muslims 377 366 357 354 344 339 327 297 289 281 264

Hindus 302 290 272 263 251 268 336 213 268 234 239

Christians 293 272 222 242 241 247 256 221 220 189 219

RR Adila Nizam Hyderabad TS Mahbub Karim Nalgon Waran Kham

Muslims Hindus Christians


Figure 2.14: Child - Woman ratio by place of residence in Telangana, 2011

Chi

ld -

Wom

an R

atio

per

100

0

Hindus ChristiansMuslims All

279

248

338 339

242 249

282 271

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Rural Urban



2.5 Fertility Rate

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Hindus and Muslims is derived from the 2001 Census. The data indicates that for Telangana State the estimates of TFR for Muslims and Hindus in 2001were 2.99 and 2.51 respectively. The TFR estimates were higher for Muslims than for Hindus in 7 districts of the State (Table 2.11). District level estimates of TFR derived from 2011 census data are also available. The TFR for the State of Telangana estimated from the 2011 census data was 1.86. The estimated TFR for the Muslims in 2011 (2.21) is about 20% higher than the TFR for the Hindus (1.85). With the exception of Mahbubnagar district, the level of fertility of Hindus has reached the below-replacement level in all the districts of TS. On the other hand, the TFR of Muslims has reached below-replacement level in the districts of Karimnagar (1.91), Nalgonda (1.87), Warangal (1.6) and Khammam (1.6). Unlike the Muslims of India, the Muslims of Telangana are undergoing a faster pace of fertility transition and the total fertility rate is approaching the replacement level.

2.6 Urbanisation

Urbanisation is an important aspect of demographic transition. A total of 37.7 crores population in India lives in urban areas in 2011. Around 68.9% of the total population were still residing in the rural areas. So India’s population is predominantly rural. In 2001, only 27.8% of the total population lives in urban areas (Sachar Committee Report, 2006: 35). Around 60% of the total Muslim population in the country lived in the rural areas in 2011. The urbanisation level of the Muslim population in the country is thus higher in comparison to national level as well as to that of the Hindus.

Telangana had an urbanisation level of 36.89% in 2011. Around 1.4 crore population live in the urban areas. Hyderabad district has 100% urban population.1 Apart from that, Ranga Reddy has higher urbanisation level. Mahbubnagar district has the lowest urbanisation level as only 14.99% of the total district population lives in urban areas.

Table 2.11: Total Fertility rate in Telangana district-wise

Districts TFR in 2001 Total Fertility Rate in 2011

Hindus Muslims All Religions Hindus Muslims All Religions

Adilabad 2.7 3.6 2.7 2 2.67 2

Nizamabad 2.4 3.4 2.5 1.73 2.45 1.8

Karimnagar 2.3 2.8 2.2 1.57 1.91 1.5

Medak 2.7 3.5 2.9 2.05 2.66 2.2

Hyderabad 1.9 2.8 1.9 1.6 2.36 1.6

Ranga Reddy 2.5 3.4 2.6 1.92 2.61 2

Mahbubnagar 3 2.9 3.1 2.32 2.24 2.4

Nalgonda 2.5 2.7 2.6 1.73 1.87 1.8

Warangal 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.6

Khammam 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.67 1.6 1.6

Telangana 2.51 2.99 2.52 1.85 2.21 1.86

Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011.


In contrast to the national figures, around 73.5% of the Muslims in the state lived in the urban areas in 2011. Hyderabad has 100% urbanisation level for Muslims. Ranga Reddy districts also shows high Muslim urbanisation level (Refer to Table 2.12 and Map 2.4). The lowest urbanisation of Muslims was in the Medak district and even there 42.8% of the Muslim population lived

in the urban areas. In districts like Medak, Mahbubnagar and Nalgonda there is less than 50% urbanisation level among Muslims. The high urbanisation level among the Muslims is because of the high concentration of Muslim population in Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy districts; and also high urbanisation of Muslim population as found in these two districts.

Map 2.4: Urbanisation Level of Muslims in Telangana


Tabl

e 2.

12: U

rban

isat

ion

rate

(%) a

mon

g re

ligio

ns a

cros

s d

istri

cts

in T

elan

gana

, 201

1

Dist

ricts

Tota

lHi

ndus

Mus

lims

Chris

tians

Othe

r Rel

igio

ns

Pers

ons

Mal

esFe

mal

esPe

rson

sM

ales

Fem

ales

Pers

ons

Mal

esFe

mal

esPe

rson

sM

ales

Fem

ales

Pers

ons

Mal

esFe

mal

es

Hyde

raba

d10

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

100.

0010

0.00

Niza

mab

ad23

.06

23.3

322

.80

17.2

117

.31

17.1

153

.54

53.9

553

.14

36.3

436

.29

36.3

836

.75

37.6

835

.85

Rang

a Re

ddy

70.2

270

.34

70.0

867

.96

68.1

567

.76

79.5

879

.64

79.5

190

.39

90.5

090

.29

88.0

487

.26

88.7

7

Med

ak24

.00

24.3

123

.68

21.1

021

.42

20.7

842

.77

42.8

342

.70

47.7

747

.70

47.8

343

.98

44.4

943

.48

Adila

bad

27.7

328

.06

27.4

123

.67

23.9

823

.37

61.5

761

.91

61.2

253

.41

53.4

753

.36

27.9

327

.83

28.0

4

Mah

bubn

agar

14.9

915

.02

14.9

712

.16

12.1

812

.14

44.1

744

.44

43.9

041

.65

41.5

441

.77

19.2

219

.00

19.4

5

Karim

naga

r25

.19

25.4

624

.92

22.3

522

.60

22.1

163

.32

63.7

962

.85

42.9

442

.75

43.1

234

.03

34.7

233

.37

Nalg

onda

18.9

918

.87

19.1

117

.17

17.0

817

.26

47.7

947

.62

47.9

529

.58

28.9

230

.21

25.2

823

.44

27.0

1

War

anga

l28

.25

28.3

528

.16

25.8

125

.91

25.7

064

.23

64.3

764

.09

50.4

149

.66

51.1

048

.36

49.6

447

.06

Kham

mam

23.4

523

.31

23.5

921

.54

21.3

821

.69

52.0

451

.21

50.8

639

.84

40.2

439

.48

26.2

825

.66

26.8

8

Tela

ngan

a36

.89

37.1

936

.59

31.0

731

.33

30.8

073

.53

73.8

473

.21

66.1

666

.32

66.0

062

.19

62.0

262

.36

Sou

rce:

Cen

sus

of In

dia,

201

1.


2.7 Growth Projection

The average annual exponential growth rate of Muslim population declined from 2.00% during the decade 1991-2001 to 1.47% during the decade 2001-2011, amounting to 26.5% decline in the growth rate during this period. Two sets of projections have been carried out on the basis of alternative assumptions on the future course of population growth.

Projection 1: The observed exponential rate of population growth of the Muslim population during 2001-2011 decade (1.47% per year) is assumed to remain constant till the projection period.

Projection 2: With further anticipated decline in fertility rate, the growth rate of the population is expected to decline in future. It is assumed that the pace of decline in the growth rate of population recorded between 1991-2001 and 2001-2011 decades would continue during the projection period 2011-2016. This means that the growth rate of the population would decline to 1.27% (observed rate of growth of population of all religious groups of the state during 2001-2011) during 2011-2016, 1.10% during 2016-2021, and 0.9% during 2021-2026 (Table 2.13).

Table 2.13: Projection of Muslim population in Telangana, 2011-2026

Projection Mid-year population estimates

2011 2016 2021

Projection 1 44,83,481 48,25,430 51,93,458

Projection 2 44,83,481 47,77,415 50,47,533

The population projections of Muslim population in the state of Telangana for 2011-2021 under these two variants are given in Table 2.13. Projection 1 (high variant), with the assumption of continuation of growth rate of 1.47% per annum during the period of the projection, gives a population of 51.9 lakh by 2021. On the other hand, projection 2 (low variant), with the assumption of a steady decline in population growth rate during the period of

projection as mentioned above, the population of Muslims in the state would be 50.47 lakh.

2.8 Summary

Numbering 44.6 lakh in 2011, Muslims are a major religious community accounting for 12.68% of the State population. Although Muslims are spread out in all the 10 districts of Telangana, over half of them are concentrated in the two districts namely of Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy. The population growth of Muslims in Telangana has declined from an average annual exponential rate of 2% during 1991-2001 decade to 1.47% during 2001-2011 decade. Gender ratio (number of females per 1000 males) for the Muslim population in Telangana is 970, lower than that for the Hindus (990) and Christians (1033). By district, the sex ratio of the Muslims ranges from 947 in Hyderabad district to 1007 in Khammam district. Urban-rural differences in the sex ratio by religion are observed with rural areas showing higher sex ratio than urban areas. The CSR for Muslims in Telangana is 968 in rural and 943 in urban areas. The CWRs have declined for Muslims as well as for other religious groups, both in rural and urban areas during 2001-2011 decade, suggesting that fertility declines have occurred both in rural and urban areas of Telangana State and that rural areas have experienced somewhat larger decline in fertility than urban areas. The age pyramid of Muslim population of Telangana reveals that 31.3% of the population are below 15 years of age and 6.3% are above 59, with the remaining 62.4% in the age group 15-59 years. The level of urbanization among the Muslims of Telangana is very high. About three-fourths of them live in urban areas.

The major feature of the Muslim demography in the state is the high proportion of the young age population both in female and male category. This aspect of the population is very essential for a sustainable growth as it will provide adequate labour supply. The high level of urbanisation of the community calls for non-farm employment programme for the youth of the community.

1 Hyderabad only consists of urban areas. So the total population of Hyderabad will come under urban population.

Footnote

Educational Status 31

3.1 Introduction

Education plays an important role in social and economic progress of society/community. Realising the importance of education in socio-economic development of the nation, the Right to Education was enshrined in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Constitution of India under Article 45 enjoins that “the State shall endeavour to provide within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”.

The Right to Education Act, 2009 also makes the Indian state responsible for providing mandatory elementary education to children till they complete fourteen years of age. Articles 29, 30 and 350A of Indian Constitution1 seek the effective protection and educational development of minorities2 so that there will be an egalitarian development of Indian society. The Sachar Committee (2006) and the Kundu Committee (2014) endorsed the importance of human capital and its augmentation for a nation’s development. “Improvements in the functional and analytical ability of children and youth through education open up opportunities leading to both individual and group entitlements. Improvement in education

CHAPTER-3

Educational Status

Table 3.1 Literacy rates across SRCs in Telangana, 2011

State Location Gender Total SCs STs Hindus Muslims Christians Others

Tela

ngan

a

Rural Total literacy 57.25 53.90 47.10 56.67 66.10 67.61 62.62

Male literacy 67.48 63.60 57.20 66.96 75.33 75.06 73.11

Female literacy 47.11 44.40 36.90 46.46 56.86 60.55 52.15

Gender gap 20.4 19.2 20.3 20.50 18.47 14.51 20.96

Urban Total literacy 81.09 74.20 69.60 81.05 80.58 86.52 83.20

Male literacy 86.65 81.70 78.10 87.32 84.25 89.91 88.06

Female literacy 75.39 66.80 60.80 74.64 76.77 83.25 78.21

Gender gap 11.3 15 17.3 12.68 7.48 6.66 9.85

Total Total literacy 66.46 58.90 49.50 64.64 76.89 80.65 77.78

Male literacy 74.95 68.00 59.50 73.69 82.01 85.33 84.08

Female literacy 57.92 49.90 39.40 55.57 71.63 76.15 71.40

Gender gap 17.0 18.1 20.1 18.12 10.38 9.18 12.68

Urban-Rural Gap

Total literacy 23.84 20.30 22.50 24.38 14.48 18.91 20.57

Male literacy 19.17 18.10 20.90 20.36 8.92 14.85 14.95

Female literacy 28.28 22.40 23.90 28.18 19.91 22.70 26.06

Gender gap -9.11 -4.30 -3.00 -7.82 -10.99 -7.85 -11.11Source: Census of India, 2011.


is not only expected to enhance efficiency and thereby earnings, but also augment democratic participation, upgrade health and quality of life” (Sachar Committee Report, 2006; p. 47).

In spite of clear constitutional and legal provisions, the state has not succeeded in providing compulsory and equitable education to all. The developmental deficit among various strata of Indian society is reflected in the inequalities evident in their educational attainments (Dreze and Sen, 1995; Desai and Kulkarni, 2010). Against this backdrop, this chapter talks about the educational status of different socio-religious communities (SRCs) as a whole and Muslims in particular in Telangana State. It focuses on differences in the level of educational achievements of Muslims in comparison to other SRCs.

3.2 Literacy Rate in Telangana

Muslims in Telangana have a higher than average basic literacy but do worse than all other communities on graduate and post graduate education Their drop out rates are also the highest. Despite its inadequacies, literacy rate remains the most widely used indicator of

educational achievement. The Census measures literacy rates in terms of the percentage of persons aged 6 years and above, who can read and write. Table 3.1 gives the literacy rate figures. The overall literacy rate in Telangana as per the Census, 2011 assessment is 66.46 per cent, which is much below the national literacy rate of 74. 04 per cent. The Muslim community’s literacy rate is 76.89 per cent which is little higher than the national literacy rate and much higher than the SCs (59 per cent), STs (50 per cent) and Hindus (64.64 per cent). The other religious minority, i.e., the Christian community has registered a higher literacy rate (80.65 per cent). Muslims, Christians and others minorities have recorded higher literacy rates as compared to the overall national figure and SCs, STs and Hindus. In the other Muslim dominated states we have total literacy rates as follows: J&K (67.16 per cent), Kerala (94 per cent), U.P. (67.68 per cent), Bihar (61.80 per cent) and West Bengal (76.26 per cent) and Maharashtra (82.34 per cent). The Muslim community does better on literacy rates in comparison to Hindus only in Maharashtra and is almost equivalent to Hindus in Kerala. In the rest of the Muslim dominated states, Muslims are worse off in comparison to Hindus (Table A3.1).

Total Literacy Male Literacy

Figure 3.1: Literacy rate across SRCs in Telangana, 2011

Total

66.4

5 74.9

557

.92

17.0

3

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

66.4

5 68.0

049

.90

18.1

0

49.5

0 59.5

039

.40

20.1

0

64.6

4 73.6

955

.57

18.1

2

76.8

982

.01

71.6

310

.38

80.6

585

.33

76.1

59.

18

77.7

8 84.0

871

.40

12.6

8

SCs STs Hindu Muslims Christians Others

Female Literacy Gender Gap




Figure 3.2: Literacy rate across SRCs in rural Telangana, 2011

Rural Total Literacy Rural Male Literacy

Total SCs STs Hindu Muslims Christians Others

Rural Female Literacy Gender Gap

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

57.2

567

.48

47.1

120

.37

53.9

063

.60

44.4

019

.20

20.3

036

.90

47.1

057

.20

56.6

766

.96

46.4

620

.50

18.4

7

67.6

1 75.0

660

.55

14.5

1 20.9

652

.15

62.6

273

.11

56.8

6

66.1

075

.33

Figure 3.3: Literacy rate across SRCs in urban Telangana, 2011


100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

Total Literacy Male Literacy

Total SCs STs Hindus Muslims Christians Others

Female Literacy Gender Gap

81.0

9 86.6

5

11.2

6

14.9

066

.80

81.7

074

.20

69.6

0 78.1

060

.80

17.3

0

12.6

874

.6487

.32

81.0

5

80.5

884

.25

76.7

77.

48

6.66 9.

8578

.2188

.06

83.2

0

83.2

589

.91

86.5

2

75.3

9


3.2.1 Rural-Urban Gap in Literacy RateThe comparison of literacy rates of different SRCs on the basis of place of residence shows that literacy rate in Telangana state is better in urban areas than in the rural areas. The rural-urban gap is similar across SRCs. Table 3.1 as well as Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3 show these comparisons. For Hindus, the urban literacy rate is 81.05 per cent while the rural literacy rate is 56.67 per cent. The SCs and STs have recorded a similar trend where the urban literacy rates are 74 per cent and 70 per cent respectively. But, their rural literacy rates are 54 per cent and 47 per cent. The Muslim community does better on the urban literacy rate (80.58 per cent) while its rural literacy rate plummets to 66.10 per cent. For Hindus as a whole, the rural-urban gap is 24.38 per cent but for SCs and STs, it is 20 per cent and 23 per cent. Among the Muslim community this gap is the least at 14.48 per cent. Even for other communities like Christians (18.91 per cent) and others (20.57 per cent), the gap is much more. This might be the reason for a higher overall literacy rate for Muslim as compared to all Hindus.

3.2.2 Gender Disparity in Literacy RateGender difference in level of literacy is central for knowing whether the women and men are treated equally in a society or not. Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1 to Figure 3.3 provide data on gender disparity in literacy rate. At the aggregate level, the gender difference in literacy rate is 17 per cent. The male literacy is higher than female literacy across all the SRCs. In the case of Hindus, the gender gap in literacy rate is 17 per cent. It is higher in rural areas (20.37 per cent) and lesser in urban(10.26 per cent). In the case of SCs and STs, the gender gaps are 18 per cent and 20 per cent respectively. once again it is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. For Muslims, the same stands at 18.47 per cent and 7.48 per cent in rural and urban areas respectively while the overall gender gap is 10.38 per cent. However, there is a bigger gender difference in literacy among the Hindus than the Muslims. Again, in the case of both communities, bigger gender disparity prevails in rural areas. Some other states like Uttar Pradesh (20 per cent),

Bihar (20 per cent), Jammu & Kashmir (22 per cent) have huge gender disparity in literacy rate while states like Kerala (4 per cent), Tamil Nadu (13 per cent ) West Bengal (11 per cent) and Maharashtra (12 per cent) have recorded less disparity, comparatively.

3.3 Changes in Literacy Rate Over the Periods

Literacy rate in Telangana was below the national average both during 2004-05 and 2011-12. Around 70 per cent of population of 15 years and above were literate in India during 2011-12 while it was 65 per cent in Telangana (Fig 3.4 and Table A3.2 and Table A3.3). However, the improvement in literacy between 2004-05 and 2011-12 was two times higher in Telangana (16 percentage points) than that of all-India (8 percentage points).

Low literacy among SCs, STs and Muslims was observed at the all-India level during both the periods. In Telangana, the literacy levels of SCs and STs were far lower than that of other SRCs in the state and SCs and STs of all-India. The improvement in literacy between 2004-05 and 2011-12 was higher among STs and Muslim-UCs. Further, the literacy rate among Muslims-UCs was below Hindu UCs during 2011-12 with 82.2 and 86.3 percent respectively. The status of Muslim-OBCs was same as that of Hindu-OBCs during 2011-12.

However, the results of the COI survey conducted in 2016 on the percentage population ever attended schools across the SRCs is shown in Table 3.2. It indicates that 83 per cent of Hindu UCs have attended schools while 79 per cent of Muslims have ever attended schools. Of the total Hindu population attending schools, we observe that Hindu UCs have 83 per cent, followed by Hindu BCs 74 per cent, Hindu SCs 71 per cent and the STs having 70 per cent. Similarly, the total 79 per cent of Muslims population is translated into 81 per cent attendance of Muslim UCs and 73 per cent attendance of Muslim BCs. Compared to Census, 2011 figures, there have been some marginal improvements.


3.3.1 Changes in Rural-Urban Gap in LiteracyLiteracy rates in urban areas were higher than that of rural areas for all SRCs at all-India as well as at the state level. However, improvement in literacy between 2004-05 and 2011-12 was higher in rural than in urban areas except for STs and Muslim-UCs in Telangana. There is a huge gap in literacy between rural and urban areas and this has been a persistent feature in India. The rural-urban gap in literacy was the lowest among Muslims-UCs during both the periods in Telangana as well as at the all-India level. However, the gap increased in 2011-12 in the state. Since, more than 74 per cent

of Muslim population live in urban areas, lowest gap between rural and urban areas shows poor performance in urban areas. The rural-urban gap in literacy crossed 30 percentage points in the case of SCs and STs in the state while it was below 25 percentage points at all-India level (Fig 3.5).

Currently there is a 8 percentage rural-urban gap among Hindus (71 per cent rural and 79 per cent urban among all-Hindus) and 10 percentage gap among Muslims (72 per cent rural and 82 per cent urban among all Muslims). Among Hindus, SCs have the highest rural-urban gap (around 11

Figure 3.4: Percentage of literates across SRCs (15 years and above population) in Telangana and all India for 2004-05 and 2011-12

Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey.

100.0090.0080.0070.0060.0050.0040.0030.0020.0010.000.00

HSC HST HOBC35

.525

.246

.875

.747

.370

.861

.263

.954

.849

.2

51.2

46.1

64.2

86.3

63.3

64.5

82.2

76.5

74.8

65.1

49.5

40.9

59.4

79.8

61.5

55.7 59

.357

.973

.261

.7

60.6

54.0

68.5

84.5

69.8

64.0

67.6

65.7

80.1

69.8

HUC All Hindus MOBC

2004-05

Telangana

MUC All Muslims Other Minorities Overall

2011-12 2004-05 2011-12

All India

Figure 3.5: Percentage of literates across SRCs (15 years and above population) in Rural and Urban areas of Telangana for 2004-05 and 2011-12


120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0Rural

2004-05

Urban Rural Urban

2011-12

HSC HST HOBC HUC All Hindus MOBC MUC All Muslims Other Minorities Overall

30.0

22.6

40.4

65.8

39.6

33.4

52.7

47.4

45.6

40.1

60.6

57.3

71.6

90.0

74.8

88.8

65.6 72

.1 80.5

74.2

54.2

74.1

52.0

49.5

68.3

58.3

61.2

52.5

73.3

73.0 82

.2 95.6

83.4

75.2 85

.382

.7 89.6

83.3

42.2

40.2


percentage points), followed by Hindu-UCs (10 percentage points), STs (7 percentage points), Hindu-OBCs (6 percentage points). Similarly, among Muslims, Muslim-UCs have the highest gap of 13 percentage points which is lesser than Muslim-OBCs (9 percentage points).

3.3.2 Changes in Male-Female Gap in LiteracyLiteracy among males was higher than that for females across all SRCs at all-India as well as at the state level (Fig 3.6 and Fig 3.7). The gap is observed in the male-female literacy across SRCs at all-India level. The gender gap in literacy is declining as one moves from SCs,

STs, Hindu-OBCs to Hindu-UCs. Similarly, the gap was higher among Muslim-OBCs as compared to Muslim-UCs. Though, the gender disparity was higher among Muslim-OBCs, STs and other Minorities during 2011-12, the gap for Muslim-OBCs and Muslim-UCs in the state was lower than SCs, STs, Hindu-OBCs and other Minorities. The male-female gap in literacy was higher in rural areas than in urban for all SRCs during both the periods.

Currently from COI survey data in 2016, it is found that there is an overall gender gap of 11 percentage points (Table 3.2). That is segregated

Figure 3.6: Percentage of literates across SRCs (15 years and above population) in Rural areas of Telangana for 2004-05 and 2011-12

Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey

44.2

36.0

54.0

79.9

53.2

43.7

64.9

59.1

53.9

53.5

15.7

9.5

27.9

52.7

26.7

24.8

42.6

37.8

38.2

27.5

52.4 57

.2 67.3

82.1

64.6

65.3 73

.769

.4 79.2

65.1

28.7

27.9

41.5

66.8

39.9

35.6

62.7

47.8

46.6

40.4

90.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.0

Male

2004-05

Female Male Female

2011-12


Figure 3.7: Percentage of literates across SRCs (15 years and above population) in urban areas of Telangana for 2004-05 and 2011-12


120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

73.1

69.7 83

.9 97.3

85.9

89.9

76.4

79.7

80.2

84.3

48.3

46.3 58

.881

.963

.288

.054

.9 65.3 80

.964

.0

86.0

83.5 90

.1 97.7

90.8

77.9 92

.889

.2 99.2

90.5

60.9

52.4

74.0

93.6

75.8

72.4 76.5

75.4 81

.475

.8

Male

2004-05

Female Male Female

2011-12



into 15 percentage gap in rural areas and 8 percentage gap in urban areas. A closer look at the gender gap across various SRCs both in rural and urban Telangana shows that in rural Telangana there is a huge gender gap among SCs (18 percentage points), followed by STs (17 percentage points), Hindu-OBCs (16 percentage

points). Similarly, among Muslims it is observed that both Muslim-OBCs and Muslim-UCs have a comparatively less gender gap (12 percentage points. Among Muslims, it is observed that Muslim-OBCs have a greater gender gap (7 percentage points) than Muslim-UCs (5 percentage points).

Table 3.2: Percentage distribution of household members ever attended school across SRCs in Telangana, 2016

SRCs Rural (%) Urban (%) All (%)

Male Female All Male Female All Male Female All

SCs 75.6 57.4 66.6 86 70.6 78.4 79.7 62.6 71.2

STs 77 59.6 68.2 80.9 68.4 75 78.3 62.3 70.4

Hindu-BCs 79.5 63.4 71.6 85.2 70.6 78 81.4 65.8 73.8

Hindu-UCs 88.2 72.4 80.5 96.5 85.1 90.8 90.3 75.9 83.2

Hindu - All 79.5 62.8 71.3 85.9 71.5 78.8 81.7 65.8 73.9

Muslim-BC-E 77.5 65.3 71.6 84.1 77.5 80.9 82.2 74.2 78.3

Muslim-UCs 76.8 64.8 71 86 81.1 83.6 83.8 77.4 80.7

Muslim -All 77.3 65.2 71.5 84.5 78.4 81.5 82.6 75 78.9

Other minorities 74.7 61.2 67.9 86.7 77.3 82 82 70.9 76.4

All 78.2 63.5 71 85 76.9 81.1 82.2 71.5 76.9Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

3.4 Age-Group Wise Current Attendance and Drop-Out Ratio

The percentage of population currently going to any educational institution in the age group of 5-24 years for the current year of 2016 is given in the Table 3.3. It shows that the percentage of Muslims (67 per cent) currently going to any educational institutes is far below than that of Hindus (74 per cent) and others SRCs except STs (64 per cent) among the surveyed households. There exists a gender disparity in children currently going to any educational institution across all SRCs. It is more pronounced in rural areas than urban areas. The change in status of current attendance of persons in the age group of 0 to 29 years across SRCs is examined for two time points i.e. 2004-05 and 2011-12 to know the improvements with the help of NSSO data. (Table 3.4 to Table 3.6). At the state level, the percentage of population in this age group not attending any educational institution declined from 54.2 percent in 2004-05 to 48.4 per cent

in 2011-12. It declined across all the SRCs except among SCs and STs. The percentage of not attending any educational institution was the lowest among Hindu-UCs (40 per cent) and Muslim-BCs (41 per cent) during 2011-12 (Fig 3.8). In other words, this indicates an increase in the percentage of population in the age group of 0-29 years attending educational institution. The data show that there has been improvements in the percentage of population in the age group of 0-29 years attending any educational institutions across all SRCs between 2004-05 and 2011-12 except for SCs and STs for both male and female and among Muslim-BCs for female (see Table 3.4 to Table 3.6).

In rural areas, the percentage of population attending any educational institutions declined in 2011-12 among STs (45 per cent in 2004-05 to 42 per cent in 2011-12) and Muslim-UCs (41 per cent in 2004-05 to 36 per cent in 2011-12). It happened for both male and female in the


Table 3.3: Percentage distribution of household members (5-24 years) currently going to any educational institution, 2016

SRCs Rural Urban All

Male Female All Male Female All Male Female All

SCs 39.6 35.5 75.1 36.7 35.1 71.8 38.4 35.4 73.8

STs 31.7 30.7 62.4 35.7 31.6 67.3 33 31 64

Hindu OBCs 39.3 33.5 72.8 40 36.4 76.4 39.5 34.5 74

Hindu UCs 42.8 36.8 79.6 43.3 40.4 83.7 42.9 37.8 80.7

Hindu - All 39.2 34 73.2 39.1 36 75.2 39.2 34.7 73.9

Muslim-BC-E

34 28.6 62.6 35.4 32.8 68.2 35 31.7 66.7

Muslim-UCs 35.9 29.2 65.2 35 33.6 68.6 35.2 32.6 67.8

Muslim -All 34.4 28.7 63.1 35.3 33 68.3 35.1 31.9 67

Other minorities

36.2 35.6 71.8 39.6 38.8 78.4 38.2 37.5 75.7

All 37 32.1 69.1 36.4 34.1 70.5 36.6 33.3 70Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

case of STs and for only male in the case of Muslim-UCs.

In urban areas, the decline in the percentage of persons attending educational institution was higher than that of rural areas for both male and female among SCs and STs (see Table 3.5 and Table 3.6). Along with SCs and

STs, Muslim-BCs and other Minorities also exhibited a decline in the percentage of those attending any educational institution. Overall, the performance of Muslim-BCs and Muslim-UCs was better than SCs, STs and Hindu-OBCs. However, in urban areas, the performance of Muslim-BCs (50 per cent) was lower than that of Hindu-BCs (55 per cent).

Figure 3.8: Percentage of population in the age group of (0-29 years) by the status of Current Attendance in Educational Institutions across SRCs


2004-05

Not Attending Attending

2011-12

SC ST

HO

BC

HU

C

Hin

dus

MO

BC

MU

C

Mus

lims

Oth

er M

inor

ities A

ll

SC ST

HO

BC

HU

C

Hin

dus

MO

BC

MU

C

Mus

lims

Oth

er M

inor

ities A

ll

70.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.0

54.6

55.8

47.0 54

.3

46.2 56

.7

53.7

52.9

54.2

54.2

55.2

47.2

39.9 49

.2

41.3 45

.2

44.1

47.1

48.4

45.4

44.8

45.8

40.2 44

.2 52.8

53.0 60

.145

.7 50.8

53.8 58

.7

43.3 54

.8

46.3 55

.9

47.1 52

.9

45.8 51

.659.8


Table 3.4: Changes in status of current attendance percentage between 2004-05 and 2011-12 across SRCs for the age group 0-29 years in Telangana (Rural + Urban)

SRCs Male Female Persons

Not Attending Attending Not Attending Attending Not Attending Attending

2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12

SCs 50.0 51.3 50.0 48.7 58.9 58.7 41.1 41.3 54.5 55.2 45.5 44.8

STs 44.9 55.4 55.1 44.6 63.0 65.6 37.0 34.4 54.1 59.8 45.9 40.2

Hindu-OBC 52.0 40.6 48.0 59.4 59.5 54.2 40.5 45.8 55.7 47.2 44.3 52.8

Hindu-UCs 45.3 32.7 54.7 67.3 48.3 47.9 51.7 52.1 46.8 39.9 53.2 60.1

All Hindus 49.9 43.3 50.1 56.7 58.4 55.5 41.6 44.5 54.2 49.2 45.8 50.8

Muslim-OBCs

58.9 41.0 41.1 59.0 37.6 41.7 62.4 58.3 46.2 41.3 53.8 58.7

Muslim-UCs

54.3 46.7 45.7 53.3 58.9 43.7 41.1 56.3 56.6 45.2 43.4 54.8

All Muslims 55.5 44.9 44.5 55.1 52.0 43.1 48.0 56.9 53.6 44.1 46.4 55.9

Other Minorities

48.6 35.0 51.4 65.0 55.8 57.4 44.2 42.6 52.9 47.1 47.1 52.9

All 50.6 43.4 49.4 56.6 57.6 53.8 42.4 46.2 54.2 48.4 45.8 51.6Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey.

Table 3.5: Changes in status of current attendance percentage between 2004-05 and 2011-12 across SRCs for the age group 0-29 years in Telangana (Rural Areas)

SRCs Male Female Persons


2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12

SCs 49.2 42 50.8 58 59.2 54.5 40.8 45.5 54.3 48.4 45.7 51.6

STs 45.3 50.8 54.7 49.2 64.1 65.3 35.9 34.7 54.8 57.3 45.2 42.7

Hindu-OBC 52.3 41.3 47.7 58.7 61.4 56.5 38.6 43.5 56.8 48.6 43.2 51.4

Hindu-UCs 49.9 24.2 50.1 75.8 47.8 44.9 52.2 55.1 48.8 33.4 51.2 66.6

All Hindus 50.5 41.5 49.5 58.5 60.1 56.4 39.9 43.6 55.3 48.6 44.7 51.4

Muslim-OBCs

67.2 20.1 32.8 79.9 67.3 34.7 32.7 65.3 67.2 26.2 32.8 73.8

Muslim-UCs 51 77.7 49 22.3 65.8 49.1 34.2 50.9 58.8 63.9 41.2 36.1

All Muslims 55.7 46.2 44.3 53.8 66.2 42.1 33.8 57.9 61.2 44.4 38.8 55.6

Other Minorities

49.2 42 46 58 59.2 54.5 39.4 45.5 54.3 48.4 42 51.6

All 50.8 41.6 49.2 58.4 60.7 55.9 39.3 44.1 55.8 48.4 44.2 51.6


The percentage of persons not attending educational institutions is analysed into never attended and drop-outs percentages for the

period 2011-12 using NSSO data. Further the status of current attendance is analysed for different age groups covering 0 to 29 years.


Table 3.6: Changes in status of current attendance percentage between 2004-05 and 2011-12 across SRCs for the age group 0-29 years in Telangana (Urban Areas)SRCs Male Female Persons


2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12

SCs 53.6 67.7 46.4 32.3 57.6 65.5 42.4 34.5 55.7 66.6 44.3 33.4

STs 38.4 71.2 61.6 28.8 41.2 67.2 58.8 32.8 39.8 69.9 60.2 30.1

Hindu-OBCs 50.9 39.3 49.1 60.7 52.1 50.3 47.9 49.7 51.5 44.8 48.5 55.2

Hindu-UCs 39.6 38.2 60.4 61.8 49.0 49.6 51.0 50.4 44.1 43.8 55.9 56.2

All Hindus 48.0 46.4 52.0 53.6 52.1 54.0 47.9 46.0 50.0 50.2 50.0 49.8

Muslim-OBCs

52.9 53.8 47.1 46.2 24.3 45.9 75.7 54.1 34.7 50.5 65.3 49.5

Muslim-UCs 56.0 41.4 44.0 58.6 54.8 42.7 45.2 57.3 55.4 42.0 44.6 58.0

All Muslims 55.3 44.5 44.7 55.5 44.4 43.4 55.6 56.6 49.4 44.0 50.6 56.0

Other Minorities

36.5 45.7 63.5 54.3 44.1 36.4 63.5 54.3 40.9 41.2 63.5 54.3

All 50.1 45.9 49.9 54.1 49.4 51.1 50.6 48.9 49.8 48.4 50.2 51.6Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey.

Figure 3.9: Percentage distribution of population in the age group of 0-29 years by status of current attandance across SRCs in Telangana, 2011-12

Source: NSSO 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

45 40 53 60 51 59 55 56 53 52

34 34 31 29 32 29 32 31 34 32

21 25 16 11 17 12 13 13 13 17

HSC HST Hindus-OBC

Hindus-UC

All Hindus

All Muslims

Other Minorities

All

Never Attended Dropped out Attending

Muslims- OBC

Muslims- OC

The percentage of those who have never attended the school was 17 per cent in Telangana (see Fig 3.9 and Table A3.4). It was higher among STs (26 per cent) and SCs (21 per cent) compared to the other SRCs. The percentage of never attended school was the lowest among Hindu-UCs (11 per cent), Muslim-OBCs (12 per cent) and Muslim-UCs (13 per cent) during 2011-12.

The percentage of dropouts is also the least among Muslims as compared to other SRCs. The dropout percentage is highest among SCs and STs, (34 per cent), during 2011.

The pattern of the status of attendance by age-groups shows that the percentage of never attended children was high among the


children of 0-4 years, particularly among STs and Muslim-UCs. This feature is quite common among children of this age. But, this ratio was higher among persons in the age group of 18-29 years belonging to SCs and STs (Fig 3.10 and Table A3.5).

The percentage of dropouts was higher among the children in the age group of 18 years and above. In the age group of 18-20 years, the percentage of dropouts was the higher among Muslim-UCs (61 per cent) and Muslim-OBCs (52 per cent) (see Fig 3.11 and Table A3.5). This is higher in urban areas than that of rural areas for both male and female (Table A3.6 to Table A3.13).

Thus, the percentage of children attending educational institutions was high in the age group of 5-10 and 10-13 years across all SRCs (Fig 3.12). More than 90 per cent of children in these age groups were attending educational institutions across all SRCs. This percentage was the highest among Muslim-OBCs and Muslim-UCs. This indicates that enrolment in the elementary education is in the direction of reaching 100 per cent particularly among Muslims. However, the percentage of attendance declined gradually as the age increases especially among SCs and Muslims, specifically for male in urban areas. Thus, attendance in higher education was lower among these categories.

Figure 3.10: Percentage distribution of never attended school by age group across SRCs in Telangana, 2011-12

Source: NSSO 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey.

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

9.6

25.5

213

16.7

25.6

1.7 2.2

15.1

1.7 1.7

0

3.4

7.3

16.1

0.7

06.2

0.2

7.1

4.6

0.4

6.9

3 2.9

000

6.5

14.9

HSC HST Hindus-OBC

Hindus-UC

All Hindus

All Muslims

Other Minorities

OverallMuslims- OBC

Muslims- OC

11-135-10 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29

Figure 3.11: Percentage distribution population by age group across SRCs in Telangana, 2011-12 Dropouts

Source: NSSO 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey.

1009080706050403020100


76.389.0

83.992

.175.281.3

75.5

73.5

72.4

42.6

15.5

5.1

2.1

0.31.1 10

.2

0.0

0.05.4

0.00.0

61.2

15.2

6.4

0.2

0.30.0

52.1

10.3

10.5

0.0

0.70.0

38.6

15.9

4.9

2.5

0.31.3 6.2

16.1

0.0

0.01.9

0.0

41.8

15.5

5.5

0.5

0.10.7

43.9

4.112

.5

0.5

0.50.0

47.2

23.7

1.89.

1

0.04.5

11-130-4 5-10 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29


Table 3.7: Percentage distribution of People (5-24) currently going to any educational institution in Telangana, 2016

SRCs 5-10 yrs 11-15yrs 16-20yrs 21-24yrs All

SCs 100 95.7 67.4 26.1 76.2

STs 100 94.7 49.4 16.4 67.8

Hindu -BCs 99.8 96.3 63.9 25.7 76.2

UCs 100 98.9 81.6 25.8 80.9

Hindu - All 99.9 96.3 65.2 25.2 76.1

Muslim BC(BC-E) 98.8 90.6 48.1 18.6 69.9

Muslim-UCs 98.9 89.8 50.1 18.4 71.0

Muslim -All 98.8 90.4 48.5 18.6 70.1

Other Minorities 99.6 96.1 68.9 31.4 78.1

All 99.2 92.7 55.8 22.2 72.8

Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

For the year 2016, the age group wise percentage of population attending any educational institutions from the survey data presented in Table 3.7 reveals that there is a tendency towards universalization of primary education (5-10 years) where the figures are impressive across all SRCs. However, in other age groups of 16-20 year and 21-24 years, current attendance is very low. It means that the current attendance ratio at primary level is not getting translated into subsequent higher levels of education.

3.4.1 Gender Disparity in Drop-out and Never-Attended RatioThe comparison of male-female percentage in the categories of never attended and drop-out ratio is done here (see Table A3.6 and Table A3.7). It shows that in the case of male, the drop-out ratio is quite high in the age group of 21-29 followed by 18-20. The respective figures are 81.5 per cent and 31.6 per cent for male. In the case of female population also the drop-out ratio is high for these two age groups (71.5 per

Figure 3.12: Percentage distribution of population by age group across SRCs in Telangana, 2011-12 (currently attending)


120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0


8.811.0

9.3

1.7 11.8

8.717

.09.4

0.96.5

51.0

82.793

.9

97.2

96.8

22.7

89.810

0.0

100.0

94.6100.0

22.9 35

.8

84.492

.398.2

99.3

16.6

47.9

29.6

89.7

83.589.5 93.2100.0

97.3

99.8

25.2

12.1

54.1

82.0

94.2

97.1

98.6

23.6

93.8

82.4

99.7

100.0

96.3

25.6

56.0

81.794

.299.3

96.4

23.2

39.4

95.0

96.9

98.2

11.6

27.3

76.3

97.4

90.396.5

29.6

11-130-4 5-10 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29

90.4

79.8


cent and 52.8 per cent respectively). But, the contrast is noticed here in the sense that while male drop-out ratio outnumbers the female drop-out ratio in the age group of 21-29, the opposite happens in the age group of 18-20 that female drop-out ratio is greater than male drop-out ratio pertaining to that age group. Looking at the comparison across the SRCs in the case of male, we observed that the other Minorities have the highest dropout ratio (98 per cent) in the 21-29 age groups followed by Muslim-BCs (92 per cent), STs (87 per cent), and SCs (83 per cent). However, within the age group of 18-20, Muslims UCs have the highest drop-out ratio (56 per cent) followed by SCs (48 per cent), Muslim BCs (44 per cent), STs (41 per cent). In this case, the Hindu UCs have the lowest figure followed by Hindu-OBCs (22 per cent)

In the case of female population, it is observed that in the age group of 21-29, the Muslims top the list with 85.2 per cent of drop-out ratio, followed by other minorities (82.3 per cent), Hindus (69.6 per cent). In the case of Hindus, the Hindu-UCs have the highest dropout rate (84 per cent), followed by Hindu-OBCs (72 per cent), SCs (63 per cent) and STs (52 per cent). In the age group of 18-20 where Hindu-UCs outnumber all others with the highest 88 per cent of dropout ratio. It is followed by Muslim-UCs (74 per cent), SCs and STs (each 47 per cent). Muslim women dropout from education institutes on a really large scale.

STs and Muslims top the list of those who have large populations that have never attended any educational institution. The STs have the highest 17 per cent of male population that never attended any educational institution in the age group of 0-29 years. Out of that, 10 per cent and 11 per cent are from the age group of 18-20 years and 21-29 years respectively. Muslim-UCs have the second highest percentage (16 per cent) of male population who have never

attended any educational institution, followed by SCs (15 per cent) and both Hindus-BCs and Hindu-UCs (12 per cent) pertaining to the age group of 0-29 years.

In terms of the gender analysis of those who never attended school, 9.5 per cent of Muslim women have never attended any institutions (Table A 3.6). The STs (37 per cent) lead this list and SCs (27 per cent) and Hindu-BCs (20 per cent) and Hindu-UCs (10 per cent) follow STs. Similarly, in age groups of 18-20 years and 21-29 years, 7 per cent and 9 per cent Muslims fall under the never attended category. Within the age group of 18-20 years, the SCs have the highest percentage of female population (37 per cent) while the STs top the list in the age group of 21-29 years having a ratio of 47 per cent of never attended female population.

3.5 Mean Years of Schooling

The analysis on current attendance discussed in the above section shows that the percentage of children attending school is the highest in the age groups of 5-10 years and 11-13 years for both male and female and for all SRCs. It indicates that the mean years of schooling for the persons would be 6-7 years of education.

On an average a child in the age group of 7-16 years went to school for 4.8 years during 2004-05 in Telangana. The average years of schooling was higher in urban areas at 5.3 years as compared to that of rural areas with 4.6 years in 2004-05. Thus, the average schooling was higher in urban areas especially among girls (5.5 years) in 2004-05. In rural Telangana Muslim-OBCs fare worse than SCs in terms of average years of schooling. In urban Telangana, across the SRCs, Muslim-OBCs do better. Further, the average number of years of schooling was higher among girls than that of boys only among both Muslim-OBCs and Muslim-UCs (Table 3.8).


Table 3.8: Mean years of schooling across SRCs in Telangana (7-16 Years)

SRCs All Male Female

2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12

SCs 4.3 5.6 4.6 5.8 4.0 5.4

STs 3.4 5.3 3.8 4.8 2.8 6.0

Hindu-OBCs 5.1 5.7 5.3 5.6 4.9 5.8

Hindu-UCs 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.7 5.1 5.1

All Hindus 4.7 5.6 4.9 5.6 4.5 5.7

Muslim-OBCs 6.4 5.4 4.5 5.2 7.1 5.6

Muslim-UCs 4.8 5.8 4.6 5.4 5.0 6.2

All Muslims 5.3 5.7 4.6 5.4 5.9 6.1

Other Minorities 3.4 5.3 4.2 5.5 2.9 5.0

All 4.8 5.6 4.9 5.5 4.7 5.8Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey.

Table 3.9: Mean years of schooling across SRCs in rural Telangana (7-16 Years)


2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12

SCs 4.2 5.5 4.4 5.8 3.9 5.3

STs 3.3 5.3 3.7 4.6 2.6 6.2

Hindu-OBCs 5.1 5.7 5.3 5.4 4.8 6.0

Hindu-UCs 5.2 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 4.8

All Hindus 4.6 5.6 4.9 5.3 4.4 5.8

Muslim-OBCs 4.0 5.6 4.0 5.3 3.9 6.0

Muslim-UCs 4.6 7.6 4.8 7.8 4.3 7.5

All Muslims 4.5 6.3 4.7 5.9 4.2 6.7



Table 3.10: Mean years of schooling across SRCs in urban Telangana (7-16 Years)


2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12

SCs 4.8 5.6 5.4 5.7 4.2 5.6

STs 5.8 5.2 5.7 6.3 5.9 3.5

Hindu-OBCs 5.4 5.8 5.3 6.1 5.4 5.4

Hindu-UCs 5.0 5.8 5.2 6.1 4.8 5.3

All Hindus 5.2 5.8 5.3 6.1 5.1 5.4

Muslim-OBCs 6.9 5.2 4.7 5.2 7.8 5.2

Muslim-UCs 4.9 5.6 4.5 5.3 5.3 6.0

All Muslims 5.7 5.6 4.6 5.2 6.5 5.9




The low mean years of schooling among Hindus (4.7 years) in 2004-05 was mainly due to low participation of children belonging to SCs (4.3 years) and STs (3.4 years) in education.

The average years of schooling has increased to 5.6 during 2011-12. It has increased across all SRCs for both male and female. Muslims have shown the highest years of schooling (6.3 years) as compared to other SRCs in rural areas only (Table 3.9). It is due to low mean years of schooling among Muslim-OBCs (5.2 years), the overall mean years of education was low (5.6 years) in urban areas for this community in 2011-12. In fact in Urban area, for Muslim-OBCs, the average years of schooling declined from 6.9 years in 2004-05 to 5.2 years (Table 3.10).The reason may be the high dropout ratio in the secondary level due to poor qualiy of education, understaffed secondary schools, job seeking behaviour and the pressure to earn livelihoods.

On an average, a child in the age of 7-16 years had completed 5 to 6 years of schooling during 2011-12. It is expected that a child in the age group of 7-16 years should have completed secondary level of education i.e. matriculation or 10 years of education. The average schooling for this age group is a slightly higher than half of the expected 10 years of schooling. This shows that the level of education for this age group has not crossed primary level. That is the reason for a growing demand that primary schools be converted onto secondary schools at most locations.

3.6 Differentials in Educational Attainment

For analysing the attainment of education levels by age across SRCs, NSSO data has been used. Following the methodology adopted by Sachar Committee, the educational attainment is examined for four categories.

l Persons of age 12 years and above with at least five years of education is categorised as attainment of primary education.

l Persons of age 15 years and above with at least eight years of education is categorised as attainment of elementary education.

l Persons of age 17 years and above with ten years of education is categorised as attainment of secondary education.

l Finally, persons of age 19 years and above with 12 years of education is categorised as attainment of higher secondary education.

The analysis from the above section clearly shows that the attendance in educational institutions in the age group of 5 to 15 years was higher across all SRCs as compared to the population higher than 16 years old. This indicates that the educational attainment is not much beyond the secondary level for all the SRCs. This is mainly true for Muslims in urban areas.

The educational attainment for all the SRCs is analysed for both the periods i.e. 2004-05 and 2011-12 (Table 3.11 to Table 3.12). There has been a significant improvement in the attainment of higher education during 2004-05 and 2011-12 across all the SRCs. Differentials in educational attainments are significant at higher levels of educations for all SRCs during both the time periods. Among the SRCs in rural Telangana, the attainment is higher for all Hindus. Of which the SCs registered an increase of 8 percentage points in attendance in higher secondary followed by STs (5 percentage points increase), OBCs (5 percentage points increase). The Muslim community as a whole recorded a 8 percentage points increase in attendance in higher education from 2004-05 to 2011-12. Of that Muslim-OBCs registered the highest increase, i.e., 9 percentage points.

In urban areas the improvements during the period from 2004-05 to 2011-12 of overall Muslims at different levels of education is lower than that of SCs (Fig 3.13 and Fig 3.16). Even for males, the educational attainment has declined from 39 per cent in 2004-05 to 37 per cent in 2011-12 in the category of secondary education (17 years and more) and also from 24 per cent in 2004-05 to 16.5 per cent in 2011-12 in the category of higher secondary and more level of education (19 years and more).


Table 3.11: Percentage of educational attainment across SRCs in rural Telangana

SRCs 12Yrs+ & Primary+ 15Yrs+& Elementary+ 17Yrs+& Secondary+ 19+&Higher Secondary+

2004 2011 2004 2011 2004 2011 2004 2011

SCs 27.0 39.5 19.9 29.1 11.4 20.4 3.0 11.1

STs 17.7 34.6 9.7 25.9 4.6 15.0 2.0 6.8

Hindu-OBCs 35.7 49.5 25.0 40.1 14.1 28.0 5.7 11.1

Hindu-UCs 56.1 62.7 46.2 52.3 27.7 42.2 13.0 24.4

All Hindus 34.5 47.0 24.9 37.4 14.2 26.3 5.7 11.9

Muslim-OBCs 22.7 50.8 15.1 38.2 7.4 27.0 1.5 10.5

Muslim-UCs 39.4 66.6 28.9 63.3 13.5 41.7 3.1 11.3

All Muslims 35.0 58.1 25.2 50.0 11.7 33.8 2.6 10.9

Other Minorities 37.2 54.9 30.9 50.8 21.0 32.7 6.0 28.1

All 34.5 47.7 25.0 38.3 14.2 26.8 5.5 12.1Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey

Table 3.12: Percentage of educational attainment across SRCs in urban Telangana


2004 2011 2004 2011 2004 2011 2004 2011

SCs 56.8 72.8 48.3 66.1 33.0 50.9 22.9 34.1

STs 50.9 67.4 43.4 60.3 30.6 42.9 18.3 30.4

Hindu-OBCs 61.9 75.9 51.6 67.6 38.0 58.3 23.7 42.0

Hindu-UCs 84.2 92.3 78.1 87.2 71.8 81.9 55.9 67.8

All Hindus 67.2 78.8 58.5 71.4 47.2 61.8 33.3 46.1

Muslims-OBCs 86.0 60.6 73.8 43.5 61.5 31.7 49.2 14.6

Muslim-UCs 56.3 77.7 45.2 62.9 30.8 53.2 15.3 34.9

All Muslims 65.5 73.5 53.2 57.9 38.7 47.3 23.0 29.2


All 66.5 77.5 56.8 68.1 44.9 58.4 30.6 42.2Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey

Table 3.13: Percentage of educational attainment across SRCs in Telangana: Male


2004 2011 2004 2011 2004 2011 2004 2011

SCs 44.0 61.6 35.7 53.0 20.2 41.0 7.2 24.6

STs 29.7 55.2 19.0 44.3 8.7 29.4 4.5 16.1

Hindu-OBCs 51.6 69.2 39.9 60.5 26.1 49.1 14.5 30.0

Hindu-UCs 79.0 87.1 70.8 83.2 57.8 75.6 42.4 60.2

All Hindus 52.3 69.0 42.2 60.7 28.7 49.5 17.0 32.1

Muslim-OBCs 66.8 68.5 47.8 49.1 39.1 37.4 23.9 16.5

Muslim-UCs 57.7 78.1 47.6 67.2 31.1 58.0 15.8 38.1

All Muslims 60.1 75.1 47.7 61.7 33.2 51.4 17.8 31.2


All 53.2 69.9 42.8 60.8 29.2 49.8 17.1 32.0Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey.


Table 3.14: Percentage of educational attainment across SRCs in Telangana: Female


2004 2011 2004 2011 2004 2011 2004 2011

SCs 20.3 39.4 14.1 30.0 10.2 20.9 5.8 13.6

STs 9.9 21.7 5.5 15.5 4.2 7.1 1.7 2.7

Hindu-OBCs 30.4 48.1 21.4 39.4 12.1 28.7 4.5 14.7

Hindu-UCs 55.6 72.6 47.3 61.5 33.9 54.4 18.8 37.8

All Hindus 30.6 47.6 22.7 38.7 14.5 29.1 6.7 16.8

Muslim-OBCs 68.5 44.8 59.8 33.8 44.1 22.8 35.0 9.9

Muslim-UCs 43.9 73.5 32.4 58.1 19.4 43.1 7.2 21.9

All Muslims 51.8 64.0 40.6 49.7 26.1 35.6 14.3 17.5


All 33.0 49.9 24.7 40.2 15.8 29.8 7.5 17.0Source: NSSO 61st and 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey.

Figure 3.13: Differentials in educational attainment of rural male across SRCs in Telangana, 2011-12

Source: NSSO 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey, 2011-12.

50.6

38.9

27.4

14.2

50.1

38.5

24.8

11.7

60.7

51.1

38.5

16.8

75.5

68.4

57.2

36

58.8

48.8

36.5

68.6

56.8

41.1

14.4

71.2

7048

.720

.9

69.8

63.3

44.8

17.9

63.3

56.6

5038

.9

59.5

49.7

37.1

17.8

17.6

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

HSC HST HOBC HUC All-Hindus MOBC MUC All-Muslims Other Minorities

All

12Yrs+ & Primary+ 15Yrs+ & Elementary+ 17Yrs+ & Secondary+ 19+ & Higher Secondary+

Figure 3.14: Differentials in educational attainment of rural female across SRCs in Telangana, 2011-12


70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

29.1

19.8

14.2

8.3

19.8

13.8

5.6

1.8

38.2

29.5

17.7

5.6

51.2

37.7

28.7

13.6

35.4

26.5

16.6

6.5

35.8

2215

.57.

8

62.5

56.5

34.3

0.3

47.7

37.5

23.5

4.6

47.8

46.1

20.5

20.5

36.2

27.4

176.

6


All



In urban Telangana, there has been increase in attendance percentage at all levels except for Muslim-OBCs. Muslim-OBCs have registered a decline in attendance ratio in primary, elementary, secondary and higher secondary. This reduces the overall performance of Muslim community in this regards. In contrast, the Hindu-OBCs have witnessed an increase in attendance at all the levels (Table 3.12)

Looking at gender-wise performance in Telangana, we observe that there has been an increase in attainment ratio in all the study

programmes by SCs, STs, Hindu-OBCs and Hindu-UCs. But it is Muslim-OBCs that did not perform well during the period from 2004-05 to 2011-12. In fact, in most of study programmes, their attainment ratio decreased. Examining female attainment ratio across SRCs in different study programmes, we observe that Muslim-OBCs have performed very badly. In fact their attainment declined drastically in different study programmes within the period of six years from 2004 to 2010. However, in the case of Hindu community as a whole, we observe that the STs have made less improvements as compared

Figure 3.15: Differentials in educational attainment of urban male across SRCs in Telangana, 2011-12


84.4

81.2

81.1

74.4

53.2

67.3

44.2

39.8

84.3

76.9

67.7

52.9

78.3 86

.681

.271

.756

.6

68.4

44.1

34.9

17.7

42.2

76.7

61.1

53.6

35.6

91.2

60.6

50.8

35.7

51.6

67.376

.184.3

60.166

.679

.489.394

.195

.5

120

100

80

60

40

20

0


All


Figure 3.16: Differentials in educational attainment of urban female across SRCs in Telangana, 2011-12


100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0HSC HST HOBC HUC All-Hindus MOBC MUC All-Muslims Other

MinoritiesAll


61.6

51.2

34.8

24.4

4132

.622

.811

.9

6758

48.8

31.1

89.1

80.4

74.8

57.3

70.5

61.3

51.8

35.5

52.3

42.9

28.5

11.6

7658

.545

.226

.9

70.1

54.3

40.4

22.4

69.9

49.5

39.2

30.5

70.4

59.6

49.2

32.6


to other sub-categories of Hindu community. The other minorities have shown tremendous

achievements (Table 3.13 and 3.14 and Fig 3.15 and 3.16)

Table 3.15: Percentage distribution of household members (24 years and above) highest level of education across SRCs.

Education SCs STs Hindu BCs

Hindu UCs

Hindu - ALL

Muslim-BCs(E)

Muslim UCs

Muslim -ALL

OTH All

Rural

Primary 24.5 20 22.7 13 21.5 24.2 24.2 24.2 21.4 22.3

Secondary 44.6 46.3 54.6 51.8 52.3 59.8 63.7 60.5 48.1 54.5

Intermediate 13.9 16.8 10.4 17.7 12.3 8.1 5.1 7.5 14 10.9

Graduation 13 10.5 8.6 13.5 10.1 5.6 5.9 5.6 12.2 8.9

Post Graduation

4 6.3 3.7 3.9 3.8 2.3 1.1 2.1 4.3 3.3

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Urban

Primary 16.2 11.9 16.1 9.6 15.4 18.6 15.4 17.8 10.4 16.4

Secondary 53.6 54.2 52.1 59.6 53.2 58.1 59.7 58.5 42.7 55.4

Intermediate 15.7 16.9 14.3 13.5 14.7 9.5 11.1 9.9 20.1 12.2

Graduation 11.5 15.3 12.7 16 12.8 10.6 11.1 10.7 20.3 12.4

Post Graduation

3 1.7 4.7 1.3 3.9 3.2 2.6 3 6.3 3.6

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

All

Primary 20.5 16.9 20.2 12 19.2 19.8 16.9 19.1 13.7 18.5

Secondary 49 49.4 53.7 54.1 52.7 58.5 60.4 58.9 44.3 55.1

Intermediate 14.8 16.9 11.9 16.5 13.2 9.2 10.1 9.4 18.3 11.8

Graduation 12.2 12.3 10.1 14.3 11.1 9.5 10.2 9.7 18 11.1

Post Graduation

3.5 4.5 4 3.1 3.9 3 2.4 2.8 5.7 3.5

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

For the year 2016, the survey data (Table 3.15) reveals that Muslim households suffer badly on higher education. Among household members aged 24 years and above, among Hindus, around 19 percent have primary level of education, 53 per cent are secondary level educated and the higher education percentage varies between 3-10 percent from intermediate to post graduation. Among Muslims, overall 60 per cent population of age 24 years and above are secondary level educated, followed by 19 per cent primary educated. Only 2 per cent have any

post-graduation degree. If we compare rural-urban gap that currently exists, we observe a very small gap between them for both Hindus and Muslims. However, for Muslim-UCs, there is a huge gap for intermediate and graduation levels. Similar trend in household members education level is observed across all SRCs in the sense that more percentage of people are secondary level educated while least percentage are having post-graduation or above. But, in rural areas at intermediate and graduation level, Hindus are better off as compared to Muslims.


Table 3.16: School enrolment ratio across SRCs in Telangana

SRCs 2012-13 (%) 2013-14 (%) 2014-15 (%)

Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

SCs 15.52 15.57 15.32 15.40 14.85 14.90

STs 11.24 10.67 11.01 10.46 10.54 9.95

Hindu BCs 42.55 42.02 42.29 41.58 42.26 41.54

Hindu-UCs 19.83 20.01 20.05 20.33 20.75 20.93

Muslims 10.86 11.73 10.71 11.51 11.20 12.04

Christians NA NA 0.37 0.42 0.35 0.35

Others NA NA 0.25 0.31 0.23 0.28Source: Director of School Education, Hyderabad

Table 3.17: Intermediate course enrolment ratio across SRCs in Telangana, 2014-15

Name of the Subject

Total No. of Students

SCs (%) STs (%) Hindu-BCs (%) Muslims (%) Others (%)

Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

MPC 103852 76711 12.0 12.7 6.9 5.4 51.3 55.5 4.3 1.8 25.6 24.6

BPC 28024 61261 23.0 22.9 14.1 10.2 50.4 48.6 2.4 5.2 10.0 13.0

CEC 88580 63944 20.4 20.6 8.7 7.5 53.8 52.9 8.0 7.9 9.2 11.0

HEC 13682 9929 28.4 25.6 19.1 19.4 47.6 41.5 1.6 6.8 3.3 6.7

MEC 13169 12484 11.0 12.4 2.4 2.2 51.8 49.7 3.4 2.7 31.4 33.0

Other 226 674 12.8 26.4 14.2 3.3 34.1 33.7 9.3 12.6 29.6 24.0

Vocational Subject

21470 12801 25.7 33.7 14.5 22.8 48.3 35.9 6.4 4.1 5.1 3.5

Total 269003 237804 17.8 19.1 9.2 8.5 51.6 51.0 5.3 4.8 16.1 16.5Source: Secretary, Board of Intermediate Education, Telangana State.

Note: MPC-Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, BPC-Botany, Physics and Chemistry, CEC-Commerce, Economics and Civics, HEC-History, Economics, Civics, MEC-Mathematics, Economics and Commerce

3.7 Enrolment in Various General Study Programmes

In this section we have analysed the enrolment ratio in various study programmes. Table 3.16 shows the enrolment ratio in schooling (1-10th Class). This shows Muslim students constitutes 10 to 12 per cent of total school enrolment. However, the Muslim girls outnumber the Muslim boys consistently. In the intermediate education in Telangana, the Muslim students constitutes a meagre percentage even less than the SCs and STs. Muslim boys and girls are relative more concentrated in the CEC course and are scarce in HEC course. But, the boys are

more scarce in HEC while girls are less in number in MPC course (Table 3.17). Coming to university education, we find a meagre percentage of Muslim students, even lesser than the percentage of intermediate level. It seems that the number of students after intermediate do not continue their study. University-wise information in Telangana shows that the Muslim students prefer Osmania University and Dr B R Ambedkar Open University more for higher studies (Table 3.18). However what is noticebale is that even with Muslims population that is nearly 44 per cent of the population in the city, Osmania Universty has less than 12 per cent Muslims at the graduate level and less than 6 per cent at the post garduate level.


Table 3.18: University enrolment ratio of Muslim students in Telangana, 2014-15

University Graduates Post Graduates Graduates & Post Graduates

Total No. of

Students

Mus

lim S

tude

nts

per c

ent o

f Mus

lim

Stud

ents

Tota

l No.

of S

tude

nts

Mus

lim S

tude

nts

per c

ent o

f Mus

lim

Stud

ents

Tota

l No.

of S

tude

nts

Mus

lim S

tude

nts

per c

ent o

f Mus

lim

Stud

ents

Osmania University 82551 9717 11.77 14488 812 5.60 97039 10529 10.85

Telangana University, Nizamabad

9339 289 3.09 1302 80 6.14 10641 369 3.47

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University

66331 6708 10.11 8619 658 7.63 74950 7366 9.83

Prof. Jaya Shankar Agricultural University

639 20 3.13 NA NA NA 639 20 3.13

Palamuru University, Mahabubnagar

498 31 6.22 NA NA NA 498 31 6.22

Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda

NA NA NA NA NA NA 852 29 3.40

Kakatiya University, Warangal

23573 NA NA 2746 NA NA 26319 NA NA

Satavahana University, Karimnagar

9970 NA NA 1434 NA NA 11404 NA NA

Note: Data is related to all mentioned universities as other universities did not submit their data to the Commission.

Source: All concerned Universities and Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Hyderabad.

Table 3.19: Enrolment ratio in various professional study programmes at Osmania University, 2014-15

Name of the Course


Out of Them

SCs STs Hindu BCs Muslims Christians

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

L.L.B (3 years)

1605 537 9.35 10.61 2.24 1.86 30.3 26.3 4.9 7.6 1.00 1.49

L.L.B (5 Years)

263 162 12.93 15.43 3.04 3.09 26.6 21.6 5.7 5.6 0.00 0.00

L.L.M 372 215 10.22 9.30 4.03 3.72 29.3 29.8 10.5 12.1 1.61 1.40

M.C.A 890 569 2.58 3.34 0.56 0.18 35.1 32.0 2.1 2.8 0.00 0.00

M.B.A 14096 8683 5.90 7.94 1.17 0.73 35.6 33.1 10.7 10.3 0.77 0.67Source: Registrar, Osmania University, Hyderabad.


Table 3.20: Students enrolment in Medical courses in Telangana, 2014-15

Course Total No. Of Students

SCs STs BCs Muslims Others % of Muslims

MBBS 1949 300 122 891 105 531 5.38

BDS 612 92 37 299 32 152 5.23

BAMS 95 15 7 60 2 11 2.1

BHMS 89 14 7 51 5 12 5.62

BNYS 21 5 1 7 0 8 0

TOTAL 2766 426 174 1308 144 714 5.2Note: MBBS-Bachelor in Medicines and Bachelor in Surgery, BDS-Bachelor in Dental Surgery, BAMS-Bachelor of Ayrveda, Medicines and Surgery, BHMS-Bachelor of Homoepathic Medicine and Surgery, BNYS-Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga Science.

Source: NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada.

Table 3.21: Students allotted to the Engineering and Pharmacy courses pertaining to Convenor quota, 2015-16

SRCsEamcet - (Engineering) B. Pharmacy

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls TotalSCs 3799 2311 6110 466 927 1393

STs 2155 892 3047 236 249 485

BCs 13376 8625 22001 848 1744 2592

Muslims 3921 1151 5072 275 906 1181

Christians 239 171 410 4 58 62

Sikhs 13 6 19 0 1 1

Others 7880 7230 15110 215 677 892

Total 31383 20386 51769 2044 4562 6606

Share of Muslim Students (%) 12.49 5.64 9.8 13.45 19.85 17.87Source: Convenor, EAMCET and Commissioner of Technical Education, Hyderabad.

Table 3.22: Students Enrolment in Polytechnic course, 2015-16.

Type of Polytechnic


SCs STs BCs Muslims Others % of Muslims

Government 11141 2334 879 6108 723 1097 6.49

Private 27340 5308 2951 14017 1357 3707 13.56

Total 38481 7642 3830 20125 2080 4804 12.48

Source: Commissioner of Technical Education, Hyderabad.

Table 3.23: Students Enrolment in B.Sc. (Agriculture) at Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 2014-15Course Total No. of

StudentsSCs STs OCs &

BCsMuslims Christians % of Muslim

StudentsB.Sc. (Agriculture) 338 35 19 284 11 3 3.25

B.Sc. (CABM) 47 3 1 43 2 0 4.26

B.Tech (Agri. Engineering) 60 9 5 46 2 0 3.33

B.Sc. (Hons) Home Science 116 19 14 83 3 1 2.59

B.Sc. Food Science & Nutrition 43 7 5 31 1 0 2.33

B.Sc. Fashion Technology 35 6 1 28 1 0 2.86

Total 639 79 45 515 20 4 3.13Source: Registrar, Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad.


The enrolment in various professional courses in Osmania University is presented in Table 3.19. It is found that share of Muslim male and female in both the 3 years LLB and 5 Years LLB is less than 8 per cent. However, their shares rise in LLM are 10.5 per cent for male and 12.1 per cent for female respectively. In MBA, the share of Muslim male and female students is about 10 per cent each while their share in MCA is less than 3 per cent each. Similarly, in most of the Medical courses we observed that the share of Muslim students in 2014-15 was around 5 per cent except in BAMS (2.1 per cent) and BNYS (nil) (Table 3.20). In Engineering, share of Muslim students in total student allotment is 9.8 per cent. The share of Muslim boys is 12.49 per cent while Muslim girls have 5.64 per cent. In Pharmacy, the overall share of Muslim students in total alloted students is 17.87 per cent. The Muslims boys (13.45 per cent) have lower share than the girls (19.85 per cent) (Table 3.21). Table 3.22 reveals the share of Muslim students in Polytechnic course. The share stands at 12.48 per cent in 2015-16. However, it is more in private course (13.56 per cent) than Government course (6.49 per cent). Muslim students enrolment in various couses of Agricultural Sciences varies in-between 2-3 per cent except in Agri-Bussiness course, it is 4.26 per cent (Table 3.23). In ITI, we found that only 4 per cent students are Muslims, out of 34,622 total students.

3.8 Isolated Illiteracy

Illiteracy at the household level is a more serious problem than illiteracy at the individual level. If at least one member in the household is literate, it will benefit the other members in the household. Basu and Foster (1998) distinguish between proximate illiteracy and isolated illiteracy. Proximate illiteracy is a situation in which at least one member of a household is literate. Isolated illiteracy is a situation in which all the adult members of a household are illiterates. This distinction is important to take steps for the improvement of first time learners. With the help of the unit level data from the National Sample Survey, the incidence of isolated illiteracy can be identified.

The unit record data of the NSS on employment and unemployment for the year 2011-12 is used to estimate isolated illiteracy in different SRCs in rural and urban areas. At the state level, 18.9 per cent of the households were isolated illiterates in the sense that all the adult members in these households were illiterates. The proportion was the highest among ST and SC households at 30.5 and 34.5 per cent respectively. It was only 11 per cent among other Minorities and among Muslims, it was the lowest of all SRCs. However, the percentage of no adult literate households was high among Muslim OBCs (17.2 percent), that was third highest next to SCs and STs (Table A3.18).

There are significant differences between rural and urban areas in the percentage of isolated illiteracy. Around 45 per cent of SC, 35 per cent of ST and 32 per cent of Muslim-OBC households in rural areas were categorised as isolated literacy households as compared to 12 per cent, 8 per cent and 5 per cent respectively in urban areas (Fig 3.12). One striking point is that the position of Muslim-upper caste is worse than that of Muslim OBCs in urban areas with 6.6 per cent of households falling this category.

Isolated illiteracy among females is found to be significantly higher than overall isolated illiteracy. It is found that 37.3 per cent of the households have no adult female literates (Table A3.18). This percentage among Muslim upper caste was 16 per cent; the second lowest among SRCs, next to Hindu upper caste. There are significant differences between rural and urban areas in this percentage of female isolated illiteracy. Around 52 per cent of rural households had no adult female literates in the state. Around 66 per cent of households from SCs and STs had no adult female literates in their households in rural Telangana. This was about 49 per cent among Muslim OBCs. Though the percentage was lower in urban areas as compared to that of rural areas, the pattern across all SRCs remains the same.


Figure 3.17: Percentage of households with no literate adult member in Telangana, 2011-12


HSC HST HOBC HUC All-Hindus MOBC MUS All-Muslims

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

44.8

11.9

34.5

7.5

23.1

5.1

0.2

21.8

28.7 31

.7

5.1

5.4 6.6

23.6

13.4

6.3

16.2

4.8 5.3

28.3

Other Minorities

All

Rural Urban

Figure 3.18: Percentage of households with no female literate adult member in Telangana, 2011-12

Source: NSSO 68th Rounds on Employment and Unemployment Survey, 2011-12

65.9

24.7

66.0

37.2

49.4

13.8

25.0

1.6

52.4

13.5

48.5

19.5

16.4

16.2

34.3

17.1 23

.555

.2

51.5

14.4

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

HSC HST HOBC HUC All-Hindus MOBC MUS All-Muslims Other Minorities

All

Rural Urban

3.9 District-wise Analysis of Literacy among Religions in Telangana

Data related to literacy for 2011 show that it is higher among other Minorities and Muslims both in rural and urban areas and also both in the case of male and female. The condition of Muslims was not worse than that of SCs and STs. Moreover it is better than all Hindus. However, they are lagging behind other Minorities in urban areas. Muslim population is concentrated in Hyderabad where Muslim population constitute 44 per cent of total population. Nizamabad,

Ranga Reddy, Medak and Adilabad are the other districts which have around 11 to 15 percent of Muslim population.

The pattern across the district is same as observed at the state level (Table A3.19 to Table A3.21). The percentage of literate population was higher among Muslims and other Minorities as compared to other religions and SCs and STs. However, in Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy districts, the percentage of literates among Muslims was lower than other Hindus and other minorities. But it is relatively better than SCs and STs.


Table 3.24: Percentage of distribution of household members educated in different media of instruction in Telangana, 2016

Loc

ality Medium of

instruction SCs STs Hindu

BCsHindu UCs

Hindu – All

Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-UCs

Muslim -All

Other minorities

All

Rura

l (%

)

Urdu 0 0 0 0 0 31.9 36.6 32.7 0 11.7

Hindi 0.6 0.3 0 0 0.1 0.5 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.3

English 17.9 18.4 23.5 33.1 23.2 17.8 18.5 17.9 21.7 21.2

Telugu 80.1 80.3 75.5 65.7 75.5 49.1 43.4 48 77.9 66

Any other* 1.3 1 1 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.8

Urba

n (%

)

Urdu 0 0 0 0 0 31.2 31.5 31.2 0 21.7

Hindi 0.5 2.6 0.7 2.6 0.9 0.7 1 0.8 1.1 0.8

English 34.5 37.2 35.3 39.2 35.5 46.7 52.2 48 45.4 45.4

Telugu 63.8 59.6 62.6 56.2 62.3 20.9 14.8 19.5 52.5 31.3

Any other* 1.3 0.6 1.4 1.9 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.7

All (

%)

Urdu 0 0 0 0 0 31.3 32.5 31.6 0 18

Hindi 0.6 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.6 1 0.7 0.8 0.6

English 25 24.9 27.7 34.8 27.7 39.5 45.6 40.9 37.1 36.3

Telugu 73.1 73.1 70.9 63 70.7 27.9 20.4 26.2 61.4 44.4

Any other* 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8


3.10 Medium of Instruction and Type of Institutions

The survey data presented in Table 3.24 reveals that in rural areas Telugu is the major medium of instruction among Hindus, though the percentage declines gradually if one moves across SRCs starting with SCs. English is the second major language as medium of instruction. In urban areas also, there is the same trend. But, there is a bigger gap between percentage of students studying in Telugu medium and English medium in rural area as compared to urban area. Among Muslims, there is a different story. In rural areas, Telugu is the major medium of instruction and Urdu is the second major language as medium of

instruction. But, in urban areas, English is the major medium of instruction followed by Urdu. In both areas, Urdu is second major language for medium of instruction. English seems to be the preferred medium of instruction among Muslims.

The type of institutions that the household educated members have studied shows that Government funded institutions are the major ones among all SRCs in Telangana (Table 3.25). However, the share of private institutions is also picking up in both rural and urban areas, though they play more conspicuous role in urban areas. Inter-SRCs comparison shows that Muslims preference for private educational institutions is more as compared to Hindus.


Table 3.25: Percentage distribution of household members’ education by type of institutions in Telangana, 2016

Loca

lity Type of

InstitutionSCs STs Hindu

BCsHindu UCs

Hindu All

Muslim BC-E

Muslim UCs

Muslim All

Other Minorities

All

Rur

al (%

) Private 19.2 21.1 27.7 38.7 27.0 22.4 24.0 22.7 21.0 24.8

Govt. 80.6 78.9 72.1 61.2 72.8 77.3 75.5 77.0 78.4 74.9

Aided 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3

Urba

n (%

) Private 34.6 39.1 40.7 45.7 39.5 47.0 50.7 47.9 45.7 46.1

Govt. 65.1 57.1 58.8 53.2 59.8 52.2 48.5 51.3 53.2 53.1

Aided 0.4 3.8 0.6 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8

All (

%)

Private 25.8 27.3 32.3 40.7 31.6 40.9 45.5 41.9 37.1 38.1

Govt. 73.9 71.3 67.3 58.9 68.0 58.5 53.8 57.4 62.0 61.3

Aided 0.3 1.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.6


Table 3.26: Percentage distribution of different reasons for discontinuing education/not going to school in Telangana across SRCs, 2016

Reasons for discontinuing studies

SCs STs Hindu BCs

Hindu UCs

Hindu - All

Muslim BC-E

Muslim UCs

Muslim -All

Other Minorities

All

Monetary problem 29.9 23.9 26.2 12.7 26.0 28.3 34.1 29.6 26.4 28.3

Any other* 14.9 16.3 16.5 35.2 17.3 24.9 25.6 25.1 18.1 22.4

Had to work 18.0 27.2 20.6 16.9 20.3 15.9 14.7 15.6 20.5 17.3

Marriage 17.2 12.0 19.3 26.8 18.7 11.9 10.2 11.5 17.1 13.9

Unable to cope up with study

9.2 9.8 7.6 1.4 7.8 6.3 6.3 6.3 8.5 6.9

Distance problem 1.9 1.1 2.8 1.4 2.4 5.4 3.4 4.9 1.6 4.0

Health Problem 5.0 6.5 3.4 1.4 3.9 2.8 3.1 2.9 5.2 3.3

Attendance problem

1.9 3.3 2.3 1.4 2.2 2.0 0.8 1.8 1.3 1.8

No facility for further education

1.1 0.0 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6

No Urdu medium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.6

No girls school 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4

Vocational training 0.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Note: *Any other: Got some kind of job. Also some felt though they study, there are no jobs; hence stopped.

Source: Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.


3.11 Reasons for Discontinuing Education/Not Going to School

The household survey data presented in Table 3.26 shows that first five reasons are major reasons for discontinuing education or not going to school across the SRCs. The monetary problem or the poor economic condition is stated as the first major reason followed by the compulsion of working and earning a living, marriage and other reasons. The other reasons include getting some kind of job, no better future even if they study more, and so on. This reason for scepticism is a second major reason among Muslims next to poor economic conditions. Some other reasons which are not major reasons are like not able to cope with study, distance from home, health problem and so on.

3.12 Problems of Urdu Medium Schools in Old City in Hyderabad

A survey carried out by AP Urdu Academy in 2007, shows that there are 131 Government Urdu primary schools in Hyderabad mainly located in old city area with total strength of 21,899 Muslim students.3 This shows nearly 10 per cent of Muslim children in Hyderabad study in Government Urdu primary schools.

The survey of AP Urdu Academy throws light on the depressing conditions in which this 10 per cent Muslim primary student population try to get education. According to this survey, of the total 21,899 students, 8,366 are boys and 13,533 are girls. Out of these 131 Government Urdu primary schools, 85 schools don’t have proper electricity, and 100 schools lack drinking water facility, 73 Primary Schools are in rented rooms, there are only 3339 benches to facilitate more than 21,000 students, and only 293 black

boards in 131 schools. This survey also reports that there is an urgent requirement of at least 194 primary school teachers, and construction of 310 toilets in Urdu primary schools. In the case of all Upper Primary and High Schools, Muslim students are 1,44,682 in which 66,321 are boys and 79,361 are girls. According to the Urdu Academy survey, there are 15,225 Muslim students in Government Urdu upper primary and high schools, in which 4,733 are boys and 10,492 are girls. This statistics shows that nearly 15 per cent of high school Muslim students study in Government Urdu High Schools. And this also shows that in Government Urdu high schools more girls study than the boys.

Another study by Shri Penumalli Madhu in 2008 on educational conditions of Muslims in Hyderabad delineates and analyses the situation. It says that though the number of Muslim students in old city are more4, education is in a bad shape. For the last ten years, 75 percent of sanctioned posts for aided schools have not been filled till date.

3.13 Summary

This chapter analysed literacy rate, changes in literacy rate over the periods and other indicators across SRCs. From the analysis it is revealed that the state’s literacy rate is lagging behind the national average. Literacy rate across SRCs reveals that Muslims are marginally better off compared to other SRCs. But, they are worse off in higher education. Drop out ratio is very high among Muslims and when it comes to higher education, Muslim proprtions are abysmally small. There are many reasons for discontinuing education. Most prominent reason is poor financial condition. There also exist wide rural-urban gaps and gender disparities in education across SRCs.


1 Article 29 (Protection of interest of minorities) says (1) “Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.” (2) “No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.”

Article 30 (Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions) says (1) “All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.” (1A) “In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.” (2) “The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.”

Article 350A (Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage) says “It shall be the endeavour of every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups and the President may issue such directions to any State as he considers necessary or proper for securing the provision of such facilities.”2 The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) looks after the minority communities of India under National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. According to Government of India, six religious communities, viz; Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Zoroastrians (Parsis) and Jains have been notified as minority communities in India.3 http://twocircles.net/2012jul04/dying_urdu_education_hyderabad4 http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2008/0427_pd/04272008 article by Penumalli Madhu, ‘Neglect of Education in Old city of Hyderabad’, Peoples Democracy, Vol. XXXII, No. 16, April 27, 2008

Footnote

Health Status and Living Conditions59

4.1 Introduction

Health and wellness of people today are outcomes of a number of steps that the state and the private sector have taken in various fields of Public health, sanitation, drinking water, nutrition, women and child development, etc. The two committees set up to look into socioeconomic conditions of muslims at the all India level the Sachar Commission (2006) and Kundu Committee (2014), reported slightly better health conditions for Muslims compared to other SRCs. The Mahmoodur Rahman Committee (2013) also found that Muslims fare better on health status in Maharashtra. However, there is clear indication that show Muslims fare better on health outcomes because of a number of factors like higher urban population, better access to health facilities, higher gender equality, hygiene and sanitation, etc. In this chapter we look into different aspects of health and living conditions of Muslims in Telangana.

4.2 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Infant and child mortality rate is an important indicator that measures socio-economic conditions and quality of life of people. In the absence of reliable data on age-specific death rates by religion, one is constrained to look at the differentials in early childhood mortality from available estimates based on surveys and Census based estimates. According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 (2015-16), Telangana state recorded an infant mortality rate of 28 per 1000 live births, however a 15 point variation was reported between urban (20 per 1000 births) and rural (35 per 1000 births). No separate estimates for Telangana state are

available for previous years by the Registrar General, Census Operations. Re-working the IMR estimates for Telangana state from the Reproductive and Child Health-Baseline Survey (IIHFW, 2007) indicated 49 per 1000 live births in 2006. Considering this estimate as a base, IMR declined by 21 points (from 49 to 28 per 1000 births) in a 9-year period, indicating a decline of 2.3 points per annum.

Available data from NFHS-3 for the year 2005-06 show that Muslims in the undivided Andhra Pradesh had lower child mortality rate compared to other SRCs. Muslims recorded an IMR of 52.2, which is 16 points lower than the state aggregate (68.4 per 1000 live births). Both neo-natal mortality rate (NNMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR) among Muslim children too was lower compared to other religious groups. During the twelve-year period between the NFHS-1 and NFHS-3 surveys in the undivided AP state, U5MR remained stagnant around 60 per 1000. Recent estimates of NFHS-4 for 2015-16 show that U5MR for Telangana state has reached 32 per 1000 births (38 in rural areas and 25 in urban areas).

4.3 Incidence of Anaemia

The presence of anaemia is characterized by a low level of haemoglobin in the blood. It is widespread in India. Anaemia can result in weakness, reduced physical and mental capacity, increased morbidity and mortality, impaired cognitive development and performance. Anaemia has detrimental effects on the health of both women and children. Anaemia among pregnant women may increase the risk of premature delivery, maternal mortality and

CHAPTER-4

Health Status and Living ConditionsTelangana

in

Muslims


prenatal mortality. In this section, anaemia among children 6-59 months, school going children/adolescent of age 6-19 years, adults of age 20 and above years are discussed.

Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1 present religion and gender wise differences in anaemia level. Among children between 6-59 months in Telangana, 71 per cent children are anaemic. Women suffer from severe anaemia much more than men. The percentage among females (14 per cent) is higher than for males (12.7 per cent). Differences in degree of anaemia among females across SRCs

Table 4.1: Percentage of children aged 6-59 months, school going children/ adolescent age 6-19 years classified as having anaemia across SRCs in Telangana, 2012-13

Age group and level of anaemia Males having anaemia (%) Females having anaemia (%)

Muslims Hindus All Religions

Muslims Hindus All Religions

Anaemia among children 6-59 months

Severe (< 7.0 g/dl) 9.4 13.6 12.7 15.2 14.1 14.0

Moderate (7.0-9.9 g/dl) 34.4 43.0 42.5 42.4 41.1 41.5

Mild (10.0-10.9 g/dl ) 21.9 15.4 16.1 14.1 15.0 15.0

Any Anaemia (< 11 g/dl) 65.6 71.4 71.4 71.7 70.3 70.5

Anaemia among 6-19 years

Severe (< 7.0 g/dl) 6.7 5.1 5.2 7.0 6.8 7.0

Moderate (7.0-9.9 g/dl) 27.6 27.1 27.2 37.0 33.1 33.5

Mild (10.0-10.9 g/dl ) 17.8 16.7 17.0 12.5 19.1 18.3

Any Anaemia (< 11 g/dl) 52.2 48.8 49.5 56.5 59.0 58.8

Source: District Level Household and Family Survey (DLHS)-4, 2012-13

are negligible whereas Muslim male children are better off as to Hindu male children. Any anaemia (<11 g/dl) among 6-19 years of male is around 50 per cent whereas it is 59 per cent for female. Comparison of anaemia level across SRCs for 6-19 years old shows that Muslim population has slightly higher percentages of moderate and severe anaemia levels. Among pregnant women, differences are wide in between these two SRCs with 13 per cent severe cases among Muslims and 8 per cent in Hindus. The overall difference is 4 per cent between them, i.e., Muslims (62 per cent) and Hindus (66 per cent).

Source: District Level Household and Family Survey-4, 2012-13.

Figure 4.1: Percentage distribution of anaemia status across SRCs in Telangana, 2012-13

80706050403020100

71 69 71

54 54 54

40 44 41

57 60 58 62 66 62

Hindu

Children in 6-59

months Anaemia

Status

Muslim State-Overall

Children in School

going age 6-59

years

Adolescent-Men Adolescent-Women Pregnant women


A marginal variation in anaemia among children is reported across religious groups: 69 per cent among Muslim children in 6-59 months as compared to 71 per cent in children belonging to Hindu community. The adolescent females are reported to have 17 per cent higher (58 per cent) anaemia prevalence compared to adolescent men (41 per cent). In the case of women aged 20 years and above, three out of five Muslims (59.6 per cent) reported anaemia as compared to 57 per cent Hindu adolescents. Anaemia (below 11.0 g/dl) among pregnant women was higher among Muslims (66 per cent) as compared to Hindu (62 per cent), Christians (49.6 per cent) respectively. Thus, anaemia status among Muslim children (6-59 months) recorded lower proportion than the state aggregate. However, in other categories, Muslims recorded above average figure.

Table 4.2 shows the anaemia level for adults (20 years and above) across SRCs by different characteristics. As per international standards, the level of anaemia for males is 13 HB g/dl and for females, it is 12 HB g/dl.1 The degree of anaemia among females is higher than the males across all SRCs. In the case of males in Telangana, the prevalence of anaemia increases with age except in the case of Muslims. In the case of Muslims, younger people are more anemic than the middle aged people. For young females, it is high when they are having children and menstruation. In the age group 50-59, when women are in post menopause period, anaemia level is lower in comparison to younger ages.

However, for age 60 and above the prevalence is again increasing. Looking at the prevalence

Table 4.2: Percentage distribution of adults (age ≥ 20 years) anaemic across SRCs in Telangana, 2012-13

Characteristics

Prevalence of any anaemia (<13 g/dl) among males (%)

Prevalence of any anaemia (<12 g/dl) among females (%)

Hindu SCs/STs

HinduOBCs HinduUCs Muslims Hindu

SCs/STsHindu OBCs Hindu UCs Muslims

Age Group

20-29 68.3 62.8 63.5 70.8 76.9 72.0 73.3 78.0

30-39 68.3 66.7 69.3 74.3 72.6 72.1 71.3 74.0

40-49 75.4 67.1 71.4 65.0 71.5 72.5 72.8 75.8

50-59 70.8 71.4 76.1 71.2 73.3 69.0 73.4 67.7

60+ 79.1 76.8 80.0 80.0 79.3 75.0 73.4 76.0

Tobacco Use

No 71.6 68.7 72.1 71.5 75.6 72.5 72.8 74.8

Yes 72.8 65.7 69.5 72.3 66.2 66.1 72.6 74.7

Smoking

No 71.9 68.6 72.0 72.2 75.0 72.0 72.4 74.9

Yes 71.4 67.1 70.8 69.6 67.0 76.6 (100) 70.9

Alcohol

No 71.9 70.1 73.0 73.2 74.8 72.0 72.3 74.9

Yes 71.6 65.1 69.3 68.2 74.5 73.8 90.2 68.8

Place of Residence

Rural 72.5 68.3 69.8 69.5 74.2 71.4 71.4 76.8

Urban 69.7 68.2 73.5 72.7 76.5 73.3 74.1 73.8

Total 71.8 68.2 71.7 71.6 74.8 72.1 72.8 74.8Source: District Level Household and Family Survey (DLHS)-4, 2012-13.


District wise prevalence of anaemia for adults (20 years and above) across SRCs is presented in Table 4.3. Muslim males living in Warangal, Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Khammam have higher prevalence in comparison to all other groups. Similarly, Muslim women living in Khammam, Karimnagar, Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Adilabad have higher rates in comparison to other groups. A majority of Muslims live in the districts of Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy and are anaemic.

of anaemia by different habits like smoking, tobacco, and drinking alcohol, it is observed that there is no specific pattern in the case of both males and females. Pattern of rural-urban difference in anaemia for Muslims is quite different. In the case of Muslim males, it is higher in urban areas whereas it is higher for Muslim women in rural areas. Prevalence of anaemia among rural Muslim women and SC/ST women in urban areas is worst in all socio-economic groups.

Table 4.3: District wise adults (age ≥ 20 years) anaemic across SRCs in Telangana, 2012-13District Prevalence of any anaemia (<13 g/dl) among

males (%)Prevalence of any anaemia (<12 g/dl) among

females (%)Hindu

SCs/STsHindu OBCs

Hindu UCs Muslim HinduSCs/STs

HinduOBCs

HinduUCs

Muslim

Adilabad 73.4 68.2 67.9 68.4 66.9 65.4 71.7 76.5

Nizamabad 58.8 59.6 54.9 63.8 75.0 74.7 73.3 71.3

Karimnagar 62.8 72.3 77.6 61.1 78.6 77.8 69.7 82.7

Medak 66.7 59.2 72.0 59.5 72.9 69.6 69.1 60.0

Hyderabad 70.7 66.4 74.6 82.1 70.3 69.7 73.2 79.6

Ranga Reddy 72.7 65.5 63.6 80.9 75.5 74.0 70.5 77.0

Mahabubnagar 77.6 65.4 68.8 69.5 70.7 65.7 61.2 64.0

Nalgonda 71.9 72.9 77.6 70.8 78.8 75.3 73.6 77.4

Warangal 76.9 74.3 81.7 85.3 77.3 75.3 73.1 75.3

Khammam 78.5 74.6 77.6 79.8 84.0 77.8 83.9 83.5


Table 4.4: Percentage of children under age five years classified according to three anthropometric indices across SRCs in Telangana, 2012-13

Nutritional status

-2sd (per cent) -3sd (per cent)

HinduSCs/STs

HinduOBCs

HinduUCs

Muslims HinduSCs/STs

HinduOBCs

HinduUCs

Muslims

Stunting 23.0 24.3 26.0 21.1 12.9 13.9 16.0 12.1

Wasting 27.9 32.0 22.8 23.7 16.9 19.6 12.0 17.3

Underweight 30.6 29.3 21.9 27.8 13.2 13.8 11.4 11.1Source: District Level Household and Family Survey (DLHS)-4, 2012-13.

4.4 Nutritional Status

Nutritional status is usually measured through three indicators: (a) weight for age (underweight), (b) height for age (stunting) and (c) weight for height (wasting). According to DLHS-4 survey in 2012-13, incidence of

wasting (weight-for-height) among children was the highest in rural Telangana (32 per cent) as compared to urban Telangana (27 per cent). Muslim children below 5 years reported lower prevalence (24 per cent) of wasting as compared to the SC (27 per cent) and ST children (30 per cent) respectively.


4.4.1 Incidence of Stunting The incidence of stunting is also low among Muslim children (21 per cent) as compared to Hindu children (24 per cent) and the aggregated State average (23 per cent). The incidence of under-weight children below five years is reported as 30 per cent at state level. The Christian community (38 per cent) recorded the highest percentage followed by Hindu community (29 per cent) and lowest among Muslims (28 per cent) respectively (Figure 4.2). Muslim children experienced a significantly lower risk of being under weight or stunted than a child belonging to other SRCs in the state.

4.4.2 Incidence of Wasting The incidence of wasting (weight for height) for children below six years is recorded as 30 per centin 2012-13 for Telangana State. Out of that Muslim children reported 24 per cent which is six percentage points lower than the state average. For Hindu children, the incidence of wasting is

recorded as 29.7 per cent which is slightly above the state’s average.

4.4.3 Incidence of Underweight Underweight is a composite index of both stunting and wasting indicators. The under-weight children remained around 30 per cent in the recent DLHS-4 survey for Telangana State. The Muslim community (27.8 per cent) fares slightly better than the Hindu community (29.4 per cent).

Thus, the comparison between two communities on the basis of two nutritional related indicators related to children below 6 years, i.e., prevalence of anaemia (among children 6-59 months) and nutritional indicators (wasting, stunting and under weight), reveals that Muslim children are showing lower incidence than Hindu children and the state’s average of all-SRCs. Muslim children are less likely to be under weight as compared to Hindu children.

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

29.5

18.3

23.8

29.7

24.0 23.7

17.3

21.1

27.5

18.1

23.9

18.0

Wasting Severe Wasting Stunting

State Hindus Muslims S.C.

Figure 4.2: Percentage distribution of malnutrition across SRCs in Telangana, 2012-13

Source: District Level Household and Family Survey-4, 2012-13.


4.5 Fertility and Contraception

At current fertility levels, a woman in Telangana would have an average of 1.8 children in her life time, which is below replacement level of fertility (NFHS-4, 2014-15). Fertility decreased by 0.3 children between NFHS-1 and NFHS-2; it decreased more rapidly (by 0.5 children) during 1998-99 (NFHS-2) to 2005-06 (NFHS-3). Fertility among Muslims is marginally higher than overall fertility. However, higher decline is recorded among Muslims by 0.36 and 0.64 children as compared to overall aggregate (Figure 4.3a).

4.5.1 Use of Contraceptive MethodsContraception usage is encouraged to promote a healthy married lifestyle and for population stability. There are various forms of contraception available to men and women in Telangana for limiting and spacing childbirth (Figure 4.4). ‘Modern’ contraceptive methods

Source: National Family and Health Survey-3, 2005-06 and District Level Household and Family Survey-4, 2012-13.

Figure 4.3: Percentage distribution of nutritional status across SRCs in Telangana, 2005-06 and 2012-13

A.P,

NFHS-3

50

40

30

20

10

0

15.0

38.0

30.0

8.2

25.4

12.9

33.3

43.5

29.5

23.8

29.5

23.721.1

27.829.7 29.4

36.9

24.0

AP NFHS-3,

Muslims

AP NFHS-3,

Hindus

T.S, DLHS-4 T.S -

Muslims

T.S - Hindus

Wasting Stunting Underweight

Source: Various rounds of National Family and Health Survey (NFHS).

Figure 4.3a: Total fertility rate in undivided Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (children per women)

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

2.62.9

2.32.5

1.8 1.9 1.8

0.0

NFHS-1, 1992-93

NFHS-2, 1998-99

NFHS-3, 2005-06

NFHS-4, Telangana,

2014-15

Undivided Andhra Pradesh Muslims


include the Intrauterine device (IUD), Pills, Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP), injectables, condoms, female condoms and sterilization. Other methods of contraception include rhythm method and withdrawal.

Eight out of ten Muslim married women have an awareness of contraception in Telangana (IIPS, 2015). In 2012-13, the Government family planning programmes promoted three

Figure 4.4: Knowledge of modern contraceptive methods among married women (%) in Telangana, 2012-13

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

19.827.529.730.8

84.1

58.4

33.728.6 28.1 27.8

18.9

82.6

57.6

37

Fem

ale

ster

iliza

tion

Mal

e st

erili

zatio

n

Pill

Con

dom

IUD

Em

er.C

on. M

etho

d

Fem

ale

Con

dom

Fem

ale

ster

iliza

tion

mal

e st

erili

zatio

n

Pill

Con

dom

IUD

Em

er.C

on. M

etho

d

Fem

ale

Con

dom

State-Overall Muslims

Source: National Family and Health Survey-4, 2014-15.

temporary methods – pill, IUD, condom and female condom and emergency contraceptive method usage (DLHS-4). Marginal variations were reported across religious and caste groups (Figure 4.5). There was awareness to the extent of 83 per cent about female sterilization but male sterilization was known to only 58 per cent and the condom, IUD and emergency contraceptive methods were known only to a quarter of Muslim women.

Figure 4.5: Percentage of utilization of contraceptive methods in Telangana, 2012-13

Any

mod

ern

met

hod

Any

mod

ern

met

hod

61.5 57.1

3.0 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.1

56.0 51.8

2.6 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2

706050403020100

State-Overall Muslims

Fem

ale

ster

iliza

tion

Mal

e st

erili

zatio

n

Pill

Con

dom

IUD

Rhy

thm

Met

hod

Fem

ale

ster

iliza

tion

mal

e st

erili

zatio

n

Pill

Con

dom

IUD

Rhy

thm

Met

hod

Source: National Family and Health Survey-4, 2014-15


In terms of utilization, female sterilization is the predominant limiting method being used by 57 per cent currently married women in 15-49 years in the state. Female sterilisation is used by 56 per cent Muslim women in the same age group. Male sterilization remained below 3 per cent across religion and caste groups. In 2015-16, over half (57 per cent) used any modern contraception, and 54 per cent married women opted for female sterilization followed by 1.6 per cent male sterilization method (IIPS, 2016). Only 17 per cent of Muslim women and 22 per cent women at state level avail Government facility for spacing methods. Thus, Muslim women reported marginal variations in knowledge and utilization of these contraceptive methods compared to others.

4.6 Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

Maternal mortality rate (MMR) in India decreased from 254 to 167 deaths per 100,000 live births (SRS, 2014) between the period 2004-05 and 2012-13. In the undivided Andhra Pradesh state, it declined from 154 to 92 in the same period. Improvements in maternal health services, pregnant women undergoing ante-natal care and preference of delivery in health institutions under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) helped the steep reduction of MMR by 87 points at all-India level and 62 points for undivided Andhra Pradesh.

Ante-natal care is considered one of the important components of maternal health care for early birth planning and identification of high risk pregnancy. According to NFHS-4 (2015-16) in Telangana State, 83 per cent mothers availed ante-natal care in the first trimester and three-fourth mothers (75 per cent) availed at least four ante-natal care visits. Seven out of ten (72 per cent) mothers availed ante-natal care from private health institutions as compared to 40 per cent in Government health facilities (DLHS-4, 2012-13). Despite 75 per cent of mothers availing the prescribed four or more ANC check-ups, only 42 per cent received full ante-natal care (four ANC visits by a health personnel, two doses TT injection, consumption of 100 IFA tablets) during 2015-16 (NFHS-4). The low coverage of full ante-natal care remained around 40 per cent among Muslims and all-groups. Muslim mothers on par with state aggregate received 74 per cent of prescribed two TT injections. However, consumption of IFA tablets/syrup by mothers during pregnancy remained around 40 per cent across all religious and across caste groups - which is responsible for lower full ante-natal care in the state.

4.6.1 Ante-natal Care (ANC) CheckupsDuring ANC check-ups, health workers (ANM/ASHA) monitor pregnant woman’s weight, blood pressure, urine test, blood test, examination of abdomen and sonography. Mothers belonging to Muslim community availed above seven check-ups higher than other SRCs (DLHS-4, 2012-13).

Table 4.5: Health facility visited for delivery in last five years by households in Telangana

SRCs GovernmentHealth Facility (%)

Private HealthFacility (%)

Home Delivery (%) Total

SCs 55.1 40.6 4.3 100

STs 51 34.7 14.3 100

Hindu BCs 39.7 56.5 3.8 100

Hindu UCs 18.2 72.7 9.1 100

Hindu - All 42.6 52.6 4.8 100

Muslim-BC-E 44.4 51.7 3.9 100

Muslim-Others 45.3 53.1 1.6 100

Muslim-All 44.6 52 3.3 100

Other Minorities 55.6 40.5 3.9 100

All 45.1 51 3.9 100Source: Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.


4.6.2 Delivery Care In India, an immense thrust was given to delivery care, which ensures child deliveries under proper hygienic conditions. The domiciliary (non-institutional) deliveries in Telangana state declined from 23 per cent in 2007-08 (DLHS-3) to 8.5 per cent in 2015-16 (NFHS-4). However, according to DLHS-4 survey, domiciliary deliveries are lower among Muslim (3.9 per cent) compared to Hindus (5.5 per cent), Scheduled Caste (5 per cent) respectively. In the state, institutional deliveries increased from 77 per cent in 2007-08 to 91 per cent in 2014-15 (94 per cent in DLHS-4). Ninety-six per cent of institutional and domiciliary deliveries were conducted by skilled health personnel (Table 4.5). In the state, 62 per cent pregnant women preferred delivery at private institutions in 2012-13 and this increased to 69 per cent by 2015-16 (NFHS-4). According to DLHS-4 survey, pregnant women preferring private institutions varied from 73 per cent for Hindu women, 72 per cent for Muslim women and 56 per cent for SC women. Across all SRCs, the mode of transportation used to reach the health facility for delivery has been bus/train, tempo/auto/tractor and cart. The Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) financial assistance for institutional delivery availed by Muslim mothers was lower (17 per cent) compared to all-groups (20.5 per cent) in the state. The Commission’s survey data in 2016 shows that 95 per cent deliveries are taking place in either private or Government hospitals. Except SCs and STs, others (both Hindu BC’s and UCs and also Muslims) prefer private hospitals over government hospitals (Table 4.5).

The overall coverage of JSY has increased but access to the scheme has been very poor among Muslim households as only one-fourth (24.6 per cent) had access to the scheme (Table 4.6). The utilization was better among SCs and STs with 40.6 per cent and 35.7 per cent respectively. Interestingly, utilization of JSY scheme was better among rural households (32.9 per cent) as compared to the households in urban areas (22.1 per cent).

Table 4.6: Percentage of households received Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) benefits in Telangana, 2016


SCs 37.4 45.1 40.6

STs 42.3 25 35.7

Hindu-BCs 27.5 32.4 29.1

Hindu-UCs 14.3 20 16

Hindu - All 29.4 34.9 31.4

Muslim-BCs(E) 32.2 21.6 23.7

Muslim-UCs 31.6 23.5 27.9

Muslim-All 32.9 22.1 24.6

Other minorities 42.6 34.7 37.5

All 31.9 26 28.3Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance

(CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

4.6.3 Post-natal CareA large proportion of maternal and neo-natal deaths occur within 48 hours of the delivery. Hence safe delivery programmes have increasingly been emphasized in the post-natal care, recommending that all women receive checks up within two days of delivery. According to the NFHS-4, majority of women (82 per cent) received post-natal care from doctor/nurse/LHV/ANM/other health personnel within the two days of delivery.

The DLHS-4 (2012-13) reports that around 71 per cent women receive post-natal checkup within 48 hours after delivery and 75 per cent of the women within two weeks of delivery. About 77 per cent of Muslim women received post-natal care within two days after delivery compared to Hindus (71 per cent), Christian (69 per cent) and Scheduled caste (70 per cent) communities respectively.

4.7 Child Immunization

The vaccination of children against six serious but preventable diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and measles) has received maximum attention in recent


child health care programmes in India. The percentage of children who were fully vaccinated against prescribed vaccines decreased from 72.2 per cent in 2007-08 (by aggregating 10 district information of Telangana) to 47.5 per cent in 2012-13 and reached 68.1 per cent by 2015-16.

According to DLHS-4, 2012-13, 93 per cent of Muslim children received BCG vaccine, and 79 per cent received at least three doses of Polio vaccine. However, 84 per cent were vaccinated against measles, and only 62 per cent received three doses of DPT. The corresponding figures for all groups are 92 per cent, 76 per cent, 83 per cent and 64 per cent respectively. No wide variations are reported in terms of child immunization across socio-religious communities. Between DLHS surveys, the possession of immunization card shown to the investigator by mother declined from 44 per cent to 20.6 per cent. Out of that, 20 per cent Hindu mothers and 20 per cent Muslim mother possessed immunization card (Table 4.7).

Table 4.7: Percentage of children within the age group of 12-23 months receiving all vaccinations across SRCs in Telangana

SRCs Children with all vaccines

(%)

No vaccination

(%)

Mothers showed

Immunization Card (%)

Hindus 47.3 2.8 20.2

Muslims 48.2 2.6 20.4

Christians 44.8 0.0 29.5

Total 47.5 2.6 20.6Source: District Level Household and Family Survey (DLHS)-4, 2012-13.

Note: All vaccinations include BCG, measles, and three doses each of DPT and polio vaccines (excluding Polio 0).

4.8 Use of Iodized Salt

Salt used in the household is the most common vehicle for iodine fortification to tackle public health concerns of iodine deficiency disorders. In 1988, the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act was amended to fix the minimum iodine content of salt at 30 parts per million (ppm) at the manufacturing level and 15 ppm at the consumer level (MOHFW, 1994). According to

the DLHS-4 (2012-13) survey, more than half (56 per cent) households used salt with adequate iodine content. Urban households are more likely to use iodized salts than rural counterparts (61 per cent and 52 per cent respectively). Households with Muslim heads are more likely to use iodized salt (63 per cent) than households with Hindu (55 per cent) or Christian (59 per cent) heads. The three NFHS surveys in the undivided Andhra Pradesh and the DLHS-4 (2012-13) for Telangana State give an idea about the utilization of iodized salt which increased from 31 per cent in 2005-06 (NFHS-3) to 56 per cent in 2012-13 (Table 4.8). During the period of six years from 2005-06 to 2012-13, the iodized salt utilization is higher among Muslim households.

Table 4.8: Percentage households tested by content of iodine in salt consumption by SRCs in Telangana and undivided Andhra Pradesh

SRCs Below 15 PPM (%)

Adequate (15 +

PPM)* (%)

Total

Telangana State for 2012-13

Hindus 45.2 54.8 100

Muslims 37.3 62.7 100

Christians 40.8 59.2 100

Total 44.3 55.7 100

Andhra Pradesh for 2005-06

Hindus 69.7 30.3 100

Muslims 63.6 36.4 100

Christians 67.4 32.6 100

Total 69 31 100Source: District Level Household and Family Survey (DLHS)-4, 2012-13 for Telangana and National Family and Health Survey (NFHS)-3, 2005-06 for undivided Andhra Pradesh.

Note: PPM stands for parts per million

4.9 Prevalence of Blood Pressure and Blood Sugar

In Table 4.9, we present two classes namely no blood pressure (systolic > 129) and any blood pressure (Diastolic > 84) from DLHS-4 (2012-13). Similarly, for random blood sugar, only two categories are considered normal (when the value is up to 140) and sugar when the value is above 140. In Table 4.9, the prevalence of blood pressure and sugar across SRCs by different


characteristics are presented. Prevalence of blood pressure among Hindu-UCs is higher than Muslims and other groups like SCs/STs and Hindu-OBCs for all age groups. Prevalence of blood pressure among Muslims is similar to Hindu-OBCs. It is interesting to note that from the age groups of 20-29 years to 30-39 years, the prevalence of blood pressure increases by 14 percentage points among Muslims males

whereas in the case of Hindu-UCs, it is 12 percentage points and for Hindu-OBCs, it increased by 10 percentage points. This shows that transition of adults from the age group of 20-29 to 30-39 age groups is very crucial and shows a spurt in the prevalence of blood pressure. Blood pressure among females is found higher for Hindu-UCs followed by Hindu-OBCs and Muslims.

Table 4.9: Prevalence of blood pressure and sugar level among adults(age ≥ 20 years)across SRCs in Telangana, 2012-13.

Characteristics Blood Pressure (%)Systolic >129 and Diastolic > 84

Blood Sugar level >140 (%)

HinduSCs/STs

Hindu OBCs

Hindu UCs


HinduOBCs

Hindu UCs

Muslims

Age Group20-29 16.2 16.9 19.7 17.3 2.2 2.0 1.3 2.4

30-39 24.0 26.9 31.5 31.1 4.1 4.2 4.1 5.2

40-49 30.7 35.1 42.8 37.9 7.6 7.5 10.5 12.6

50-59 32.5 42.8 47.6 43.7 9.4 10.9 12.5 17.4

60+ 41.3 47.2 57.5 47.5 9.8 13.1 15.9 20.3

Sex

Females 22.5 26.9 33.4 25.8 5.7 6.1 7.6 9.2

Males 31.1 35.3 43.2 37.3 5.9 7.3 8.9 8.9

Tobacco Use

No 24.6 29.6 37.4 29.3 5.7 6.7 8.3 8.9

Yes 38.2 40.4 45.2 45.8 6.6 6.1 7.7 10.0

SmokingNo 25.1 29.6 37.2 29.9 5.7 6.6 7.9 8.8

Yes 35.0 38.6 44.8 41.7 6.3 7.0 10.9 10.9

AlcoholNo 24.7 29.0 36.4 29.3 5.8 6.5 7.7 8.9

Yes 34.6 38.4 45.7 41.6 5.8 7.2 10.5 10.0

Place of ResidenceRural 26.1 30.6 40.1 30.2 5.5 6.3 6.8 5.6

Urban 27.5 31.2 36.2 31.8 6.8 7.3 9.6 10.7


Prevalence of blood sugar among Muslims is higher than in the case of other SRCs. The lowest prevalence is found in the age group of 20-29 for Hindu-UCs. As age increases, the prevalence of blood sugar (>140) also goes up (Table 4.9). In the case of Muslims, and Hindu-UCs, prevalence of blood sugar increases rapidly as age rises. Among Hindus-UCs and Muslims, those who smoke have three to two per cent

higher prevalence compared to those who do not smoke. Prevalence of blood sugar by other personal habits does not show substantial differences across SRCs. The rural-urban difference in the prevalence of blood sugar level among Muslims is quite significant with 5 percentage points higher rates in urban areas. It may be due to the lack of physical activity among Muslims living in crowded urban areas.


Table 4.10: Districts wise prevalence of blood pressure and sugar level among adults (age ≥ 20 years) across SRCs in Telangana, 2012-13.

District Blood Pressure (%)Systolic > 129 and Diastolic > 84

Blood Sugar level >140 (%)

HinduSCs/STs

Hindu OBCs

HinduUCs


Hindu OBCs

HinduUCs

Muslims

Adilabad 22.5 28.9 32.0 29.9 5.4 5.4 9.0 7.4

Nizamabad 21.7 32.2 50.0 35.7 8.5 7.2 13.2 12.6

Karimnagar 24.6 28.2 44.3 29.8 5.3 7.2 8.3 15.3

Medak 29.4 28.6 39.4 35.2 5.2 4.9 7.9 5.1

Hyderabad 35.7 33.3 31.3 28.6 6.2 5.9 3.7 10.4

Ranga Reddy 31.8 35.6 49.1 36.5 7.9 6.4 12.0 8.3

Mahabubnagar 28.6 32.6 40.5 27.5 6.3 7.5 6.6 8.0

Nalgonda 23.0 26.8 30.4 22.4 5.7 6.8 10.7 11.6

Warangal 30.9 36.0 39.8 37.1 5.1 7.4 7.5 8.4

Khammam 25.0 26.5 29.1 26.9 4.3 10.1 10.1 12.6


Prevalence of blood pressure and blood sugar at the district level is presented in Table 4.10. Inthe case of Hindu-UCs, blood pressure level is higher than other SRCs in all districts except in Hyderabad. Among Muslims, the prevalence of blood pressure is lower as compared to Hindu-UCs but higher than SCs/STs and Hindu-OBCs in mostof the districts. In the case of SCs/STs and Hindu-OBCs, the prevalence of blood pressure is higher in the district of Hyderabad compared to other groups, and it may because of adjustment problems in urban areas.

Prevalence of blood sugar among Muslims in most districts is higher than other SRCs. In the districts of Karimnagar, Khammam, Nizamabad, Nalgonda, and Hyderabad, more than 10 per cent adults suffer from problem of high blood sugar. Among Hindu-UCs, the prevalence of blood sugar is more than 10 percentage points in the district of Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda and Khammam. The districts of Nizamabad, Khammam, Nalgonda and Karimnagar have a high concentration of sugar blood cases.

Table 4.11: Percentage distribution of households’ preference for different types of health facilities in Telangana, 2016


Private Health facility

Govt Health facility

Medical shop



Medical shop



Medical shop

Total

SCs 50.4 49.6 0 38.6 61 0.4 45.7 54.2 0.2 100

STs 34.7 65.3 0 58.8 41.2 0 43.2 56.8 0 100

Hindu BCs 58.6 41.2 0.2 50.1 49.3 0.6 55.8 43.8 0.3 100

Hindu UCs 69.5 30.5 0 65.8 34.2 0 68.5 31.5 0 100

Hindu - All 57 42.9 0.1 48.8 50.7 0.5 54.2 45.5 0.3 100

Muslim-BC-E 49.4 50.4 0.2 46 53.7 0.3 46.9 52.8 0.3 100

Muslim -UCs 52.8 47.2 0 43.8 55.3 0.9 45.8 53.5 0.7 100

Muslim -All 50 49.8 0.2 45.5 54.1 0.4 46.7 52.9 0.4 100

Other minorities 41.9 57.6 0.5 47.2 52.3 0.5 45.2 54.4 0.5 100All 53.1 46.7 0.2 46.4 53.1 0.4 49.3 50.4 0.3 100

Source: Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.


4.10 Preference for Health Facilities

The CGG COI household survey data reveals the preferences among health facilities and medical treatment in Telangana in 2016 (Table 4.11). Government hospitals and private facilities are the choices available. The preference differs across SRCs among Hindus but not among Muslims in rural areas. Around 70 per cent Hindu UCs prefer private health care facilities followed by 59 per cent of Hindu BCs, 50 per cent of SCs and 35 per cent of STs. Among Muslims, around 47 per cent prefer private and 53 per cent prefer Government health facilities.

Among Muslims overall there is not much difference in preference between private and

Government hospitals in rural areas. But, in urban areas, 9 per cent more people prefer Government hospitals (54 per cent) as compared to private hospitals (45.5 per cent). However, in rural areas Muslims do prefer private hospitals (53 per cent) to Government hospitals (47 per cent). In urban areas again, there is a variation in people’s preference for medical facilities across SRCs. The SC community which equally preferred the private and public facilities in rural areas mostly prefers Government hospital facility in urban areas. Similarly, for STs the private - government gap in preference of hospital facilities is reversed in urban areas and for OBCs the gap declines in urban area. The trend remains more or less similarly for STs and UCs in the sense that they prefer private facilities more.

Table 4.12: Percentage of household members’ treatment seeking behavior across SRCs by institutions, 2016


Private Govt. No treatment



Total

SCs 33.8 65.7 0.5 41.3 53.5 5.2 37.2 60.2 2.6 100

STs 50 50 0 25 71.9 3.1 40.5 58.3 1.2 100

Hindu BCs 26 72.7 1.3 29.8 68.1 2.2 27.4 71 1.6 100

Hindu UCs 15.7 82.4 1.9 23.3 76.7 0 17.4 81.2 1.4 100

Hindu - All 27.6 71.3 1.1 32.1 65 2.9 29.3 68.9 1.8 100

Muslim-BCs-E

30.1 67.7 2.2 34.5 62.7 2.8 33.3 64 2.7 100

Muslim-UCs 32.5 60.4 7.1 38.4 58.5 3.1 37.2 58.9 3.9 100

Muslim-All 30.6 66.3 3.1 35.4 61.7 2.9 34.2 62.9 3 100

Other Minorities

28.8 67.4 3.7 29.4 67.6 2.9 29.2 67.5 3.3 100

All 28.8 69 2.2 34.2 62.9 2.9 32.1 65.3 2.6 100


When we look at actual health seeking behavior (Table 4.12), it is found that people in rural areas actually seek treatment from Government health facilities. However, STs prefer both Government and private equally. Muslims mostly take

treatment from Government hospitals in both rural and urban areas. But, in urban areas, the ST figure is reversed: most of them get treated in Government hospitals.


Table 4.13: Percentage distribution of households by reasons for not approaching Govt. health facilities

Reasons SCs STs Hindu BCs

Hindu UCs

Hindu - All

Muslim-BCs E)

Muslim UCs

Muslim -All

Other Minorities

All

Health personnel often absent

54.9 47.6 51.5 56.1 52.5 46.8 44.9 46.4 52.2 49.5

Poor quality of care

23.2 23.8 20.8 16 20.8 30.6 36.6 32 20.7 26.2

Waiting time too long

10.1 14.3 10.7 12.3 10.9 10.2 7.2 9.5 13.4 10.5

No nearby facility

8.5 9.5 9.7 9.6 9.5 6 5.4 5.9 7.5 7.5

Facility timing not convenient

2 1.6 4.1 3.2 3.5 3.1 2.4 2.9 3.7 3.2

Others 1.3 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.3 2.4 3

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Note: Others includeno effective medicine, required medicine not available, no infrastructure, bad impression on Govt. hospitals, multi-specialty services not available


The reasons for not preferring Government facilities are analyzed in Table 4.13 from the household survey data, 2016. It shows that absence of health personnel is the major reason followed by poor quality of health care, waiting times to meet doctors, nonexistence of Government health facilities nearby and other reasons like no effective medicines, unavailability of effective medicines, inadequate infrastructure and the lack of multi-speciality services and so on. The reasons are ranked in a similar manner by all SRCs.

4.11 Health Insurance Coverage

The current coverage of health insurance in Telangana in 2016 shows that SCs, STs and Hindu-BCs have more than 80 per cent coverage in both rural and urban areas, though SCs in urban area have slightly lesser coverage of 77 per cent. Hindu-UCs have 76 and 71 per cent cover respectively in rural and urban areas which is less than the coverage by SCs, STs and Hindu-BCs. Among Muslims, we find that more than 87 per cent have insurance coverage in rural areas but in urban areathe coverage is down to 71 per cent. In urban areas, Muslim BCs have 72 and Muslim UCs have 67 per cent coverage. Overall, 75 per cent of Muslims have health insurance coverage. It shows that people in rural areas are

more aware of insurance cover than those in urban areas (Table 4.14).

Coming to coverage of different insurance schemes (Table 4.15), it is found that Arogyasri insurance scheme has the highest percentage coverage (95 per cent) among both Hindus and Muslims. The next scheme that has sizeable coverage is the one that is being provided by the employers. Other schemes have just meager presence. Arogyasri is the most popular scheme that has covered both Hindus and Muslims.

Table 4.14: Percentage distribution of households having health insurance across SRCs in Telangana, 2016


SCs 88.1 77.3 83.8

STs 84.2 80.4 82.9

Hindu-BCs 88 82.5 86.2

Hindu-UCs 76 71.2 74.7

Hindu - All 86.7 80.3 84.5

Muslim-BCs(E) 85.9 71.7 75.6

Muslim -UCs 89.8 67.2 72.3

Muslim -All 86.6 70.7 74.9

Other Minorities 85.7 74 78.4

All 86.6 73.2 78.9Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.


Table 4.15: Percentage distribution of coverage of households by types of health insurance in Telangana, 2016

Types of health insurance

SCs STs HinduBCs

HinduUCs

Hindu - All

Muslim-BCs(E)

Muslim -UCs

Muslim -All

Other minorities

All

Aarogyasri 94.2 92.6 95.7 93.6 95.1 95.3 94.7 95.1 87.7 94.2

Health insurance provided by employer

7.2 6.6 4.8 6.4 5.5 5.2 4.4 5.0 12.7 6.2

Private Health Insurance

0.7 0.8 1.3 3.4 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.9

Medical Reimbursement from Employer

1.6 0.8 0.8 2.0 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.8 3.9 1.8

Others 1.4 2.5 3.4 5.9 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.7 1.9 2.8Note: Since we observed multiple answers, total does not add to 100per cent.Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

4.12 Living Conditions

In this section the living conditions of people across SRCs is analysed. It includes the type of

houses they live in, drinking water, toilet and sanitation facilities they used.

Table 4.16: Ownership of houses across SRCs in Telangana, 2016SRCs Rural (%) Urban (%) All (%)

Owned Rented Total Owned Rented Total Owned Rented TotalSCs 95.7 4.3 100 76.5 23.5 100 88 12 100

STs 93.7 6.3 100 78.4 21.6 100 88.4 11.6 100

Hindu BCs 93.4 6.6 100 72.5 27.5 100 86.5 13.5 100

Hindu UCs 94 6 100 67.1 32.9 100 86.8 13.2 100

Hindu - All 93.9 6.1 100 73.4 26.6 100 86.9 13.1 100Muslim-BC-E 90.5 9.5 100 58.9 40.2 100 67.7 31.7 100

Muslim UCs 91.2 8.8 100 48.4 51.6 100 60.3 41.9 100

Muslim -All 90.6 9.4 100 57.2 42.8 100 66 34 100Other Minorities 92.6 7.4 100 69.4 30.6 100 78.3 21.7 100All 92.7 7.3 100 62.3 37.7 100 75.2 24.8 100

Source: Sample survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

4.12.1 Ownership and Type of Houses Table 4.16 reveals the percentage of houses owned or rented across SRCs. It shows that in rural areas more than 90 per cent of people own the house they live in. But, in urban areas, it comes down to around 73 per cent among Hindus and 57 per cent among Muslims. Sizeable populations in urban Telangana do live in rented houses (38 per cent). Table 4.17 indicates the types of houses that the people live in. It reveals that among Hindus, 55 per cent of Hindu-UCs lives in pucca houses, followed by Hindu BCs (47 per cent), SCs (41 per

cent) and STs (36 per cent). Among Muslims, we find that only 31 per cent live in pucca houses. Thus, it shows that a lot less Muslim households live in pucca houses. Around 53 per cent of them live in semi-pucca houses. Among Hindus around 49 per cent live in semi-pucca houses. The percentages of SCs, STs and BCs living in semi-pucca houses are 53 per cent, 52 per cent and 49per cent respectively. So the housing condition of Muslims is worse than SCs, STs and Hindu BCs, whose living condition is worse than the Hindu-UCs (Table 4.17).


Table 4.17: Percentage distribution of types of houses that people live across SRCs in Telangana, 2016

SRCs Rural (%) Urban (%) All (%) Total

Pucca Semi-pucca

Katcha Pucca Semi-pucca

Katcha Pucca Semi-pucca

Katcha

SCs 40.5 53.4 6.1 48.9 50 1.1 43.9 52 4.1 100

STs 35.8 51.6 12.6 52.9 47.1 0 41.8 50 8.2 100

Hindu-BCs 46.5 48.7 4.9 50.3 48.1 1.6 47.7 48.5 3.8 100

Hindu-UCs 54.5 42.5 3 78.1 21.9 0 60.8 37 2.2 100

Hindu - All 45.6 49.1 5.3 52 46.7 1.3 47.8 48.3 3.9 100

Muslim-BCs (E) 31.6 53.2 15.2 40.1 57.7 2.1 37.8 56.5 5.7 100

Muslim-UCs 26.9 54.3 18.8 39.8 57.9 2.3 36.8 57.1 6.1 100

Muslim-All 30.6 53.4 16 40.1 57.8 2.2 37.6 56.6 5.8 100

Other minorities 40.6 52 7.4 65.2 32.8 2 55.9 40.1 4 100

All 40.3 50.8 8.9 46 52 1.9 43.6 51.5 4.9 100Source: Sample survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

Table 4.18: Percentage distribution of households having toilet facilities across SRCs in Telangana, 2016

SRCs Rural (%) Urban (%) Overall (%)

SCs 37.2 62.1 47.2

STs 41.1 82.4 55.5

Hindu-BCs 54.3 72.4 60.3

Hindu-UCs 79 82.2 79.9

Hindu - All 52.8 71 59

Muslim- BCs (E)

63 70 68.1

Muslim -UCs 60.4 66.5 65

Muslim -All 62.4 69.1 67.4

Other minorities 45.1 71.4 61.4

All 55 69.8 63.6Source: Sample survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance

(CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

4.12.2 Toilet FacilitiesTable 4.18 from survey data reveals toilet facilities across the SRCs in rural as well as urban Telangana. In rural Telangana, among Hindus, the Hindu-UCs has the highest percentage of households having toilet facilities while the Hindu-BCs are the next to them. The SCs (37 per cent) and STs (41 per cent) are lagging behind them. In the case of the Muslim community, it is observed that around 60 per cent of them in rural area have toilet facilities. While the figures

depict that they are little better compared to SCs and STs and BCs, they are severely compared to Hindu UCs. In urban Telangana, SCs are severely lagging behind having only 62 per cent while there has not been much difference among others. Muslims however, are still lagging behind Hindus in urban areas. Overall, Muslims are slightly better off as compared to SCs and STs and BCs but worse off in comparison to Hindu UCs.

Table 4.19: Percentage of households having access to protected drinking water in Telangana across SRCs, 2016


SCs 87.1 75.4 82.4

STs 77.9 60.8 71.9

Hindu-BCs 74.8 78.5 76.1

Hindu-UCs 65 74 67.4

Hindu-All 76.3 76.6 76.4

Muslim-BC(E) 88.7 83.2 84.9

Muslim-UCs 88.4 85.4 86.4

Muslim-All 88.6 83.7 85.2

Other Minorities 82.8 73.5 77.3

All 81 80.8 81

Note: Protected drinking water: Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot, public tap/standpipe, tube well or borehole, protected dug well, protected spring, rainwater, community RO plant.

Source: Sample survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.


4.12.3 Drinking Water FacilitiesThe household survey data, 2016, (Table 4.19) reveals a rather different picture. SCs (82 per cent) have more access to safe drinking water as compared to Hindu UCs (67.4 per cent). The access is higher in rural areas (87 per cent) than in urban areas (75 per cent). The STs (72 per cent) and BCs (76 per cent) have high percentages of population with access to drinking water. Overall 76 per cent Hindus have access to protected drinking water. More than 85 per cent of both Muslim BCs and Muslim UCs have access to drinking water. However, there is not much rural-urban gap except for SCs and STs. Coming to adequate drinking water (Table 4.20); it is observed that around 50 per cent Hindus and 58 per cent Muslims have access to adequate drinking water. Among Hindus, UCs have the highest percentage (57 per cent in rural and 62 per cent in urban areas), followed by OBCs (49 per cent in rural and 51 per cent in urban areas), SCs (45 per cent in rural and 51 per cent in urban) and then STs (39 per cent in rural and 26 per cent in urban areas). Among Muslims, both groups have around 60 percentage of population having access to adequate drinking water. There is not much rural urban gap existing among them.

Table 4.20: Percentage distribution of households having access to adequate drinking water across SRCs, 2016


SCs 45.1 51.1 47.5

STs 38.9 25.5 34.2

Hindu-BCs 48.9 50.7 49.5

Hindu-UCs 57 61.6 58.2

Hindu - All 48.5 50.4 49.2

Muslim-BC-E 59.7 56.4 57.3

Muslim -UCs 58 60.1 59.6

Muslim -All 59.3 57.3 57.8

Other minorities 43.6 57 51.9

All 51.4 55.8 53.9


4.13 Summary

Muslims are the second largest religious group with 12.68 per cent of state population. Muslims constitute about 40 per cent of Hyderabad Urban district and below 10 per cent in the remaining nine Telangana districts. Recent estimates for Telangana State reported a total fertility rate of 1.8 below replacement level of fertility; under-five mortality rate of 32 (25 per urban and 38 in rural) per 1000 births and infant mortality rate of 28 (20 in urban and 35 in rural) per 1000 births.

Available data for the state of Telangana shows that nutrition status of children based on anthropometric measures has been better for Muslims in comparison to Hindus. Other studies have also exhibited the advantages of Muslim children in mortality. Children nutritional advantages pass to adult health if conducive environments are available. Muslims face the double burden of malnutrition (thin and overweight) for women in the reproductive ages. Moreover, Muslims living in Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy district have a higher prevalence of anaemia in comparison to SC/ST, OBCs and Hindu-UCs, and these districts account for 50 per cent of all Muslims in Telangana. Hypertension among Muslims is not significantly different from other groups after controlling for age and other lifestyle factors. However, Muslims and other Hindus are experiencing a sudden rise of blood pressure in the age group of 30-39. The age of 30-39 is crucial as most of the people like to settle down with jobs and family.

The maternal and child immunization indicators report that Muslim minority are on par with urban households in accessing various health services and are far ahead of SCs and STs. Higher proportion of pregnant women of Muslim community prefer private health institution for delivery care than other religious groups. The decline in home deliveries was the highest among STs and SCs and least among Muslims. Muslim women availed higher rate of ante-natal care during pregnancy than SCs and other SRCs. Higher utilization of six types of ANC tests by Muslim pregnant women and higher child immunization preferred from


Government sector indicates better health seeking behavior of Muslims on par with other religious and caste groups.

The magnitude of the difference of blood sugar between Muslims and all castes and tribe groups of Hindu community is significantly high. Controlling for tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol (health behaviors that religion prohibits or discourage), wealth (housing condition), and residence, Muslims still have a sizeable disadvantages over Hindus in the case of the prevalence of blood sugar. A

Muslim male performs religious activity in the form of five times prayer outside the house in the mosque, Muslim females have sedentary life style. Moreover, the habit of eating unhealthy food may be one of the causes of high blood sugar among Muslims. Moreover, medical insurance among the Muslims is less in comparison to other groups despite different health insurance schemes operated by the Government. In the case of Muslims blood pressure and blood sugar is starting at an early age. It may lead to the prolonging of the out of pocket expenditure for persons.

Footnote1 These figures show the haemoglobin concentration in adults.

77Economic Conditions

5.1 Introduction

There may be sense of insecurity among Muslims in some parts of the Country. What is heartening is that, in Telangana, the sense of physical insecurity does not exist. There is faith in the police and the law and order situation is considered satisfactory by most of the Telangana Muslims. However a sense of economic insecurity looms large. There are very few jobs being created and there is an allegation of bias against Muslims in these jobs, both in the private and the public sectors. Often this is due to the lack of pertinent skills, educational and professional qualifications and even the inability to access information regarding vacancies.

“Availability of employment provides an individual and her family with purchasing power, enabling her to acquire subsistence as well as consumption goods to satisfy the basic needs, comforts and leisure” (Sachar Committee Report 2006: 87). The heterogeneity among different religions and also within religion itself calls for inclusive growth models to ensure no persons are left behind. The economic condition of Muslims in India is very grim and several policies are devised to uplift the Muslims. The nature of employment for the Muslims is a cause of concern. The consumption level of the Muslims in the State is comparatively low and there is high probability that the Muslims can fall into the trap of poverty in the State. This chapter analyses the structure of employment and economic status of the Muslims in Telangana State.

The data for the analysis are taken from National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

Employment and Unemployment Surveys for three time points i.e. 1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2011-12. Both usual principal and subsidiary status workers are considered. Workers for the age group 15 to 64 are taken for the analysis. The analysis on consumption levels and poverty is based on NSSO unit level data of household consumption expenditure for the years 2004-05 and 2011-12. Apart from this, the district-wise analysis is given basing on Primary Census Abstract of Religions from 2011 Census data. The data collected from Sample Survey of total 8546 households conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry on Socio-Economic and Educational Conditions of Muslims in 2016 are also incorporated in the analysis of the chapter. Seven Socio Religious Groups (SRGs) are formed based on social and religious status of each sample household, they are, 1) Scheduled Castes (SCs), 2) Scheduled Tribe (STs), 3) Hindu Other Backward Classes (H-OBCs), 4) Hindu Others (H-OTH), 5) Muslim OBC (M-OBC), 6) Muslim Others (M-OTH) and 7) Other Minorities.

5.2 Work Participation Rate and Unemployment Rate

Around 79 percent of rural male participated in economic activities in rural Telangana during 2011-12. Across the Socio-Religious Groups (SRGs), the work participation rates were more than 80 percent for SC (Scheduled Caste), ST (Scheduled Tribe), Muslim Upper Caste and Other Minorities. Male work participation in Hindu OBCs and Hindu upper caste is 78 percent each. The male work participation rate is lowest among Muslim OBCs (66%) (Fig 5.1).

CHAPTER-5

Economic Conditions


The female work participation rate is lower than that of male in rural Telangana during 2011-12. Around 63 percent of female are working and the gender gap in work participation is 16 percentage points (Fig 5.1). Across the SRGs the highest female work participation rate is found among STs (71%). The work participation rates are 67 and 62 percent among Hindu OBCs and SCs respectively. Less than 50 percent of female

are engaged in economic activity among Hindu upper caste and Muslim upper caste groups. The female work participation is below 30 percent among other minorities. The gender gap is more than 30 percentage points in the former group while it is 55 percentage points in the case of latter. The gender gap in work participation is below 20 percentage points in the remaining SRGs.

Figure 5.1: Work Participation Rates (15-64 years) across Socio-religious Groups: Rural Telangana: 2012-13 Usual Principal and Subsidary Status

Source: NSSO 68th Round on Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2011-12.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0SC STs H-OBCs H-Other Hindus M-OBCs M Others Muslims Other

MinoritesAll

8086

78 78

46

33

80

65

15

66

49

17

8275

8279

63

16

4447

28

55

28

39

67

11

62

71

1815

Male Female Male-Female Gap

Figure 5.2: Work Participation Rates (15-64 years) across Socio-religious Groups: Urban Telangana: 2012-13 Usual Principal and Subsidary Status


100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10


MinoritesAll

7885

7379

13

66

76

25

51

84

8

76

6469

89

74

21

53

8 8

37

52

6156

25

48

36 3442

51

Male Female Male-Female Gap


The work participation of urban male is lowest among Muslims compared to all Hindus and other Minorities in urban Telangana. This is due to lowest participation rate among Muslim upper caste population. The work participation rate exceeds 80 percent among Muslim OBCs, third highest among SRGs, next to STs (85%) and other Minorities (89%). It is more than 70 percent among other SRGs. It is only 64 percent among Muslim upper caste (Fig 5.2).

The female work participation rate is very low in urban areas as compared to their counterparts in rural areas and male population in urban areas across all SRGs. Female constitute almost fifty percent of total population across all the religious groups. The proportion of urban population is very high among Muslims (75%). The low work participation of female especially among Muslims is a matter of serious concern. The female work participation is only 8 percent among Muslims, lowest among SRGs. More than one third of female are participating in economic

activity among SCs, STs and other Minorities. The male-female gap in employment exceeds 50 percent across all the SRGs except SCs and OBCs (Fig 5.2).

Trends in work participation rates (15 – 64 age) for Muslim OBCs, Muslim upper caste and other minorities showed an upward movement during 1999-2000 and 2004-05 and showed a decline during the subsequent period i.e. between 2004-05 and 2011-12. There is a declining trend in work participation rates across other SRGs during the two time periods (Fig 5.3).

The decline in work participation is more prominent among the younger age population (15-19 and 20-24 years) than among 25-59 and 60-64 years across all the SRGs for rural male. Increase in participation education is the main reason for this decline. However, unemployment among 20-24 years is found to be higher among SCs and Muslim OBCs (Table A5.1).

Figure 5.3: Male Work Participation Rate Trends (15-64 years): Rural Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidary Status)

Source: NSSO 68th Round, 61st Round and 55th Round on Employment and Unemployment Situation in India.

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

79.9 85

.6

78.4

78.4

79.6

66.3

82.4

74.8 82

.3

79.4

SC STs H-OBCs H-Other Hindus M-OBCs M Others Muslims Other Minorites

All

1999-2000 2004-05 2011-12


There has been continuous decline in female work participation rates since 1999-2000 across all SRGs except among Hindu upper caste and Muslim OBCs whose participation rates increased during the period between 1999-2000 and 2004-05 and declined during the period between 2004-05 and 2011-12 (Fig 5.4).

Like rural male, the decline in work participation rates for rural female is higher among younger age population i.e. 15-19 and 20-24 years. Increasing participation in education is the main reason for this decline of work participation for the age group 15-19 years. Unemployment may have caused a decline in work for the age

Figure 5.4: Female Work Participation Rate Trends (15-64 years): Rural Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidary Status)


100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10


MinoritesAll

1999-2000 2004-05 2011-12

61.7

70.7

67.1

45.7

64.6

49.4

43.8 46.5

27.6

63.1

Figure 5.5: Male Work Participation Rate Trends (15-64 years): Urban Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidary Status)

Source: NSSO 68th Round, 61th Round and 55th Round on Employment and Unemployment Situation in India.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0SCs STs H-OBCs H-Other Hindus M-OBCs M Others Muslims Other

MinoritesAll

77.9 85

73.3 79

.3

75.8 83

.7

63.9 68

.7

89.1

74.4

1999-2000 2004-05 2011-12


group 20-24 years especially among SCs, STs and OBCs. A greater percentage of women in the age group of 25-59 years are engaged in domestic work and as a result there is a decline in the work participation across all SRGs for this age group (Table A5.2).

The trends in work participation rates for urban male show that during the period between 1999-2000 and 2004-05, the rates have declined for OBCs, Hindu Upper caste and other Minorities. During the later period i.e. between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the rates have declined severely for Muslim OBCs and Muslim upper caste groups. There has been rapid improvement in the case of other Minorities (Fig 5.5). Decline in work

participation is found among younger age population for all SRGs. Increasing participation in education and seeking work or available for work i.e. unemployment may have caused a decline in work participation (Table A5.3).

There has been a decline in work participation rates of urban female across all SRGs between 2004-05 and 2011-12 except for SCs and Muslim OBCs. There has been only slight improvement in work participation rates in the case of SCs and Muslim OBCs during this period (Fig 5.6). The distribution of female population according to the principal activity for three time periods shows decline in work participation across all age groups especially among 15-19 and 20-24 years.

5.3 Distribution of Workers by Activity Status

Rural TelanganaAgriculture is the dominant sector of employment for male among all Hindus and other Minorities while non-agriculture is the main source of employment among all Muslims in rural areas of Telangana state. Own

cultivation i.e. self-employment is the kind of employment found among all Hindu (Males) at 61 percent while 38 percent depend on agriculture as casual labour in this community. Casual/wage employment is the dominant nature of employment among all Muslims (Males) (Fig 5.7). 52% of the male workforce in agriculture of the Muslim community is casual wage labour and 48% of them are self-

Figure 5.6: Female Work Participation Rate Trends (15-64 years): Urban Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidary Status)


50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5


MinoritesAll

36.3

34.2

24.9

13

24.5

8.1

8.2

8.2

36.5

21.1

1999-2000 2004-05 2011-12


employed. The proportion of casual labour in agriculture is 71% among other communities (Male) in rural Telangana. Non-agriculture sector provides regular employment to almost all the workers from other Minorities, to about

half of all Muslims (48 %) and to 37 percent of workers from all Hindus. 36% of the non-agricultural Muslim work force (male) are self-employed which is slightly less than the state average.

Figure 5.7: Percentage Distribution of Male Workers by Nature of Employment by Broad Sectors across Religions in Rural Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidary Status - 15-64 age Workers)


120

100

80

60

40

20

0

38

61

1

52 48

0 0 1

21 17

1

20

41 39

99

0

3648

3743

71

2939

60

Hindus HindusMuslims MuslimsAll AllOther Minorities

Agriculture Non-Agriculture

Other Minorities

Casual Wage Labour Self-employed Regular Salaried

Figure 5.8: Percentage Distribution of Female Workers by Nature of Employment by Broad Sectors across Religions in Rural Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidary Status - 15-64 age Workers)


120

100

80

60

40

20

0Hindus HindusMuslims MuslimsAll AllOther

Minorities

Agriculture Non-Agriculture

Other Minorities

Self-employed Regular Salaried Casual Wage Labour

4752

1 1

41

0 0

86

14

4753

73 74

1017

1017

87

100

5 170 0

59


Female workers from all Hindus and all Muslims categories work as casual/wage labour in agriculture sector while self-employment is the dominant nature of employment in non-agriculture sector. A greater portion of female workers participate in agriculture as casual labour and as regular workers in non-agriculture sector in rural Telangana (Fig 5.8).

Urban TelanganaThough non-agriculture is the main source of employment in urban areas both for male and female, the nature of employment differ across religions and between male and female. In the case of male from all Hindus and other Minorities, majority of workers work as regular/salaried. Around 61 percent of all Hindus work as regular employed while 49 percent of workers from other Minorities work as regular workers. For Muslims (Male) more than 80 percent of workers work as self-employed (48%) and regular employment (41%). Among the Muslim males in the urban areas 11% of them work as causal labour. The share of casual labour is 45 percent for workers from other Minorities (Fig 5.9).

About 42% of the urban female workforce are self-employed and 43% of them are regular salaried. 65% of the Muslim females workforce in the urban area are self-employed followed by 26% of them are regular employed. The percentage of self-employed among the Muslim women work force is very high. The regular salaried female proportion for the other minorities is around 80%. (See Fig. 5.9)

Table 5.1 reflects the nature of employment in the state for different SRGs. The table is based on the data collected from the sample survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance for the commission of Inquiry. The table suggests 26.5% of the Muslim households members are working as casual labour in the non-agriculture firm. 26.4% and 26.8% of the Muslim BCs and Muslim others respectively are casual worker in the non-farm activities. Only 19.2% of the Muslims are regular salaried and 16.4% of the Muslim workers are self-employed in non-agricultural activities. 14% of the Muslim labour force is other non-workers. 4.9% of the Muslim workers are casual labour and 9.6 % of the household members are pensioners.


Figure 5.9: Percentage Distribution of Workers by Nature of Employment across Religions in Urban Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidary Status - 15-64 age Workers)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10


MinoritiesOther

Minorities

Urban Male Urban Female

29

10

4841

116

45

33

11

41 43

16

26

8 514 15

42 43

80

6556

49

61

Self-employed Regular Salaried Casual Wage Labour


Table 5.1: Percent distribution of household members by activity and religion

SCs STs H-OBCs H-Others Hindus Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-Others

Muslim -All

Other minorities

All

Casual labour in non-agriculture

23.1 23.8 18.8 7.3 19.0 26.4 26.8 26.5 20.7 23.1

Regular salaried 18.9 13.7 14.8 17.7 15.9 19.1 19.5 19.2 26.8 18.8

Self employed in non-agriculture

6.9 7.8 12.5 14.6 11.3 16.5 15.8 16.4 7.9 13.5

Casual labour in agriculture

22.4 20.4 18.5 7.4 18.5 5.2 3.6 4.9 15.6 11.2

other non- workers

5.9 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.4 13.5 15.9 14.0 6.2 9.9

Pensioner/rentiers

10.1 5.9 8.7 10.1 9.0 9.5 10.0 9.6 9.5 9.4

Self employed in agriculture

8.4 19.1 16.9 30.4 16.3 4.4 3.5 4.2 7.6 9.1

Seeking and available for work (Unemployed)

3.1 2.3 2.6 4.0 2.8 3.4 3.9 3.5 4.1 3.3

Unpaid work in household establishments

0.6 0.8 1.3 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9

Household activities

0.6 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Source: Sample Survey Conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

5.4 Distribution of Workers by Enterprise-Type and Location of Work

NSSO provides estimations of non-agricultural workers by the type of enterprise into proprietary- male, proprietary- female, partnership with members from same household, partnership with member from other households, public sector, private sector, co-operative societies, trusts etc and private households employing workers. All those who are working in male proprietary, female proprietary and partnership firms are categorised as informal workers. Thus, the enterprises are classified into informal sector, public sector, private sector and others (including co-operatives, trusts, non-profit organisations, households employing servant maids, cooks etc). According to this classification, the informal workers constitute 76 percent of rural male and

88 percent of rural female. This percentage of workers is highest among all Muslims for both male and female. The percentage of workers in the informal sector is 68 per cent and 65 per cent in urban areas for male and female respectively. The composition of informal workers across the religions is same as that of rural areas with more percentage of them are from all-Muslims (Fig 5.10 & 5.11). The proportion of male workers working in the public sector is lowest among all Muslims both in rural and urban areas. The proportion of female workers working in public sector is almost nil both in rural and urban areas. However, the participation of Muslim workers in the private sector is slightly better in urban areas compared to rural areas especially among male workers.

The location of the enterprise explains the economic viability of the enterprises. In rural


areas, a majority of rural female (84.5%) from Muslim community work in enterprises that are running their business within the home premises. While most of the male (53%) are working at employer’s place. These percentages are higher than other SRGs for both male and female. In urban areas, one third of female

are working in employer’s place while this proportion is 56 percent among men (Table 5.2 and Table 5.3). Around 12 percent of male work with no fixed location in urban areas and this percentage among other Minorities is 22.5% and among all Muslims is 18.5%.

Figure 5.10: Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers (15-64 years) by type of Enterprise: Rural Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal Status)

Figure 5.11: Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers (15-64 years) by type of Enterprise: Urban Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal Status)



120

100

80

60

40

20

0

88

7 05

28

72

0

96

1 03

87

805

76

789

140

55

31

83

78

2

77

779

All-Hindus All-HindusAll-Muslims All-MuslimsAll AllOther Minorities

Other Minorities

Informal Sector Public Sector Private Sector Others

120

100

80

60

40

20

0All-Hindus All-HindusAll-Muslims All-MuslimsAll AllOther

MinoritiesOther

Minorities

66 73 65 68 63 83

11

73

2

65

16

712

25

0

6 0

17

128

15

512

27

80

6

16

5

18

124

Informal Sector Public Sector Private Sector Others


Table 5.2: Location of Enterprise for Rural WorkforceLocation of Enterprise

Rural Male Rural FemaleAll Hindus All

MuslimsOther

MinoritiesTotal All Hindus All

MuslimsOther

MinoritiesTotal

Work Place in Rural AreasOwn Dwelling 17.2 14.8 0.0 16.8 67.1 84.5 0.0 68.3Away from Own Dwelling

10.4 9.6 1.5 10.2 2.7 0.5 0.0 2.5

Employers’ Place

36.5 53.0 96.6 38.8 17.8 5.7 100.0 17.0

Street with fixed Location

2.0 0.7 0.0 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1

Construction Site

12.8 5.1 0.0 11.9 3.2 9.3 0.0 3.7

Others 12.4 8.0 0.0 11.9 4.4 0.0 0.0 4.1Work Place in Urban AreasOwn Dwelling 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Away from Own Dwelling

0.7 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5

Employers’ Place

4.2 0.1 0.0 3.8 3.1 0.0 0.0 2.9

Street with fixed location

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Construction Site

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Others 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2

No Fixed Workplace

3.2 8.3 1.9 3.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9

All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Source: NSSO 68th Round on Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2011-12.

Table 5.3: Location of Enterprise for Urban Work ForceLocation of Enterprise

Urban Male Urban FemaleAll Hindus All

MuslimsOther

MinoritiesTotal All Hindus All

MuslimsOther

MinoritiesTotal

Work Place in Rural AreasOwn Dwelling 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.4 1.9 7.4 0.0 2.4

Away from Own Dwelling

0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5

Employers’ Place

1.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.2

Street with fixed Location

2.5 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Construction Site

1.8 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1

Others 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2Work Place in Urban AreasOwn Dwelling 7.6 8.7 4.5 7.8 31.6 51.4 5.3 32.5Away from Own Dwelling

13.8 13.4 1.3 13.5 5.7 5.7 0.0 5.5

Employers’ Place

55.3 37.3 56.2 51.2 49.3 34.0 89.3 49.3

Street with fixed location

1.0 6.9 0.0 2.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.2

Construction Site

4.1 9.3 15.6 5.5 3.1 0.8 5.4 3.0

Others 1.2 4.7 0.0 2.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.7No Fixed Workplace

10.3 18.5 22.5 12.4 1.8 0.7 0.0 1.6



5.5 Distribution of Workers by Industry Groups

In the case of rural male workers, the share of agriculture is 66 percent. This percentage is highest among Hindus at 67 percent and lowest among Muslims at 47 percent. The percentage share of workers depend on agriculture is 58 percent in the case of other Minorities. Thus,

for rural male workers belong to all Muslims, both agriculture and non-agriculture are the principal sources of income while for all Hindus; agriculture is the primary source of income. In the case of rural female, the share of workers depend on agriculture is higher than that of male across all religions especially other Minorities and all Hindus (Fig 5.12).

In urban areas, for both male and female and for all religions, non-agricultural sector is the main source of employment (Fig 5.13). All the Muslim males as well as Muslim female workforce in the urban areas work in the non-agricultural sector. The same situation prevails also for the other minorities. The table shows the dependency of the Muslim workforce in the non-agricultural sector for employment. In the rural area also the Muslims are mostly working in the non-agricultural sector. So the non-agricultural sector has to be nurtured well to accommodate the Muslim youth.

Sub-sectoral distribution of workers in the non-agriculture sector differs between rural and urban areas for rural female especially among all Hindus and other Minorities. For rural male, among all Hindus, except construction sector, the share of workers in other sectors is around

20 percent each while around 37 percent of them are working in other services in urban areas. In the case of other Minorities other services is the dominant sector for rural male while construction is absorbing more workers from this group in urban areas. Trade & hotels and transport-storage-communication are the important sectors both in rural and urban areas for male belong to all-Muslims category (Table A5.5). For female workers, manufacturing and trade are the important sectors for all-Hindus and all Muslims in rural areas while manufacturing and other services are the important sectors for urban female. Women from other minorities are engaged mainly in other services both in rural and urban areas. Thus training and credit to manufacturing sector would benefit mostly women from all Hindus and all Muslims categories both in rural and urban areas.

Figure 5.12: Percentage Distribution of Workers by Sectors across Religions in Rural Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status - (15-64 age Workers)


120

100

80

60

40

20


MinoritiesOther

Minorities

67 47 58 66 57 96 79

21

79

33 53 42 34 43

4

21

Agriculture Non-agriculture

Rural Male Rural Female


Table 5.4: Percent distribution of HH members kind of work by religion SCs STs H-OBCs H-Others Hindus Muslim-

BC-EMuslim-Others

Muslim -All

Other minorities

All

Other works 26.8 20.3 23.5 19.0 23.7 31.0 32.1 31.2 26.8 27.7Agriculture 34.0 43.7 39.2 43.3 38.7 11.8 8.8 11.2 26.4 23.8Business/Trade 5.0 4.2 7.9 13.4 7.5 16.3 16.2 16.3 5.9 11.6Manufacturing 6.8 8.2 10.8 6.7 9.5 11.9 11.6 11.9 5.8 10.2Transport 5.7 8.2 4.2 3.2 4.6 13.1 13.6 13.2 5.4 8.9Construction 11.5 7.3 6.2 2.3 7.1 4.9 6.6 5.3 10.7 6.6Government 4.8 4.5 2.8 4.2 3.4 4.0 4.1 4.0 8.3 4.3Office work 3.0 2.3 2.7 4.4 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9 6.3 3.3Education 1.4 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.8 1.9 3.3 1.9Hotels/restaurant

1.0 0.3 1.2 1.8 1.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0*Other works: Pensions, Labour work

Source: Sample Survey Conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

The survey data shows only 11.2% of the Muslim household members are working in agriculture. 11.9% are in manufacturing work and 16.3% are in business and trade. Among the Muslims 71.6% of the Muslim workforce are working in the service sector. The table also reflects very less Government servants (only 4%) in the Muslim workforce of the state. Majority of Muslim workforce resort to other works (31.2%).

From the survey it is also found that regular employment is highest in the other works. 30.1%

of the regular salaried workers are engaged in ‘other works’. It is followed by office work, transport and Government. Among the Muslims also regular salaried persons engaged in ‘other works’ constitute 31.9% followed by transport and office work. In the rural and urban break up also shows that Muslim regular-salaried are engaged in other works followed up by transport and office work. (For details refer to Table A5.6)

Business and trade is the main source of self-employment in the state as 45.8% of the self-

Figure 5.13: Percentage Distribution of Workers by Sectors across Religions in Urban Telangana, 2011-12 (Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status - (15-64 age Workers)


120

100

80

60

40

20


MinoritiesOther

Minorities

57



99

1

100 100 100

96

100

1

99 95

5

79

96

4


employed are working in this sector. For the Muslims also business and trade constitute the main source of self-employment followed by Transport. The same characteristics of self-employment can also be seen both in Rural and Urban areas. In the urban areas 53.2% of the self-employed depended on Business and Trade (For details see Table A5.7).

5.6 Distribution of Workers by Occupational Status

In rural Telangana, more than 80 percent of male workers are engaged in any of the following four occupations: skilled agriculture and fishery (39.6%), craft and related trade (8.9%),

Table 5.5: Occupational Status Rural Male, 2011-12

Occupation SCs STs H-OBCs H-Others MOBC MUC Other Minorities

Total

Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers

2.1 1.2 2.0 6.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 2.3

Professionals 1.6 1.6 1.5 5.3 0.9 2.9 13.8 2.0

Technicians and Associate Professionals

2.2 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.7 7.2 0.5 1.3

Clerks 0.4 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7

Service Workers and Shop &Market Sales Workers

2.5 2.2 7.1 18.9 0.8 17.9 0.0 6.6

Skilled Agricultural and Fishery Workers

26.3 40.9 43.2 57.3 39.4 10.8 16.8 39.6

Craft and related Trades Workers

10.8 2.8 10.3 4.2 16.2 7.0 3.8 8.9

Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers

9.7 3.9 8.9 4.4 15.9 10.9 0.8 8.2

Elementary Occupations 44.4 46.6 25.0 2.4 18.6 43.4 64.2 30.5

All Workers 99.6 99.9 99.0 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.3


plant and machine operations and assembling (8.2%) and elementary occupations (30.5%). The occupational structure among SCs, STs, OBCs and Muslim OBCs is similar to that of the state aggregate level (Table 5.5). Among Hindu upper caste, 76 percent of the workers engaged in service and trade and skilled agriculture and fishery occupations. Among Muslim upper caste workers, service and trade related occupation is also an important occupation along with the above dominant four activities. The occupational structure among rural female is similar to that of male (Table 5.6). The percentage of senior officials is higher among Muslim OBCs and Hindu upper caste in the case of male while it is higher among Hindu upper caste in the case of female.


Table 5.6: Occupational Status Rural Female, 2011-12Occupation SCs STs H-OBC H-Others MOBC MUC Other

MinoritiesTotal


2.0 0.7 1.8 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7

Professionals 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5


1.2 0.2 0.8 2.9 0.6 0.0 1.1 0.9

Clerks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Service Workers and Shop & Market Sales Workers

0.9 0.8 4.0 7.2 3.2 1.3 2.9 3.1


28.2 38.1 36.0 66.9 25.9 22.5 13.8 36.3


5.0 2.5 14.7 10.8 29.8 46.7 0.0 11.9


2.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.0


All Workers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Source: NSSO 68th Round on Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2011-12.

Among the usual principal status male workers in urban areas, craft and related trade, Service workers and shop & market and sales, plant and machine operators and assemblers and professionals each had a share of more than 12 percent of workers. Among SCs, STs and Muslim OBCs, craft and related trade, service

and sales, plant and machine operators and elementary occupations are the important activities comprises of more than 75 percent of total workers. Apart from these activities, professionals and senior managers are also the important occupations among the other SRGs (Table 5.7).

Table 5.7: Occupational Status Urban Male, 2011-12Occupation SCs STs H-OBC H-Others MOBC MUC Other

MinoritiesTotal


2.2 0.0 8.8 16.2 5.8 11.5 7.8 9.1

Professionals 5.4 1.1 12.6 24.8 3.4 7.6 21.1 12.1


8.2 0.0 7.4 10.0 0.3 6.2 5.2 7.0

Clerks 7.7 0.0 5.2 9.8 1.9 1.8 0.0 5.3


9.3 40.6 19.8 18.7 25.7 22.8 4.5 19.6


1.4 3.9 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6


32.3 29.3 21.3 13.6 20.0 18.4 26.3 21.3


22.7 11.1 14.7 4.3 23.8 28.6 24.5 16.8




Among the usual principal status female workers in urban areas, service workers and elementary occupations are the dominant occupations among SCs, STs and Muslim upper caste. Along with these occupations, technicians and professionals are also found among Muslim

OBCs and other Minorities. Service workers, technicians, professionals and senior managers comprise of 90 percent of women workers from Hindu upper caste community in urban areas (Table 5.8).

Table 5.8: Occupational Status Urban Female, 2011-12

Occupation SCs STs H-OBC H-Others MOBC MUC Other Minorities

Total


3.1 0.0 1.8 13.9 0.0 1.8 0.0 3.2

Professionals 5.1 0.0 6.8 15.0 11.0 5.8 8.2 7.1


0.7 0.4 7.2 22.3 6.4 8.5 17.6 7.5

Clerks 2.9 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.6


12.9 20.6 19.8 39.0 6.4 11.6 0.0 18.7


2.5 11.4 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7


12.3 30.5 41.6 7.8 54.3 58.4 5.4 31.4


0.0 0.0 2.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 5.6 1.6



5.7 Earnings and Aspects of Employment Security

Wage differentials across casual and regular workers are examined for urban workers for all SRGs in Telangana for the year 2011-12. The per day wage gap between regular/salaried and casual labour is Rs.159 for urban male workers. The gap is highest among Hindu upper caste at Rs.421. The gap is more than Rs.100 among SCs, OBCs and other Minorities. The difference is lower than Rs.100 for Muslim OBCs and Muslim upper caste workers (Table 5.9). Regular/salaried employment is not giving them higher earnings for these categories. This is due to a greater

percentage of them work in informal sector and wages of regular/salaried workers working in public limited or private limited companies are higher than that of working in the informal sector (Table A5.8). Moreover, whether they work as casual labour or regular/salaried workers, the remuneration does not differ much between these two types of employment if they work in informal sector (Table 5.10). Thus, better wage earnings depend on the type of organisation i.e. informal (proprietary and partnership) or formal (public limited or private limited companies) rather than on the nature of employment i.e. casual or regular/salaried especially for Muslim communities and STs.


Table 5.9: Daily Wage Earnings (Rs.) of Casual and Regular/Salaried (15-64 years) in Non-agriculture Sector: Urban Telangana-2011-12

SRG Male Female

Casual Regular Gap Casual Regular Gap

SCs 161 304 143 106 96 -10

STs 173 195 22 144 144

H-OBCs 209 347 139 141 231 90

H-Others 178 599 421 171 159 -12

MOBC 218 271 53 133

MUC 183 266 83 100 203 103

Other Minorities

162 353 191 171 137 -34

All Groups 194 353 159 138 169 31


Table 5.10: Daily Wage Earnings (Rs.) of Casual and Regular/Salaried (15-64 years) in Informal Non-agriculture Sector: Urban Telangana-2011-12

SRG Male Female

Casual Regular Gap Casual Regular Gap

SCs 161 304 143 119 206 87

STs 173 195 22 150 52 -98

H-OBCs 209 347 139 128 256 128

H-Others 178 599 421 171 488 317

MOBC 218 271 53 150 132 -18

MUC 183 266 83 167 216 49

Other Minorities

162 353 191 127 195 68

Total 194 353 159 129 254 125


The earnings of female workers show similar pattern across SRGs for casual and regular employment. Further, wage rates are higher for

casual workers than that of regular workers in the case of Muslim OBCs and STs.


Table 5.11: Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers by Conditions of Employment in Urban Telangana: 2011-12

Condition of Employment


Type of Job Contract

All Hindus All Muslims

Other Minorities

All All Hindus All Muslims

Other Minorities

All

No Written Contract

82.9 88.1 97.3 84.2 76.9 100.0 83.4 78.6

Written Contract

17.1 11.9 2.7 15.8 23.1 0.0 16.6 21.4

All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Availability of Social Security Benefits

Yes 41.8 22.7 14.3 37.6 29.3 5.7 16.6 27.2

No 53.0 72.6 85.7 57.4 70.0 88.8 83.4 71.8

Not Known 5.2 4.7 0.0 5.0 0.7 5.5 0.0 0.9

All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Method of Payment

Regular Monthly Salary

81.3 76.9 73.2 80.3 81.8 86.9 84.9 82.3

Other Methods

18.7 23.1 26.8 19.7 18.2 13.1 15.1 17.7

All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Paid-Leave

Yes 47.4 36.7 27.7 45.0 40.5 14.3 16.6 37.6

No 52.6 63.3 72.3 55.0 59.5 85.7 83.4 62.4


5.8 District-wise Employment Variation

According to Primary Census Abstract of Religions 2011, Muslim population constitute 12.7 percent of total population in Telangana. In urban Telangana, they account for 24.5 percent of total population while their share in rural areas is only 5.3 percent (Chapter 2). Muslim population in rural Telangana are concentrated in Nizamabad, Medak, Ranga Reddy, Adilabad and Mahbubnagar districts. In urban Telangana, Muslim population are concentrated in Hyderabad, Nizamabad and Mahbubnagar districts. The other Minority

religions population in rural Telangana are concentrated in Adilabad, Medak, Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda, Khammam districts while in urban Telangana other Minority religions population are concentrated in Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy districts. The work participation rates of male are higher among Hindus and other Minorities as compared to Muslims both in rural and urban areas. The work participation rates of females are also higher among Hindus and other Minorities than that of Muslims in rural areas of Telangana. However, in urban areas, the female participation rates are higher among other Minorities than that of Hindus and Muslim.


Table 5.12: Male Work Participation Rates across Religions in Telangana: 2011-12

District Hindus Muslims Other Minorities All

Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

Adilabad 55.3 56.7 51.0 50.3 52.6 48.8 52.6 53.3 51.3 54.7 56.3 50.4

Nizamabad 55.6 55.9 53.8 50.7 53.7 48.1 52.4 53.6 50.7 54.7 55.7 51.6

Karimnagar 56.2 57.0 53.3 51.3 54.9 49.3 54.5 56.2 52.6 55.8 56.9 52.6

Medak 55.7 55.8 55.1 50.6 52.5 48.0 54.9 56.1 53.7 55.0 55.5 53.4

Hyderabad 56.5 56.5 46.5 46.5 56.4 56.4 51.8 51.8

Ranga Reddy 55.9 55.6 56.1 50.8 53.3 50.1 55.7 54.9 55.8 55.1 55.3 55.0

Mahbubnagar 56.0 56.6 51.6 52.4 55.1 49.1 54.9 57.4 51.4 55.6 56.4 50.9

Nalgonda 55.6 56.3 52.3 54.3 57.2 51.1 54.5 55.4 52.3 55.5 56.3 52.1

Warangal 54.9 56.0 51.7 51.5 55.0 49.6 52.8 55.8 50.0 54.6 55.9 51.3

Khammam 57.9 58.9 54.3 55.4 58.2 52.8 55.1 58.3 50.3 57.7 58.9 54.0

Telangana 55.9 56.6 54.6 49.6 54.4 48.0 55.0 55.5 54.8 55.0 56.4 52.8Source: Census, 2011

Table 5.13: Female Work Participation Rates across Religions in Telangana: 2011-12


Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

Adilabad 44.2 51.6 20.0 22.7 36.3 14.2 40.5 48.9 26.0 41.9 50.6 18.8

Nizamabad 48.2 52.1 29.5 23.4 34.8 13.3 36.2 43.6 25.6 44.3 50.4 23.7

Karimnagar 45.1 50.7 25.3 24.2 37.0 16.7 37.4 46.3 26.6 43.6 50.2 23.9

Medak 42.6 48.0 22.1 20.7 28.1 10.8 36.8 48.1 24.6 40.0 46.3 19.9

Hyderabad 22.8 22.8 14.0 14.0 26.7 26.7 19.1 19.1

Ranga Reddy 28.7 44.5 21.1 17.4 30.8 13.9 27.6 35.8 26.7 27.2 43.3 20.4

Mahbubnagar 48.9 52.1 26.0 27.4 37.2 14.7 42.2 48.7 32.8 47.1 51.2 23.3

Nalgonda 45.4 50.0 23.3 26.3 39.4 12.1 41.4 47.6 27.5 44.3 49.6 21.8

Warangal 43.9 51.8 21.0 21.3 38.4 11.7 35.0 46.8 24.5 42.5 51.3 19.9

Khammam 44.3 51.0 19.9 26.4 40.1 13.2 37.8 47.2 23.5 43.2 50.6 19.2

Telangana 41.4 50.5 22.4 19.3 34.9 13.8 32.7 46.3 26.5 38.4 49.6 20.4Source: Census, 2011

Across districts of Telangana, in rural areas, the male participation rates are highest in Khammam district for all religions. However, in the case of rural female, participation rates are higher in Nizamabad and Mahbubnagar districts for Hindus, Khammam district has highest participation of Muslim female and Mahbubnagar district has highest participation of female workers of other Minorities.

In urban areas, across the districts, the male participation rates are highest in Hyderabad among Hindus and other Minorities. While the

male participation rate of urban Muslims is highest in Khammam district. The urban female participation rates across religions show that Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Mahbubnagar districts have the highest participation among Hindus, Muslims and other Minorities respectively.

5.9 Income and Expenditure

Daily wages was the major source of income for 55.3% Muslim households followed by salary (35.6%) and the same pattern was observed


for SCs also. While in case of STs and OBCs, major sources of income were found to be daily wages, agriculture and salary. Muslim BC-Es and Muslim Others also have the similar pattern. 46.8% of the Muslim households also have source of income from business, pensions etc

(see Table 5.14). In the rural areas daily wages are the major source of income for the Muslims followed by agriculture. But in urban areas daily wages and salary form the major two sources of income for the Muslims. (For details see Table A5.13).

Table 5.14: Distribution of HH by major sources of income and religion SCs STs H-OBCs H-Others Hindus Muslim-

BC-EMuslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

Agriculture 24.7 35.6 37.8 56.4 36.6 10.7 9.2 10.4 20.0 21.1Salary 35.2 28.8 29.6 32.6 31.0 35.5 36.0 35.6 45.5 35.2Daily wages 70.7 70.5 68.3 29.7 65.5 55.6 54.2 55.3 54.4 58.9Rents 0.9 0.7 1.9 2.6 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.8Gulf 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.8 2.5 0.6 2.0Bussiness 7.7 7.5 14.5 19.0 13.1 19.4 18.1 19.1 10.0 15.8Pensioner 30.8 27.4 26.5 19.4 26.8 22.0 19.4 21.4 23.1 23.6Tailoring 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.7 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.6Transport 2.4 3.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.4 3.2 3.4 1.9 2.8From parents 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3


Note: The column sum may not add up to 100 as there may be one or more sources of income for a household.

About 48% Muslim households reported a monthly income of less than Rs10,000/- and more than one third (36.9%) had monthly income between Rs. 10,000 and Rs 20,000. Only

6.1% of the households had monthly household income more than Rs30,000. Around 56.8% of the Hindu-SCs, 45.9% of Hindu STs and 54.8% of the Hindu BCs have monthly income less than Rs 10,000. The survey data shows higher proportion of Muslim BC-Es and Muslim others have higher monthly income than the Hindu SCs, STs and Hindu BCs (Refer to Table 5.15).

Table 5.15: Percent distribution of HHs by monthly income and religionSCs STs H-OBCs H-Others Hindus Muslim-

BC-EMuslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

Less than 10000/-

56.8 45.9 54.8 42.5 53.7 48.73 46.44 48.2 44.1 49.7

10000 to 20000 33.5 40.4 36.4 41.4 36.4 36.48 38.18 36.9 38.2 36.9

20000 to 30000 5.3 8.2 5.5 8.8 5.9 8.65 9.31 8.8 9.8 7.8

30000 to 40000 2.1 2.1 2 4.4 2.2 3.42 3.03 3.3 3.6 3

40000 and above

2.3 3.4 1.3 2.9 1.8 2.72 3.03 2.8 4.3 2.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Mean 11536 12587 11228 13868 11587 12712 13329 12848 13821 12507

Median 9000 10000 9167 10833 9250 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000Source: Sample Survey Conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.


In the rural areas 60.2% of the Muslim household have less than Rs 10000 monthly income and 31.6% had monthly income between Rs 10,000 to 20,000. Around 57.6% of the Hindu families earn in this lower range. The mean income among the Muslim household is Rs 10,372 whereas the corresponding figure for the Hindus is Rs 10,887. While in the urban areas 43.9% of the Muslim households have monthly income lower than Rs 10000 and 38.8% of the households have income in the range Rs 10,000 to 20,000. 46.2% of the SCs and 41.2% of the STs Household in the urban areas have monthly income lower than Rs 10,000. The mean income for the Muslim household in the urban areas is Rs 13,742. (For details see Table A5.14)

Table 5.16 represents the monthly expenditure across SRGs. It is found that the mean monthly expenditure of Muslims in the state is higher than the average of the state and Hindu community. 53.9% of the Muslim household have a monthly expenditure in the range 5000 to 10000. Whereas only 38.9% of the Hindu households spend in this range. 29.3% of the Muslim household spend less than Rs 5000 per month in comparison to 55.1% of the Hindu household. Among the Muslim BC-Es 53.7% of the household spend in between Rs 5000 to Rs 10000. Among the SCs and STs, more than half of the households spend less than Rs 5000. The monthly expenditure of the households is also lower than the Muslims households.

In the rural areas 49% of the Muslim households have less than Rs 5000/- monthly expenditure whereas 42.1% falls in the range of Rs 5000 to Rs 10000. The survey shows 64.9% of the Hindu household have less than Rs 5000 monthly expenditure and 31.3% have expenditure in between Rs 5000 to Rs 10000. The mean expenditure for the Muslim household is Rs 5,295 in comparison to Rs 4,400 for the Hindu household in the rural areas. In the urban areas, 58.1% of the Muslim households have monthly expenditure in between Rs 5000 to Rs 10000. The mean expenditure for the Muslim household is Rs 7,086 per month in comparison to Rs 5,838 by the Hindu household in the urban areas. (For details see Table A 5.15)

5.10 Differentials in level of Consumption Expenditure

Average MPCE by different SRG in rural and urban areas for 2004-05 and 2011-12 are presented in Table 5.17. As can be seen, the MPCE levels are higher in urban areas than in rural areas for all SRGs. Also, inter group variations in MPCE are more in urban areas than in rural. As expected, the H-OTH group had highest MPCE over all other groups in rural and urban areas in both the years. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the average MPCE in rural areas, experienced a growth rate of 3.9% per annum. Compared to the H-OTH, the groups ST, SC, M-OBC, had higher growth rate in MPCE. But the growth rate for M-OTH is

Table 5.16: Distribution of HH by monthly expenditure and religionMonthly expenditure

SCs STs H-OBCs H-Others Hindus M-BC-E M-OTH M-ALL OTH All

less than 5000 57.3 52.7 56.6 40.4 55.1 30.2 26.1 29.3 46.9 41.0

5000 – 10000 36.0 41.1 38.5 47.8 38.9 53.7 54.6 53.9 41.5 46.8

10000 - 20000 6.5 6.2 4.5 11.1 5.6 14.1 17.7 14.9 10.7 10.9

20000 and above

0.2 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.4 2.0 1.6 1.9 0.8 1.2

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Expenditure (Mean)

4819 5016 4800 5696 4892 6513 6940 6615 5552 5847

Expenditure (Median)

4000 4250 4000 5000 4000 6000 6000 6000 5000 5000



modest at 1.4% pa. All the sub-groups in urban areas had improvements in MPCE during this period. Overall, the urban areas had a growth rate of 3.6% per annum, marginally lower than the rural growth. The two Muslim sub groups, MOBC and MOTH experienced growth of 3% and 6% pa respectively.

The percentage gap between MPCE of MOBC and state average in rural areas was 8% in 2004-05 and declined marginally to 5% in 2011-12.

5.11 Poverty Estimates

The poverty estimates presented here are based on the proposition that the living standard of a household depends on the commodities consumed by them. It should be noted that poverty is not simply a matter of inadequate income but also a matter of low literacy, short life expectation and lack of basic needs such as adequate shelter, clothing and safe drinking water. The income poverty line may not make adequate provision for the fulfilment of some of the basic needs. The present official estimates of Poverty have been criticized on various grounds by several scholars. However in the absence of alternative methodology, this paper uses the estimates of poverty based on the poverty lines

Corresponding gap for urban areas was high at 20% in 2004-05 and increased to 23% in 2011-12. In case of M-OTH the gap increased from 8% to 23% between 2004-05 and 2011-12 in rural areas but in urban areas it reduced from 30% in to 16% between these years. The SRG level MPCE estimates show that though the intergroup inequalities reduced over time, but the relative deprivation of Muslim groups are higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

Table 5.17: Average MPCE of Different SRGSRGs Rural Urban

2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12STs 477 706.9 749 915.9

SCs 516 707.5 944 1192.5

H-OBC 604 766.7 1043 1441.6

H-Others 816 1039.6 2045 2351.4

MOBC 545 732.4 937 1155.1

MOTH 542 597.1 809 1244.9

OTH 549 763.1 1240 1533.6

Total 592 772.7 1164 1490.5Source: NSSO 68th Round, 61st Round on Employment and Unemployment Situation in India.

suggested by erstwhile Planning Commission of India. It may be noted that as poverty line is not separately available for Telangana, the poverty line of combined Andhra Pradesh is used. The idea is only to present how the relative economic deprivations across different SRG have been during the years considered. Figure 5.14 presents the rural and urban combined poverty head count ratio (PHCR) for different SRGs in the state. As can be seen the overall PHCR declined from 31% to 8% between 2004-05 and 2011-12- at the rate of about 3.7 percentage points per annum. A noteworthy feature of trends in figure 1 is that all the SRGs experience this sharp decline in poverty. In both the years, SC, ST, M-OBC and M-OTH had higher PHCR than the state average.


Table 5.18 represents the PHCR for rural urban areas respectively. In rural areas PHCR declined from 34% to 10% at the rate of 3.5 percentage points per annum, while in urban areas it declined from 21% to 5% at the rate of 2.5 percentage points per annum. In 2004-05, ST had the highest poverty ratio in rural areas followed by HSC, and OTH (others) in that order.

M-OBC and M-OTH, on the other hand had lower poverty than the state average. However, the poverty levels of M-OTH declined marginally to 24% by 2011-12 because of low growth in its MPCE. As a result, the M-OTH turnout to be poorest groups in rural areas in 2001-12, followed by ST, M-OBC and SC in that order.

Table 5.18: Poverty Head Count Ratio

SRGs

Rural Urban

2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12STs 54.52 18.13 49.69 12.3

SCs 43.91 11.96 31.32 10.22

H-OBC 30.72 5.93 20.09 2.47

H-Others 11.36 1.58 4.9 0.96

MOBC 33.08 17.48 21.57 2.7

MOTH 27.37 25.63 28.6 5.58

OTH 38.57 1.58 12.36 0.17

Total 34.38 9.79 21.07 4.67Source: NSSO Survey on Consumer Expenditure, 2004-05 and 2011-12.

In urban areas, the average PHCR declined from 21% to 5% between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The rankings of SRG with respect to urban poverty remained more or less stable between the two years. In both the years, Muslim subgroups followed HST and HSC in poverty levels. The levels of poverty in both rural and urban areas

suggest that Muslims have not gained much from the growth in recent years.

5.12. Risk of Falling into Poverty Trap

The ratio of the PHCR of a group to the average PHCR reflects the risk of a person group falling

Figure 5.14: Poverty Head Count Ratio (Rural and Urban Combined)

Source: NSSO Survey on Consumer Expenditure, 2004-05 and 2011-12.

60

50

40

30

20

10

0SCs M-OBCsSTs M OthersH-Others AllH-OBCs Other

Minorities

2004-05 2011-12

41.4

4

54.1

8

11.5

1 17.6

4

28.4

1

8.79

1.28

29.8

7

8.22

28.1

5

32.4

30.9

8

8.86

0.73

7.73

4.68


into poverty. For example, the ratio 2.28 for ST indicates that a person belonging to ST has 128% higher risk of falling into poverty than any person in the state (Fig 5.15). The ratios presented in figure 5.15 indicate that the risk of poverty has increased for ST, SC, M-OBC and M-OTH between 2004-05 and 2011-12. Persons belonging to M-OTH have 18% higher chances of falling into poverty compared to an average person in the state. The monthly income of the Muslims in the state has been particularly low and the monthly expenditure is quite high in comparison to their counterparts (See section 5.9). The health status of the Muslim household are also low but the coverage of health expenditure under insurance is a cause of concern (refer to Chapter 4). It is also found that the coverage of insurance and access to

credit for the Muslim households are lower in comparison to other SRGs. For the Muslims, these compositely cause increased risk of falling into poverty trap.

The situation is worse in rural areas where the risk of being poor has actually increased for the Muslim sub groups (Table 5.19). In 2011-12 an M-OBC person had 162% higher chance of falling into poverty than rural person. This is higher than the even STs and SCs.

In this regard the urban Muslims are better placed, in that the risk of poverty declined for both the groups between 2004-05 and 2011-12. But the M-OTH still have about 20% higher chances of falling into poverty than a person at overall level in urban areas.

Table 5.19: Risk of Poverty by SRGs SRGs Rural Urban

2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12

STs 1.59 1.85 2.36 2.64

SCs 1.28 1.22 1.49 2.19

H-OBC 0.89 0.61 0.95 0.53

H-Others 0.33 0.16 0.23 0.21

MOBC 0.96 1.79 1.02 0.58

MOTH 0.8 2.62 1.36 1.19

OTH 1.12 0.16 0.59 0.04


Figure 5.15: Risk of Poverty by SRGs


SCs M-OBCsSTs M OthersH-OthersH-OBCs Other Minorities

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

1.3

0.89

0.27

0.93 0.881.01

0.09

1.18

1.691.49

0.6

0.17

1.06

2.28

2004-05 2011-12


Table 5.20: Distribution of Poorest 20% across SRGsSRGs Rural Urban

2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12STs 22.43 16.65 6.64 5.69

SCs 20.80 25.30 20.38 14.37

H-OBC 46.36 47.66 37.39 33.98

H-Others 3.03 1.24 4.66 3.08

MOBC 1.06 2.68 1.58 11.70

MOTH 2.84 5.81 27.73 29.36

OTH 3.49 0.65 1.60 1.81

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100


among Muslims may not have benefitted from the growth in urban areas.

5.13 Asset Holding

Table 5.21 present the average per capita value of assets in 2003 and 2013 respectively. In 2003, Muslims as a whole had the lowest assets among SRGs in the rural areas. The average asset value for Muslims in rural areas was Rs 15988. SCs and STs were the next two lowest groups. The value of the assets possessed by Muslims was 50% lower than the rural average. By 2013, the relative position of the Muslims moved up. It formed the group with third least asset base, after SCs and OTH (others). The average asset holding increased to Rs 11,8131.

Table 5.20 presents the composition of poorest of 20% of the population of the state by different SRG in rural and urban areas separately. In 2004-05, the M-OBC and M-OTH together accounted for nearly 4% of the poorest 20% of the rural population of the state. By 2011-12, the corresponding share increased to more than 8%. This rise in the share of Muslim groups in poorest 20% is understandable as the relative growth of M-OTH during this period was modest. Urban areas present sharper rise in the share of Muslims in the poorest 20% of the urban population. For M-OBC, the share increased from about 2% to as high as 12% and for M-OTH share remained at about 28%. The sharp rise in the share of Muslims in the poorest 20% urban population indicates that the poorer sections

Table 5.21: Average Per Capita Asset Value in 2003 and 2013

2003 2013

Rural Urban Rural UrbanSTs 21718 10458 170802 125813

SCs 17853 31386 102099 161273

H-OBC 29983 64527 204067 289950

H-Others 77453 265786 385702 1671914

MSLM 15988 45643 118131 275437

OTH 23112 95238 108663 294452

Total 31734 107736 184446 513027

Note: 1) The asset values are current prices

2) As the scope and valuation of assets differ between 2003 and 2013 differ, the values cannot be compared

Source: Debt and Investment Survey, NSSO.


In urban areas, the relative position of the SRGs remained stable between the two years. The average per capita asset value of the Muslim group was third lowest among the six groups in both the years. But the gap between the average urban asset value and that of Muslim’s reduced from 57% to 46%. The average asset value was Rs 45,643 in 2003 which increased to Rs 2,75,437 in 2013.

The survey conducted by CGG for Commission of Inquiry found only 37.6% Muslim households had pucca house and the situation seem to be poor compared to the HHs belonging to SC, ST

and OBC communities of Hindu religion and other religious minorities as well. Only 56.6% of the Muslim household in the state are living in semi-pucca houses. The living condition of the Muslims in the state is worse than Hindus and Other religions in the state (Refer to Table 4.17). 90.6% of the Muslim household have their own house in the rural area and only 57.2% of the Muslim household in the urban area have their own house. The numbers in Table 5.22 suggests the ownership of house among the Muslims in the State is lower than the other SRGs. Around 42.8% of the Muslim household have rented house.

Table 5.22: Percent distribution of HHs home ownership by locality and religion

Locality ownership of house

SCs STs H- OBCs

H- Others

Hindus M-BC-E M- OTH

M- ALL

OTH All

Rural Own house 95.7 93.7 93.4 94.0 93.9 90.5 91.2 90.6 92.6 92.7

Rented house 4.3 6.3 6.6 6.0 6.1 9.5 8.8 9.4 7.4 7.3

Urban Own house 76.5 78.4 72.5 67.1 73.4 58.9 51.2 57.2 69.4 62.3

Rented house 23.5 21.6 27.5 32.9 26.6 40.2 51.6 42.8 30.6 37.7

All Own house 88.0 88.4 86.5 86.8 86.9 67.7 60.3 66.0 78.3 75.2

Rented house 12.0 11.6 13.5 13.2 13.1 31.7 41.9 34.0 21.7 24.8


In the rural Telangana 73.3% of the ownership of houses are in the name of male members of the household among the Muslims. 25.6% of Muslim owned houses are in the name of female members of the household. The gender differential in house ownership improves for the Muslims in the urban area. 59.8% of the Houses

are registered in the name of male members of the household and 38.3% of the houses are registered in the name of female. The gender differential in ownership is worse in case of Hindus and even worse in case of Hindu-STs. (See Table 5.23)

Table 5.23: Percent distribution of HHs by registration of house, locality and religionHouse registered in the name of:


Muslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

Male (Rural) 68.7 67.0 73.8 82.7 73.3 74.0 70.3 73.3 70.2 73.0Female (Rural)

29.6 29.5 25.1 16.2 25.4 24.9 28.7 25.6 28.7 25.8

Both (Rural) 1.7 3.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2

Male (Urban) 63.0 86.8 70.4 68.9 69.2 60.2 57.9 59.8 60.8 62.4Female (Urban)

35.9 13.2 28.6 28.9 29.7 37.9 39.8 38.3 38.0 36.0

Both (Urban) 1.0 0.0 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.9 2.3 2.0 1.1 1.6Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100



Table 5.24: Percent distribution of HHs having agriculture land and registration by religionAvailability of agriculture land

SCs STs H- OBCs

H- Others

Hindus Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

Possessed agriculture land

38.1 53.4 48.9 64.5 48.2 16.4 13.3 15.6 29.6 29.3

Land registered in name of …Male member 73.8 78.9 80.4 75.9 78.7 81.9 81.8 81.7 76.3 79.2Female member 23.0 9.2 15.2 12.6 15.9 14.3 13.1 14.2 21.1 16.1 Both 3.2 11.8 4.4 11.5 5.4 3.9 5.1 4.1 2.6 4.7Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


Table 5.25: Percent distribution of HHs by extent of agriculture land (in acres) owned and religion Extent of ownership


Muslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

Less than 1 acre

22.4 6.4 14.3 1.7 13.7 13.3 7.3 12.1 21.6 14.3

1 - 2 acres 34.8 19.2 29.2 12.5 27.7 29.9 32.8 30.5 34.9 29.42 - 3 acres 19.2 19.2 24.2 14.8 22.0 23.7 20.4 23.0 22.5 22.43 - 4 acres 8.8 14.1 12.2 14.2 11.9 11.1 15.3 11.9 9.5 11.64 or more acres

4.8 12.8 9.2 14.8 9.3 9.1 8.8 9.0 6.3 8.8

Acres (Median)

2.2 4.1 2.5 5.6 2.9 2.7 3.1 2.8 1.8 2.7


The survey suggests 15.6% of the Muslim households in the state possessed agriculture land. 81.7% of the agriculture land possessed by the Muslims is in the name of Male member of the household and Female member owned only

14.2% of the agricultural land. Muslims mostly resorted to non-farm activities in the state so their possession of agricultural land is very low in comparison to their Hindu counterparts (Table 5.24).

The survey data also shows that 29.4% of the households have ownership of 1-2 acres of agricultural land. The mean extent of ownership in the state is 2.7 acres. Among the Muslim households 30.5% have land ownership between 1-2 acres. 22.4% of the Muslim households have more than 4 acres of land ownership. The mean of the extent of agricultural land ownership is 2.8 acres. For the Hindus the average land ownership is 2.9 acres (Refer to Table 5.25)

5.14 Migration

Migration among Muslims in search for better jobs, better education and living condition is a common phenomenon. The survey conducted by CGG suggests around 14.6% of the Muslims have changed their place of residence. 14.9% of the households in the state changed their place of residence. Around 23% of the other minorities have migrated.


Table 5.26: Percent distribution of HHs by change in place of residence and religionSCs STs H-OBCs H-Others Hindus M-BC-E M-OTH M-ALL OTH All

Changed place of residence

14.1 20.5 11.1 13.9 12.4 15.0 13.4 14.6 23.1 14.9


Among the Muslim households migrated, 33.5% of them have come down to city or town. 10.6% of the migrated Muslims flied to cities and towns in Andhra Pradesh and other state. 38.7% of the

migrated Muslim household in the state have moved to other villages in Telangana and the remaining moved to villages in Andhra Pradesh and other states.

Table 5.27: Percent distribution of HHs by place where they moved from and religionPlace HHs moved from

SCs STs H-BCs H-Others Hindus M-BC-E M-OTH M-ALL OTH All

City/Town in Telangana

15.1 3.3 15.4 10.5 13.9 31.6 41.4 33.5 16.2 24.2

City/Town in AP/other states

1.1 0.0 5.3 2.6 3.6 9.7 14.1 10.6 7.3 7.8

Village in Telangana

72.0 93.3 65.8 65.8 69.4 40.6 31.3 38.7 52.2 50.7

Village in AP/other states

11.8 3.3 13.6 21.1 13.1 18.1 13.3 17.2 24.3 17.3


Seeking employment is the major cause for the Muslim to migrate. Around 86.2% of the migrated Muslim household did so to get employment. 5.8% of the migration happened because of security reasons. Only 5.4% migration happens

because of better education facility to their children in comparison to 11.3% of migration in case of Hindu community for the same purpose. Only 2.5% of the migration happens due to business, family problems, tenant problems etc.

Table 5.28: Distribution of HH by reasons for changing place of residence and religionReasons for changing place of residence involuntarily


Due to employment 87.5 94.1 84.7 66.7 84.4 86.6 84.6 86.2 92.5 87.0

Due to children’s education

5.4 5.9 10.9 33.3 11.3 5.4 5.8 5.4 4.1 7.2

Due to safety reasons 3.6 0.0 1.5 0.0 1.7 6.3 3.8 5.8 2.0 3.5Others* 3.6 0.0 2.9 0.0 2.6 1.8 5.8 2.5 1.4 2.3

*Business purpose, for agriculture, family problems, tenant problems


The survey also found that 3.3% of the Households with members working in the Gulf Countries among Muslims in the state. Overall,

2.4% of the households in Telangana have at least one members working in Gulf Countries.


Summary

The work participation rate among the Muslims in the state is lower in comparison to other SRGs. The difference in WPR among the Muslim male and Muslim Female is higher. The WPR among Muslim male is lower in the rural areas in comparison to urban areas. The WPR for the urban female is particularly very low. Activity status show that most of the Muslims are self-employed both in agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Again casual labour is an important issue among the Muslim community in the state as around 32% of the Muslim workforce comes under this category. The distribution of workers by type of enterprise shows that there is dominance of informal employment in the Muslim workforce both in rural and urban areas and both for male and female. The location of work for the Muslim community suggests domestic workplace dominance among the female while 53% of the males work at the employer’s place. The Muslim

workforce is tilted towards non-agricultural sector and the survey shows around 76% of the Muslim workforce are engaged in service sector. Daily wage is the major source of income for the Muslims in the state as it comes out in the household survey. Around 50% of the Muslim household has a monthly income of less than Rs 10,000 and majority of the Muslim household has expenditure in between Rs 6000 to Rs 10000. It is also found that the consumption expenditure of the Muslim subgroups have a large differential by rural and urban. The analysis also shows a slow growth in the consumption expenditure. The poverty head count ration has declined for the Muslims in the state for both rural and urban areas but the risk of falling into the poverty trap has increased during the period. The asset holding of the Muslims in the state clearly shows low asset ownership by the community. There is high migration among the Muslims as comes out in the survey. The major reason behind migration is seeking better job opportunity.

Table 5.29: Percentage distribution of HHs with members working in other countries by religion


Gulf countries 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.1 1.9 3.2 3.6 3.3 0.7 2.4

Other countries 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.5

All 2.9 2.7 2.3 1.8 2.4 3.7 4.5 3.8 0.9 2.9Source: Sample Survey Conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

105Access to Credit and Financial Inclusion

CHAPTER-6

Access to Credit and Financial Inclusion

6.1 Introduction

Among all the issues that were raised across the public meetings held in the state, the issue of credit availability was repeated the most often. Lack of access to formal institutions, apathetic banks, a poorly staffed and inadequately funded Minority Finance Corporation, lack of availability of start-up capital, etc were given as the reasons for the large number so Muslim entrepreneurial ventures facing hardships or failing to scale up.

“Access to credit is critical for individuals, households and firms for consumption, production and investment needs. Iniquitous access to public and private banking institutions across Socio-Religious Communities (SRCs) can perpetuate disparities.” (Sachar Committee Report 2006: 123). One of the major problems that Muslims entrepreneurs face is inadequate credit facilities not only from private and public sector banks, but also from Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). It was also observed that several areas with Muslim concentration are marked as “negative” or “red” by the banks (where giving loans is not advisable, presumably because of low recovery).1 Such attitude of the banking institutions adversely affect entrepreneurs of the community. Moreover, the National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC) and National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC) which are meant to extend loans to the disadvantaged for economic ventures, have not been of much help to Muslims (Shah, 2007).

In India, Muslims have 12.2% of total bank accounts having the share of 4.6% of total outstanding credit. In combined Andhra Pradesh, these figures stand at 7.5% of total bank accounts having the share of 2.8% of total outstanding credit (average of 2001-05) (Sachar Committee Report, 2006). The outstanding loans to minorities amounted to Rs 8,936 crore in Telangana at the end of 2014-15 financial years. As against the target of 10% earmarked for minorities under the PSL, the achievement was only 8.02% in Telangana. Similarly, up to March 2015, the loan outstanding to minorities came to a merely 2.52% of the total advances in the state. Most of the banks, including SLBC Telangana convener - the State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) – could not provide credit to minorities as per the target under PSL (Jafri, 2015).

However, there has been dearth of information on the status of Muslims in credit and banking facilities at state levels including Telangana which was formed state in 2014. It is in this context, this paper attempts to study the conditions of accessibility banking facilities and credit to Muslim groups in the new born state of Telangana which has significant share of Muslim population (12.68% as per Census 2011).

Quantitative information about the access to banking facilities and credit to Muslims in Telangana and all India has been obtained from the unit level data from Debt and Investment Survey of National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 70th Round – 2013. The total household sample size of Telangana state under NSSO 70th round –Debt and Investment Survey is 2654 out


of which 2322 (87.5%) samples are from Hindu religion, 264 (10%) are from Muslim and 68 (2.5%) are from other. The data collected from Sample Survey of total 8546 households conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry on Socio-Economic and Educational Condition of Muslim in 2016 are also incorporated in the analysis of the chapter.

6.2 Access to Bank and Financial Institutions

6.2.1 Bank AccountsHaving bank account is essential for availing any banking services and also to receive the Government subsidies and wages under different Government schemes that are being made through direct payment method. About 83% of Muslim households have the bank account in

Telangana state which is slightly higher than the Hindu households and also significantly greater than that for the all India level Muslims (Figure 6.1). 77% of the Hindu households have bank accounts. The access to bank in general is higher in the case of Telengana in comparison to All India.

Table 6.1: Percentage of households having accounts in different Credit AgenciesCredit Agency All India Telangana

Hindu Muslim Others Total Hindu Muslim Others TotalBank 73.6 62.7 79.8 72.6 77.0 82.7 74.2 77.3

Post office 14.1 8.7 14.2 13.5 15.4 3.8 1.8 14.2

Other Deposit Enterprises

9.7 9.7 12.0 9.8 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.5

KCC 5.3 3.1 2.9 4.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.5Source: Debt and Investment Survey, NSSO- 70th Round, 2013.

Muslims have less proportion of accounts in post office and other deposit enterprises when compared to Hindus. These figures are much lower than the figure for the Muslims at all India level (See Table 6.1). The difference in the bank account holders and post office account holders may be a reflection of spatial distribution of Muslims, i.e, urban orientation.

The accounts in the other Deposit Enterprises are very low in Telangana in comparison to the

National average. 3.5% of the Muslim households have accounts in different credit agency. The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) for agricultural credit purposes is also nil among Muslims in the state compared to all India level Muslims that may be due to their engagement in agriculture is relatively less. The education level is the key factor in having bank account by all the religious groups that is evidenced by the fact that the proportion of households having bank accounts increase as the education levels increases (Table A6.2).

Table 6.2: Percentage distribution of households having bank account by religion

SCs STs H-BCs H-Others Hindus Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

Rural 99.2 98.9 99.1 100.0 99.2 97.4 95.9 97.1 99.0 98.5

Urban 97.0 98.0 98.7 100.0 98.3 96.3 94.8 95.9 95.6 96.4

All 98.3 98.6 99.0 100.0 98.9 96.6 95.1 96.2 96.9 97.3Source: Sample Survey Conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

Source: Debt and Investment Survey, NSSO- 70th Round, 2013.

Figure 6.1: Proportion of Households having Bank Accounts

100

80

60

40

20

0Hindu Muslim Other All

All India Telangana

73.6

62.7

82.7

4

79.8

74.1

7

72.6

77.3

1

77.0

3


The Sample survey data also backs the NSSO findings. 97.3% of the households have bank accounts in the state. Among the Muslims, 96.2% of households have bank accounts. The survey also found that the percentage of household having bank account is 96.6 among Muslim BCs and 95.1% among Muslim others. 98.9% of the Hindu households have bank accounts. The figures for SCs and STs are higher than that of the

Muslims in the state. In the rural areas 98.5% of the households have bank accounts. Among the rural Muslim households 97.1% have bank accounts in comparison to 99.2% of the Hindu households. Among the Muslims, 95.9% of the households in the urban areas have bank accounts. The table 6.2 reflects slightly low holding of bank accounts by the Muslim households in the state in comparison to other SRGs.

Table 6.3: Distribution of households not having bank accounts by religion


Lengthy procedure (%)

18.2 0.0 4.8 0.0 8.8 7.0 8.0 7.3 6.1 7.4

No proof of documents (%)

27.3 0.0 38.1 0.0 35.3 19.3 34.0 23.8 30.3 26.4

No banks nearby the HH (%)

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 2.0 3.7 3.0 3.0

No required so far (%)

36.4 0.0 47.6 0.0 41.2 52.6 48.0 51.2 45.5 48.9

Other (%) 18.2 0.0 9.5 0.0 14.7 16.7 8.0 14.0 15.2 14.3Source: Sample Survey Conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

When asked about the causes of not having a bank account, it is found that 48.9% of the households have not felt the requirement so far. About half of the Muslim households without

bank account stated the same cause. Another important cause for not having a bank account among the Muslims is not having a proof of documents.

Table 6.4: Percentage distribution of households by place where they put their general savings

SCs STs H-BCs H-Others Hindus Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

HHs have some kind of savings

73.3 67.1 74.0 76.2 73.7 60.6 55.2 59.4 69.2 65.9

Place of savings:

Self 22.8 28.6 17.1 17.8 18.8 27.9 28.6 28.0 18.7 23.0

Bank/Post office 76.8 71.4 82.4 82.2 80.7 71.4 70.8 71.3 80.8 76.4

Relatives/Friends 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4

Others 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2


The household survey shows savings in Telangana are kept in the Bank or post office. 76.4% of the household uses bank or post office to keep their saving. Among the Muslims having savings, 71.3% of the households use bank and post office. 40.6%

of the Muslim households have no savings at all. Among the Hindus, 80.7% of households with savings use bank or post office. 56.1% of the SCs household and 47.9% of the ST households uses bank or post office to keep their savings.


6.2.2 Financial AssetsThe average asset value of a Muslim household (Rs 5479) in bank is relatively less than that of a Hindu households (Rs 9937) at both state and all India levels (See Table 6.5). Govt asset holding among the Muslims in Telangana is merely Rs. 51 which is very much lower than the National average among Muslims (Rs. 1007). Insurance is a major asset among the Muslims as the average

value of insurance in Telangana is Rs. 9200 and this figure is greater than the national average figure for the Muslims. The average financial asset holding in Telangana was Rs. 36,305 from all sources and that of for the Muslims in the State was Rs. 20,271. The average financial asset holding among the Muslims in the state is comparatively lower than other religions and also lower than their National average.

Table 6.5: Average financial asset value of households in different agencies (Rs)

Agency All India Telangana

Hindu Muslim Others Total Hindu Muslim Others Total

Govt 3193 1007 9568 3245 401 51 19 367

Banks 15574 7888 39629 15837 9937 5479 4415 9487

Non-Bank 512 370 940 516 47 28 5 45

MFIs/SHGs 395 568 386 415 952 842 555 933

Pension Funds 17790 7706 32964 17325 9418 4563 12812 9205

Insurance 13349 6266 19026 12776 16541 9200 4325 15708

All Sources 51773 24283 103754 51030 37908 20271 22132 36305Source: Debt and Investment Survey, NSSO- 70th Round, 2013.

6.2.3 Loans and OutstandingAmount of LoansThe data reveal that the average amount loan borrowed by the Muslim households in Telangana stands at Rs 80,178 out of which 22% is repaid and remaining 78% (Rs 62294) is outstanding loan amount which is close to the figure for all India level for Muslims (Table 6.6). This amount is far less than the Hindus and other groups at both Telangana and all India levels. The low amount of loan among the Muslim household both in state and national level indicates low credit extended to the

Muslims in comparison to other religions. It is interesting to note that the ratio of repayment of loan among Muslims is slightly higher than all other groups at both state and all India levels. The repayment ratio was 22% which points out at the loans being used in worthwhile manner. The average outstanding loan per Muslim household was Rs. 62,294 and the written off amount was 0. The numbers entails low risk for the banks and other lending institutions if the borrower is from Muslim community in the State, but still the credit given to the households from the very community is very low.

Table 6.6: Average amount of loan and outstanding (Rs)

Loan All India Telangana


Borrowed amount

106953 80405 176392 107634 122646 80178 47400 118498

Repaid 18785(17.6%)

15165(19%)

32728(18.6%)

19113(17.8%)

20083(16.4%)

17884(22.3%)

8446(17.8%)

19547(16.5%)

Written-off 649 332 971 627 23 0 0 21

Outstanding 87519 64908 142692 87895 102539 62294 38955 98929Source: Debt and Investment Survey, NSSO- 70th Round, 2013.* Numbers in parenthesis are in percentage in borrowing amount


Source of CreditIn terms of average amount borrowed by a Muslim household in Telangana, it is relatively higher by banks (Rs1,42,244) followed by agricultural money lenders, cooperatives,

professional money lender, SHGs and NBFC respectively (Table 6.7). The data also shows high average amount of borrowings also comes from the agricultural money-lender (Rs 1,00,000) and Co-operative (Rs 92,747).

Table 6.7: Average amount borrowed from different credit agencies (Rs)

Credit Agency type

All India Telangana


Co-operative 110443 130542 180091 116698 137472 92747 106799 135786

Bank 228719 160301 259601 224632 327348 142244 43617 312497

SHG 22253 20242 24357 22183 19357 22026 25706 19722

NBFC 20391 15659 18906 19445 26566 17270 . 23569

Agri-Moneylender 41368 29937 110858 43470 53428 100000 68529 53685

Professional -Moneylender

45893 38200 74841 46379 62864 75473 38387 62807


The loan amounts from the money lenders (agricultural and professional) are very high for Muslims in Telangana in comparison to the National average. It shall be noted that the Muslim households in the state compared to

all India level, receive relatively lesser amount of loan from institutional sources (banks, co-operatives, SHGs) and higher amount from non-institutional sources (moneylender – agricultural & professional).

But in terms of proportion of loans by the different credit agencies, Muslims, like all other groups, get only 9% of loans from the banks which are relatively lower than the other agencies.

Consequently, more Muslims in Telangana in comparison to all India level, depend largely on money lender/input suppliers (47%) followed by friend (18%) and SHGs (14.5%) (Figure 6.2)


Figure 6.2: Proportion of Loans from different Credit Agencies

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Co-operatives Banks SHGs Money Lenders Relatives/freinds Other

Hindu Muslim

8.46

5.01

13.7

8.72

17.3

7

14.5

4

52.8

46.9

7

4.93

17.8

5

2.83 6.

93


Table 6.8: Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Loan/debt and Religion

Source of loan

SCs STs H-BCs H-Others Hindu Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

Friends/ Relatives

44.1 46.4 41.5 29.0 41.2 44.4 47.7 45.1 44.1 43.3

Money lenders 42.5 37.6 41.6 38.7 41.4 37.9 37.3 37.7 42.7 39.9

Banks/Co-operatives

21.1 33.6 34.3 60.5 33.8 17.2 16.8 17.1 22.2 24.7

Credit society 1.4 0.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.3

SHG’s 56.4 52.8 61.5 56.7 59.6 35.3 32.3 34.7 47.1 46.7

Others 2.6 2.4 2.4 1.7 2.4 4.0 3.3 3.9 3.1 3.1Source: Sample Survey Conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

The sample survey conducted by CGG finds 43.3% of the households in Telangana borrowed from Friends and Relatives. 45.1% of the Muslim households borrowed from friends and relatives. Another major source of credit for the community is the moneylenders. Around 37.7% of the Muslim households borrowed from moneylenders. Banks & co-operatives and SHGs give loans to 17.1% and 34.7% of the Muslim households respectively. Among the Hindus, the proportions of households borrowed from Banks and SHGs are higher in comparison to the state average and also the Muslim community (See Table 6.8).

Loans under different SchemesThe data also shows that majority of loans by the Muslims (69%),which is higher than the Hindus (64%), are not covered by any beneficial/concessional schemes like PMRY, SGSY, SJUSRY, state government scheme, crop loan and minority schemes, (Figure 6.3 and Table A 6.3). More specifically, the proportion of loans under Minorities schemes is almost nil for the Muslims at both state and all India level.


Figure 6.3: Proportion of loans under different Schemes

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0SGSY State Govt

SchemeCrop Loan

Minority Scheme

Other Scheme

No Scheme

5.81

1.06 3.

92

10.8

7

11.7

6

2.95

0.0

0.1

14.6

7

15.8

63.8

4

69.2

2

Hindu

Muslim



Figure. 6.4: Different Types of Loans by Muslim Households in Telangana, 2013

Types of Loans (by period term)Like other groups, Muslims in the state have higher proportion of loans under medium term (44%) followed by short term non-pledged (24%) and long term (21%) (Fig 6.4). But at All India level the loans under short term non-pledged (34.6%) and medium term (27.7%) dominate the Muslim’s loans (See Table A6.4)

Types of Loans (by Interest Rates)The rate of interest i.e. cost of loan, is the most important aspect in deciding the extent of credit facilities. The weighted average annual interest rate of the all loans by a Muslim households in Telangana stands at 16.3% which is slightly above that for the Hindus (16.1%) at the State at all India level (16.1%) (Table A6.5). The professional money lenders charge the highest rate of interest (28%) for loans given to the Muslims followed by input supplier (24%) and agricultural money lender (24%). The institutional agencies like banks (10.8%), co-operatives (13%) and even SHGs (6.5%) charge relatively lower rate of interest on loans (Figure 6.5).

11%

24%

44%

21%

Short term-Pledged

Short term-Non-Pledged

Medium termLong Term


Figure. 6.5: Interest Rate charged by different credit agencies

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Co-operative Bank

9.3

9.3

6.5

12.1

28.6

28.2

35.6

13.1

10.8

6.5 9.

3

24.0

28.0

24.0

SHG NBFC Agriculture Professional Input

Hindu Muslim


Table 6.9: Proportion of loans under different category of interest rates

Interest rate category

All India Telangana


Zero 17.4 31.7 19.1 19 6.4 18 10.1 7

0.1-5 5.4 4 4.3 5.2 11.9 4.6 14.2 11.7

5.1-10.0 13.8 11.5 18.8 13.8 13 16.4 15.9 13.2

10.1-15.0 21.1 21 27.5 21.5 14.4 13.2 19.3 14.4

15.1-20.0 4 3.8 6.7 4.2 2.8 3.6 1.4 2.8

20.1-30.0 18.8 11.6 14.6 17.8 33.2 26.8 25.2 32.7

30.1-40.0 9.9 6.5 4.6 9.2 16.7 16.4 13.6 16.6

>40.0 9.5 9.9 4.4 9.2 1.5 1.1 0.3 1.5

All 15.4 16.1 14.2 15.3 16.1 16.3 18.9 15.2


It is also true that Muslims, than the other groups, are charged slightly higher interest rate by the banks and co-operatives. It is also interesting to note that still 18% of loans by Muslims in the state (6.5% in for Hindus) from all the source is at ‘zero interest rate but this is quite low as compare to all India figures (31.7%). This is may be because of prevalence of the Islamic religious norms among them that prohibits charging interest on money lent to the same community members (See Table 6.9).

Though it is relatively less as compared to other groups, still around 48% of total loans borrowed by the Muslims are at higher interest rate, i.e. greater than the bank interest rate (15% per annum). Simple (60.5%) followed by compound (21.5%) interest rate types dominate the loans taken by Muslim like other groups in the state (Figure 6.6).

Loans From Different bankThe data collected from SLBC on the bank-wise beneficiaries information shows Muslims are the lowest beneficiaries from the different banks. The numbers of beneficiaries in total are 45,66,612 which have a loan amount of Rs 108,55,593 lakh. Among the Muslims a mere 2,10,713 persons

are beneficiaries of the banks amounting a loan amount of Rs 3,33,825 lakhs. The Muslims in the state constitute only 4.61% of the beneficiaries and the loan amount accredited to them was just 3.07% of the total loan amount. This shows a very low amount of loans given to the Muslims in the state.


Figure 6.6: Proportion of loans under different nature of interest, 2013

Interest Free Simple Compund Concessional

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1.06

76.3

1

60.4

5

17.0

8

21.4

5

0.19

0.13

17.9

8

Hindu Muslim


6.3 Purpose of Loans

The purpose of the loan indicates that whether the loans availed by a household is utilized for productive purposes or not.

Among all, household expenditure is the major purpose for the Muslims to borrow in Telangana, followed by non- farm (12%), medical (11) and housing (11%) (Figure 6.7 and table A 6.7).

At all India level, next to household consumption, housing, farming, medical treatment and non-farming business are major purposes for loan. It is found that, relatively lower proportion of loans for farming (4%) and higher proportion of loans for non-farming (12%) among Muslims in the state maybe because of occupational pattern where they engage mostly in the occupations of

non-farm activities like automobile/motor repair, transport/driving, hawking/small retailing, tannery, knitting, tailoring, scratching, binding, etc. The proportion of loans for education is relatively very low among Muslims (2%) (3.6% for Hindus) at both state and all India levels may be because of low levels of education (both school and college/university) in general among them.

Table 6.10: Percent distribution of HHs by locality, purpose of availing loan and religion

Locality Loan purpose SCs STs H-OBCs H-Otheres Hindus M-BC-E M-OTH M-ALL OTH All

All Business 3.3 2.4 7.3 11.8 6.6 12.9 15.0 13.3 6.8 9.7

Health care 46.4 32.0 35.7 29.0 37.2 31.4 28.5 30.8 41.0 34.7

Children education 16.0 22.4 22.3 26.5 21.4 16.5 18.1 16.8 23.1 19.5

Marriage 20.0 9.6 19.2 15.1 18.6 25.0 23.9 24.7 17.8 21.3

Family functions 6.5 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.3 8.1 7.8 8.0 7.2 8.0

Construction of house

16.5 20.8 16.7 16.0 16.8 17.3 15.5 16.9 21.7 17.5

Others* 35.5 48.0 42.9 55.5 42.7 28.5 25.2 27.8 26.5 33.9Source: Sample Survey Conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

The household survey shows healthcare being the main purpose of borrowings. Among the Muslims, 30.8% of the households borrow for

health care. Children’s education and marriage are the next two top purposes for availing loans among the Muslim households. 16.9%


Figure 6.7: Proportion of Loans under different Purposes

Farming Non-Farm Education Medical Treatment

Housing Household Expenditure

Other

Hindu Muslim60

50

40

30

20

10

0

27.1

4.12

4.42

11.7

4

3.59

1.91 6.

43 10.6

8

8.81 10

.66

42.8

8

56.6

4

5.63

3.97


of the Muslim households borrow for housing purposes. Healthcare also constitutes the prime purpose of borrowing among the Hindus followed by children’s education and marriage. The borrowing for health care is even higher among the SC households (See Table 6.10).

6.4 Priority Sector Loans

National Minorities Development Finance Corporation (NMDFC) which is a central institution with its state level branches was established in 1994 to provide concessional finance to the Minorities for self employment/income generation activities. “Prime Minister’s New 15 Point Programme for the Welfare of Minorities” has included the need for the credit support under 9th point – “Enhanced credit support for economic activities” that has mandated the Government to strengthen the National Minorities Development Finance Corporation (NMDFC) by providing it greater equity support and ensure an appropriate percentage of the priority sector lending (PSL)by banks for the minority communities. In order to fulfill this mandate of credit under PSL, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued guidelines to all the Commercial Banks from time to time to address the banking and credit needs of religious minorities in India under the provision of priority sector lending and advances. As per RBI’s extant guidelines, within PSL target of 40%, a sub-target of 10 per cent of adjusted net bank credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent amount of off-balance sheet exposure (OBE), whichever is higher, as on March 31 of the previous year, domestic scheduled commercial banks and foreign banks with 20 and above branches have been mandated for lending to weaker sections which includes, among others, persons from minority communities. The guidelines include the directive that smooth flow of bank credit through various Government-sponsored schemes should be ensured; a special cell should be set up in each bank for this purpose; and an officer be posted in Lead Banks to

exclusively look after credit flow to minorities and publicize various programmes among the minority communities of the area. The half-yearly figures for credit flow to minorities is to be sent to the RBI, and the progress of credit to minority communities is to be periodically reviewed (RBI 2014).

Table 6.11: Banking Details During the financial year 2015-16 up to December 2015.

Total Deposits (Rs Crores) 347026.26

Total advances (Rs Crores) 375155.01

Credit Deposit Ratio 108.11%

Priority Sector Advances (Rs Crores) 122770.12

% of PSL In Total advances 32.42%

Sectors:

Agriculture (RsCrores) 55854.85

Non-Farm and Micro & Small Enterprises (Rs Crores)

34418.22

Export Credit (Rs Crores) 105.61

Other’s (Rs Crores) 24479.05

Beneficiaries:

Weaker Section (Rs Crores) 28554.92

Women (Rs Crores) 22568.44

SC/ST (Rs Crores) 9976.46

Minorities (Rs Crores) 10767.31

SHGs (RsCrores) 13989.05Source: State Level Banker’s Committee (https://www.telanganaslbc.com/banking-details/)

From the Table 6.11, it can be seen that Telangana state has been behind the target of 40% in Priority Sector Lending. The PSL to total advances are 32.46%. Rs 55,854.85 crores have gone to the agricultural loans under PSL. Small and Medium Enterprises got Rs 41,330.61 crores and medium enterprises got Rs. 6,781.68 crores. Education, housing loans, social infrastructure, renewable energy and others have loan of Rs 24,479.05 crores in PSL. The beneficiaries are the weaker sections (Rs 28,554.92 crores), Women (Rs 22568.44 crores), SCs/STs (Rs 9976.46 crores). The Minorities got only Rs 10,767.31 crores under PSL in the state.


6.5 Other Specialized Institutions

Minorities Welfare Department:Government has created a Commissionerate/Directorate of Minorities Welfare at State Headquarters under the control of Minorities Welfare Department to supervise the various schemes for the Welfare of Minorities and to ensure proper utilization of funds being spent by the Government vide G.O.Ms.No.130, Minorities Welfare (MFC) Department, dated on 18-12-2012. Minorities Welfare schemes are implemented by the Commissioner of Minorities Welfare which include GOI Pre matric scholarship, Reimbursement of Tuition Fee and Scholarships (RTF & MTF), GOI Post Matric Scholarship, GOI Merit Cum Means Based Scholarship, Post Matric Hostel, Pre Matric Hostel, Residential schools with an intake of 480 students in each School. Residential schools with an intake of 480 students in each School. Multi Sectoral Development Plan (MSDP), Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation Limited, Telangana State Christian (M) Finance Corporation Ltd, Telangana State Wakf Board, Urdu Academy of Telangana, Telangana State Haj Committee, Centre for Educational Development of Minorities (CEDM), Diaratul-Marifil-Osmania, Osmania University Campus etc.

Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation Limited (TSMFCL)a. Economical Support Scheme : Subsidy For

Bankable Scheme:

The Scheme is intended to assist Minorities through Bank loan and subsidy to setup own Industries, Business, Services and Transport Sector.

Eligibility: 1. Annual Income of the Beneficiary: Rural Rs.

1.50 lakh and Urban Rs. 2.00 lakh per annum2. Age: Between 21 to 55 years 3. Total Units Cost: Rs. 2.50 lakhs for ISB Sector

and Rs. 3.00 for Transport Sector

Subsidy: 50% of the unit cost limited to Rs.1,00,000/- whichever is lower per beneficiary.

b. Training And Placement In order to enable the Minorities to set up their small and tiny business units and to rise above the poverty line, a scheme called Training, Employment and Placement is being implemented by Telangna State Minorities Finance Corporation Ltd. In various activities with focus on women oriented trades.a. Annual Income of the Beneficiary: Rural Rs.

1.50 lakh and Urban Rs. 2.00 lakh per annum. b. Age: Between 18 to 35 years.

Source: Telangana State online Beneficiary Management and Monitoring System (Accessed on 18 July, 2016).

Fig. 6.8: Beneficiary and State Government Corporations in Telangana State

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TSVBCC

TSWMCSF

TSNBCSF

TSVCSF

TSKSCSF

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TSMFC

TS(U)C

SF

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TSKBPCSF


There are a total of 16 departments dealing with the programmes for social upliftment of the down trodden in the state. Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation and Telangana State Christian Minorities Finance Corporation are two major departments dealing with the finance for the minorities in the state. TSMFC has a registration of 153,906 persons and the total subsidy granted areRs 2,70,394.1 lakhs. The amount of subsidy is the highest by the department comparatively to other departments (See Table A6.8).

National Minorities Development Finance Corporation (NMDFC)The concessional credit line of NMDFC (National Minorities Development Finance Corporation) has been bifurcated into two streams. In Credit line 1, the credit is being disbursed on the basis of income limits of Rs. 81,000 per annum for rural areas and Rs.1.03 lakh per annum in urban areas, at the concessional interest rate. In case of Credit line 2, the concessional credit is provided to the section of Minority population with annual family income of up to Rs.6.00 lakhs, defined on the basis of “Creamy Layer” criterion of OBC by Government of India. It will get concessional credit at a rate of interest which is higher than credit line 1. NMDFC also extend credit under Term Loan Scheme. This scheme is for individual beneficiaries and is implemented through the state channeling agencies (SCA). Under the Term Loan Scheme, projects costing up to Rs. 20.00 lakhs (up to Rs. 30.00 lakh for credit line-2) are considered for financing. NMDFC provides loan to the extent of 90% of the project cost. The remaining cost of project is met by the SCA and the beneficiary. However, the beneficiary has to contribute a minimum of 5% of the project cost. The rate of interest charged from the beneficiary is 6% per annum. For credit line-2, up to Rs. 30.00 lakh is given at the interest rate of 8% per annum for male beneficiaries and 6% per annum for women beneficiaries. Assistance under Term Loan Scheme is available for any commercially viable and technically feasible venture, broadly under the following sectors: a) Agriculture & allied, b) Technical trades, c) Small business,

d) Artisan and traditional occupations, and e) Transport and services sector.

Self Help Groups (SHGs)The data on Self Help Groups according to socio religious categories are available with Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP), Department of Rural Development, Telangana. In rural areas there are 4,31,044 SHGs in total and total members are 46,74,649. Out of these, 7,528 SHGs are formed by Minorities only. The total number of Muslim membership in SHGs in the state is 1,49,396. In the urban areas, 3,095 SHGs are working out of which 2,474 are from Muslim communities. The total number of Muslim membership in the urban SHGs is 24,120 ( for details see Table A6.9).

The SHG-Bank linkages help in delivering financial services to the poor in a sustainable manner. Through this programme 107012 SHGs in the rural Telangana are linked with the banks. The amount of loans achieved is around Rs 3,55,847.25 lakh. There are 1,802 Muslim SHGs in the state that have also adopted the programme and this helped to create a loan of Rs 5,928.07 lakh for the Muslims in the rural Telangana (for details see Table A6.10)

6.6 Financial Inclusion

Table 6.12 gives a glance of number of branches of all major banks across regions of Telangana. Rural areas have 34.7% of branches followed by metros 28.85%, semi-urban 23.42% and urban 13.04%. Branch distribution is highly skewed towards urban areas in Telangana. Urban population of Telangana is 38.7 % while branches located in urban centers were 65%. Total 141 new branches were opened across state in 2015-16 up to December (SLBC).

Table 6.12: Banking at a Glance in Telanagana (as on 30.12.2015)

Rural Semi-Urban

Urban Metro Total

2015 1755 1185 660 1460 5060Percentage 34.68 23.42 13.04 28.85 100

Source: State Level Banker’s Committee.


Most of the districts of Telangana are well above the national average (CRISIL score of 40.1 (CRISIL index 2013). Predominantly i.e. 73.5% of Telangana Muslims live in urban areas like Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy districts (together account for 52.2% of Muslims population in Telangana). When we compare the population distribution of Muslims and CRISIL scores, districts where Muslim population is predominant i.e. Hyderabad has very high score of 80 and Ranga Reddy had 61 score. It is good to see that the scores are much above the All-India average for Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy. The other districts with large Muslim population like Nizamabad, Medak, Mahabubnagar and Adilabad have CRISIL Scores of 68.7, 65.3, 57.1 and 59 respectively, which are well above the All-India average. Hyderabad and Nizamabad districts have high Muslim concentration and these districts have high CRISIL scores. Other districts have lower scores in comparison to these two districts. So the Muslim population in these districts has to be taken care of. It also a fact that

CRISIL financial inclusion index has no variable related to religion and as such is not a very good index of financial inclusion for our purpose.

6.7 Summary

There is a, relatively, less access to banking and credit facilities to Muslims in Telangana as compared to Hindus and other socio-religious groups in the State. Compared to all other socio-religious groups, Muslims in the state borrow mostly for household consumption purpose. They borrow less from formal institutions and more from informal institutions as a result the average interest rate is relatively high for them. The CRISIL index shows a high financial inclusion index for Telanagana State but a more comprehensive index to incorporate the religions and castes is required to get a clear idea. Most of the data analyzed in the chapter has shown that there is a lack of access to formal credit and formal banking to Muslims of Telangana.

Source: CRISIL Inclusix, June 2015.

Fig. 6.9: CRISIL Financial Inclusion Index, 2013

Adilab

ad

59

79.9

61.5 65

57.1 65

.3

63.6 68

.7

61

66.2

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abad

Karim

naga

r

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Medak

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2013 2012 20102011

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1 Priority sector includes, inter alia, agricultural loans, loans to small-scale industries & small business, loans to retail trade, professional and self-employed persons, education loans, housing loans and micro-credit.2 But in Telangana the risk attached with loans to Muslim community is found to be low. See section 2 Table 3.

Footnote

119Status of Women

7.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with the overall scenario of socio-economic conditions of Muslim women in Telangana. It is divided into three different parts. Firstly it shows the status of Muslim women in terms of the general perception of women, within the society and also within the context of Muslim family structure. This includes marriage, divorce, decision making, etc. The second part shows the educational aspects of Muslim women and girl child, their literacy rate, access to education, drop-out and retention, and educational mobility among them. The third part relates to broad perspectives on employment and economic opportunities for Muslim women in India and particularly in Telangana, and probes into the gender dimensions of both employment and livelihood.

7.2 Social Aspects

In recent years there has been a significant public debate on the conditions and issues relating to Muslim women in India. The perception that Muslim women’s social status in India can be ascribed to a certain intrinsic, immutable feature of Islam or that their legal status derives solely from reference to Muslim laws is widely prevalent. As a result of this misconception, Muslim women are often considered as ‘separate’ or ‘different’ from Indian society, reinforcing cultural stereotypes and obscuring their contemporary realities.

Monogamy is the general pattern among the Muslims even though the Muslim Personal Law allows polygamy. Among Muslims,marriage is a civil contract. The ‘Mehr’, which is the

amount the husband has to pay to the wife, is always fixed before the ceremony takes place and may be paid either immediately or later in life. With reference to law, a woman’s right to family property – pro-women legislation from classical Islamic law – is seldom practised, due to social prejudice and resistance towards the notion of women’s property rights. Yet the Hindu practice of dowry – with its extremely negative implications for women – has been adopted by Muslim communities. Marriages are usually negotiated and settled by the parents of the boy and the girl. Nikah, which is the actual marriage ceremony, is performed at the bride’s house but most of the Muslim marriages in Telangana are now performed in function halls by Qazis.

In Telangana, of late, the marriages among Muslims have become the occasion for festive rejoicing and a means of ostentatious display of one’s wealth and pomp. If glitter is the most important display item at the wedding, food is the most expensive part. The grand feast that follows the wedding has become too costly often requiring people to incur heavy debts in order to keep up appearances. Furthermore, Muslims have adopted numerous rites and customs, which are indigenous and are not found among their counterparts in other countries. One of these customs is the demand of ‘Jahez’ made by the bridegroom’s party and which the bride’s side has to fulfill – this could mean providing an apartment or a job in the Gulf, or a scooter or just cash or jewellery. This causes insurmountable difficulty and untold miseries to the bride’s parents. Dowry is not acceptable in Islam but it has been one of the evils that has seeped into the system. Social activists, ‘ulemas’ and intellectuals are trying their best to eradicate this social evil.

CHAPTER-7

Status of Women


7.2.1 Changing Status Urban Telangana in recent years has seen more and more Muslim girls getting secular education, but at the same time in rural areas, reinforcement of age old traditions emphasize their overall role as caring and homely women. Education for woman has been geared up for intelligent motherhood and wifehood. Traditionalists tell women their role was to seek fulfilment as wives and mothers. They should not have to achieve anything substantial or perform any tedious task. All they have to do is devote their lives from earliest girlhood to finding a husband and bearing children. It seems for most women that they exist for and through their husbands and children. There is an increasing emphasis on the nurturing and home making values. So she elegantly forfeits the top jobs to men.

The gender-based fear of the ‘public’, experienced to some degree by all women, is magnified manifold in the case of Indian women. The lines between ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe spaces’ become rigid. Further, it is believed that for a large number of Muslim women in India today, the only ‘safe’ space (both in terms of physical protection and in terms of protection of identity) is within the boundaries of home and community.

The incidences of communal violence result in immense fear, a feeling of vulnerability, and consequently a visible impact on mobility and education, especially of girls. It was observed that because of lack of adequate Muslim presence in the police force, this problem prevails in almost all Indian states as it heightens the perceived sense of insecurity, especially in a communally sensitive situation. Exclusive girls’ schools are fewer, and are usually at a distance from Muslim localities. This has its repercussions because after any incident of communal violence, parents pull out their girls from the schools fearing their security. Lack of hostel facilities is another limiting factor, especially for girls. Poverty and financial constraints are the major causes that prevent Muslim girls from accessing ‘modern’ education.

7.3 Demographic Profile

Muslims form the largest religious minority of Telangana State, constituting 12.68 per cent of the total population. Out of 44.65 lakhs Muslim population, 21.97 lakhs are female (Census of India 2011). The rural urban break-up of the Muslim female population also shows urban domination as 16.32 lakh Muslim females live in urban areas of the state.

The age-sex distribution of females in Telangana state reflects 66.6 per cent of the women population are in the age group of 14-64 years. But in contrast to this, 74.86 per cent of the Muslim women are in the working age group of 14 to 64 years. 9.17 per cent of the Muslim women are in the age group of 0 to 4 years and 10.23 per cent of the Muslim women are in the age group 5 to 9. (Refer to Fig 2.8 and Table 2.4).

The sex ratio in Telangana was 987 in 2011. The sex ratio among the Muslims in the state was 984 in 1961 which declined to 970 in 2011. The sex ratio in rural Telangana declined from 1022 in 1961 to 994 in 2011. The sex ratio in the urban Telangana was 962 in 2011 which had increased from 954 in 1961 (Refer to Fig. 2.9, 2.10, and 2.11).The level of urbanisation of the Muslim community in the state is of special character of their demography. 73.5 per cent of the Muslims in the state live in urban areas. The Muslim female urbanisation level was 73.2 per cent in 2011.

An important aspect of demography is the child sex-ratio (CSR). The CSR was 935 in the state whereas it was 949 for the Muslim community in 2011. The CSR for the Muslims was 968 and 943 in the rural and urban areas respectively (See Fig 2.12 and Table 2.5, 2.6 and 2.7). The Child Woman Ratio was 339 in the state in comparison to 450 in All India for the Muslim community (Refer to Fig 2.13). The rural-urban differential of the ratio in the state among Muslims was negligible. It is clear that among the various communities in India, sex-ratio among Muslims remains the highest. The answer could very

121Status of Women

well be in the respect that the girl child gets in a Muslim household, which translates into better healthcare provision and nutrition for her.

7.4 Health Status

The health of Muslims, especially women, is directly linked to poverty and the absence of basic services like clean drinking water and sanitation - leading to malnutrition, anaemia, a variety of other diseases and poor life expectancy.

A study conducted by Shaheen Women’s resource and welfare centre1, an Action Aid partner, on health conditions of Muslim women in some slums areas in Hyderabad during mid-September to mid-December, 2014, revealed the followings:

a) The average age of marriage among the married and divorced women was 16 years. The lowest age of marriage among the girls was 14 years and the highest was 19 years

b) Educated girls (about 25 per cent) usually studied up to class ten. There were no colleges close by and public transport was almost nonexistent. This along with parent’s disinterest prevented the girls from pursuing higher studies.

c) Majority of the women employed in making bangles (gota) has complained of pain and watering in the eyes, headache, body or back pain. Persons, those worked in the incense stick factory complained about cough, because of the pollutants present in the working area. Girls had complained of boils in their hands due to the chemicals used in making incense sticks.None of the respondents or any member of their family has any Employee’s State Insurance (ESI) coverage, though they work in formal industry like readymade shirt manufacturing or incense stick factory.

d) People generally go to the local ‘doctors’ who are not qualified, but have gained some medical skills by serving under other qualified doctors. These semi-trained ‘doctors’ have set up their clinics in almost every locality of the old city. People go to these ‘doctors’ as they charge a low fee of Rs. 20-30 per visit and are accessible. The entire cost of treatment (including medicines and injections) of simple ailments like cold and fever can be as low as Rs. 30. The treatment of minor ailments usually costs between Rs. 50 to Rs.200.

e) Government health centres are very few and far from the localities. It was seen that some of the women in NM Nagar went to Government centres since they were located closer. However, there were only a couple of respondents who visited Government centres in SD Nagar, primarily for vaccination. The health centre in SD Nagar is far from their residence. Those who access Government centres have encountered long queues. Patients are further discouraged by the fact that treatment of illness at Government centres is spread over a few visits and a longer recovery period.

f) The minor ailments that the people suffer from are cold, cough, fever, backpain, headache and other problems related to their occupation. The frequency of their visits to the doctor varies according to the individual. A few said that they go once in five to six months but most of them go at least once a month. In most of the respondent’s families, there has been at least one major episode of illness or chronic disease.

g) The Government maternity hospital is the only big hospital easily accessible to the people. There is no drinking water facility in the wards or inside the hospital building. Drinking water is available within the


premises, however. People were seen queuing up to fill their bottles. The bathrooms are unclean and sometimes do not have water supply. Doctors visit once in the morning every day. Some patients mentioned that they need to pay the staff to keep them happy. The attitude of the administration does not appear to be very helpful. They feel that the patients live in huts but expect five star facilities at the hospital. Patients feel that this hospital is the only health facility available to the poor.

7.4.1 Incidence of Anaemia Anaemia (low level of haemoglobin in the blood) has detrimental effects on the health of both women and children. Anaemia among pregnant women may increase the risk of premature delivery, maternal mortality and prenatal mortality. Table 4.1 present religion and gender wise differences in anaemia level. Among children between 6-59 months in Telangana, 71 per cent children are anaemic. Severely anaemic percentage among females (14 per cent) is higher than male (12.7 per cent). The gender difference in severe and moderate degree of anaemia among Muslims is quite high. Similarly in the case of age group of 6-19 years, the gender difference is quite pronounced among the Muslims for severe and moderate anaemia (See Table 4.1).

The comparison of any anaemia level is presented below for adults (20 years and above) across SRCs by different characteristics. As per the international standard, the level of anaemia for males is 13 HB g/dl and for females, it is 12 HB g/dl2. The degree of anaemia among females is higher than the males across all SRCs in Telangana. For young females, it is high when they are having children and menstruation. In the age group 50-59, when women are in post menopause period, anaemia level is lower in comparison to younger ages. However, after age 60 and above the prevalence is again increasing. In case of Muslim males it is higher in urban areas whereas it is higher for Muslim women living in rural areas in comparison to urban. Prevalence

of anaemia for rural Muslim women and SC/ST women in urban areas is worst in all socio-economic groups (see Table 4.2). District wise prevalence of anaemia for adults (20 years and above) across SRCs shows that Muslim women living in Khammam, Karimnagar, Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Adilabad have higher rates anaemia prevalence in comparison to female groups in other SRCs (see Table 4.3)

7.4.2 Fertility and ContraceptionAt current fertility levels, women in Telangana have an average of 1.8 children in her life time, which is below replacement level of fertility (NFHS-4, 2014-15). Fertility decreased by 0.3 children between 1992-93 (NFHS-1) and 1998-99 (NFHS-2); it decreased more rapidly (by 0.5 children) during 1998-99 (NFHS-2) to 2005-06 (NFHS-3). Fertility among Muslims is recorded higher than overall fertility. But at the same time a higher decline is also recorded among Muslims by 0.36 and 0.64 children as compared to overall aggregate (see Figure 4.5).

Contraception usage is encouraged to promote a healthy married lifestyle and for population stability. There are various forms of contraception available to men and women in Telangana for limiting and spacing childbirth. ‘Modern’ contraceptive methods include the intra-uterine device (IUD), pills, emergency contraceptive pills (ECP), injectables, condoms, female condoms and sterilization. Other methods of contraception include rhythm method and withdrawal.

Eight out of ten Muslim married women have awareness of contraception in Telangana (IIPS, 2015). In 2012-13, the Government family planning programme promoted three temporary methods – pill, IUD, condom and female condom and Emergency contraceptive method usage (DLHS-4). Marginal variations reported across religious and caste groups. There was awareness to the extent of 83 per cent about female sterilization but male sterilization is known to only 58 per cent and condom, IUD and Emergency contraceptive methods

123Status of Women

are known to a quarter of women belonged to Muslim community.

In terms of utilization, female sterilization is the predominant limiting method being used by 57 percent currently married women in 15-49 years in the state and 56 per cent women belonged to Muslim community. Male sterilization remained below 3 per cent across religion and caste groups. In 2015-16, over half (57 per cent) used any modern contraception, and 54 per cent married women opted for female sterilization followed by 1.6 per cent male sterilization method (IIPS, 2016). Less than half (47 per cent) of sterilizations for limiting method has been done in Government hospital by women belonged to Muslim community. However, only 17 per cent of Muslim women and 22 per cent women at state level availed Government facility for spacing methods. Thus women from Muslim religion reported marginal variation in knowledge and utilization of these contraceptive methods.

7.4.3 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India decreased between the period 2004-06 and 2012-13, from 254 to 167 deaths per 100,000 live births (SRS, 2014) and in the undivided Andhra Pradesh state it declined from 154 to 92 in the above period. Improvements in maternal health services in Empowered Action Group (EAG) States particularly, pregnant women undergoing antenatal care and preference of delivery in health institutions under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) helped for steep reduction of MMR by 87 points at all-India level and 62 points for undivided Andhra Pradesh.

Antenatal care is considered as one of the important components of maternal health care for early birth planning and identification of high risk pregnancy. According to NFHS-4 (2015-16) in Telangana state, 83 per cent mothers availed antenatal care in the first trimester and three-fourth mothers (75 per cent) availed at least four antenatal care visits. Seven out of ten (72 per cent) mothers availed the antenatal care from private health institutions as compared to 40 per

cent in Government health facilities (DLHS-4, 2012-13). Despite 75 per cent of mothers having availed prescribed four or more ANC check-ups, only 42 per cent have received full antenatal care (four ANC visits by a health personnel, two doses TT injection, consumption of 100 IFA tablets) during 2015-16 (NFHS-4). The low coverage of full antenatal care remained around 40 per cent in Muslim and all-groups. Muslim mothers on par with state aggregate received 74 per cent of prescribed two TT injections. However, consumption of IFA tablets/syrup by mothers during pregnancy remained around 40 per cent in all religious and caste groups- which is responsible for lower full antenatal care in the state. Mothers belonging to Muslim community availed above seven check-ups higher than other religious and caste groups (DLHS-4, 2012-13).

7.4.4 Post-natal CareA large proportion of maternal and neonatal deaths occur following 48 hours of delivery. Hence safe delivery programs have increasingly emphasized the important of postnatal care, recommending that all women receive check-up within two days of delivery. According to the NFHS-4, majority of women (82 per cent) received postnatal care from doctor/nurse/LHV/ANM/other health personnel within two days of delivery.

DLHS-4, 2012-13 reports that around 71 per cent women receive post-natal check-up within 48 hours after delivery and 75 per cent of the women within two weeks of delivery. About 77 per cent of Muslim women received postnatal care within two days after delivery compared to Hindus (71 per cent), Christian (69 per cent) and scheduled caste (70 per cent) communities respectively.

7.5 Educational Status

7.5.1 Literacy RateTable 3.1 and Figure 3.1 to Figure 3.3 in chapter 3 provide information on gender disparity in literacy rate. There is gender difference in literacy rate of 17 per cent. The male literacy rate (75 per


cent) is higher than female literacy rate (58 per cent) across all the SRCs. In the case of other Hindu community the gender gap in literacy rate is 17 per cent and it is bigger in rural area (20.37 per cent) and less in urban literacy (10.26 per cent). In the case of SCs and STs, the gender gaps are 18 per cent and 20 per cent respectively. The gap is bigger in rural areas than urban area. For Muslim community the same stands at 18.47 per cent and 7.48 per cent in rural and urban areas respectively while the overall gender gap is 10.38 per cent. Therefore, there has been a huge

gender disparity in education across all SRCs. But, greater gender disparity in literacy exists among Hindus as compared to Muslims. Again in the case of both communities, bigger gender disparity prevails in rural areas. Some other states like Uttar Pradesh (20 per cent), Bihar (20 per cent), Jammu & Kashmir (22 per cent), and face quite huge gender disparities while states like Kerala (4 per cent), Tamil Nadu (13 per cent) West Bengal (11 per cent) and Maharashtra (12 per cent) have recorded less disparities, comparatively.

Table 7.1: Students enrolment ratio in different study programmes in Telangana, 2014-15

Study programmes

No. of students Ratio

Male Female Total Male Female

PhD 2468 1285 3753 65.76 34.24

MPhil 412 262 674 61.13 38.87

PG 126787 101896 228683 55.44 44.56

UG 720829 609060 1329889 54.20 45.80

PG Diploma 3838 1824 5662 67.79 32.21

Diploma 30255 28836 59091 51.20 48.80

Certificate 392 602 994 39.44 60.56

Integrated 2357 1609 3966 59.43 40.57

Total 887338 745374 1632712 54.35 45.65

Source: All India Survey on Higher Education(AISHE), 2014-15 (Provisional), Department of Higher Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

7.5.2 Women in Different Study Programmes in TelanganaAccording to All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) report, 2014, Telangana is one of the top 7 States in terms of highest number of colleges in India. Telangana has 82 per cent Private Unaided Colleges. SCs students constitute 13.4 per cent and Scheduled tribes students 4.8 per cent of the total enrolment. 32.9 per cent students belong to OBCs. Muslim students constitute 4.4 per cent and 1.9 per cent is from other minority community.

Taking a look at the male-female ratio at state level for each study programme (Table 7.1 and Figure 7.1), we find that the trend is of higher males than females in almost every level, except certificate course. Student enrolment at Under

Graduate level has 54 per cent males and 46 per cent females. Post Graduate level has 55 per cent males and 45 per cent females. Diploma has an unbalanced distribution with 68 per cent males and 32 per cent females. In PhD programme, the ratio is of 66 per cent males and 34 per cent females. Integrated level has 59 per cent male and 41 per cent female. PG Diploma student enrolment ratio projects the little balanced picture with 51 per cent male students and 49 per cent female students.

7.5.3 Muslim Women in Different Study ProgrammesBoth Table 7.2 and Figure 7.2 show the ratio of female students in total students pertaining to that community across SRCs for school education (1-10th class). It is observed that across SRCs except Muslims, the ratio of female

125Status of Women

students is just below the percentage of male students. However, in the case of Muslims the percentage of female students (51 per cent) is just above the percentage of male students (49 per cent). Similarly for Jains and others, the percentage of female students is more as compared to male students.

In the case of intermediate education, the percentage of female students for Muslim community is found to be 44 per cent and male 56 percent. We observed that in different courses like BPC (Botany, Physics and Chemistry), HEC (History, Economics and Civics) and others the percentage of female students is better (Table 7.3 and Figure 7.3).

Table 7.2: Enrolment ratio of Muslim female students in school level education (1-10thclass) in Telangana in 2014-15

SRCs Number of students Percentage Ratio

Male Female Total Male ( per cent) Female (per cent)

SCs 511560 496339 1007899 50.8 49.2

STs 363293 331322 694615 52.3 47.7

Hindu OBCs 1456220 1383387 2839607 51.3 48.7

Hindu UCs 715084 697171 1412255 50.6 49.4

Muslims 385996 401053 787049 49.0 51.0

Christians 12004 11742 23746 50.6 49.4

Sikhs 618 523 1141 54.2 45.8

Buddhists 43 29 72 59.7 40.3

Parsis 32 19 51 62.7 37.3

Jains 431 590 1021 42.2 57.8

Others 536 8230 8766 6.1 93.9

Total 3445817 3330405 6776222 50.9 49.1Source: Director of School Education, Hyderabad.

Source: All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) report, 2014-15

Figure 7.1: Women in different study programme in Telangana, 2014-15.

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

65.7

6

34.2

4

38.8

7

55.4

4

44.5

6 54.2

0

45.8

0

67.7

9

32.2

1

51.2

0

39.4

4

59.4

3

40.5

7

54.3

5

45.6

5

48.8

0

60.5

6

61.1

3

PhD MPhil PG UG Diploma Certificate Integrated TotalPG Diploma

Male Female


Table 7.3: Enrolment Ratio of Muslim female students in various intermediate courses in Telangana in 2014-15

Name of the Subject

Number of students Percentage RatioMale Female Total Male (per cent) Female (per cent)

MPC 4466 1397 5863 76.17 23.83

BPC 681 3196 3877 17.56 82.43

CEC 7045 5075 12120 58.13 41.87

HEC 217 676 893 24.30 75.70

MEC 452 340 792 57.07 42.93

Other Subjects 21 85 106 19.81 80.19

Vocational Subject 1365 531 1896 71.10 28.01

Total 14247 11300 25547 55.77 44.23Source: Secretary, Board of Intermediate Education, Telangana State.

Note: MPC-Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, BPC-Botany, Physics and Chemistry, CEC-Commerce, Economics and Civics, HEC-History, Economics, Civics, MEC-Mathematics, Economics and Commerce.

Figure 7.3: Enrolment ratio of Muslim female students in various intermediate courses in Telangana in 2014-15

76.1

7

23.8

3

17.5

6

82.4

3

58.1

3

41.8

7

24.3

75.7

57.0

7

42.9

3

19.8

1

80.1

9

71.1

28.0

1

55.7

7

44.2

3

MPC BPC CEC HEC MEC Other

SubjectsVocational

Subject

Total

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Male (%) Female (%)

Source: Director of School Education, Hyderabad

Figure 7.2: Enrolment ratio of Female students in school education in Telangana, 2014-15

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0SCs STs Hindu

OBCsHindu UCs

Muslims Sikhs Parsis Jains Others TotalBuddhistsChristians

50.8

49.2 52

.3

51.3

50.6

50.6 54

.2 59.7 62

.7

42.2

6.1

50.9

49.1

4947.7

48.7

49.4

49.4

45.8

40.3

37.3

57.8

93.9

51

Male % Female%

127Status of Women

Table 7.4: Enrolment Ratio of Muslim female students in under graduation (UG) course in Telangana in 2014-15

University Total number of students Percentage ratio Number of Muslim students

Percentage ratio

Male Female Total Male (per cent)

Female (per cent)

Male Female Total Male (per cent)

Female (per cent)

Osmania University

47260 35291 82551 57 43 5579 4138 9717 57 43

Telangana University

4693 4646 9339 50 50 155 134 289 54 46


36423 29908 66331 55 45 3205 3503 6708 48 52

Prof. Jaya Shankar Agricultural University

239 400 639 37 63 13 7 20 65 35

Total 88615 70245 158860 56 44 8952 7782 16734 53 47

Note: Data is related to all mentioned universities as other universities did not submit their data to the Commission.


From data for under graduation (UG), we observed that the percentage of Muslim female students in Osmania university is 43 per cent while it is 46 in Telangana University and 35 percent in Prof. Jayshankar Agricultural

University. However, in Dr. B R Ambedkar Open University, their percentage is better (52 per cent). Overall the percentage of Muslim female students is less as compared to male students in degree course in these universities.

Table 7.5: Enrolment ratio of Muslim female students in Post graduation (PG) course in Telangana in 2014-15

University Total number of students Percentage Ratio Number of Muslimstudents Percentage Ratio

Male Female Total Male (%)

Female (%)


Female (%)

Osmania University

7226 7262 14488 49.87 50.12 467 345 812 57.51 42.48

Telangana University

743 562 1302 57.06 43.16 38 42 80 47.5 52.5


4470 4149 8619 51.86 48.13 290 368 658 44.07 55.92

Total 12439 11973 24409 50.96 49.05 795 755 1550 51.29 48.71

Note: Data is related to all mentioned universities as other universities did not submit their data to theCommission.



In the post graduation (PG) in these three universities, it is observed that in Osmania University, the percentage of female students is very less (43 per cent) while in other two universities their percentage is more than 50 per cent (Table 7.5). For various professional courses, we got the data from Osmania University (Table 7.6 and Figure 7.4) which reveal that in LL.B (both LL.B 3years and 5 years) programme the

percentage hovers around 35 per cent. In LL.M course, it is slightly better as compared to LL.B (i.e. 40 percent). In MBA, their percentage is just like law course (37 per cent). Thus these figures show that while Muslims as a whole are worse placed in higher education and professional education, the percentage of women from that community is far worse placed in terms of their percentage in various courses.

Table 7.6: Enrolment ratio of Muslim female students in various Professional study programmes in Osmania University, 2014-15

Name of the Course

Total number of students Percentage ratio Number of Muslim students Percentage ratio


Female (%)


Female (%)

L.L.B

(3 Years)

1605 537 2142 74.93 25.07 78 41 119 65.55 34.45

L.L.B

(5 Years)

263 162 425 61.88 38.12 15 9 24 62.5 37.5

L.L.M 372 215 587 63.37 36.63 39 26 65 60 40

M.C.A 890 569 1459 61.00 38.99 19 16 35 54.29 45.71

M.B.A 14096 8683 22779 61.88 38.12 1512 893 2405 62.87 37.13Source: The Registrar, Osmania University, Hyderabad.

Source: The Registrar, Osmania University, Hyderabad.

Figure 7.4: Gender ratio (%) in various professional study programmes, 2014-15

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0L.L.B (3 yrs) L.L.B (5 yrs) L.L.M M.C.A M.B.A

74.9

3

25.0

7

65.5

5

34.4

5

61.8

8

38.1

2

62.5

37.5

63.3

7

36.6

3

60

40

61

38.9

9

54.2

9

45.7

1

61.8

8

38.1

2

62.8

7

37.1

3Total Male (%) Total Female (%) Total Muslim Male (%) Total Muslim Female (%)

129Status of Women

7.5.4 Gender Disparity in Dropout RatioThe comparison of male-female percentage in the categories of never attended and dropout ratio is presented here (see Table A3.6 and Table A3.7). It shows that the case of male the dropout ratio is quite high in the age group of 21-29 years followed by the age group 18-20 years. The respective figures are 81.5 per cent and 31.6 per cent for male. In the case of female population the dropout ratio is high within these two age groups (71.5 per cent and 52.8 per cent respectively). But, the contrast is noticed that while male dropout ratio outnumbers the female dropout ratio in the age group of 21-29 years, the opposite happens in the age group of 18-20 years that female dropout ratio is greater than male dropout ratio. It is observed that in the age group of 21-29 years, the Muslims women top the list with 85.2 per cent of dropout ratio, followed by other minorities (82.3 per cent). Thus, the Muslim women dropout from education institutes on a large scale.

7.6 Economic Condition

7.6.1 Work Participation RateThe work participation rate (WPR) for the female in rural Telangana is lower than that of their male counterpart. The WPR for rural female was 75.6 in 2004-05 and declined over the years to 63.1 in 2001-12. For the Muslim female in rural areas, WPR declined from 56.7 in 2004-05 to 46.5 in 2011-12. WPR of Muslim-OBC female particularly declined drastically from 79.2 in 2004-05 to 49.4 in 2011-12. The WPR among the females of SC and ST community in rural areas also declined during the period but they remain very high in comparison to the Muslims (refer to Fig 5.4).

The female work participation rate in urban Telangana is very low and declined over the period 2004-05 to 2011-12. The WPR was 26.1 in 2004-05 which declined to 21.1 in 2011-12. The WPR among Muslim female in urban areas is

very low as it was 13.7 in 2004-05 and declined to 8.2 in 2011-12. The WPR among the SCs, STs and Hindu-OBCs is higher than the state average (see Fig. 5.6)

The WPR among the females are different according to rural and urban breakup and also added to this is the non-homogenous WPR across the districts. The female WPR (Muslims) is highest in Mahbubnagar (27.4) followed by Khammam (26.4) and Nalgonda (26.3). The lowest WPR is recorded in Hyderabad district. The rural urban difference is also equally significant in the different districts of the state (see Table 5.13).

7.6.2 Workers by Industry GroupsIn the rural Telangana 79 per cent of the female workers work in Agriculture. Only 21 per cent work at the non-agricultural sector. Among the rural Muslims, 57 per cent of the female workforce works in farm sector and the remaining in non-farm sector. The participation of female workforce in agriculture in rural Telangana is common among Hindus. In the urban areas 96 per cent of the female workforce is engaged in non-agricultural sector. And the entire Muslim female workforce is engaged in the non-agricultural sector (refer Figure 5.12 and 5.13).

In the non-agriculture sector, manufacturing absorbs a majority of female workers both in rural and urban areas and from both Hindu and Muslim communities in Telangana state. Manufacturing activity is mostly taken up as own-account units (running without hired worker on a regular basis). These units are of proprietary and partnership nature and also categorised as informal units. According to the NSSO survey on Unincorporated Non-agricultural Enterprises (2010), textiles, tobacco, wood products, food products and basic metals are the important activities taken up in Telangana state.


Table 7.7: Distribution of Female Self-employed Manufacturing Workers by Line of Production: Rural Telangana-2011-12

Line of Manufacturing (NIC 2008 -5 digit code)

SCs STs Hindu OBCs

Hindu UCs Muslim OBCs

Muslim UCs

Total

10796- Manufacture of papads, appalam and similar food products

0.0 0.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3

12002 -Manufacture of beedi 83.4 53.0 69.3 96.2 55.9 1.6 66.0

14105- Custom tailoring 7.0 14.8 12.8 0.2 44.1 98.4 19.0

16233 - Manufacture of products made of bamboo

9.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

16294 - Manufacture of articles made of bamboo, cane and grass

0.0 32.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

17015--Manufacture of other special purpose paper (excluding computer stationery)

0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6

Total 100.0 100.0 94.7 96.4 100.0 100.0 95.7

Source: NSSO Employment and Unemployment Survey, 2011-12.

From Table 7.7 it is observed that in rural areas 66 percent of women manufacturing workers are engaged in beedi making and 19 percent are in tailoring activity. Thus, 85 percent of women in rural Telangana are into beedi making and tailoring activities. Across the SRCs, 96 percent of women from Hindu upper caste and 83 per cent from SCs are in beedi making activity. In

the remaining groups, more than 50 per cent of women are into this activity. However, the percentage of women from Muslim-UCs is very less in this activity. Majority of women from this community are engaged in tailoring activity. Manufacture of wood products is another important activity for STs and SCs in the state.

Table 7.8: Distribution of Female Self-employed Manufacturing Workers by Line of Production: Urban Telangana-2011-12

Line of Manufacturing (NIC 2008-5 digit code)

SCs STs Hindu OBCs

Hindu UCs

Muslim OBCs

Muslim UCs

Total

10611 Flour milling 0.0 0.0 2.1 8.8 0.0 0.0 1.8

10796- Manufacture of papads, appalam and similar food products

0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.3

12002 -Manufacture of beedi 0.0 100.0 55.6 8.0 3.9 72.3 53.9

13991 Embroidery work and making of laces and fringes

10.3 0.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6

14105- Custom tailoring 89.7 0.0 34.1 42.3 96.1 26.5 36.5

23106 Manufacture of glass bangles

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2

32401 Manufacture of dolls and toy animals

0.0 0.0 0.0 29.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Total 100.0 100.0 99.1 95.6 100.0 100.0 99.2Source: NSSO Employment and Unemployment Survey, 2011-12.

131Status of Women

In urban Telangana also beedi making is the most important activity for women from all SRGs except SCs, Hindu upper caste and Muslim OBCs. Manufacture of dolls and animal toys constitutes 30 percent of workers from Hindu upper caste community (Table 7.8).

Around 41 per cent of the Muslim female workforces working in agricultural sector are self employed and the remaining 59 per cent are casual labour. The state average was 47 per cent and 53 per cent respectively in the rural areas. In the non-agricultural sector 87 per cent of the female workforces are self-employed and 9.1 per cent are casual labour. Only 4 per cent constitute regular salaried Muslim women (Refer to Fig. 5.8).

In the urban areas, 65 per cent of the Muslim female workforce are self employed and 26 per cent are regular salaried. The state average for non-agricultural female workforce (urban) was 42 per cent self employed, 43 per cent regular salaried and remaining are casual labour (see Fig. 5.9).

7.6.3 Occupational StatusThe rural female workforce in the state are mostly engaged in elementary occupation, skilled agricultural and fishery work, craft and related trade work. Muslim female are engaged in mostly as craft and related trade, skilled agriculture and fishery, and elementary occupation. In the urban areas also craft and related trade works dominated the occupation for Muslim females. Very few of the female workforces are engaged as professionals and technicians. (Refer to Table 5.6 and 5.8).

7.6.4 Differential in EarningsThe NSSO data show a huge difference in the daily wage earnings in non-agricultural sector among males and females. The casual worker (female) earns Rs 138/- per day in comparison

to Rs. 194/- earned by male counterpart in the state. The daily wage for regular salaried worker was Rs. 353 and Rs. 169 for male and female respectively. The situation is same for the Muslim females also. Muslim OBC and UC female got Rs 133 and Rs 203, respectively, in regular salaried work. And the earning of a casual female labour was Rs 100. So the Muslim women experience two way discrimination-- as the male-female gap is significant and so is the gap in casual and regular earnings.

7.6.5 Asset OwnershipThe survey conducted by CGG found that 24.7 per cent of the houses are registered in the name of female of the household in comparison to 69.7 per cent of the houses in the name of males. For the Muslims the figures are almost same in the rural areas (refer to Table 5.23). Among the households those possessed agriculture land, only 15.7 per cent of the agriculture land is registered in the name of female member of the household. The figures are lower for the Muslims as only 13.7 per cent of the household registered their agriculture land in the name of a female member (see Table 5.24).

7.6.6 Skill DevelopmentWhen asked about whether women are interested in skill-development programmes, it was found that 32.4 per cent of the females are not interested in these programmes. Out of those willing to go for skill development, 75.6 per cent of the females are interested in tailoring, 57.8 per cent are interested in beautician course, 34.7 per cent are interested in computer coaching and 9.6 per cent are interested in small scale skill development. Among the Muslim women 74.3 per cent are interested in tailoring, 31.8 per cent in beautician course, 32.9 per cent in computer coaching and 11.6 per cent in small scale industry skills. Among the Hindu female,tailoring and computer coaching are the preferred skill development areas (Table 7.9).


Table 7.9: Percentage distribution of households interested in upgrading skills of female members across SRCs in Telangana, 2016

Different skills SCs STs Hindu OBCs

Hindu UCs

Hindu - All

Muslim BC(E)

Muslim-UCs

Muslim-All

Other Minor.

All

Beautician 4.0 1.0 12.8 1.5 19.3 24.3 7.5 31.8 6.7 57.8

Tailoring 79.2 87.6 78.4 70.4 78.4 74.2 74.7 74.3 74.0 75.6

Computer coaching 35.9 35.1 34.3 40.1 35.1 33.2 32.0 32.9 41.7 34.7

Small scale industry skills 7.4 3.1 6.8 7.9 6.8 11.6 11.6 11.6 8.5 9.6

Not interested 38.7 33.6 37.7 44.3 38.3 26.6 28.2 27.0 37.0 32.4Source: Sample survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

7.7 Summary

Unlike women from other communities, Muslim women are better treated at home and have better health outcomes. However their disadvantages grow as they grow older and are subject to the interface between gender and community within the Indian social, political and economic context. Muslim women’s setting in modern

India also derives from their status as a minority within the minorities which influences their life experience and self-perception in divergent ways, and in this respect they differ from women belonging to other communities. High dropout rates, low work participation rates, poor levels of skilling, abysmal access to credit and poor housing conditions are the hallmarks of poor Muslim women in the state of Telangana.

1 An unpublished report on “Health study of Muslim Women in the Old City of Hyderabad”, by Mithun Som, conducted by Shaheen Women’s resource and welfare, December 2014.

2 These figures show the hemoglobin concentration in adults.

Footnote

133Muslims in Government Employment

8.1 Introduction

Proportionate representation of communities in Government services is one of the major indicators of their inclusion. Inclusions in Government services is considered important for many reasons and among them are (a) they provide regular source of income during the employment and also many benefits including pension after the retirement, (b) they provide opportunities to community members to be part of the decision making and implementation process of various Government schemes and decisions, and (c) provide a sense of belonging to the communities. Telangana is a part of the erstwhile Nizam’s princely state where once Muslims had a major share in employment. However, over the years, after the inclusion of the state in Indian Union, the share of Muslims, as argued by many, has gone down. In this chapter, we examine the share of Muslim employees (men and women) in various departments of the newly formed Telangana State. We first look into the total share of Muslim employees in the State from data available, followed by discussion on department-wise share of Muslim employees.

8.2 Total share Muslim employees

The Commission asked for data on the share of Muslims employees from 208 Government departments/Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). However, total 131 Departments have

sent the data to the Commission. These 131 departments are organised in 23 Secretariat Departments. At the aggregate level of 23 Secretariat Departments, the share of Muslims in total 479556 employees was 7.36% (Table 8.1 and Figure 8.1). This shows that share of Muslims in the total employment is much less than the share of Muslim population of 12.68% (Census of India 2011) in the State. Department-wise data shows that, in general, share of Muslim employees is lower in the departments where number of total employees is higher. Examples of such departments are Welfare Departments (with only 3.37% share of Muslim employees), Education Department (6.06% share of Muslim employees) Energy Department (6.53% share of Muslim employees) and Home Department (8.73% share of Muslim employees). It is also important to note that these major departments are also socially very crucial departments. Exclusion of Muslims from these departments also adversely impacts their role in decision making and participation in implementation process.

The share of Muslim women in comparison to men is far lower in Government employment. The share of Muslim men in total men under control of 23 Secretariat Departments is 8.09% while the share of Muslim women in the same Secretariat Departments is 5.24%. In case of share of women also, like men, the employee share is lower in major Secretariat Departments.

CHAPTER-8

Muslims in Government Employment


Table 8.1: Secretariat department-wise Muslim employees in Telangana State, (as on 28 July 2016).

Sl. N

o. Name of the Secretariat Departments

Total No. of Employees Working

Muslim Employees Working

% of Muslims Employees

Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 Agriculture & Co-operation Department

6444 2548 8992 894 200 1094 13.87 7.85 12.17

2 Civil Supplies Department 340 118 458 62 11 73 18.24 9.32 15.94

3 Education Department 81897 58291 140188 4248 4248 8496 5.19 7.29 6.06

4 Energy Department 57333 2948 60281 3780 154 3934 6.59 5.22 6.53

5 Finance Department 1774 646 2420 283 72 355 15.95 11.15 14.67

6 Forest Department 2692 689 3381 354 40 394 13.15 5.81 11.65

7 General Administration Department 1778 564 2342 263 56 319 14.80 9.93 13.62

8 Health, Medical & Family Welfare 4835 4727 9562 810 281 1091 16.75 5.94 11.41

9 Home Department 72260 5984 78244 6422 410 6832 8.89 6.85 8.73

10 Housing Department 735 39 774 96 2 98 13.06 5.13 12.66

11 Industries Department -- -- 672 -- -- 65 -- -- 9.67

12 Irrigation Department 654 213 867 67 15 82 10.24 7.04 9.46

13 Information & Public Relations 1199 80 1279 76 2 78 6.34 2.50 6.10

14 Labour Department 1096 327 1423 158 34 192 14.42 10.04 13.49

15 Law Department -- -- 6112 -- -- 704 -- -- 11.51

16 Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department

6001 2067 8068 -- -- 746 -- -- 8.84

17 Panchayat Raj & Rural Development Department

11006 3823 14829 1082 190 1272 9.83 4.97 8.58

18 Planning Department 599 208 807 35 11 46 5.84 5.29 5.70

19 Revenue Department 11586 2554 14140 932 126 1058 8.04 4.93 7.49

20 State Legislature 84 24 108 11 0 11 13.10 0.00 10.19

21 Tourism Department 206 52 258 24 2 26 11.63 3.85 10.08

22 Transport, Roads and Buildings Department

53078 5599 58677 5892 212 6104 11.10 3.79 10.40

23 Welfare Departments 1977 63188 65165 150 2049 2199 7.59 3.24 3.37

Total 317697* 154710* 479556 25648* 8105* 35279 8.09 5.24 7.36

Source: The above respective departments, Government of Telangana.

Note: *Industries, Law and Municipal Administration & Urban Development Departments have not furnished the Male-Female particulars. So the sum of Male and Female will not add up to Total employees.


8.3 The share of Muslims in IAS, IPS and IFS

The share of Muslims in Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS) and Indian Forest Service (IFS) is abysmally low in the State. Of the total sanctioned posts of 340 for these posts, the share of Muslims is 2.94% (Table 8.2). Out of 163 IAS officers, there are only 5 Muslim officers (accounting for only 3.07%)

Source: The above respective departments, Government of Telangana.

Figure 8.1: Share (%) of Muslim employees in various Secretariat departments in Telangana State (as on 28 July 2016).

in the State, while the share of Muslims in total IPS officers in the State is further worse- out of 112 IPS officers in the State, there are only 2 Muslim IPS officers. In total 65 IFS officers in the State, the number of Muslims IFS officers is only 2. This shows the abysmal representation of Muslims in the State administrative services and requires immediate suitable interventions from the State Government to overcome the under-representations.

Table 8.2: Statement showing the IAS, IPS & IFS Officers authorised strength and Muslim Officers working in Telangana State

Sl. No. Cadre Officers Total Authorised Strength

Out of Them

Number of Muslim % of Muslim

1 2 3 4 5

1 IAS Officers 163 5 3.07

2 IPS Officers 112 3 2.68

3 IFS Officers 65 2 3.08

Total 340 10 2.94Source: GAD (SC-A and SC-B) Department, Govt. of Telangana.

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

15.9

4

Civil Sup

plies

Depart

ment

Finan

ce Dep

artmen

t

Genera

l Adm

inistr

ation

Depart

ment

Labo

ur Dep

artmen

t

Housin

g Dep

artmen

t

Touri

sm Dep

artmen

t

Agricu

lture

& Co-ope

ration

Depart

ment

Fores

t Dep

artmen

t

Law Dep

artmen

t

Health,

Med

ical &

Family

Welfare

Trans

port,

Roads

and B

uildin

gs Dep

artmen

t

State L

egisla

ture

Indus

tries D

epart

ment

Irriga

tion D

epart

ment

Manicip

al Adm

inistr

ation

& Urba

n Deve

lopmen

t Dep

artmen

t

Home D

epart

ment

Panch

ayat R

aj & Rura

l Deve

lopmen

t Dep

artmen

t

Revenu

e Dep

artmen

tTo

tal

Energ

y Dep

artmen

t

Inform

ation

& Pub

lic Rela

tions

Educ

ation

Depart

ment

Plannin

g Dep

artmen

t

Welfare

Depart

ment

14.6

7

13.6

2

13.4

9

12.6

6

12.6

1

12.1

7

11.6

5

11.5

1

11.4

1

10.4

10.1

9

9.67

9.46

8.84

8.73

8.57

7.49

7.36

6.53

6.1

6.06

5.7

3.37


8.4 Department wise Share of Muslim Employees

Below we examine in detail the share (%) of Muslims in various departments. Table 8.3shows the share of Muslim employees (men and women) in Agriculture and Cooperation Department and Civil Supplies Department. The total share of Muslim employees in both these departments is well near the proportion of Muslim population in the state. In fact, in Civil Supplies Department (Muslim employee share 15.93%) it is more than the share

of Muslim population. However, in these departments the number of total employees and Muslim employees is very low. Within the Agriculture and Cooperation Department and Civil Supplies Department there exist wide variations by department-wise. There are no Muslim employees in Sheep and Goat Development Cooperative Federation Ltd, while the share of Muslims is 17.15% in Commissionerate of Civil Supplies. At the aggregate level, the share of women employees in general is lower than men and the same is also true for the Muslims.

Table 8.3: Share of Muslim employees in Agriculture and Cooperation Department and Civil Supplies Department in Telangana State (as on 28 July 2016)

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Name of the Department Total No.of Employees Working




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

AGRICULTURE & CO-OPERATION DEPARTMENT

1 Directorate of Agriculture 1745 920 2665 206 46 252 11.81 5 9.45

2 Commissionerate of Horticulture Department

328 168 496 48 14 62 14.63 8.33 12.50

3 Commissionerate of Sericulture 232 35 267 24 1 25 10.34 2.86 9.36

4 Directorate of Animal Husbandry 2403 823 3226 383 82 465 15.94 9.96 14.41

5 Commissionerate of Fisheries Department

263 67 330 43 11 54 16.35 16.42 16.36

6 T.S. Micro Irrigation Project 221 50 271 11 2 13 4.98 4 7.9

7 Commissionerate for Co-operation & Registrar of Co-operative Societies

840 388 1228 139 33 172 16.55 8.51 14.00

8 TS Seeds Certification Agency 62 11 73 9 2 11 14.52 18.18 15.06

9 T.S. Co-operative Marketing Federation

23 16 39 4 1 5 17.39 6.25 12.82

10 T.S. Sheep & Goat Dev. Co-op Fed. Ltd.

9 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

11 TS Dairy Development Co-op Federation Ltd.

212 66 278 19 6 25 8.96 9.09 8.99

12 A.P. State Cooperative Union 39 2 41 1 1 2 2.56 50 4.88

13 T.S. Warehousing Corporation 67 1 68 7 1 8 10.45 100 11.76

Sub Total 6444 2548 8992 894 200 1094 13.87 7.8 12.16

CIVIL SUPPLIES DEPARTMENT

1 Commissionerate of Civil Supplies 200 74 274 40 7 47 20 9.46 17.15

3 Controller, Legal Metrology 140 44 184 22 4 26 15.71 9.09 14.13

Sub Total 340 118 458 62 11 73 18.24 9.32 15.93Source: Above respective departments, Government of Telangana


Table 8.4: Share of Muslim employees in Education Department in Telangana State (as on 28 July 2016)

Sl. No.



% of MuslimsEmployees


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

1 Directorate of School Education 66596 45298 111894 3091 3692 6783 4.64 8.15 6.06

2 Directorate of Adult Education 7791 9880 17671 302 314 616 3.88 3.18 3.48

3 Directorate of SarvaSikshaAbhiyan 62 26 88 6 2 8 9.68 7.69 9.09

4 T.S. Board of Intermediate Education 74 32 106 11 1 12 14.86 3.13 11.32

5 Commissionerate of Technical Education 1164 548 1712 96 36 132 8.25 6.57 7.71

6 Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 1124 621 1745 85 69 154 7.56 11.11 8.82

7 T.S. Council of Higher Education 13 9 22 3 1 4 23.08 11.11 18.18

8 Osmania University 1603 548 2151 303 49 352 18.90 8.94 16.36

9 Kakatiya University 506 131 637 38 10 48 7.51 7.63 7.53

10 Prof. Jaya Shankar TS Agricultural University 931 459 1390 140 35 175 15.04 7.63 12.59

11 Palamuru University, Mahabubnagar 84 44 128 5 3 8 5.95 6.82 6.25

12 PottiSreeramulu Telugu University 21 14 35 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad

57 34 91 6 3 9 10.53 8.82 9.89

14 Telangana University, Nizamabad 45 40 85 5 5 10 11.11 12.5 11.76

15 Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Open University 293 95 388 18 3 21 6.14 3.16 5.41

16 Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda 20 53 73 2 2 4 10 3.77 5.47

17 Satavahana University 93 40 133 6 1 7 6.45 2.5 5.26

18 NALSAR University of Law 80 31 111 8 1 9 10 3.23 8.1

19 RGUKT, Basar 198 67 265 6 1 7 3.03 1.49 2.64

20 JNA & FAU 51 20 71 9 2 11 17.65 10 15.49

21 Telugu Academy 48 28 76 2 1 3 4.17 3.57 3.94

22 Directorate of Govt. Examinations 87 33 120 13 1 14 14.94 3.03 11.67

23 Directorate of Telangana Govt. Text Book Press 490 70 560 53 1 54 10.82 1.43 9.64

24 Directorate and Special Officer JawaharBalBhavan 14 13 27 1 1 2 7.14 7.69 7.4

25 Directorate of Public libraries 368 127 495 26 9 35 7.07 7.09 7.07

26 State Archives & Research Institute 57 23 80 12 4 16 21.05 17.39 20.00

27 Directorate of Languages and Culture 7 4 11 0 1 1 0 25 9.09

28 T.S. Council of Science & Technology 20 3 23 1 0 1 5 0 4.34


Education department is major employer in the State. Total 1,40,188 employees were employed by the department as on 28 July 2016. Out of this, the share of Muslim employees was 6.06%. This, as mentioned above, shows that share of Muslim employees are lower in departments where number of employees are large. There is

also a large department-wise variation within Education Department in terms of share of Muslim employees (Table 8.4): the share of Muslim varies from 20% in State Archives and Research Institute to 0% in Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University.


Table 8.5: Share of Muslim employees in Energy, Finance and Forest Departments in Telangana State (as on 28 July 2016)

Sl. No.





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

ENERGY DEPARTMENT

1 TS Electricity Regulatory Commission

16 3 19 3 0 3 18.75 0 15.78

2 TS GENCO 31 5 36 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 T.S. Transco 1190 275 1465 72 4 76 6.05 1.45 5.18

4 SPDCL Ltd. 7883 1121 9004 747 74 821 9.48 6.60 9.11

5 Directorate of Boilers 24 7 31 7 1 8 29.17 14.29 25.80

6 Singareni Collieries Co. 48189 1537 49726 2951 75 3026 6.12 4.88 6.08

Sub Total 57333 2948 60281 3780 154 3934 6.59 5.22 6.52

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

1 Directorate of Treasuries & Accounts

1154 420 1574 188 48 236 16.29 11.43 14.99

2 Directorate of Insurance 36 8 44 6 2 8 16.67 25.00 18.18

3 Directorate of Works Accounts 193 77 270 29 6 35 15.03 7.79 12.96

4 State Audit 391 141 532 60 16 76 15.34 11.35 14.28

Sub Total 1774 646 2420 283 72 355 15.95 11.15 14.67

FOREST DEPARTMENT

1 T.S. Forest Development Corporation

63 26 89 5 2 7 7.94 7.69 7.86

2 Principal Chief Conservator of Forests

2629 663 3292 349 38 387 13.28 5.73 11.75

Sub Total 2692 689 3381 354 40 394 13.15 5.81 11.65

Source: Above respective departments, Government of Telangana

Energy Department is another major employer in the State. Total 60281 employees were working with the Department as on 28 July 2016. Out of this only 6.52% of the workers were Muslims. The share of Muslim women employees to the total women employees in the department was 5.22%. Within the department, Singareni Collieries Company was employing 49,726 workers and out of this the share of Muslims was only 6.08% (Table 8.5).

Finance Department in the state has very limited number of employees in the offices under its administrative control, that is, 2420. Out of this 14.67% were Muslims. The share of women employees in the Department was also higher – that is 11.15%. In the Forest Department also the share of Muslims was relatively higher (11.65%). However, like the Finance Department, the share of total employee in Forest Department is limited, only 3381 persons. The share of Muslim women to total women employed in Forest Department is very low, that is 5.81% (Table 8.5).


Table 8.6: Share of Muslim employees in General Administration, Health, Medical and Family Welfare, and Home Departments in Telangana (as on 28 July 2016).

STATEMENT SHOWING THE GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS & PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKING WISE MUSLIM EMPLOYEES WORKING IN TELANGANA STATE

Sl. N

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% of Muslim Employees


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT

1 General Administration Department (Secretariat)

1006 356 1362 175 49 224 17.40 13.76 16.45

2 Anti-Corruption of Bureau 235 48 283 43 2 45 18.30 4.17 15.9

3 A.P. Information Commission 94 21 115 8 0 8 8.51 0.00 6.95

4 Directorate of Translation 10 8 18 4 2 6 40.00 25.00 33.33

5 Tribunal for Disciplinary Proceedings 6 2 8 1 0 1 16.67 0.00 12.5

6 AP Administrative Tribunal 111 52 163 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0

7 Dr. MCRHRD Institute 30 14 44 2 1 3 6.67 7.14 6.81

8 TS Technology Services 34 11 45 3 0 3 8.82 0.00 6.66

9 Vigilance & Enforcement 170 17 187 13 0 13 7.65 0.00 6.95

10 TS Public Service Commission 82 35 117 14 2 16 17.07 5.71 13.65

Sub Total 1778 564 2342 263 56 319 14.80 9.93 13.62

HEALTH, MEDICAL & FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT

1 Directorate of Public Health & Family Welfare 924 990 1914 183 49 232 19.81 4.95 12.12

2 Commissionerate of VaidyaVidhanaParishad 280 314 594 53 15 68 18.93 4.78 11.44

3 Directorate of Medical Education 2408 2721 5129 323 114 437 13.41 4.19 8.52

4 Project Directorate T.S. AIDS Control Society 3 3 6 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0

5 Directorate, Drugs Control Administration 106 49 155 7 5 12 6.60 10.20 7.74

6 Directorate, Institute of Preventive Medicine 140 79 219 20 6 26 14.29 7.59 11.87

7 T.S. Medical Services Infra-structure Development Corporation

14 7 21 1 0 1 7.14 0.00 4.76

8 AYUSH 960 564 1542 223 92 315 23.23 16.31 20.67

Sub Total 4835 4727 9562 810 281 1091 16.75 5.94 11.41

The share of Muslim employees in General Administration Department and in Health, Medical and Family Welfare is satisfactory, but in Home Department it is lower. As shown in Table 8.6, the share of Muslim employees in General Administration Department is 13.62% and in Health, Medical and Family Welfare Department it is 11.41%, though

with considerable variations within the sub-departments. The share of Muslim employees is only 8.73% in Home Department. Among the three Departments mentioned above, the highest number of employees are working in Home Department (78244 employees) and it is here where the share of Muslim employees is lower.



Sl. N

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

HOME DEPARTMENT

1 Directorate General of Police 70570 5850 76420 6211 394 6605 8.80 6.74 8.64

2 Directorate General of Prisons & Correctional Services

385 104 489 54 10 64 14.03 9.62 13.08

3 T.S. Disaster Response & Fire Services 1201 23 1224 144 5 149 11.99 21.74 12.17

4 Technical Services, (Police Department) 20 5 25 2 0 2 10.00 0.00 8

5 Commissionerate of Printing, Stationery 84 2 86 11 1 12 13.10 50.00 13.95

Sub Total 72260 5984 78244 6422 410 6832 8.89 6.85 8.73


A very small number of employees are working in Housing, Industries, Irrigation and Information and Public Relation Department (Table 8.7). The total employees in each of these departments are 774, 672, 867 and 1279 respectively. Out of these respective Departments, 12.66% in Housing Department, 9.67% in Industries Department, 9.45% in Irrigation Department, and 6.09% in

Information & Public Relations Department employees are Muslims. Wide Department-wise variations are observed within each of the above mentioned Departments. For instance, in Trade Promotion Corporation there are no Muslim employee while in Directorate of Industries 14.81% of the employees are Muslims.

Table 8.7: Share of Muslim employees in Housing, Industries, Irrigation, and Information and Public Relation Departments in Telangana State (as on 28 July 2016)


Sl. No.

Name of the Department Total No. of Employees Working




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

HOUSING DEPARTMENT

1 T.S. Housing Corporation Ltd. 735 39 774 96 2 98 13.06 5.13 12.66

Sub Total 735 39 774 96 2 98 13.06 5.13 12.66

INDUSTRIES DEPARTMENT

1 Directorate of Industries 324 324 48 48 NA NA 14.81

2 T.S. Industrial Infrastructure Corporation 76 36 112 7 0 7 9.21 0 6.25

3 TS Khadi and Village Industries Board 51 9 60 2 0 2 3.92 0 3.33



Sl. No.

Name of the Department Total No. of Employees Working




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

4 Directorate of Sugar and Cane Commissioner

27 9 36 4 0 4 14.81 0 11.11

5 T.S. Trade Promotion Corp. Ltd. 5 4 9 0 0 0 0.00 0 0

6 TS Mineral Development Corporation 11 5 16 1 0 1 9.09 0 6.25

7 TS Pollution Control Board 82 33 115 3 0 3 3.66 0 2.6

Sub Total -- -- 672 -- -- 65 6.15 0.00 9.67

IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT

1 Irrigation & C.A.D. (Projects Wing) 42 21 63 1 0 1 2.38 0 1.58

2 SreeramSagar Project 44 11 55 7 4 11 15.91 36.36 20

3 NagarjunaSagar Project 260 98 358 36 9 45 13.85 9.18 12.5

4 T.S. Irrigation Development Corporation 105 16 121 9 0 9 8.57 0 7.43

5 Directorate, WALAMTARI 48 17 65 3 0 3 6.25 0 4.61

6 Directorate, Ground Water 155 50 205 11 2 13 7.10 4 6.34

Sub Total 654 213 867 67 15 82 10.24 7.04 9.45

INFORMATION & PUBLIC RELATIONS

1 Commissionerate of Information & Public Relations

1187 80 1267 76 2 78 6.40 2.5 6.16

2 A.P. State Film Television & Theatre Development Corporation

12 0 12 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sub Total 1199 80 1279 76 2 78 6.34 2.5 6.09


There is a reasonable share of Muslim employees in Labour and Law Departments of the State but in the Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department it is considerably lower – only 8.84%, that is, about two-thirds of the share of Muslim population in the State (Table 8.8).Wide variation is also seen within departments under the control of Municipal Administration & Urban

Development Department. For instance, Urban Finance Infrastructure Development Corporation has no Muslim employee; Mission Directorate, Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas (MEPMA), has only 2.21% of employees from Muslim community while Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) has 9.52% of its employee belonging to the Muslim community.


Table 8.8: Share of Muslim employees in Labour, Law and Municipal Administration & Urban Development Departments in Telangana State (as on 28 July 2016)


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

LABOUR DEPARTMENT

1 Commissionerate of Labour 385 86 471 47 7 54 12.21 8.14 11.46

2 Directorate, Employment & Training

625 207 832 93 20 113 14.88 9.66 13.58

3 Directorate of Factories 86 34 120 18 07 25 20.93 20.59 20.83

Sub Total 1096 327 1423 158 34 192 14.42 10.40 13.49

LAW DEPARTMENT

1 High Court (including District Courts)

6070 6070 699 699 NA NA 11.51

2 Directorate of A.P. Judicial Academy

30 12 42 5 0 5 16.67 0 11.9

Sub Total -- -- 6112 - - 704 16.67 0 11.51

MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION & URBAN DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

1 Mission Director, MEPMA 362 362 8 8 NA NA 2.21

2 Commissioner of GHMC 5079 1810 6889 656 656 NA NA 9.52

3 Commissioner, Municipal Corporation Nizamabad

300 121 421 24 0 24 8 0 5.70

4 Commissioner, Municipal Corp., Khammam

186 56 242 14 0 14 7.53 0 5.78

5 Commissioner, Municipal Corp., Karimnagar

239 0 239 17 0 17 7.11 0 7.11

6 Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority

194 76 270 22 5 27 11.34 6.58 10

7 Telangana Urban Finance Infra Dev. Corn.

3 4 7 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sub Total 6001 2067 8430 - - 746 1.28 0.24 8.84


The share of Muslim employees is considerably lower in Panchayat Raj & Rural Development, Planning and Revenue Departments. In these Departments only 8.56%, 5.7%, and 7.48% of the total employees, respectively, belong to the Muslim community (Table 8.9). The share of Muslim women to the total women employees in these Departments is also considerably lower. Among these Departments, the highest

numbers of total employees are in Panchayat Raj & Rural Development Department. Within this Department wide variation in the share of Muslim employees is seen department-wise. For instance, where only 1.57% of the total employees in Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty belong to Muslim community, there of Muslim employees is 11.37% in Commissionerate of Panchayat Raj.


Table 8.9: Share of Muslim employees in Panchayat Raj & Rural Development, Planning, and Revenue Departments in Telangana State (as on 28 July 2016)

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Name of the Department

Total No.of Employees Working




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

PANCHAYAT RAJ & RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

1 Commissionerate of Panchayat Raj

7948 2518 10466 1017 174 1191 12.80 6.91 11.37

2 Commissionerate of Rural Development

148 28 176 12 3 15 8.11 10.71 8.52

3 Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty

2910 1277 4187 53 13 66 1.82 1.02 1.57

Sub Total 11006 3823 14829 1082 190 1272 983 4.97 8.58

PLANNING DEPARTMENT

1 Directorate of Economics & Statistics

509 176 685 33 8 41 6.48 4.55 5.98

2 TS Remote Sensing Applications Centre

90 32 122 2 3 5 2.22 9.38 4.09

Sub Total 599 208 807 35 11 46 5.84 5.29 5.7

REVENUE DEPARTMENT

1 Chief Commissioner Land Administration

11354 2477 13831 931 125 1056 8.20 5.05 7.64

2 Commissioner of Endowments Department

232 77 309 1 1 2 0.43 1.30 0.64

Sub Total 11586 2554 14140 932 126 1058 8.04 4.93 7.48


Data related to total employees and Muslim employees in State Legislature, Tourism, Transport, and Welfare Departments and the departments within these Secretariat Departments are presented in Table 8.10. Except Transport and Welfare Departments, the number of total employees in other Departments is very limited. Out of total 58,677 employees in Transport Departments 6104 (10.40%) are Muslims while the share of Muslims in total employees of 65,165 in Welfare Department is 3.37%. The share of

Muslim employees in Directorate of Women’s Development and Child Welfare is as low as 3.27%. Overall, the lower share of the Muslims in Welfare Department, considered to be crucial for social and economic development, is matter of concern. The State Government needs to see that in all the crucial social development departments and of strategic nature, the share of Muslims remains equal to the share of Muslim population in the state for the holistic and inclusive development of the community and society at large in the state.


Table 8.10: Share of Muslim employees in State Legislature, Tourism, Transport, and Welfare Departments in Telangana State (as on 28 July 2016)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

STATE LEGISLATURE

1 State Legislature 84 24 108 11 0 11 13.10 0 10.18

Sub Total 84 24 108 11 0 11 13.10 0 10.18

TOURISM DEPARTMENT

1 T.S. Tourism Dev. Corp. 94 12 106 13 0 13 13.82 0 12.26

2 Director of Youth Services 5 0 5 1 0 1 20 0 20.00

3 Directorate of Archaeology and Museums

107 40 147 10 2 12 9.35 5.00 8.16

Sub Total 206 52 258 24 2 26 11.63 3.85 10.08

TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT

1 Transport Commissioner 572 136 708 74 10 84 12.93 7.35 11.86

2 T.S., Roads & Buildings 1869 540 2409 213 57 270 11.40 10.56 11.2

3 TS Road Transport Corp. 50600 4918 55518 5600 145 5745 11.07 2.95 10.34

4 Hyderabad Metro Rail 37 5 42 5 0 5 13.51 0.00 11.90

Sub Total 53078 5599 58677 5892 212 6104 11.0 3.78 10.40

WELFARE DEPARTMENT

1 Directorate of SC Development

42 18 60 2 2 4 4.76 11.11 6.67

2 Directorate of BC Welfare 1122 716 1838 51 28 79 4.55 3.91 4.28

3 Directorate of Minorities Welfare

51 23 74 16 5 21 31.37 21.74 28.37

4 Directorate of Women’s Development & Child Welfare

485 62393 62878 55 2007 2062 11.34 3.22 3.27

5 Telangana Foods 244 21 265 17 0 17 6.97 0.00 6.41

6 T.S. Minorities Finance Corp. Ltd.

7 6 13 5 5 10 71.43 83.33 76.92

7 Telangana SC Co-op Dev. Corp. Ltd.

9 6 15 1 2 3 11.11 33.33 20

8 Directorate of Tribal Cultural Research & Training

11 3 14 2 0 2 18.18 0.00 14.28

9 TelanganaWashermen Co-op Society Federation Employee

2 1 3 1 0 1 50.00 0.00 33.33

10 TelanganaNayee Brahmins Co-Op. Societies Fed. Ltd.

4 1 5 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0



8.5 Cadre wise share of Muslim Employees

The detailed examination shows most of the Government employees from Muslim community are placed at very low level. From the cadre-wise data collected from 37 different departments of the state Government clearly gives a sorry picture of Muslims in Government employment. Around 56.57% of the Muslim employees working in various departments of state Government are last grade employees; only 1.43% government employees are gazetted officer; and remaining 42% forms non-gazetted employees. (For details refer to Table A8.2)

8.6 Summary

Proportionate share of communities in Government services is a crucial indicator of inclusive development of a society, as it is an important indicator of participation in policymaking process and implementation. Over the years, Muslim community has been left behind in overall development and their share in Government services has dwindled. Telangana is

no exception to this rule. The share of Muslims in administrative state services like IAS, IPS and IFS is negligible. The share of Muslim employees in the state is only about two-thirds (7.36% of the total employees while the share of Muslims in total population in the state in 12.68%)of its share in total population and as such can be said that Muslim in the state suffer from under-representation in Government services. It has also been found that under-representation of Muslims is acute in Departments where there are large number of employees or the departments which are strategic in nature. For instance, Administrative services, Home, Education and Welfare Departments. These four sectors/departments are crucial for inclusive development and have relatively higher under-representations of Muslims. Muslims in Government employment are mostly last cadre employees and very few are gazetted officers. The state need to make concerted efforts to fill the gap through recruitments of employees from Muslim community and that can be effectively done by providing a reasonable share in overall reservations in Government services to the Muslims in the state.

147Affirmative Action for Development of Muslims

CHAPTER-9

Affirmative Action for Development of Muslims

9.1 Introduction

There are a number of existing welfare programmes the Government has initiated for Muslims. It is important to look into their objectives, physical and financial targets, budgetary allocations, disbursement, achievements and limitations. A comparative analysis of the allocations for minorities and other marginalized sections such as Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the budget 2015-16 provides some insights. Existing Government schemes could be divided into three broad categories such as educational development, economic empowerment and promotion of language and culture. The Commission of Inquiry looked into these polices for the educational development of Muslims, the

policy initiatives for the economic development of the Muslims and the programs and policies put in place for the promotion of language and culture.

9.2 Budgetary Allocations for the Minorities Welfare in Telangana

There has been a substantial increase in the budget allocations for minorities’ welfare in recent times.

There has been a steady increase in the budget allocations for the minorities’ welfare in the past nine years, to tenfold from Rs. 123 crores in the year 2007-08 to Rs. 1027 crores in 2013-14 in the United Andhra Pradesh. After the bifurcation in the maiden budget

Source: Annual Reports of Minorities Welfare Department, Govt. of A.P &Telangana, 2016

Figure 9.1: Budget Allocation for Minoroties Welfare AP & TS (Rs. in crores)

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

123181

226 237301

489

1027 10301104

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15Telangana

2015-16Telangana


the Telangana Government allocated Rs. 1030 crores for the year 2014-15 out of a total budget outlay of Rs. 1.15 lakh crores.1 For the year 2015-16, Rs. 1104 crores has been allocated. It is noteworthy that in the united Andhra Pradesh Rs. 1027 crores were allocated to cater the needs of a population of 80 lakhs minorities whereas in Telangana state Rs. 1104 crores were allocated for minorities whose total population is around 45 lakhs. Even though there is a steady increase in the budget allocations for minorities, the expenditure is very disappointing. The statistics

of allocations, amount released and expenditure on Minorities Welfare in Telangana for the past two years presents a poor picture. In the maiden budget of Telangana for the year 2014-15, the allocations for minorities’ welfare was Rs.1034 crores but the expenditure was only 26.3 per cent. Similarly, in the budget allocations for the year 2015-16, till February 2016 only 31.6 percent of the total budget allocation was spent (Table 9.1). For the year 2016-17 out of the allocation in Rs.1279 crores, expenditure upto 13th July, 2016 was Rs. 587 crores.

Table 9.1: Budget Expenditure on Minorities Welfare (Rs in crores)

Year Budget Allocation(Rs. in crores)

Amount Released(Rs in crores)

Expenditure Percentage of Amount Spent

2014-15 1034 453.25 297.15 26.3%

2015-16 1150 460.04 363.04(Upto Feb, 2016)

31.6%

2016-17 1279 587 165.38 (Up to 13 July 2016) 13%

Source: Information provided by the Commissionerate of Minorities Welfare, Govt. of Telangana.

Source: Telangana Budget 2015-16.

Figure 9.2: Population share and budgetary allocation for various department in Telangana 2015-16

15.44%

47%

9.34%

25%

41%

19%

9%

14.9%

Social Welfare (SCs) Tribal Welfare B.C. Welfare Minorities Welfare

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Population share Share in Budget allocation in 2015-16


Table 9.2: Allocations for Welfare Departments in Telangana

Department Populationpercentage

Allocation for 2015-16 (Rs. in crores)

Allocation for Sub-Plan 2015-16(Rs. in crores)

Social Welfare (SC) 15.44 5540 8089

Tribal Welfare 9.34 2878 5036

B.C. Welfare 41 2172 11,216 (No Sub Plan only for Education)

Minorities welfare 14.19 1104 No Sub PlanSource: Telangana Budget 2015-16, Sector-wise allocations, telanganastateinfo.com

The policies and programmes of the Government towards minorities have been studied under three categories; educational development, economic empowerment and promotion of culture and language. An overview of the allocation for various developmental schemes shows that the schemes for educational development have garnered a lion’s share as compared to the schemes for the economic development of the community.

9.2.1 Policies for Educational Development of MinoritiesTelangana has an advantage of having a number of prestigious national institutions in its capital city of Hyderabad. However, the overall scenario of school education in the state is poor. To address this problem, the Government has accorded highest priority to the educational development of marginalized sections particularly the minorities. There are three important features of the policy of the Government towards the educational development of Muslim minority. First, increasing accessibility by extending all the schemes like fee reimbursement, scholarships, hostels which were available to other disadvantaged communities like SCs, STs and BCs for Minorities. Second, providing quality and mainstream education to minorities by introducing English medium in residential schools and enlisting the support of madarasas in introducing formal education.

An overview of the budget allocations for minorities shows that the schemes for the educational development are given top priority and a major chunk of the budget, i.e. 68 per cent is allocated for them (Figure 9.3). Apart from the existing schemes, a number of new schemes are initiated for improving education among Muslims which are discussed below.

A comparative study of the budgetary allocation for different welfare departments in relation to their population however, shows that the allocation for minorities is still too little. Table 9.2 and Figure 9.2 give the percentage of population of social groups and also the budgetary allocation for various welfare departments.

The budgetary allocations made for the minorities who constitute more than 14 per cent of the population are much less when compared to the allocations made for SCs, STs, and Backward Classes Welfare. The Social Welfare and Tribal Welfare departments are not only allocated funds for the development of SCs and STs, but there are also separate Sub-Plan for SCs and STs respectively under which proportionate budgets are allocated from each of the 37 departments. Backward Classes Welfare and minorities do not have proportionate allocations in the Government spending.

Source: Telangana Budget 2015-16, Sector-wise allocations, telanganastateinfo.com

Figure 9.3: Allocation for Minorities Development Sector-wise

Educational DevelopmentEconomic DevelopmentPromotion of Culture and Language

68%

24%

8%


Scholarships for Poor Muslim StudentsPoverty is the main reason for the low enrollment and drop out among the Muslim students. To address this problem and improve the enrolment of the Muslims in the schools and colleges the State Government is implementing the pre-matric and post-matric scholarships scheme. These scholarships are delinked with the merit concept and extended to all eligible students from the minority community till the saturation point. For this purpose the Government allocated Rs. 100 crores in the budget for the year 2015-16. Apart from this the Central Government scholarship scheme is also implemented through the State Government. From Commission’s survey data in 2016, it is observed that 47 per cent among Hindus and 42 per cent among Muslims get free Govt. coaching. Among Hindus, around 60 per cent of the SCs and STs are accessing the benefits of free coaching. Similarly, among Muslims, Muslim-BCs get 43 per cent and Muslim UCs get 39 per cent. For access to Government scholarships, around 27 per cent Hindus and 32 per cent Muslims benefit from these schemes. In other words, two out of every five Muslim households reported that their children were receiving free coaching from Government institutions and less than a third received scholarships from Government.

Table 9.3: Households receiving free coaching and scholarships

SRCs Free coaching-Govt

Free scholarship -Govt (%)

SCs 62.3 30

STs 55.9 27.6

Hindu-BCs 44 28.3

Hindu UCs 21.4 12.9

Hindu - All 46.6 27.3

Muslim BC(E) 43 33.3

Muslim-UCs 38.6 29.3

Muslim –All 41.9 32.4

Other minorities 46.3 28

All 44.1 30Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.

Pre-Matriculation ScholarshipsUnder the pre-matric scholarship schemes, poor students whose parental income is below Rs. 1 lakh and pursuing studies from Class I to X are covered. Students studying from class I to V are paid Rs. 1000 per annum at the rate of Rs. 100 per month for ten months. The hostellers studying from class VI to X are paid a Rs. 600 per month additionally. They also get Rs. 650 per annum as admission and tuition fee. In the year 2014-15 the Government has disbursed Rs. 37.75 crores pre-matriculation scholarships to 1, 41,772 students. For the year 2015-16 there are 2,14,699 applications for the pre-matric scholarships.2

Post-Matriculation scholarshipsThe representation of minorities decreased with the increase of level of education mainly because of their poverty and increasing expenditure for higher education. The State Government is providing post-matriculation scholarships to poor students pursuing intermediate, degree, and post-graduation and above, whose parental income is Rs.1.5 lakh in the rural areas and Rs. 2 lakhs in the urban areas. For merit-cum-means scholarships the income limit is 2.5 lakhs. These are central schemes and being administered through State Government. The scholarship is provided to all the eligible students within these parameters on saturation basis. The rate of scholarships prescribed for different categories is given in Table 9.4.

Table 9.4: Post Matriculation Scholarship and Maintenance Allowance (Rs. per annum)

Sl.No. Category College Managed Hostels

Student managed Hostels

Day Scholars

1 Professional 9620 4420 4290

2 Post-Graduation

6820 4420 4290

3 Degree 5200 3250 2400

4 Intermediate 5200 3200 1820Source: Information Brochure 2015-16, Minorities Welfare Dept, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad


The State Government has disbursed Rs. 7.26 crores towards Post-Matriculation scholarship for 12,258 students for the year 2014-15. There are 13,798 students who applied for the post-matric scholarship for the year 2015-16. The Government also disbursed Rs. 3.38 crores for 1259 minority students towards merit-cum-mean scholarship for the year 2014-15.

Less than two-fifths (39.1%) Muslim households and an equal percentage of households from STs and OBC communities have received scholarship given by the Government for their children. Majority of Muslim households (67.2%) received pre-matriculation scholarships, while post-matriculation scholarships were availed by most (75%-87%) of the Hindus and other religious Minorities. This drives the point that children from Muslim community tend to discontinue after completion of matriculation (Table 9.5).

Post-Matriculation fee reimbursement Under this scheme the State Government provides complete fee reimbursement for the poor minority students in identified professional courses. For instance, the fee for the engineering and medicine course in private colleges prescribed as from time-to-time under category A is paid by Government and the students have to pay only nominal fee towards registration and counseling charges. To cover

more number of students under this scheme the Government has enhanced the maximum family income limit to Rs. 1.5 lakhs in rural areas and Rs 2 lakhs in urban areas. The State Government has sanctioned a major chunk of its allocation for minorities’ welfare, i.e., Rs. 425 crores for this scheme for the year 2015-16 and expenditure was Rs.164.34 crores. Because of this 1,12,825 of poor Muslim students are able to pursue courses like medicine and engineering by utilizing the concessions given.

Hostels for minority boys and girlsDropout rate among the children of the marginalized sections like SCs, STs, BCs and Minority communities is very high. To retain the children in schools and provide them nutritious food, the Government is running a number of pre-matriculation and post-matriculation hostels. There are four pre-matriculation hostels, one for girls in Adilabad district, and three for boys in Mahabubnagar, Medak and Ranga Reddy districts. The total intake in these hostels is 400 but, there are only 171 Muslim students availing these hostels. Similarly, there are 11 post-matriculation hostels for minority students; three for the girls and eight for boys with a total intake capacity of 550 boarders. But the total strength of the students in these hostels is only 363.3 Compared to the other marginalized sections, the number of hostels for minorities is very less.

Table 9.5: Percent distribution of households ever received scholarships for their children SRCs HHs received

scholarships Received only

pre-matriculation scholarship

Received only post-Matriculation

scholarship

Received both pre- and post-matriculation

scholarshipsSCs 45.6 25.4 57.8 16.7

STs 39.4 13 77.8 9.3

Hindu BCs 39.6 17.3 71.2 11.5

Hindu UCs 18.4 17 76.6 6.4

Hindu All 39 19.1 68.4 12.5

Muslim-BC(E) 40.2 55.3 33.2 11.5

Muslim-UCs 35.5 58 31.3 10.6

Muslim-All 39.1 55.9 32.8 11.3

Other Minorities 46.7 24.2 58.8 17

All 40 38.1 49.3 12.6Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016.


English Medium Residential Schools for minorities The debate on quality education for minorities is dominated by modernizing madarsas whereas Sachar Committee Report (2006) has pointed out that only 4 per cent of the total school going children attend these madarasas. A large number of students from Muslim Community (57.4%) study in Urdu or Telugu medium Government schools in the state (See Table 3.24 and 3.25). These students are not able to compete with the students who are studying in English medium schools. Keeping this in mind, the State Government has established English medium residential schools for Muslims with Urdu as a subject. Till the year 2015-16, there were 6 English medium residential schools with a total intake capacity of 2880 with an intake of 480 each.4 But there are only 1475 students enrolled in these schools.

The State Government has decided to start 120 Residential schools at a cost of Rs. 4200 crores. 71 schools have already been opened in the current academic year 2016-17. Going by the success of Residential schools in the state by SC Development, Tribal Welfare and Backward Classses Welfare, the initiative for Residential schools for minorities needs to be protected. The Residential schools for Minorities would open opportunities for obtaining good quality education at virtually zero cost and also

would be successful if provided with adequate infrastructure and well-trained human capital. The Government is also working towards opening the remaining 49 Residential schools from the next academic year.

Coaching for Competitive Exams and Jobs through CEDMThe participation and performance of the minorities in competitive examinations is very poor. There is a need to provide coaching and guidance to improve the performance of poor students. To cater the needs of the minority students to sharpen their knowledge to participate in various entrance examinations for admission into institutions offering professional and technical courses, the Government has set up ‘Centre for Educational Development of Minorities’ (CEDM). The Centre runs coaching centers at Hyderabad and other minority concentrated districts. CEDM conducts its programmes for three categories of students. For improving the class room performance and better results of minority students in SSC, coaching for admission tests and for various competitive exams. The centre provides free coaching and free study material to the poor minority students throughout the state. In the year 2015-16, it has started 61 centres in 9 districts of the state. Given the poor outcomes from these centres, it is important to take a close relook at the scheme.

Table 9.5: Performance of CEDM in 2015

Sl. No. Coaching Programme

No. of Centres No. of Students Undergone Coaching

No. of Students Qualified

Pass Percentage

1 EAMCET-2105 5 895 698 78%

2 ICET-2015 1 397 334 84%

3 ECET-2015 1 47 32 68%

4 ED.CET-2015 3 376 323 68%

5 POLYCET-2015 5 313 197 63%

6 DEECET-2015 9 685 486 71%

7 CIVIL SERVICE (PRELIMS)

1 62 Nil Nil

8 TOTAL 25 2775 2070 74.60%

Source: Commissionerate of Minorities Welfare, Government of Telangana.


CEDM also provides coaching for the minority students appearing for the admission tests of professional and technical courses. It has conducted coaching classes for EAMCET, ICET, EdCET, ECET, POLYCET and DEECET for the year 2015. It has also conducted coaching for the preliminary exam of Civil Services for 2015. The performance of the minority students in these exams is given in Table 9.5. The Government has sanctioned Rs. 3 crore for the Centre for Minorities Educational Development for the year 2015-16 for preparing the students for various competitive exams.5

Telangana State Minorities Study CircleThe share of Muslims in the Government employment as well as private sector is very low. Due to their poor socio-economic conditions they are not able to compete for the jobs as the coaching in private institutions is very costly. Keeping this in view the State Government has sanctioned Telangana State Minorities Study Circle at Hyderabad.

This study circle will provide coaching for competitive examinations for entry into various jobs such as Telangana Public Service Commission Group exams, Staff Selection Commission, Railway Recruitment Board, Bank Probationary Officers, U.P.S.C. Central Services, armed forces, Central public sector undertakings, police, teachers, lecturers and engineers. The study circle conducts courses in job oriented course like tally, medical transcription, and industrial automation and embedded system.6 The Government has sanctioned an amount of Rs. 6 crore for the Minorities Study Circle for the year 2015-16.7

Overseas Study Scheme for MinoritiesThe State Government has launched a new scheme to provide financial assistance to the poor minority students to pursue post graduate and doctoral studies abroad. Under the scheme, the minority students whose family income is less than Rs 2 lakhs per annum will get an amount of Rs 10 lakhs in two instalments. An

amount Rs 25 crores has been sanctioned in the budget to provide oversees study scholarships to 500 students belonging to minority communities for the year 2015-16. The students can pursue higher education in any of the five countries namely USA, UK, Australia, Canada and Singapore.8

The Government has released Rs 12.5 crores as the first instalment. The Department of Minorities Welfare has received 210 application forms for oversees study scholarship. After the scrutiny of the forms the department has found 161 candidates eligible for the scholarship and released the first instalment of Rs 5 lakhs to each to 137 candidates and the scholarships for the remaining candidates are in the process.9 The Government has also sought fresh application forms and issued second notification for oversees scholarship scheme.

9.2.2 Programmes for Economic Empowerment There is wide spread poverty among Muslims in Telangana. As per the Sachar Committee Report (2006), the incidence of poverty among Muslims in the urban areas is 35 per cent after SCs/STs (41%) of united Andhra Pradesh.10 Thus, there is a need for large scale intervention for reduction of poverty among the Muslims. However, there is not enough focus on the economic development as only 24 per cent of the total budget allocated for minorities welfare is earmarked for these programs. The Government programs for economic development aimed at the reduction of poverty and increasing livelihood opportunities among the Muslims are discussed below.

Subsidy for the Bank Linked Income Generating SchemesTo encourage income generation activities among the unemployed minority youths and to make them self-reliant, the State Government has started a bank linked income generatingscheme for the minorities. Under this scheme, the Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation provides 50 per cent upto


the limit of Rs. 1 lakh subsidy on the bank loan for setting up business, small scale industry, services, agriculture and allied activities. The total loan eligibility for small scale industries is Rs. 2.50 lakhs and for the transport sector is Rs. 3 lakhs. In the year 2014-15 an amount of Rs. 30.49 crores has been distributed as subsidy on the bank loan for 4201 beneficiaries. Similarly, in the year 2015-16 Rs. 87.40 crores has been allocated for 17,480 beneficiaries out of a total budget of Rs. 95 crores sanctioned in the annual budget.11

Auto rickshaws for minority youth on subsidyA number of educated unemployed minority youth are engaged in plying auto rickshaws in the GHMC limits, majority of them taken on rent from owners to eke out a paltry livelihood and a major chunk of their income goes to the auto owners. To address this problem the Government has started ‘Own Your Auto Scheme’ and sanctioned 1000 Autos for the minority youth to ply within the limits of GHMC. Each applicant will be eligible for 50% subsidy of the cost of the auto, balance to be paid through the bank loan.12Accordingly the Government has selected 1000 beneficiaries among the 1700 applicants. The beneficiaries were selected by drawing of lottery from the eligible candidates to make the selection process transparent and corruption free. The Government has decided to provide autos to the remaining 700 candidates who are eligible for the scheme.13

Multi Sectoral Development Programme for Minorities (MSDP)Multi-sectoral Development Programme in minority concentrated areas is a Central programme started as follow up to Sachar committee recommendations. In the 12th Five Year Plan the programme is expanded beyond districts to the minority concentrated blocks and municipalities. The programme aims at improving socio-economic conditions of minorities and providing basic amenities to them for increasing the quality of life and reducing imbalances in the identified minority concentrated areas. Under MSDP better infrastructure for education, health, roads, drinking water is provided besides creating income generation opportunities for the

minorities. The Government has sanctioned Rs 105 crores for this scheme in the budget 2015-16 towards the share of the state government.14

In Telangana, 5 Mandals and 6 municipalities from four districts15 were selected for this programme. For the five minority concentrated Mandals (MCMs) in Nizamabad and Medak district Rs18.95 crores has been sanctioned which includes Rs 15.08 crores from the Central Government and Rs3.90 crores from the State Government. For the six minority concentrated towns (MCTs) a total of Rs 33.76 crores is sanctioned in which Rs 27.18 crores is shared bythe central government and the remaining Rs. 6.58 crores is the State Government’s share.

As per the information available from the Department of Minorities Welfare, the status of the implementation of MSDP in the two districts of Medak and Nizamabad is presented hereunder. In Medak district one Junior college with Urdu medium at Zaheerabad and two Urdu Medium High schools one each in Kohir and Nyalkal blocks are proposed. 50 additional class rooms in the primary schools and 24 additional class rooms in upper primary and high schools are proposed. 140 computers will be provided for the schools under the scheme. It is proposed to provide 350 bicycles to the girls from minority community studying in 9th class. 30 Anganwadi centers are also sanctioned. Under the placement oriented training programme 1700 educated youth will be trained and 75 persons will be imparted skill development training for self-employment. Five health sub centers, 2 at Nayalkal and 3 at Zaheerabad are sanctioned.

Compared to Medak district, there is some progress in the implementation of MSDP in Nizamabad district. In the district a total of 59 additional classrooms are proposed to be constructed in primary and upper primary schools. Of these the construction of 21 classrooms is complete. It is proposed to provide 200 computers, 100 each in Yedapally and RenjalMandals and 20 teaching aids, 10 in each block to the schools but no computer and teaching aids are provided so far. For the girls studying in 9th class 350 bicycles, 150 in


Yadapally and 200 in Renjal are sanctioned but not distributed. Four health sub centers two in each block are also sanctioned but not started. Of the 20 Anganwadis sanctioned, six Anganwadis, 3 in each block are completed. Under bankable scheme for the economic development of the poor the target is 60 persons but no one is benefited so far. It is proposed to train 1000 educated youth under placement oriented training and 50 persons under skill development training for getting self employment. Of these only120 persons, all from Yedapally Mandals are provided the training. One High school at Neela village was sanctioned but not started.

Shaadi Mubarak-Assistance for marriages of poor Muslims girlsMarriage of the girls is a major burden for the poor families. Due to increase in the marriage expenditure because of social customs and peer pressure, the poor families often end up in debt trap. The Government of Telangana introduced the “Shaadi Mubaarak Scheme” for all the unmarried girls of poor families from minority communities with a view to alleviate financial distress in the family. Under the scheme, a onetime financial assistance of Rs. 51,000 shall be granted to every minority girl before the marriage, provided application is submitted at least one month in advance from the date of marriage. The amount will be credited in the bank account of the bride. The Minorities Welfare Department has launched the scheme on October 2, 2014. It has received 23,847applications till October 2015, out of which 17,988 were verified and money was sanctioned. Of the total applications, 8,201 are from Hyderabad alone, out of which money for 5,455 of them has been sanctioned. The department has achieved more than the target it has set out. For the year 2015-16 the target has been 20,000 marriages and an amount of Rs. 100 crores is sanctioned in the annual budget for this purpose.16

The entire process of Shaadi Mubarak is made online. Still financial irregularities in the implementation caused a loss of Rs.66 lakhs to the Department as 145 people were paid twice. However as the whole process was made online and the money was paid by the Treasury officer

directly into the accounts of the beneficiaries, the money was traced and Rs. 49 lakh has been recovered.17

Old age Pension (AASARA) SchemeThe Government of Telangana started a pension scheme for old-age/senior citizens popularly called as “AASARA”. In that scheme, people above 65 years of age, widows and physically challenged are qualified to get help in terms of monthly pension. Accordingly, the widows and the old age people get Rs 1000 per month while physically challenged persons get Rs 1500 per month. In Table 9.6 shows district wise number of persons getting the benefits from this scheme. Overall, 2,69,278 Muslim persons (it comes to 8% of total beneficiaries) are receiving the pension out of total 35,73,777 beneficiaries. Comparatively highest number of beneficiaries are from BC communities (56%), followed by SCs (17%).

9.2.3 Development of Language and CultureApart from the above programs for the educational and economic development of the Muslim minority, the State Government has also took up a number of policies and programmes for the promotion of language and culture of minorities through Urdu Academy.

Promotion of Urdu Language through Urdu AcademyUrdu is the second official language of the State. The Government has allocated Rs. 12 crores for the Urdu Academy.18 For the preservation and promotion of Urdu language, the Urdu Academy is implementing various programmes such as, financial assistance for publication of Urdu manuscripts, Urdu Libraries, Urdu News agencies, periodicals and for printing of Urdu books. It also supports the Urdu writers and journalistsand voluntary organizations working for the promotion of Urdu. It also provides infrastructural facilities to Urdu schools. For the year 2015-16, it has sanctioned Rs. 1.6 crores for 750 Government Urdu medium schools for improving infrastructure facilities. Under this scheme the Urdu Academy provides Rs. 50,000 for improving the basic facilities and educational tools in Government and aided Urdu medium schools.19


Urdu Academy is running 43 computer training centers and 30 Urdu libraries in the state. The computer centers conduct six months course with an intake capacity of 70 students. In these centers 6020 candidates are trained per annum. However, the working of these centers and libraries is not satisfactory and their output is abysmal. Hence, the department has shifted the responsibility of these centers from Urdu Academy to Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation. The Corporation is contemplating to develop these training centers and libraries into coaching and training centers for students belonging to minority communities.20

The State Government has also sanctioned Rs. 2 crores for Dairatul Marif21 Rs. 5 crores for construction of Rubat (Guest House) at Dargah Hazrath Moinuddin Chisti at Ajmer and also Rs. 73 lakhs for State Minorities Commission in the annual budget of 2015-16. The Government has also started a new scheme for providing Rs. 1000 each to the Imams and Moazzins22 of the 5000 mosques spread across the state. However there

is poor response to this scheme and only 250 applications were received as there are reservations among the people on receiving Government financial support for rendering religious services. To clear these apprehensions the Government has even sought clarification from Jamia Nizamia which has decreed that it is permissible.23

9.3 Summary

The analysis of the various welfare programmes implemented by the Government of Telangana shows that there is a need for balanced approach for the development of the minorities. While the issue of educational backwardness of Muslims is being addressed and some schemes are worth emulating by other states, the issues of poverty alleviation and economic empowerment are not dealt with sufficiently. A major portion of the budget is allocated for the schemes for educational development. For instance, of the total budget of Rs 1100 crores for the year 2015-16 for minority welfare 68 per cent is allocated for the promotion of education.

Table 9.6: District wise AASARA (Pension) across SRCs in Telangana, 2015-16 (in Numbers).

Sl.No District Total SCs STs BCs OCs Minorities

1 Adilabad 330807 61134 47732 176303 22503 23135

2 Hyderabad 167784 8725 941 40201 53778 64139

3 Karimnagar 545384 97443 12695 365600 50357 19289

4 Khammam 262455 46893 63885 103082 34329 14266

5 Mahabubnagar 447781 85189 36041 259817 36365 30369

6 Medak 337964 62465 14765 203919 29474 27341

7 Nalgonda 403039 74956 38678 224341 48811 16253

8 Nizamabad 372275 57588 21349 229440 33016 30882

9 Ranga Reddy 293847 54735 15441 156342 39240 28089

10 Warangal 412441 68559 56503 239249 32615 15515

11 Total 3573777 617687 308030 1998294 380488 269278

12 Percentage (%) 100% 17% 9% 56% 11% 8%

Source: CEO, Society for Elimination of Rural Povery (SERP), Telangana State, Hyderabad


Poor implementation of the schemes meant for the minorities is another major concern as a large amount of funds allocated are left unspent at the end the financial year. In the last fiscal year 2014-15, out of the Rs 1,030 crore allotted, only Rs 453.25 crore was released and only 26.3 per cent of this amount actually spent by the Government. More than 73 per cent of the budget allocation meant for different welfare schemes remains unutilized.

Finance department figures reveal that the Government released small share of budget for Minorities Welfare in four small instalments between June-August 2014, Rs 62.16 crore; in September 2014, Rs 87.45 crore; in October–November 2014 Rs 24.89 crore was released and in December 2014-January 2015, Rs 25.75 crore was released. Four schemes from previous year’s budget –construction of primary schools for minority children; free coaching to Muslim students in Telangana Study Circle; assistance for admission of minority students to reputed institutions and fencing and maintenance of churches and graveyards – were not allotted even a single paisa. The Special Secretary of Government for MinoritiesWelfare Department, says “On June 2, the state was formed and in August the budget was tabled. We had a short time for proper utilization. Over and above it, there was bifurcation process going on, officer’s cadre was not allotted till recently. There was no regulatory mechanism in place, and a single

secretary was managing four departments at a time. So yes, there were glitches.”24

The spending of the budget allocated has slightly improved in the year 2015-16. As for the information available the Government could spend only 31.6 per cent of the total budget allocation till February 2016. The Government has released funds for the schemes like Own your auto scheme, Overseas studies programme and also ‘Shaadi Mubarak’. Most of these schemes were made online and as soon as the funds are released, they were transferred to the accounts of the beneficiaries.25 By the month of February 2016, Rs. 460.04 crores has been released and only Rs. 363.04 crores was spent.26

However, the policies and progammes of Minorities’ Welfare Department alone are not sufficient to integrate the minorities with the development process. There is a need to mainstream minorities’ welfare in all the other departments and fix physical and financial targets for them. There is need for the state to spend more money on education, health, housing and credit availability. The problems of poor particularly working in unorganized sector as landless agricultural labourers in the villages and engaged as hamalis, mechanics, street vendors and petty business in the urban areas should be given priority. The share of Muslims in industrial sector is also very less.

1 The Hindu, Feb 18, 2012, p.12 Information Brochure 2015-16, Minorities Welfare Dept, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad, pp.14-153 Ibid, pp.5-64 One Girls residential school at Nalgonda and 5 boys residential schools, one each at Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Wrangal, Ranga Reddy and Nizamabad.

5 Ibid, p.1356 G.O.MS.No.24, Minorities Welfare, Department, Govt. of Telangana, Hyderabad, dated 3.08.2015.7 Op cit 8, p.1368 G.O.MS.No.24, Minorities Welfare (ESTT.I), Department, Govt. of Telangana, Hyderabad, dated, 19.05.2015.9 The Siasat Daily, Hyderabad, 16 Dec 2015, p.210 Report of Prime Minister’s High Level Committee on socio-economic and educational status of the Muslim community of India, New Delhi, 2006,

pp.159-16011 Op cit 8, p.13412 G.O.Ms.36, Transport, Roads & Buildings (Tr.I) Department, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad, dated, 04.09.2015

Footnote


13 Op cit 13, p.214 Op cit 8, p.13715 Kohir, Nyalkal and Zaheerabad blocks in Medak district, Yedlapalli and Renjal blocks and Nizamabad and Bodhan municipalities in Nizamabad

district, Adilabad and Kagaz Nagar municipalities in Adilabad district and, Tandur and Rajendranagar municipalities in Ranga Reddy district.16 Op cit 8, p.13617 Lasania, Yunus Y., Shaadi Mubarak scheme- 145 times money was sent twice, the Hindu, dated, 21.11.2015, p. 418 Op cit 8, p.13519 The Siasat Daily, Hyderabad, 11 Dec 2015, p.220 The Siasat Daily, Hyderabad, 1 Jan 2016, p.221 Bureau of Oriental Research and Learning, established in 1888 A.D. for publication of classical works on arts, science and religion in Arabic

language.22 Imam leads the five times prayers in the mosque and Moazzin gives the call for prayer and also responsible for the upkeep of the mosque.23 The Siasat Daily, Hyderabad, 24 Jan 2015, p.224 Ibid.25 The Siasat Daily, Hyderabad, 18 Dec 2015, p. 226 The Information provided by the Commissionerate of Minorities Welfare, Govt. of Telangana, Hyderabad, dt. 24.02.2016.

159Public Hearings and Representations

10.1 Introduction

To comprehend the situation of Muslims in the State, a multipronged strategy was needed. The Commission used the relevant secondary data and also commissioned primary household surveys, but the Commission was also aware that there are many other issues which could not be captured by either of the methods. Therefore, the Commission invited representations from civil society groups and individuals and also visited many places for meetings and public hearings. These visits gave an opportunity to see the implementation of various development programmes and also interact with the beneficiaries and also see conditions of others. The district administration and civil groups organised the meetings and public hearings. The hearings attracted people from all walks of life and provided a platform to relate their grievances and suggest measures for the development of the Muslim community in the State. In this Chapter we list the places

visited by the Commission, various meetings and interactions held and summarise their suggestions and grievances.

10.2 Public hearings

The public hearings by the Commission at various places in the State continued for five months from September 2015 to January 2016. The meetings with the District Collectors and district officers of Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy district were held on 3-3-2016 and 13-5-2016 respectively. Earlier a number of field visits were under taken in those two districts as they are both having offices at Hyderabad.Besides that, the people were encouraged to come to the Commission Office and make their presentations. A website was also made available where people could upload their suggestions and grievances. Table 1, presented below, shows the dates and places where meetings with district officials were held, the public hearings were organised, and places were visited.

CHAPTER-10

Public Hearings and Representations


Table 10.1: Details of the places visited by the Commission, meeting held with the officials and public hearings organised

Sl. No. Date Places Visited

1. 03-08-2015 MRO’s office, Charminar at Yakutpura, Hyderabad to review disbursement of Aasara Pensions, Widow Pensions, Physically Handicapped pensions.

2. 18-08-2015 DairatulMaarif Osmania University Campus, Hyderabad to see their vast collection of Urdu books, Computer Training Centre run with assistance from Urdu Academy at Golnaka, Amberpet, Hyderabad.

3. 03-09-2015 Medak District – Kandi – Visited Residential School of Minorities Welfare Department, Kasturba BalikaVidyalaya, TS Social Welfare Residential School, Andole, Jogipet. Collector’s Office and Public Hearing.

4. 04-09-2015 Medak – Pragnyapur, Sangapur Village, Hamlet of Muthrajpally visited SC locality/Muslim locality. Gajwel visited SC locality/Muslim localities.

Siddipet – Visited Government School (Urdu medium)atNarsapur, Conducted meeting with Women’s self help groups at Muncipal office, Siddipet and Public hearing atRDO’s office, Siddipet.

5. 05-09-2015 Setwintraining centre, Motigalli, Charminar, Hyderabad. Discussions with staff and also trainees of various courses.

6. 29-09-2015 Mahabubnagar – Visited health centre, Government primary School (Urdu Medium), Minorities Department Residential School (Urdu Medium) (Shah sahib Gutta area) ITI set up by JahangirpeerDargah. Collector’s office – Public hearing.

7. 30-09-2015 Nizamabad – Visited health centre, Government School in Malapally area of Nizamabad, Madarsa, Collector’s office and public hearing.

8. 05-10-2015 Adilabad – i) Madarsa ii) Azizia school iii) Minorities Boys Hostel iv) Minorities Girls Hostel. Collectorate, Public hearing.

Interaction with street vendors and hawkers (both Muslims & Hindus)

Ashram School for Kolam Students (ST) at Adilabad.

9. 06-10-2015 Khanapur – i) Government Primary School (Urdu Medium) ii) Visited locality inhabited by mostly Muslims iii) Govt. Junior College with Telugu & Urdu Medium. iv) Visit to Madarsa, v) ZillaParishad High School and vi) Public hearing at Government Junior College compound.

10. 06-10-2015 Nirmal – Public hearing at RDO’s office, Nirmal. i) Visit to Computer Training Centre run with assistance from Urdu Academy. ii) Govt. High School Urdu Medium.iii) Visited Nirmal Industries, Cooperative Toy making unit etc.

11. 15-10-2015 Hyderabad – ZillaParishad Hall, Ranga Reddy District – Public hearing.

12. 16-10-2015 Tandur, Ranga Reddy District – i) VisitedSkill Development Centre run by ILFS. Interaction with batch of Muslim boys&girlswho were undergoing training. ii) India Cements, Malkapur. Discussion about C.S.R. activity. iii) Public hearing in MPDO’s office Tandur.iv) Visited Old Tandur area inhabited mostly by Muslims.

13. 17-10-2015 Vanita Mahavidyalaya, Exhibition Grounds, Nampally – Public hearing for Hyderabad District.

14. 03-12-2015 Hyderabad – i) Visited Orphanage near Nampally, Railway Station. ii) Visited School run by M.S. Education Academy iii) Jahanuma - School run by GhayasuddinBabu Khan Trust (United Public School)


15. 21-12-2015 Chandrayangutta - i) Visited Owaisi School of Excellence ii) MRO’s office, Charminar.Meeting with Self-Help Groups of Women (Muslims), iii) Owaisi Hospital, Santoshnagarto see critical care facilities offered at reasonable rates. iv) Anganwadi v)Hardware Park, PahadiShareef– Visit to a Unit manufacturing bullet proof shields for Cars, Helicopters etc., promoted by a Muslim entrepreneur.

16. 22-12-2015 Warangal - i) Rangasaipet, visit to residential School for Minorities ii) Visit to Anganwadis iii) Skills Training Centre run by National Academy of Construction iv) Kazipet - Meeting with self-help groups of Women, Collector’s office – Public hearing.

17. 18-01-2016 Khammam – i) Visit to Government High School ii) Visit to Government Junior Collegeiii) National Academy of Construction Training Centre iv) Madarsa v) SeetharamKalyanaMandapam – Public Hearing.

18. 19-01-2016 Nalgonda–i) Residential School for Muslims ii) National Academy of Construction Training Centre iii) Madarsa iv) Visited to locality Kashavarigudem, Interaction with residents mostly Muslimsv) Collector’s office – Public Hearing.

19. 30-01-2016 Karimnagar– i) Govt. School ii) Kasturba BalikaVidyalaya iii) Residential School for Minorities iv) SC Girls Hostels v) Collector’s Office Public hearing.

20. 15-02-2016 Visited TWG office, Gunfoundry, Hyderabad to see various skill development programmes.

21. 03-03-2016 Collector’s office, Hyderabad i) Meeting with all District Officers dealing with Muslims Welfare. ii) Visit to Bholakpur to see Govt. School, Urban Health Centre, iii) Meeting with Self help groups of Women and study of conditions in the slums.

22. 13-5-2016 Collector’s office, Ranga Reddy. Meeting with District Collector and all district officers concerned to review programmes for the welfare of Muslims.

Table 10.2: Total number of representations received

Sl. No. 1 Total representations mails

1 Adilabad 129

2 Mahabubnagar 53

3 Warangal 28

4 Karimnagar 52

5 Hyderabad 92 6

6 Medak 73

7 Khammam 13 1

8 Nizamabad 46

9 Nalgonda 41 1

10 Ranga Reddy 26

Total 553 8


10.3 Issues represented and discussed in the public hearings

The visits to the Districts and the Public Hearings gave the Commission a very good opportunity for having direct and frank discussions about the problems and difficulties being experienced by most of the poor people and the problems encountered often by the Muslims in the State. These problems were also mentioned in various written representations submitted to the Commission during visits to the various habitations and localities, Public Hearings and also in response to the Notification requesting for views and suggestions from the general public to submit their views and suggestions. These issues are summarised below:

1. In almost all the public hearings and other discussions, reservations of Muslims have demanded for immediate action to provide 12% representation for Muslims in educational institutions and employment.

2. Most of the people referred to social backwardness of Muslims due to poor education, their being employed in occupations like street vending, small workshops and services like auto drivers, taxi drivers, etc.

3. Some of the occupation-based communities also like Dudekulas, butchers, weavers etc., spoke about the social backwardness and discrimination even from fellow Muslims.

4. Most of the Muslim families from among the poorer sections are experiencing difficulty in getting their children educated due to absence of proper schools in their localities. In almost in every public hearing, most of the people spoke about lack of Urdu medium instruction and the poor quality of instruction in the Government schools due to large number of vacancies in the posts of teachers. Very often, it was represented that vacancies existed in those schools for years together. They requested for urgently filling these posts by excluding them from roster for SCs/STs as there are no Urdu knowing persons in those categories.

5. The representatives of the public also mentioned often about absence of Urdu medium in the High Schools, Junior Colleges and Government Degree Colleges which compelled many students to discontinue their studies.

6. Members of the public also frequently mentioned about inadequate steps taken for the use of Urdu in administration even though it is the second official language of the State. They demanded that Government employees should be instructed to accept the representations written in Urdu and one translator be employed in every office for translating Urdu representations into English or Telugu. They also represented that Sign Boards in Offices, Commercial establishments and in the buses operated by the TSRTC should also be displayed in Urdu for the benefit of those who know only Urdu.

7. Representations were also made about acute shortage of housing for Muslims and the inconvenience they faced in residing in small and over-crowded houses. There were also a number of representations about poor facilities like roads, water supply, sanitation etc. in the areas inhabited by poorer sections of Muslims.

8. Members of the public frequently voiced their grievances about difficulties in getting credit and other banking facilities from the commercial banks. In view of the long delays in getting loans sanctioned from the Banks, the members of the community who run small businesses like hawkers, transporters, street vendors etc., had no choice but to borrow from private money lenders at exorbitant interest rates.

9. Poor representation of Muslims in Government services, Public Sector Undertakings and also in other Organised sectors, jobs was also raised in most of the Public hearings as well as other representations. There was a vocal demand for providing coaching facilities for Muslims appearing for various competitive exams


held by authorities like UPSC, TSPSC, Banking Services Recruitment Board, District Selection Committees for Teachers, State Police Recruitment Board, etc. to enable Muslim candidates to get selected.

10. It was also mentioned in some places that the qualifying marks in these tests for the Muslims may be fixed on par with SCs, STs in view of their extreme backwardness, rather than putting them on par with the backward classes.

11. There were also suggestions that the question papers in all the examinations may be made available in Urdu also for the benefit of the candidates who had studied in Urdu medium.

12. There was also demand for coaching institutes to prepare candidates appearing in the various competitive exams for professional courses like Engineering, Medicine, LAWCET, Management courses etc.

13. Another demand voiced in some of the public hearings was that landless poor Muslims may be assigned 3 acres of land as is being done for the landless poor belonging to SCs, STs and BCs under the Land Purchase Scheme.

14. Another issue raised frequently in the representations was on the extremely thin/weak administrative set up of the Minorities Welfare Dept., and also the Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation. People complained about these offices being under-staffed, absence of proper office accommodation and even lack of facilities like Computers with internet connectivity, telephones etc. Similarly, there were representations about inadequate staff in the office of the Wakf Board and the absence of minimum facilities in those offices. Members of the public said that they felt acute inconvenience in representing their grievances to the district level officers and there was practically no representation or no office in the Divisional headquarters and the Mandal headquarters. A number of

persons asserted that the poor staff position and office set up of the Minorities Welfare Department and TSMFC, as one of the main reasons for very poor utilisation of budget provision, leading to surrender of unutilised budget before the end of the year.

15. There was also a demand voiced in many places for the preparation of a Sub-Plan for Muslims on par with the SCs Plan/STs Plan to ensure that the funds earmarked for Muslims are utilised for their upliftment only.

16. There were also a number of representations demanding reservations for Muslims in the Panchayat Raj institutions such as; Gram Panchayats, M.P.P.s and Z.P.P.s and also in the urban local bodies viz., Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Nagar Panchayats etc., to ensure proper representation for Muslims in these bodies.

17. There were also number of demands for providing permanent housing to Muslim poor in various housing schemes of the Govt., including Urban permanent housing and also in the double bed-room scheme. They also demanded that the Government should prescribe or order reservation of houses in such projects for the poor, eligible, needy and deserving Muslims.

18. Representations were also made some times about the difficulties encountered by Muslims in getting houses on rent or for purchase of houses due to various reasons, but there are essentially perceived as discriminatory by most Muslims.

19. There were also number of representations to the effect that as Muslims are experiencing difficulties due to discrimination, their social position and their financial conditions, a special Law may be enacted on the lines of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 (Central Act)

20. There were also strong representations for providing Government land for grave yards for Muslims and construction of compound walls for all grave yards.


10.4 Summary

The public hearings and meeting with officials provided unique opportunity for the Commission to understand the situation of the Muslims, their grievances and demands. A few important issues were brought to the notice of the Commission. These relate to the lack of adequate of representation of Muslims in Government services, lack of easy availability of loans to the community, lack of housing, and lack of teachers in Urdu medium schools.

It was found that Muslims are largely concentrated in Urban centres of the State and suffer from acute shortage of housing. Most of them have been living in rented houses for generations. Given the lack of collaterals, the availability of loans from the commercial banks was also very limited to them. The State, among others, needs to act urgently to enhance the representation of Muslims in Government services and make provisions through which housing and loan availability to the community can be eased.

165Case for Reservations: Arguments for extending this benefit to Muslims

11.1 Introduction

While there is very little literature examining the impact of reservations in correcting disproportional representation of communities, there are studies that show how things have changed. Using data from the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), Surjit Bhalla (2015)1 argues that Muslims have been left behind because of reservation policy that has only targeted various categories among Hindus.

11.2 Who pays for reservations?

The price of all reservation for OBCs has been paid by the Muslims. Surjit Bhalla (2015) asserts that ours has become a Hindu constitution that has worked for the Hindus and has blatantly given Reservations to Hindus at a major cost to the Muslims. The evidence from Government data shows that although the OBCs started off marginally lower than the average in 1999, they are almost on par with the upper castes now. Though,this seems to be too strong a statement , it is seen that in several aspects the Muslims are lagging behind.

Muslims have fallen way far behind the OBCs. They were at the average forty years ago but now are behind everyone even the SCs and STs. Between 1999 and 2011; the least change in per capita incomes was seen among the Muslims. This is half the rate for SCs and STs and OBCs. Surjit Bhalla points out that the Indian Constitution started in the right direction when it said that there will not be any discrimination based on caste, religion etc. There is, therefore a strong need to evolve more inclusive policies.

But, the policy became seriously problematic when the Mandal Commission sent its report in 1980 that was implemented in 1990 giving 27 per cent to OBCs. While the Constitution had said that reservations would only be for social and economically backward classes, the Mandal recommendations were based on caste. OBCs, according to the NSSO were 36 per cent of population in 1999. As the reservation policy worked its way, we saw a huge increase in OBC population that reached 43 per cent of the population in 2009.

11.3 Caste and Its Influence

Indian society is characterized by a high degree of structural inequality based on caste, ethnicity, tribe, region and religion. Caste is a unique feature of Indian society. While India has been rather equal in terms of per capita incomes, the social institutions are among the most unequal in the world. On the policy front, India has the distinction of being an early adopter of affirmative action for a long time now to ameliorate the socio-economic and educational conditions of the backwards.

Caste has been an important criterion for defining backwardness. The caste system is based on the principles of purity and pollution, which involves the division of people into hierarchical gradation of socio economic and civil rights ascribed to them by birth. Social exclusion and inequality among the castes is ensured through the practices of endogamy, social segregation and untouchability. Therefore, exclusion is very much part and outcome of this system. It can also be described as its basic feature.

CHAPTER-11

Case for Reservations: Arguments for extending this benefit to Muslims


11.4 Existing Reservation

Due to various reasons, Indian society suffers from substantial inequalities in education, employment, and income based on caste, class, ethnicity etc. Compensatory or positive discrimination policies allow the reservation of 15 per cent of the seats in institutions of higher education, State and Central Government jobs for the Scheduled Castes; 7.5 per cent of the seats are reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. Later on, following the Mandal Commission recommendations, OBCs were also included in the reservation policy by Central Government by providing 27 per cent reservation.

However, the reservation policy has been highly contested. Sonalde Desai and Veena Kulkarni2 examined the changes in educational attainment between various social groups for a period of nearly 20 years. Their results show a declining gap between Dalits, Adivasis, and others in the odds of completing primary school. They underline the fact that, strikingly, such improvement is not seen for Muslims.

Though, the Constituent Assembly discussed and debated the affirmative action policies for historically oppressed communities, it left the question of disadvantaged Muslim communities unaddressed. However, subsequent commissions took into cognizance the disadvantaged caste groups among Muslims and included them in backward class lists. There is a need to broaden the state’s approach towards Muslim question and include them in the larger policy initiatives under affirmative action. State must take into cognizance of their economic and social backwardness and formulate policies accordingly. Affirmative action would also enable the backward classes among Muslims to achieve progress faster.

11.5 Time Line

In 1860, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule highlighted the plight of victims of caste discrimination in Maharashtra.3 Mahatma Jyotirao Phule made a demand for free and compulsory education for all along with proportionate reservation/representation in Government jobs.

The idea of caste based reservation system was envisioned by William Hunter and Mahatma Jyotirao Phule in 1882 and implemented by Chatrapati Sahuji Maharaj in 1901.

In 1921, Madras Presidency introduced an Order in which reservation of 44 per cent for non-Brahmins, 16 per cent for Brahmins, 16 per cent for Muslims, 16 per cent for Anglo-Indians/Christians and 8 per cent for Scheduled Castes (Dalits) were provided.

The Bombay Government in 1923 announced a resolution cutting off aid to educational institutions that refused admission to members of the Depressed Classes.4

Certain provisions were introduced in the Government of India Act 1909 commonly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms. Some of the other initiatives that followed included the Bombay Harijan Temple Entry Act, 1943 and the Bombay Harijan (Removal of Civil Disabilities) Act, 1947.

In the United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh, the United Provinces Removal of Social Disabilities Act, 1947 was also put in force.5

The term ‘Depressed Classes’ used by Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar in 1932 was changed to Scheduled Castes/Tribes during the framing of the Constitution in 1950.


The Maharaja of Travancore, today’s Kerala, announced the “Temple Entry Proclamation” in 1936, by way of removal of all bars on those denied entry to temples controlled by the Travancore Government.6

Other measures included the Madras Removal of Civil Disabilities Act, 1938 and the Travancore-Cochin Temple Entry (Removal of Disabilities) Act, 1950.7

The Government of India Act, 1935 provided the reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes, legislation by the British designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure that would incorporate the princely states. The Act came into force in 1937. The Act introduced the term “Scheduled Castes,” which is now the Indian Government’s official designation for Dalits. The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936 which contained a list, or “Schedule,” of Scheduled Castes throughout the British provinces was introduced (Anand Teltumbde, 2012).8

11.6 Post Independence Scenario

Shri Vallabhbhai Patel, Chairman of the Advisory Committee submitted the Report on Minority Rights to Shri Rajendra Prasad, President of the Constituent Assembly, and on August 27, 1947, the Assembly convened to discuss the Report. Interestingly, reservations were approved for minorities, as long as the reservations were in proportion to the population of the targeted groups. Some minorities, like the Parsis, voluntarily gave up this right.

Article 15, which prohibits discrimination, also contains a clause which allows the Union and State Governments to make “any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.”

Article 16, calls for “equality of opportunity in matters of public employment,” comprises of the clauses permitting the “reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State” and another allowing “reservation in matters of promotion” for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

A separate section of the Constitution, “Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes,” requires the reservation of seats in the “House of the People,” or Lok Sabha, and the Legislative Assemblies of the states for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Interestingly, the draft constitution, produced by the Constituent Assembly’s Drafting Committee headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, included Muslims and Indian Christians among the beneficiaries of reservations in legislatures. However, it was done away with subsequently.

There have been Commissions of Inquiries e.g. Kaka Kalelkar9 Commission and Mandal Commission, etc. which recommended the reservation for ‘backward classes’ which constitute OBCs. Mandal Commission’s recommendations were accepted and OBCs (Other Backward Classes) got 27 per cent reservation/quota in public sector jobs in 1990. In states such as Tamil Nadu where backward classes population is high, or in the Northeastern States where the Scheduled Tribes (STs) are in large members, over 80 per cent of Government jobs are set aside in quotas.

The Tamil Nadu backward Classes, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of seats in educational institutions and appointments of posts in the service under the State) Act 1993 (Act 45 of 1994) was passed. This was followed by the Constitution (Seventy- Sixth Amendment) Act, 1994 that allowed 69% of reservation in Tamil Nadu.


In 1995, Parliament by its 77th Constitutional Amendment inserted Art 16(4) (A) permitting reservation in promotions to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

In 2006, Central Government introduced much awaited 27 per cent OBC reservation in Central educational institutions.

Article 330 to 342, Part 16 (Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes) of the Constitution of India provides for reservation and other measures for uplifting the socially backward, economically weaker Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

The Government in Maharashtra approved 16 per cent reservation for Marathas and 5 per cent reservation for Muslims in educational institutions in the year 2014. The Bombay High Court stayed the 16 per cent reservation for Marathas; however, it allowed 5 per cent reservation for Muslims in educational institutions. Subsequently, Maharashtra’s new Government withdrew the reservation for Muslims and the relevant ordinance lapsed.

The then Chief minister of Maharashtra had asserted that the reservation for Marathas and Muslims will be besides the existing 52 per cent reservation for reserved communities. With the reservation for Maratha and Muslims, total reservation in the state had gone up to 73 per cent.

Gujjars have also been demanding 5 per cent reservation in OBC category. The community members from Rajasthan have been demanding five per cent reservation since 2008.

Similarly, Jats have also been demanding reservations for long. Haryana Government promised reservation for the Jat community and others that included Jat Sikhs, Rors, Bishnoi, and Tyagis. Subsequently, the Haryana Assembly passed the Haryana Backward Classes (Reservation in Services and Admission in Educational Institutions) Bill, 2016 to provide reservation for Jats and four other communities in Government jobs and education.

It is important to note that reservation in Haryana had already touched the 50 per cent threshold as determined by the Supreme Court of India, however, interestingly, the case law established by Indra Sawhney’s case does not limit the powers for providing reservation to classes by the executive or legislative branches of the Government.

Conceding to Patel agitation for reservation, Gujarat Government extended quota to upper castes based on economic criteria. In an attempt to pacify the agitating Patidars demanding quota for jobs and education, the Gujarat BJP Government announced 10 per cent quota for economically backward classes among the upper castes, who are ineligible for quota under the existing system. The Hon’ble High Court of Gujarat has quashed the law in its order on 4th August 2016.

11.7 Muslim Reservation

Hon’ble High Court of Bombay found data in the Mahmood-Ur-Rahman Committee report (2013) was worth considering. According to this report, while Muslims constitute 10.6 per cent of Maharashtra’s population, their share in the public services is only 4.4 per cent and their “representation” among prisoners, 36 per cent which is too high. But the judges of the Bombay High Court found out the figures demonstrating the educational backwardness of the state’s Muslims even more alarming: whereas 47 per cent of Muslim children go to primary school (against 38 per cent for Hindus), dropout rates are so high that only 11.3 per cent remain in middle school, 4.2 per cent in higher secondary (against 6 per cent for Hindus) and 3.1 per cent at the graduation level and above (against 5.9 per cent for Hindus). This is why, according to the Court, the previous state Government was justified in exceeding the ceiling limit of 50 per cent to add another 5 per cent of reservations in educational institutions.

Quite interestingly, these figures are not very different from those used by the Post Sachar Evaluation Committee headed by Prof. Amitabh Kundu. In 2014, the Committee


highlighted that the literacy rate of Muslims (70 per cent) was below that of Hindu OBCs (74 per cent) and “General Hindus” (86 per cent). It also showed that the percentage of graduates among Muslims (only 5 per cent) was hardly superior to the proportion of graduates among the SC/ STs (4 per cent), and much below the percentages for Hindu OBCs (8 per cent) and “General Hindus” (11 per cent). But the most disturbing point is here: while the monthly per capita expenditure of Muslims has increased by 60 per cent between 2004-05 and 2011-12 according to the National Sample Survey Office, it has increased by 69 per cent for Hindu STs, 73 per cent for Hindu SCs, 89 per cent for Hindu OBCs and 122 per cent for “General Hindus”. The gap is broadening, especially in urban India, where the proportion below the poverty line is now higher among Muslim OBCs than among Hindu SCs. This is a striking finding and needs to be taken seriously.

Hon’ble Shri Justice Gogoi and Hon’ble Shri Justice Nariman pointed out, to identify new backward classes that are not necessarily caste groups…. “Backwardness is a manifestation caused by the presence of several independent circumstances, which may be social, cultural, economic, educational or even political. New practices, methods and yardsticks have to be continuously evolved, moving away from a caste-centric definition of backwardness. This alone can enable recognition of newly emerging groups in society, which would require palliative action.10”

11.8 Existing Reservations in Telangana

In the State Scheduled Castes have 15 per cent reservation and the Scheduled Tribes have 6 per cent reservation.

The backward classes were given 25% reservation from 1970 onwards and they were grouped into four categories A,B,C,D.

Muslim (Mehtar) community was included in BC-A. Dudekulas/Laddaf were grouped in BC-B category along with a number of other

castes from the Hindu community. Another 14 socially and educationally backward classes of Muslims were included in the BC-E category and were given 4 per cent reservation in the State in G.O. Ms. No. 23 Backward Classes (C2) Welfare Department dated 07.07.2007. The Government adopted in G.O.Ms. No.16 BC Welfare (OP) Department dated on 11.03.2015, the orders which were issued by the undivided State of Andhra Pradesh vide G.O.Ms. No. 23 Backward Classes (C2) Welfare Department dated 07.07.2007.

Thus, an aggregate of 50 per cent reservation on the basis of castes and communities is prevailing in the state.

11.9 Examination of 11 Parameters of Backwardness

Indra Sawhney and others filed one court case against Reservation Policy of Govt. of India for OBCs suggested by Mandal Commission in 1990 and on 16th November, 1992, the Supreme Court of India gave the judgment on that case where it laid down eleven parameters for considering one community to be included as backward community and thereby making it eligible for getting reservation under OBC reservation. The eleven parameters laid down by the Supreme Court of India in 1992, in Indra Sawhney’s case are now examined across all SRCs in the case of Telangana to justify the case for Muslim reservations. The indicators are mentioned serially and then it is examined across SRCs whether it is satisfied or not as per the data of the sample survey conducted by the CGG.

1. Caste/Classes considered as socially backward by others.Mehtar (Muslim) is included in BC-A category. Dudekulas/Laddaf are included in BC-B from 1970 onwards. Another 14 castes/classes were notified as socially backward classes (Muslim BC-E) as per G.O.Ms. No.23 Backward Classes (C2) Department dated 07.07.2007. So, some of the Muslim communities satisfy this condition to be considered as backward.


2. Castes/Classes which mainly depend on menial labour for their livelihood.Table 11.1 indicates that none of the SRCs in rural Telangana is satisfying this criterion of menial worker. As per the 2nd criterion that one

community should have percentage of people depending on menial workers at least 25 percent above the state average. But, we observed that all SRCs including SCs, STs and Hindu-OBCs do not satisfy this parameter.

Table 11.1: Details about second criteria Castes/Classes which mainly depend on menial labour for their livelihood across SRCs in rural Telangana, 2016

SRCs Menial Labour* State average of females WPR

25 per cent above the State average

25 per cent above the state average

Is Indra Sawhney’s criterion satisfied?

SCs 20.8 26.5 33.1 20.8 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

STs 18.2 26.5 33.1 18.2 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Hindu BCs 16.1 26.5 33.1 16.1 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Hindu UCs 7.6 26.5 33.1 7.6 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Hindu-All 16.4 26.5 33.1 16.4 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Muslim - BC-E 25.9 26.5 33.1 25.9 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Muslim - Others 27.4 26.5 33.1 27.4 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Muslim - All 26.2 26.5 33.1 26.2 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Other Minorities 19.8 26.5 33.1 19.8 < 33.125 Not SatisfiedNote: Menial labour is defined as casual labour engaged in non-agriculture work. WPR is work participation rate.Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016

Table 11.2: Details about second criteria for Castes/Classes which mainly depend on menial labour for their livelihood in non-agricultural works across SRCs in urban Telangana, 2016

SRCs Menial Labour State average of females WPR

25 per cent above the State

average

25 per cent above the state

average


SC 33.5 26.5 33.1 33.5 > 33.125 Satisfied

ST 46.0 26.5 33.1 46 > 33.125 Satisfied

BC 30.9 26.5 33.1 30.9 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Hindu-UCs 9.8 26.5 33.1 9.8 < 33.125 Not Satisfied


Muslim –BC(E)

34.3 26.5 33.1 34.3 > 33.125 Satisfied

Muslim - UCs 35.1 26.5 33.1 35.1 > 33.125 Satisfied

Muslim - All 34.5 26.5 33.1 34.5 > 33.125 Satisfied


Even in urban Telangana, it was checked whether any of the SRCs does satisfy the criterion or not and we found that SCs and STs together satisfy the criterion but Hindu BCs and Hindu UCs do

not satisfy it. However, Muslims (both BC (E) and UCs) satisfy it. At the state level none of the SRCs is satisfying this condition.


Table 11.3: Details about second criterion for Castes/Classes which mainly depend on menial labour for their livelihood in non-agricultural works across SRCs in Telangana, 2016

SRCs Menial labour State average of females WPR


average


average




HinduBCs

24.4 26.5 33.1 24.4 < 33.125 Not Satisfied



Muslim BC-E 31.7 26.5 33.1 31.7 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Muslim Others 33.1 26.5 33.1 33.1 < 33.125 Not Satisfied

Muslim All 32.0 26.5 33.1 32 < 33.125 Not Satisfied


3. Castes/Classes where at least 25 per cent females and 10 per cent males above the state average get married at an age below 17 years in rural areas and at least 10 per cent of females and 5 per cent of males do so, in urban areas

Table 11.4: Details about third criterion on marriage across SRCs in rural Telangana, 2016

Rural female

SRCs per cent females getting married at an age < 17 years

State average of females getting married at an age < 17 years


Relationship between: per cent females getting married below 17 years age & 25 per cent above the state average


SC 10.5 10.7 13.4 10.53 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

ST 22.4 10.7 13.4 22.35 > 13.375 Satisfied

BC 9.8 10.7 13.4 9.75 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Others 6.0 10.7 13.4 6.02 < 13.375 Not Satisfied



Muslim Others 0.0 10.7 13.4 0 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Muslim All 3.1 10.7 13.4 3.12 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Other Minorities 17.9 10.7 13.4 17.9 > 13.375 SatisfiedNote: Menial labour is defined as casual labour engaged in non-agriculture work. WPR is work participation rate.Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016

The third criterion that the “classes/castes where 25 per cent females and 10 per cent males above the state average get married at an age below 17 years in rural areas and 10 per cent of females and 5 per cent of males doing so in urban areas” is checked here. First, in the case of rural females it is checked and found that only STs satisfy it

and no other communities satisfies it. Of course, other Minorities satisfy it. Similarly in the case of urban females also, it is observed that none of these SRCs satisfy this criterion (Table 11.4 and 11.5). For the state as a whole, it was checked and found that only STs and other Minorities could satisfy that.


Table 11.5: Details about third criterion on marriage across SRCs in urban Telangana, 2016

Urban female

SRCs per cent females getting married at an age < 17 years

State average of females

getting married at an age < 17

years


average

Relationship between: per cent females getting married below 17 years age & 25 per cent above

the state average




Hindu BCs

4.1 10.7 13.4 4.12 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Hindu UCs

5.1 10.7 13.4 5.09 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Hindu-All

5.9 10.7 13.4 5.86 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Muslim-BC-E

2.0 10.7 13.4 1.99 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Muslim-UCs

0.0 10.7 13.4 0 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Muslim-All 1.6 10.7 13.4 1.57 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Other Minorities

11.3 10.7 13.4 11.3 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Note: Menial labour is defined as casual labour engaged in non-agriculture work. WPR is work participation rate.Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016

Table 11.6: Details about third criterion on marriage across SRCs in Telangana, 2016

All (Rural and Urban)

Religious groups % females getting married at an age < 17

years

State average of females

getting married at an age < 17

years

25% above the State average

Relationship between: % females getting

married below 17 years age & 25% above the

state average



STs 20.3 10.7 13.4 20.3 > 13.375 Satisfied

Hindu-BCs 7.7 10.7 13.4 7.69 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Hindu-UCs 5.5 10.7 13.4 5.54 < 13.375 Not Satisfied


Muslim-BC(E) 2.7 10.7 13.4 2.65 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Muslim-Others 0.0 10.7 13.4 0 < 13.375 Not Satisfied

Muslim-All 2.0 10.7 13.4 2.02 < 13.375 Not Satisfied



Table 11.7: Details about fourth criterion on female work participation across SRCs in rural Telangana, 2016

Rural

SRCs Female WPR State average of females WPR



average


SCs 55.2 31.7 39.6 55.2 > 39.625 Satisfied

STs 61.7 31.7 39.6 61.7 > 39.625 Satisfied

Hindu BCs 55.1 31.7 39.6 55.1 > 39.625 Satisfied

Hindu UCs 40.7 31.7 39.6 40.7 > 39.625 Satisfied

Hindu-All 54.0 31.7 39.6 54 > 39.625 Satisfied


Muslim UCs 27.6 31.7 39.6 27.6 < 39.625 Not Satisfied



Table 11.8: Details about fourth criterion on female work participation across SRCs in urban Telangana, 2016

Urban

SRCs Female WPR State average of female WPR



average








Muslim Others 14.1 31.7 39.6 14.1 < 39.625 Not Satisfied



4. Castes/Classes where participation of females in work is at least 25 per cent above the state average.Table 11.7 examines the fourth criterion across SRCs in rural Telangana. The fourth criterion says that “the Castes/Classes where participation of females in work is at least 25 per cent above the state average.” But it was found that all Hindu groups including STs, SCs satisfy that criterion

while Muslims do not satisfy that. Similarly, in urban Telangana (Table 11.8), it is found that none of the SRCs could satisfy this criterion. Table 11.9 examines the fourth criterion for the state as a whole and it is found that except Hindu UCs, all Hindu communities satisfy it. But no Muslim communities satisfy it. Of course, other Minorities satisfy it.


Table 11.9: Details about fourth criterion on female work participation across SRCs in Telangana, 2016


Religious groups Female WPR State average of females WPR



average


SC 46.5 31.7 39.6 46.5 > 39.625 Satisfied

ST 54.8 31.7 39.6 54.8 > 39.625 Satisfied

Hindu BCs 48.2 31.7 39.6 48.2 > 39.625 Satisfied


Hindu-All 47.1 31.7 39.6 47.1 > 39.625 Satisfied

Muslim-BC-E 20.5 31.7 39.6 20.5 < 39.625 Not Satisfied

Muslim UCs 17.0 31.7 39.6 17 < 39.625 Not Satisfied

Muslim All 19.8 31.7 39.6 19.8 < 39.625 Not Satisfied


5. Caste/Classes where the number of children in the age group of 5-15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above the State average.The fifth criterion says that “the Caste/Classes where the number of children in the age group of 5-15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above the State average”. This criterion is examined across SRCs in the case of

rural Telangana in Table 11.10. It is observed that except Muslim BC (E), none of the SRCs could satisfy it. In the case of urban Telangana, exactly same trend comes out that except Muslim UCs, none of the SRCs satisfied that criterion. For the state as whole, this criterion is not satisfied by any of the SRCs (Table 11.12).

Table 11.10: Details about fifth criterion on never attended school across SRCs in rural Telangana, 2016

Rural

SRCs Never attended School State average 25 per cent above

the State average


average



STs 3.0 2.9 3.6 3 < 3.625 Not Satisfied


Hindu UCs 0.0 2.9 3.6 0 < 3.625 Not Satisfied


Muslim - BC-E 3.8 2.9 3.6 3.8 > 3.625 Satisfied

Muslim - UCs 1.8 2.9 3.6 1.8 < 3.625 Not Satisfied




Table 11.11: Details about fifth criterion on never attended school across SRCs in urban Telangana, 2016

Urban

SRCs Never attended School

State average 25 per cent above the State average


average


SCs 3.0 2.9 3.6 3 < 3.625 Not Satisfied


HinduBCs

2.1 2.9 3.6 2.1 < 3.625 Not Satisfied




Muslim - UCs 4.1 2.9 3.6 4.1 > 3.625 Satisfied



Table 11.12: Details about fifth criterion on never attended school across SRCs in Telangana, 2016

All (Rural + Urban)

SRCs Never attended School

State average 25 per cent above the State average







Hindu-All 2.0 2.9 3.6 2 < 3.625 Not Satisfied


Muslim - UCs 3.6 2.9 3.6 3.6 < 3.625 Not Satisfied



6. Castes/Classes where the rate of student dropout in the age group of 5-15 years is at least 25 per cent above the State average.This criterion talks about the drop-out ratio in the age group of 5-15 years. It was examined in the case of rural Telangana (Table 11.12) and

only Muslim communities satisfied it while other SRCs could not satisfy it. In Urban Telangana, we observed that except Muslims, none of the SRCs could satisfy this. At state level also Muslims only fulfill this condition.


Table 11.13: Details about fifth criterion on dropout ratio across SRCs in rural Telangana, 2016

Rural

SRCs Currently Dropout State average 25 per cent above the State average





HinduBCs

1.7 3.9 4.9 1.7 < 4.875 Not Satisfied

HinduUCs

0.8 3.9 4.9 0.8 < 4.875 Not Satisfied



Muslim -UCs

5.6 3.9 4.9 5.6 > 4.875 Satisfied


Other Minorities 2.5 3.9 4.9 2.5 < 4.875 Not Satisfied

Urban

SRCs Student (5-15 years) drop-out

rate

State average


Relationship between: Student drop-out rate and 25% above the State average







Muslim-BC(E) 4.9 3.9 4.9 4.9 > 4.875 Satisfied

Muslim-UCs 5.4 3.9 4.9 5.4 > 4.875 Satisfied

Muslim-All 5.0 3.9 4.9 5 > 4.875 Satisfied

Other Minorities 2.0 3.9 4.9 2 < 4.875 Not Satisfied


SRCs Student (5-15 years) drop-

out rate

State average


Relationship between: Student drop-out rate and 25% above the state average


SC 1.9 3.9 4.9 1.9 < 4.875 Not Satisfied

ST 2.7 3.9 4.9 2.7 < 4.875 Not Satisfied

BC 1.9 3.9 4.9 1.9 < 4.875 Not Satisfied

Others 0.5 3.9 4.9 0.5 < 4.875 Not Satisfied



Muslim - Others

5.4 3.9 4.9 5.4 > 4.875 Satisfied




Table 11.14: Details about seventh criterion on proportion of matriculates across SRCs in rural Telangana, 2016

Male

SRCs % of male matriculates

State average

25% below the State average

Relationship between: % of male matriculates and 25%

below the State average


SCs 64.1 58.7 44.0 64.1 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

STs 56.3 58.7 44.0 56.3 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

Hindu BCs 61.2 58.7 44.0 61.2 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

Hindu UCs 69.4 58.7 44.0 69.4 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

Hindu-All 62.5 58.7 44.0 62.5 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

Muslim-BCs(E) 50.4 58.7 44.0 50.4 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

Muslim-UCs 49.2 58.7 44.0 49.2 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

Muslim - All 50.2 58.7 44.0 50.2 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

Other Minorities 62.0 58.7 44.0 62 > 44.0 Not Satisfied

Female

SRCs % of female matriculates

State average 25% below the State average

Relationship between: % of female matriculates and 25% below the State

average

Satisfied Indra Sawhney’s criteria ?

SCs 63.6 58.7 44.0 63.6 > 44.0 Not satisfied



Hindu UCs 68.0 58.7 44.0 68 > 44.0 Not Satisfied





Other Minorities 74.8 58.7 44.0 74.8 > 73.375 Not Satisfied

All (Male + Female)

SRCs % of matriculates

State average


Relationship between: % of matriculates and 25% below

the State average

Satisfied Indra Sawhney’s criteria ?

SCs 63.9 58.7 44.0 63.9 > 44.0 Not Satisfied



Hindu UCs 69.0 58.7 44.0 69 > 44.0 Not Satisfied





Other Minorities 70.5 58.7 44.0 70.5 > 44.0 Not SatisfiedNote: Menial labour is defined as casual labour engaged in non-agriculture work. WPR is work participation rate. Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016

7. Castes/Classes amongst whom the proportion of matriculates is at least 25% below the State average.This 7th condition talks about proportion of matriculates that has to be at least 25 percent

below the state average. This criterion was examined across SRCs and it was found that in the case of male, female and also for the state as a whole, none of the SRCs satisfied this condition.


8. Castes/classes where the average value of family assets is at least 25% below the State average.Value of family/household assets could not be assessed from the ‘Sample survey to assess Socio-economic and educational status of Muslims in Telangana’ and hence this indicator could not be assessed.

9. Castes/Classes where the number of households living in “Kutcha” houses is a least 25% above the State average.This condition talks about living condition, i.e., the type of houses the people live. This tells that

castes/classes where the number of households living in Kutcha houses is a least 25% above the State average. The analysis on survey data shows that Muslims and STs fulfilled in rural area where in urban Telangana, none of the SRCs satisfied that. For the state as a whole, we observed that only STs satisfied this condition.

Table 11.15: Details about ninth criterion on living houses condition across SRCs in rural Telangana, 2016

Rural

SRCs % households

living in kutcha house

% State average


Relationship between: % households living in kutcha house and 25% above State

average

Is Indra Sawhney’s criterion fulfilled?


STs 12.6 4.9 6.1 12.6 > 6.125 Satisfied




Muslim-BCs(E) 15.4 4.9 6.1 15.4 > 6.125 Satisfied

Muslim-UCs 18.5 4.9 6.1 18.5 > 6.125 Satisfied

Muslim - All 16 4.9 6.1 16 > 6.125 Satisfied

Other Minorities 7.4 4.9 6.1 7.4 > 6.125 Satisfied

Urban

SRCs % households


% State average



average







Muslim-BCs(E) 2.1 4.9 6.1 2.1 < 6.125 Not Satisfied

Muslim-UCs 2.3 4.9 6.1 2.3 < 6.125 Not Satisfied


Other Minorities 2.0 4.9 6.1 2 < 6.125 Not Satisfied



SRCs % households


% State average



average



STs 8.2 4.9 6.1 8.2 > 6.125 Satisfied




Muslim-BCs(E) 5.8 4.9 6.1 5.8 < 6.125 Not Satisfied

Muslim-UCs 6.0 4.9 6.1 6 < 6.125 Not Satisfied


Other Minorities 4.0 4.9 6.1 4 < 6.125 Not SatisfiedNote: Menial labour is defined as casual labour engaged in non-agriculture work. WPR is work participation rate.Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016

10. Castes/classes where the source of drinking water is beyond half a kilometre for more than 50% of the households.None of the households across SRCs in Telangana state have source of drinking water beyond half a kilometer.

11. Castes/Classes where the number of households having taken consumption loan is at least 25% above the State average.

Table 11.16: Details about ninth criterion on consumption loan condition across SRCs in Telangana, 2016

Rural

SRCs % households having

consumption loan

% State average


Relationship between: % households having

consumption loan and 25% above the state average


SCs 91.1 76 95.0 91.1 < 95 Not Satisfied

STs 89.5 76 95.0 89.5 < 95 Not Satisfied

Hindu BCs 91.0 76 95.0 91 < 95 Not Satisfied

Hindu UCs 92.5 76 95.0 92.5 < 95 Not Satisfied

Hindu-All 91.1 76 95.0 91.1 < 95 Not Satisfied

Muslim-BCs(E) 81.6 76 95.0 81.6 < 95 Not Satisfied

Muslim-UCs 84.3 76 95.0 84.3 < 95 Not Satisfied

Muslim - All 82.1 76 95.0 82.1 < 95 Not Satisfied

Other Minorities 89.4 76 95.0 89.4 < 95 Not Satisfied


Urban

SRCs % households having

consumption loan

% State average


Relationship between: % households having

consumption loan and 25% above the state average




Hindu BCs 77.6 76 95.0 77.6 < 95 Not Satisfied






Other Minorities 69.0 76 95.0 69 < 95 Not Satisfied


SRCs % Consumption

loan

% State average


25% above the state average

Is Indra Sawhney’s criterion satisfied ?



Hindu BCs 86.6 76 95.0 86.6 < 95 Not Satisfied






Other Minorities 76.8 76 95.0 76.8 < 95 Not SatisfiedNote: Menial labour is defined as casual labour engaged in non-agriculture work. WPR is work participation rate.Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, 2016

This eleventh condition that says “Castes/Classes where the number of households having taken consumption loan is at least 25% above the State average” was examined across SRCs in Telangana. It was found that none of the SRCs could satisfy it in rural, urban and at state level as a whole. Thus the analysis provides a testimony to the fact that these conditions are outdated and need serious review. At the same time we argue that if the communities which are currently getting the benefits of reservations are not able to satisfy these conditions now, then Muslims community which satisfy most of the condition should come under the purview of reservations.

11.10 Constitutional Provisions for Minority Empowerment11

The Constitution of India is designed to protect the educational and cultural rights of each and every citizen of the country and the minorities in the country are not out of the scope of it. The Constitution of India makes ground for reservation for the minorities not on the basis of their religion but because of their lack of access to education and economic deprivation. In other words, reservations are to be made for the socially and educationally backward communities. Below are some Constitutional provision for making a case for reservations for Socially and Educationally backward Muslims in the country:


Article 14, Constitution of India: Ensures equality before the law and equal protection by the law.

Article 15, Constitution of India: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth

Clause 1: The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth or any of them.

Clause 4: Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.

Article 16, Constitution of India: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

Clause 1: There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.

Clause 4: Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation in appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.

Article 21, Constitution of India: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except through the procedure established by the law.

Article 25, Constitution of India: Ensures freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.

Article 26, Constitution of India: Ensures right to manage religious institutions, religious affairs, subject to public order, morality and health.

Article 29, Constitution of India: Protects minorities’ right to conserve their language, script or culture.

Article 30, Constitution of India: Provides for the protection of the interests of minorities by giving them a right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The state is directed not to discriminate against any minority education institutions in granting aid.

Article 334, Constitution of India: Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after ten years.

95th Amendment extended Article 334 up to January 2020 i.e. seventy years.

Mandal Commission was set up in 1979 and submitted its report in 1980; however, the recommendations were accepted only in 1990 by the Central Government.

Main recommendation: 27 percent reservation for OBCs

Basis of recommendation:

1. On the basis of 11 indicators, the Mandal Commission calculated the population of OBCs to be 52 percent.

2. Suggested that ideally 52 percent of the posts under Central Government should be reserved for them.

3. However, as the Constitution states (on the basis of several Supreme Court judgments) that the quantum of reservation cannot go beyond 50 percent and 22.25 had already been allocated to the SC and STs, 27 percent reservation for OBCs was recommended.

It can be clearly seen from data across the country and within Telangana that there were many backward groups such as Muslims that deserved reservations. According to requirements of the Constitution, they are socially, educationally and also economically backward. Therefore they cannot be discriminated against and must have claim to reservations just as other castes have.


11.11 Summary

‘Dalit’ Muslims may be taken out of the BC list and incorporated in the SC list. It should be possible to identify these Muslim caste groups based on the principle recommended by NCRLM that all groups and classes whose counterparts among the Hindus, Sikhs or Buddhists, are included in the Central or State Scheduled Castes lists should be brought under the Scheduled Caste net.

Members of Dudekula community which is included in BC-B from the beginning of reservation for backward classes in 1970 had represented in many public hearings and also submitted detailed representations seeking inclusion in BC-E category along with other BC Muslims. Since they are already provided reservations under BC-B, the Government may take suitable decision in this regard.

Members of the Shia community have represented for providing separate reservation for them.It is to be noted that they are a sect of Muslims. Their request for providing separate reservation was not agreed to earlier. Government may take suitable decision in this matter

Many of the Muslim artisan groups may be included in the ‘Most Backward’ sub-category within BC along with other similarly placed caste groups from other religions, based on criteria of socio-educational backwardness. The other sections of backward communities among Muslims may be accommodated in the OBC category.

The benefits of Affirmative Action must be extended only to the most backward sub-category, identified rigorously. Given their levels of deprivation, there is a need to apply all norms and procedures prescribed for SC/ST students related to Government free-ships, scholarships and waiving of fees to them in total.

There is a need to include all the communities identified as BCs in the state into the Central Government OBC list as per the interim orders of Hon’ble Supreme Court.

The Government is kindly aware that Hon’ble Courts have held reservations in various states beyond the limit of 50 per cent as unconstitutional and quashed them. Hence, the Government may take appropriate steps to obtain legal opinion and necessary legislative approval in this regard. The provision of 4 per cent reservations for backward Muslims in Government employment and educational institutions is being continued under the interim orders of the Hon’ble Supreme Court.

The COI study shows that nearly 82 per cent of Muslim population remains socially and educationally backward. To ameliorate the condition of socially and educationally backward communities of Muslims in Telangana, the State may provide 12 percent reservation or a minimum of 9 per cent reservation for this community. Again, the criteria set forth by Supreme Court of India in Indra Sawhney case need revision and on the basis of the argument that most of SRCs could not satisfy them in today’s conditions but still they are getting reservation, the backward Muslim communities should also get it.

1 Surajit Bhalla (2015) ‘No proof required: no time for caste reservations’, published in The Indian Express dated November 21, 2015. Access it as http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/no-proof-required-no-time-for-caste-reservations/2 Desai, Sonalde and Veena Kulkarni, 2008, Demography, Volume 45-Number 2, May: 245–2703 Panandiker,V. A. Pai, ed.,1997,The Politics of Backwardness: Reservation Policy in India (New Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.), p. 94.4 Department of Social Welfare, Government of India.1969, Report of the Committee on Untouchability, Economic and Educational Development of the Scheduled Castes and Connected Documents, 3.5 Ibid., 4-5.6 Ibid., 3.7 Ibid., 4.8 Anand Teltumbde (2012) “SC/STs and the State in the Indian Constitution”, published in Countercurrent.org on 06 February, 20129 Kaka Kalelkar Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward class in 1953. The report was accepted as far as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were concerned. The recommendations for OBC’s were rejected. 1956-Schedules amended as per Kaka Kalelkar report.10 ‘Supreme Court quashes decision to include Jats in OBC category, says caste can’t be sole ground’, published in The Indian Express, on March 18, 2015.11 A part of this section draws from

Footnote

183Major Findings and Recommendations

12.1 Introduction

The Commission studied the conditions of the Muslim community in Telangana. On the basis of the analysis pertaining to different aspects of their socio-economic and educational status, the key findings are mentioned below on the basis of the terms of reference. In next section, based on the findings, the Commission suggests some recommendations which Government may consider to implement. However, the key recommendations for immediate implementation which are cited earlier in the report are also placed here.

12.2 Major Findings

The key findings from the analysis are mentioned below under different sub-headings.

12.2.1 Educational StatusThe literacy rate in Telangana (66.46 per cent) is far below the national average (74.04 per cent). The educational status of Muslims in Telangana is extensively analysed. Their performance in different aspects of educational status varies. We reproduce some of the major points in this regard here:

(i) In terms of literacy rate, Muslims (76.89 per cent) have recorded a higher rate as compared to other SRCs like SCs (59 per cent), STs (50 per cent), and Hindus as a whole (64.64 per cent).

(ii) The gender gap in literacy rate for Muslims is low (10.38 percentage points) in comparison to SCs (18.10 percentage points), STs (20.10 percentage points) and Hindus (18.12 percentage points).

(iii) The urban-rural gap also shows that Muslims are better off as compared to other SRCs. The gap stands at 14.48 percentage points for Muslims while it is more than 20 per cent for other SRCs.

(iv) The percentage of population in Telangana in the age group 0-29 years, not attending any educational institution in 2004-05 was 54.2 per cent which came down to 48.4 per cent in 2011-12. That decline is more pronounced among Muslims (declined from 53.7 per cent in 2004-05 to 44.1 per cent in 2011-12). Again, this decline is more in the case of Muslim UCs as compared to Muslim BCs. However, for other SRCs, the decline in percentage of population not attending any educational institution is less. In fact, for SCs it rose from 54.6 per cent in 2004-05 to 55.2 in 2011-12.

(v) The comparison of figures of not attending educational institutions in 2011-12 pertaining to age group 0-29 years reveals that Muslims are still have a comparatively higher percentage of population (44 per cent) not attending any educational institution than Hindu UCs (40 per cent). At disaggregated level, it was found that Muslim UCs (45.2 per cent) have higher percentage than Muslim BCs (41.3 per cent) attending educational institutions.

(vi) The analysis based on household survey 2016 shows that 79 per cent of household members among Muslims have ever attended educational institution which is higher than that of SCs (71.2 per cent), STs (70.4 per cent), and Hindu-BCs (73.8 per cent) but lower than Hindu-UCs (83.2 per cent).

CHAPTER-12

Major Findings and Recommendations


(vii) The percentage of population not attending any educational institution is again segregated into two categories as never attended and dropped out. In 2011-12, it was found that 13 per cent of Muslims within the age group 0-29 years never attended any educational institution while 17 per cent of Hindus did so.

(viii) Analyzing never attended population percentage in 2011-12 at disaggregated level, we find that the SCs (25 per cent) top the list followed by SCs (21 per cent), Hindu BCs (16 per cent), Muslim UCs (13 per cent), Muslim BCs (12 per cent) and Hindu UCs (11 per cent).

(ix) The dropout rate pertaining to the age group 0-29 years in 2011-12 reveals that Muslims have 31 per cent of dropout rate while Hindus have 32 per cent. Among Hindus, both SCs and STs have recorded 34 per cent, followed by Hindu BCs (31 per cent) and Hindu UCs (29 per cent). Similarly among Muslims, Muslim BCs have recorded as 29 per cent and Muslim UCs (same as OCs) have recorded 32 per cent.

(x) However, age group wise drop out ratio shows that in the age group of 18-20 years and 21-29 years the dropout is higher among Muslims as compared to Hindus. In the age group of 18-20 years, Muslims-All have 61.2 per cent dropout ratio which is far higher than other SRCs.

(xi) In the age group of 21-29 years also the Muslims have the highest 84 per cent dropout ratio which far ahead of the figures pertaining to other SRCs. Hindus-All have 38.6 per cent.

(xii) The Commission’s survey data shows that in the age group of 16-20 years, Hindus-All has 34.8 per cent eligible household members not going to any educational institution. Same stands for Muslims as 51.5 per cent. Similarly, in the age group of 21-24 years, the currently not going percentage population among Muslims is 81.4 per cent

and among Hindus, 74.8 per cent is not going to educational institutions.

(xiii) Enrolment in different levels of study programmes reveals that percentage of Muslim students is 11.5 percent (male 11.2 percent and female 12.04 per cent) in school enrolment. But in intermediate enrolment, their percentage declines to around 5 per cent (Boys 5.3 per cent and Girls 4.8 per cent).

(xiv) Similarly in Bachelor, Degree and Masters Degree programmes, their percentage out of total students enrolled is rather low. In Osmania University, the percentage of Muslim students in Graduate and Post Graduate programmes, comes to be 10.85 per cent only. But in Telangana University, their percentage is quite dismal (3.47 percent), in Dr B R Ambedkar University also their percentage share in total students’ enrolment is quite low, i.e., 6.22 per cent.

(xv) In different professional courses like Medicines, Law, Engineering and Veterinary and Pharmacy, etc also their percentage in total students enrolled is quite low.

12.2.2 Health Status(i) Telangana state has recorded the infant

mortality rate (IMR) of 28 per 1000 live births. But there was a 15 points variation between urban (20 per 1000 births) and rural (35 per 1000 births) in 2012-13.

(ii) In 2005-06, Muslims (52.2 per 1000 births) had lower child mortality rate compared to other SRCs in undivided Andhra Pradesh and also state aggregate figure (68.4 per 1000 births).

(iii) Both neo-natal (NNMR) and under 5 mortality rate (U5MR) too were low among Muslims as compared other SRCs.

(iv) There is comparatively low incidence of severe anaemia among Muslim male children (9.4 per cent) pertaining to 6-59


months. Hindus have recorded the same as 13.6 per cent. But the female Muslim children have recorded little higher (15.2 per cent) share of anaemia in comparison to Hindus (14.1 per cent).

(v) Incidence of any anaemia also shows that around 66 per cent Muslim male children and 72 per cent Muslim female children within the age group of 6-59 months are suffering. Among Hindus this stands for 71.4 per cent of male children and 70 per cent of female children respectively.

(vi) With regard to incidence of severe and any anaemia within the age group of 6-19 years, it is found that the percentage of Muslim population suffering from both types of diseases is slightly higher in comparison to Hindus.

(vii) According to DLHS-4 survey in 2012-13, incidence of wasting (weight-for-height) among children was the highest in rural Telangana (32 per cent) as compared to urban Telangana (27 per cent).

(viii) Muslim children below 5 years are reported to have lower prevalence (24 per cent) of wasting as compared to the SC (27 per cent) and ST children (30 per cent) respectively.

(ix) The incidence of stunting (height for age) is also low among Muslim children (21per cent) as compared to Hindu children (24 per cent) and the aggregated State average (23 per cent).

(x) The incidence of under-weight children below 5 years is reported as 30 per cent at the state level. The Christian community (38 per cent) has recorded the highest percentage followed by Hindus (29 per cent) and the lowest among Muslims (28 per cent).

(xi) Mothers belonging to Muslim community availed above seven ANC check-ups which is higher than other SRCs (DLHS-4, 2012-13).

(xii) The domiciliary deliveries are lower among Muslim (3.9 per cent) compared to Hindu (5.5 per cent), Scheduled caste (5 per cent) respectively.

(xiii) The percentage of children who were fully vaccinated against prescribed vaccines decreased from 72.2 per cent in 2007-08 (by aggregating 10 district information of Telangana) to 47.5 per cent in 2012-13 and reached 68.1 per cent by 2015-16.

(xiv) According to DLHS-4, 2012-13, 93 per cent of Muslim children received BCG vaccine, and 79 per cent received at least three doses of Polio vaccine. However, 84 per cent were vaccinated against measles, and only 62 per cent received three doses of DPT. The corresponding figures for all groups are 92 per cent, 76 per cent, 83 per cent and 64 per cent respectively.

(xv) Around 70 per cent Hindu UCs prefer private health care facilities followed by 59 per cent of Hindu BCs, 50 per cent of SCs and 35 per cent of STs. Among Muslims, around 47 per cent prefer private and 53 per cent prefer Government health facilities (COI survey, 2016).

12.2.3 Living Conditions (i) COI survey, 2016 shows that in rural areas

more than 90 per cent of people own the house they live in. But, in urban areas, it comes down to around 73 percent among Hindus and 57 per cent among Muslims.

(ii) Sizeable populations in urban Telangana do live in rented houses (38 per cent).

(iii) It is found that among Hindus, 55 per cent of Hindu-UCs lives in pucca houses, followed by Hindu BCs (47 per cent), SCs (41 per cent) and STs (36 per cent). Among Muslims, we find that only 31 per cent live in pucca houses; around 53 percent of them live in semi pucca houses. Among Hindus around 49 per cent live in semi pucca houses.


(iv) In rural Telangana, among Hindus, the Hindu-UCs (79 per cent) has the highest percentage of households having toilet facilities while the Muslim-BCs (63 per cent) are the next to them.

(v) Overall, Muslims (67 per cent) are slightly better off compared to SCs (47 per cent) and STs (55.6 per cent) and Hindu BCs (60.3 per cent) but worse off in comparison to Hindu UCs (80 per cent).

(vi) COI survey shows that around 50 per cent Hindus and 58 per cent Muslims have access to adequate drinking water.

(vii) Among Hindus, UCs have the highest percentage (57 per cent in rural and 62 per cent in urban areas), followed by BCs (49 per cent in rural and 51 per cent in urban areas), SCs (45 per cent in rural and 51 per cent in urban) and then STs (39 per cent in rural and 26 per cent in urban areas). Among Muslims, both groups have around 60 percentage of population having access to adequate drinking water. There is not much rural-urban gap existing among them.

12.2.4 Economic Condition(i) The work participation rate (WPR) among

the Muslims (male 74.8 per cent in rural and female 46.5 per cent in rural area; urban 68.7 per cent males and urban 8.2 per cent females) in the state is lower in comparison to other SRCs.

(ii) The difference in WPR among the Muslim male and Muslim female is higher. The pattern of WPR among Muslim males shows slightly lower rate in the rural areas and higher rate in the urban areas. The WPR for the urban females is particularly very low during the years.

(iii) Most of the Muslims are self-employed both in agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Again casual labour is an important issue among the Muslim community in the state as around 32 per cent of the Muslim workforce comes under this category.

(iv) The distribution of workers by type of enterprise shows that there is dominance of informal employment in the Muslim workforce both in rural and urban areas and both for male and female.

(v) The Muslim workforce is tilted towards non-agricultural sector and the survey shows around 76 per cent of the Muslim workforce is engaged in service sector.

(vi) Daily wage is the major source of income for the Muslims in the state as it comes out in the survey. Around 50 per cent of the Muslim households have a monthly income of less than Rs 10,000 and majority of the Muslim households have expenditure in between Rs 6000 to Rs 10,000. It is also found that the consumption expenditure of the Muslim subgroups has a large differential according to rural urban break up.

(vii) The poverty head count ratio has declined for the Muslims in the state for both rural and urban areas but the risk of falling into the poverty trap has increased during the period.

(viii) The asset holding of the Muslims in the state clearly shows low asset ownership by the community and also there is a biased nature of ownership towards the male Muslims.

(ix) There is high migration among the Muslims as comes out in the survey. The major reason behind migration is seeking better job opportunity.

12.2.5 Access to Credit(i) There is a relatively less access to banking

and credit facilities by Muslims in Telangana as compared to Hindus and other socio-religious groups in the state.

(ii) Compared to all other socio-religious groups, Muslims in the state borrow mostly for household consumption purpose not for productive investment purpose. They borrow less from formal institutions and more from informal institutions


(iii) Due to informal borrowing, the average interest rate charged is relatively high for them.

(iv) The CRISIL index shows a high financial inclusion index for Telangana State but a more comprehensive index to incorporate the religions and castes is required to get a clear idea.

12.2.6 Status of Muslim Women(i) Muslims form the largest religious minority

of Telangana State, constituting 12.68% of the total population. Out of 44.64 lakhs Muslim population, 21.97 lakhs population are female (49.20 per cent).

(ii) The rural urban break-up of the Muslim female population also shows urban domination as 16.32 lakh Muslim female live in urban areas of the state.

(iii) The sex ratio in Telangana was 987 in 2011. The ratio was 975 in 1961 and had declined slightly to 971 in 2001. The sex ratio among the Muslims in the state was 984 in 1961 which declined to 970 in 2011.

(iv) Among Muslims, educated girls (about 25%) usually study up to class ten. Muslims face lack of colleges close by and public transport are issues. This along with parent’s disinterest prevented the girls from pursuing higher studies.

(v) The male-female ratio at state level for each study programme shows that the trend is of higher males than females in almost every level, except certificate course.

(vi) The work participation rate among the female in rural Telangana is lower than that of their male counterpart. The female work participation rate in urban Telangana is very low and declined over the period 2004-05 to 2011-12.

(vii) The daily wage for regular salaried worker was Rs 353 and Rs169 for male and female

respectively. The situation is same for the Muslim females also.

12.3 Recommendations

The recommendations/suggestions are subdivided into three parts as key recommendations for immediate implementation, mid-term recommendations and long-term recommendations. Except key recommendations, the other recommendations are cited here on specific aspects.

12.3.1 Key recommendations1) Appoint an Equal Opportunity CommissionTelangana state should be the first to appoint an “Equal Opportunity Commission” to oversee recruitment and training and other developmental programmes. This Commission will ensure that all communities in the state have equal opportunities in all fields, both in the private and the public sector. The Commission would be an independent body that would look into any possibility of bias or prejudice against any group, be it social, religious, caste, linguistic or any other. The Commission recommends that the EOC should cover all levels of education, employment, housing, healthcare and access to development schemes; all other issues and provide remedies. This will address the feeling that exists, of being discriminated in the credit, housing and the education markets, etc.

2) Develop a diversity indexThe Government should implement the ‘diversity index’ already suggested by Sachar Committee (2006) and Kundu Committee (2014). The Telangana Government should be the first to set up a committee to suggest how best the diversity index can be implemented. Any institution within the state would be evaluated for its diversity and given a ranking according to the diversity its human resource composition displays. The Commission recommends that the Diversity index should cover all institutions and establishments within the state. The Diversity index works in a secular fashion giving all vulnerable groups an assurance that their representation in various spheres will eventually be proportional to their population


figures, without disturbing any existing scheme. Affirmative actions have helped disadvantaged sections to develop fast and have contributed to greater diversity in the various institutions, places of work, etc.

3) Review of the conditionalities laid down in the Indra Sawhney case The Indra Sawhney criteria have been laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court to determine backwardness and recommend reservations. However, these conditions laid down 24 years ago need to be reviewed given the tremendous strides that have been made by way of development and growth of the Indian economy. While there is still wide prevalence of inequality, the deviations from state averages are no longer at a high of more than 25%. Hugely deprived communities too are closer to the mean than before, including the Scheduled tribe and Scheduled Caste populations. Work force participation rates have changed dramatically in all communities. Female work participation particularly has plummeted.

The Government should appoint an expert group to study or revise those criteria for assessing the backwardness of a community.

4) Extend Scheduled Castes (SCs) status to some acutely discriminated groups that perform the same occupation as some SC groups do.Certain Muslim communities like Mehtar should be included in the Scheduled Castes (SCs) list and can be given reservation under the SC status. These communities continue to do work that is done by their SC Hindu counterparts and continue to be acutely discriminated in the society.

5) Improve standards of educational institutionsUrdu-medium schools are badly staffed. The quality of teaching is poor. Students in Urdu schools should be given the option of learning English as a language paper. This way a growing number of students who switch their medium of instruction at the high school level will not face severe problems they face today. A quick

step that the Government can take is to fill all vacancies for Urdu language teachers and take steps to appoint Urdu teachers where posts are lying vacant on account of the inability to find teachers among the SC/ST category. These posts should then be filled through increasing numbers among teachers in other subjects.

6) Urdu signboards and IEC material in the Urdu languageThere is need for more effective steps for the implementation of Urdu as second official language. A simple a quick step that can be taken is to ensure that Government published material on available schemes is published in Urdu. In Government offices, like in the Warangal Collectorate, large and clear signboards in English, Telugu and Urdu should be put up. This simple step goes a long way in making Government machinery inclusive and friendly for Muslims who feel overawed walking into formidable and unfriendly institutions. In Anganwadis, simple books in Urdu, handbooks on maternal health in Urdu would make women more comfortable and feel Welcome.

7) Sub-plan for MuslimsThe Government should put in place a ‘Sub-plan’ for Muslims to be prepared as part of the state budget to ensure that all departments provide adequate funds for welfare of Muslims and to prevent diversion of funds to departments. This again will not entail a greater expenditure but will convince the larger population that the Government does not want to save on allocated funds nor does it want to divert funds under Minorities welfare into other schemes.

8) A small start up fund provision As a large number of Muslims are small entrepreneurs, a small start up fund must be allocated that will rotate its capital, provide collateral free investments, help and mentor small businesses and leverage the start up culture that exists among the very poor.

9) Scholarships to be enhanced and expandedScholarships have helped students from poorer sections to access higher education and in


reducing dropout rates. However, they are still difficult to access and are often hostage to budgetary constraints and cut backs from Finance departments. The Government should provide scholarships to Muslims on demand by making adequate provision in the budget. Like what is applicable for SCs and STs, Muslim students should also get cashless admission and Government should release the fee in a timely manner to educational institutions. Insistence of some of the managements on Muslim students to pay the fees and seek reimbursement causes hardship to the students.

10) Promote an atmosphere of trust and harmonyOne heart-warming learning from the study has been that the Telangana Muslim population trusts the police and the security institutions. To improve upon this situation and leverage it to its potential, Government should take steps to sensitize the Police on the need to avoid indiscriminate arrests of Muslim youth on suspicion of being involved in terrorism and other crimes. Government should take positive steps and confidence building measures to maintain communal harmony in the state, particularly in the capital city of Hyderabad.

11) The data gathered by the Commission shows that among the criteria the Indra Sawhney case looks at, Muslims are below the state average in some of them and are socially and educationally backward and severely deprived. Therefore, Government may provide reservation to them. Given that more than 82 per cent of the Muslim population is already categorized as backward, there may be an increase in the reservation percentage to 12 percent or a minimum of 9 per cent based on their social and educational backwardness and deprivation. The Government can do this quickly as about four fifths of the Muslim populations already have been placed in the BC-A, BC-B and BC-E categories. A suitable legislations needs to be passed duly obtaining legal opinion as the present provision of four percent reservation is continued with interim order of Hon’ble Supreme court.

12.3.2 Mid-term Recommendations Educationl There is a special need to improve quality of

education in schools. Models like the Gyan Shala can be brought in to help primary schools achieve quality education

lMore schools to be set up and Urdu teachers appointed, with educational inspectors and administrators, who know Urdu and can supervise the schools.

l The infrastructure in the Residential schools of Minorities Welfare department should be fully developed including construction of dormitories, libraries, compound wall, etc. 120 new Residential schools with English medium have been sanctioned by the Government. Out of these 71 schools have been started this year. The remaining schools may be started next year. It is necessary to complete the construction of own building for the schools with all facilities such as dormitories, library, recreation facilities, compound wall, etc and all the required staff may be provided.

l Recognise Madarsas as schools by inducting them into the mainstream school systems without interference in their core syllabi. Because, the Madarsas could play a critical role in collaboration with Sarva Siksha Abhiyan as seen in a number of cases. These collaborations have increased literacy figures among the Muslims considerably.

l The Madarsas could be advised to include Science and Mathematics subjects in their syllabi through providing relevant support and persuasion. Madarsa teachers may be given access to training in modern methods of teaching.

l A Madarsa Board may be set up in the State and options can be provided to Madarsas to join the same. This will help immensely both the Madarsas and students enrolled in Madarsas in various ways. The students may be provided the option of continuing education in the


regular stream by determining equivalence of courses taught in Madarasa with regular ones.

lMid-day meals schemes must be rigorously implemented and monitored. Mid-day meals must be provided to all students, whether in recognized or non-recognized schools, mainstream or community institutions.

Higher EducationlHigher education must be incentivized

through providing larger number of scholarships at the MPhil and PhD levels. Especially incentives for female students should be provided.

l Both Public and Private Universities must recruit larger number of Muslims in their higher education programs.

l Some laudable initiatives have been taken by the members of Muslim community to set up schools with English medium in the localities with large concentration of poorer sections of Muslims. The enrolment in these schools has been increasing year after year. There is need to encourage such initiatives to make available better schooling facilities for the poor and the downtrodden.

Health Status and Living Conditionsl Though, the infant mortality rate (IMR)

is low in the state, the rural-urban gap is distressing. Therefore, special care should be taken to reduce the gap by setting up more sub-centres and primary health centres. Even an ambulance service on phone call could also be provided to every village which is far from local hospitals.

l Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) should also be given proper training (and some incentives in each case of delivery).

l Interventions are required to reduce the incidence of anaemia among the whole population with particular attention to Muslims.

l Among children between 6-59 months in Telangana across SRCs, there is huge incidence of anaemia; therefore special care has to be taken.

l Increase reach of Rashtriya Swastha Beema Yojana (RSBY) in both rural and urban areas.

l Proper monitoring of vaccination rates and programmes in Muslim areas is need of the hour.

l In the current health insurance schemes, medication for blood pressure and sugar may be added as this drug required recurring expenditure.

lOpen more Anganwadies in and near localities with large Muslim population to improve access.

lUniversalization of access to drinking water and toilet facilities has to be achieved by 2020.

Economy and Employmentl Skill development programmes for Muslim

clusters with private sector participation must be encouraged.

l The wage differential among the Muslims with other religious groups is high. The Muslims have to be protected with strict enforcement of minimum wage laws in the State.

l The manufacturing groups where Muslim groups are working should have insurance cover paid for by the State.

l The enterprise should ensure fair wages as well as other benefits like health cover, provident fund, educational allowance, etc.

l SETWIN which has been running skill development and training programmes in Hyderabad should be extended to all the districts.


l The National Academy of Construction (NAC) has been running some training programmes to impart skills required for the construction industry. Such centres may be opened in all districts to increase employment opportunities for youth.

Entrepreneurship DevelopmentlGovernment may extend incentives and

subsidies as per the Industrial policy, 2014 to the units promoted by Muslim entrepreneurs on par with SCs/STs including allotment of 12% industrial plots through TSIIC.

l Similar provisions may be made to ensure that at least 12% of incentives for industries are marked for the units set up by Muslims.

HousinglGovernment have issued orders recently

reserving 12 per cent of houses in urban areas for Muslims and 7 per cent of houses in rural areas. There should be a proper mechanism to monitor this as there had been orders reserving certain percentage for Muslims in the past but that was not fulfilled. As we have witnessed a large proportion of Muslims live in rented houses and also many face discrimination in the housing market. Government may consider increasing the percentage of houses to be reserved for upward to about 20 per cent in urban areas and 10 per cent rural areas.

Credit and Financial Inclusionl There should be group lending approach

to Muslims who mostly work in informal sectors and seek petty loans.

l SHGs should be formed by small businessmen/entrepreneurs/artisans and promoted with finance and productive skills also.

l Access to credit remains the biggest problem for Muslim households and entrepreneurs. The distortion in priority sector lending must be corrected.

l Special steps need to be taken to increase the coverage of Muslim under MUDRA scheme of commercial banks

lCoverage of SHG’s of women should be increased.

l ‘STREENIDHI’ (a co-operative federation with Government grants) may also step up lending to women self-help groups.

lOrganize the intensive training programmes for Muslims youth for imparting the productive skills and financial awareness to increases the demand for credit from within the community.

Muslim WomenlUrgently enact the ESI services in factories

where Muslim women work and have ESI dispensaries.

l The Government should establish specialized skill development centres with private sector and NGO participation in order to train Muslim women for employment.

l Rural development programmes must address gender discrimination in wages and access to livelihood assets.

lHave a centre for information dissemination. This centre can provide information related to various health and other schemes of the Government to Muslim households. Because, complete and correct information about Government schemes are currently not available.

l Some working models like the DEF’s CIRCs and Soochna Seva Kendras must be replicated

Govt. Employmentl To overcome the under-representation of

Muslims in administrative services like IAS, IPS and IFS, attempts should be made to fill the gap through promotion from state service.

l In selection panels, there should be adequate representations or at least one member from Muslim community for direct employment. A senior academic person should be appointed into that panel.


l Again, in the case of departmental promotion, Govt. may consider nominating one Muslim member to ensure that their cases are considered fairly.

l For all competitive exams, there should be a screening test for all including Muslims and the meritorious minority students should be allowed to choose the coaching centres on their own.

Strengthening Administrative measures for Minorities Welfarel There is an urgent need to strengthen the

Minorities Welfare Department by opening offices right at Mandal level, headed by Assistant Minorities Welfare officer. Deputy Minorities Welfare officer may be sanctioned for each Revenue Division. At the State level, the Commissioner’s office may be strengthened by creating a post of Joint Commissioner, Minorities Welfare and supporting staff to deal with programme for Muslims.

l Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation needs to be strengthened by recruiting adequate staff and offices must be opened in all the Revenue Divisional headquarters and also Municipalities so that their schemes may be conveniently accessed by the Muslims who stay in mostly in urban areas.

Affirmative Actionsl There is a need for enhancement and

optimum utilization of allocations of Minorities welfare Department.

l Focus on poverty alleviation and economic empowerment of minorities with special emphasis on Muslim women.

lNeed to provide land for landless Minorities in rural areas.

l There is need for extending ‘Own Your Auto’ scheme to all districts.

l Residential Minority Study Circles should be promoted.

lGovt. 29. should consider appointment of Urdu Officer/Translators and Urdu Computer Operators. Computer Centers can also be used as Training and Information Centers:

l Promote Urdu libraries as coaching centers and reading rooms

lMuslims in general live in overcrowded places in urban areas. So many do not have land assets. Due to this, they face enormous difficulties in securing burial ground. Therefore, it is recommended that the Govt. should allocate land for burial ground within 3 km range of Muslims settlements with greater than 100 households

lWaqf as a subject was not in the TORs but given its importance, the COI recommends the setting up of a special commission to look into Waqf properties

12.3.3 Long-term Recommendations Educationl The Government should establish primary,

middle and high schools for girls in all areas with high Muslim populations. Because a major disincentive for students to continue studies is that secondary schools are far fewer than primary schools

lGovernment need to set up a large number of high schools and junior colleges for girls through English medium because the percentage of Muslims girls in higher education is distressing.

l The Government should establish new models of ITIs in order to train Muslim youth for employment. However, before providing training, their requirements skills, etc should properly be studied and then accordingly training could be provided.


Health Status and Living Conditionsl Improvement of public health facilities by

setting up more sub-centres and hospitals in the Muslim dominated localities is a necessity.

lCollect weight at birth and monitor the same through pre-school and high school.

l Recruit more ASHAs, Anganwadi workers and Auxiliary Nurse Mid-wives from Muslims and deploy them in areas with large concentration of Muslim population.

l Parks, playgrounds and sidewalks are required for inculcating healthy lifestyle of the population in urban areas.

Economy and EmploymentlMost of the Muslims in the state are engaged

in self-employment activities and their participation in agricultural activity is very low. So, policies for employment generation within the Muslims should target non-agricultural sectors.

l The consumption expenditure of the Muslims is high accompanied by low monthly income. So policies should aim at increasing income through some measures like access to institutional credit also interest subsidy.

Credit Accessibilityl Strengthening the Telangana State

Minorities Finance Corporation (TSMFC) as a main partner with formal credit agencies-- banks, co-operatives, investment banks etc. It requires reforms in TSMFC to ensure community participation.

l The Corporation needs to be strengthened and its branches opened in all the municipal towns and Revenue divisional headquarters.

l Social audits through grants in aid must be ensured through civil society that would monitor credit availability, evaluate the MSDP and the Prime Minister’s 15 point programmes. It is hoped that this report would be helpful in assessing the conditions of socially and educationally backward communities among Muslims in Telangana and to take up programmes for more inclusive growth.

l Lead Bank Model shall be followed in Muslim majority areas to cater the local credit needs by ensuring that targets for priority sector lending are fulfilled.

l State may launch a special credit scheme for Muslims with special focus on women in the field of handicrafts, artisan, transport business, mechanics at workshops, small businesses, animal husbandry, etc.

Muslim Womenl Local untrained medical workers who are

the lifeline for the poor inhabitants could be given special training at periodic intervals so that they provide better services.

l The Government should establish Primary, Middle and High schools for girls in all areas with a high density of the Muslim community.

Govt. Employmentl Ensure adequate representation for Muslims

in Government Services and educational institutions, including admission in education.

l There is also a need to increase the share of Muslim women in Government employment. 33% of the reservation for Muslims must be given to women.

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199Annexures

The determination of sample size for the Sample survey to assess socio-economic and educational conditions of Muslims in Telangana present was governed by several considerations, including the religious groups (Hindus, Muslims and other religious minorities), for which the estimates were required, the desired level of precision of the estimates, degree of representativeness of the sample and the availability of resources and time. The size of the sample was determined primarily by two things: the availability of resources, which sets the upper limit of the sample size and the requirements of the proposed plan of analysis, which sets the lower limit. Broadly speaking, the sample size must be large enough (1) to undertake reliable and a meaningful analysis of cross-tabulations, (2) to provide for desired levels of accuracy in estimates of proportions/percentages, and (3) to test for the significance of differences between proportions.

If we plan to analyze cross-tabulations of variables (say religion by education level), there are two points to be kept in mind for determination of sample size. First, each category of an independent variable included in a cross-tabulation should have at least 50 cases, since percentages based on fewer than 50 cases tend to be unreliable. The second point is that the expected number of cases in each cell of a table should be at least 5.

Keeping the above points in mind, we have to fix the sample size so that it represents the diverse characteristics of Muslim population in Telangana state and also the size of the sample is adequate to undertake a meaningful

bi-variate analysis. According to 2011 census, 85.1% of the total population of Telangana state were Hindus, 12.7% were Muslims and the rest (2.2%) were distributed among a variety of minority communities such as Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains. The main focus of the present study is to examine religious differentials in socio-economic and educational indicators. Further, the religious differentials need to be examined separately for rural and urban areas. In the State of Telangana, Muslims are mainly concentrated in urban areas (75%), while Hindus are predominantly living in rural areas (70%). Keeping in mind the diversity in the settlement pattern of these two religious communities, a sufficiently a large sample of Muslim households spread across all the 10 districts of the state was planned.

A sample of 4348 Muslim households in the state of Telangana was considered adequate for the sample survey. Since the main objective of the study was to examine religious differentials in several socio-economic and environmental variables, a sample of 3131 Hindu households was covered to represent the population of Hindus in the state. Since the other minority communities constitute a meagre 2.2% population, 1067 HHs were covered other minority religious groups.

The sample of 4000 households was allocated to rural and urban areas based on proportion of rural and urban population according to religion in 2011. The distribution of sample households in each district was based on proportion of rural urban population.

Annexure-I

Methodology of Sample Survey and Survey Instrument


Sampling in Rural areas

A multi-stage stratified sampling design was adopted for the selection of households in the sample units.

In first stage, all 464 mandals in the districts were arranged according to 2011 Census and 15% of the total mandals in each district were selected by PPS sampling method. In second stage, villages in each of the selected mandals were arranged according to population size and selected a fixed number of villages randomly after stratifying the villages using variables such as village size, percentage of SC/ST population, Muslim population to ensure the inclusion of villages with diverse socioeconomic characteristics in the sample. The number of villages to be selected from each stratum was proportional to the stratum size. The third

stage involved selection of households using systematic random sampling.

Sampling in Urban areas

In urban areas, the sampling frame for the first stage of selection was the list of all wards in the state. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) provided details of all the wards in each city or town in urban areas. The list was arranged by geographical regions and concentration of Muslim population (based on the SamagraKutumba Survey 2015, Government of Telangana). A sample of urban wards from the list of wards was selected by PPS sampling. From the selected ward, a sample of census enumeration blocks (CEBs) attached to the ward were selected randomly, and then in the third stage households were selected using the method adopted in rural areas.

201Annexures

CENTRE FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE - HYDERABADHousehold Questionnaire

Socio-Economic and Educational Status of Households in Telangana Identification

Questionnaire No.

District name & Code

Type of PSU (Tick in appropriate box)

Mandal name & Code

Village/Town name

Street name

Ward No.

------------------------------------------

Urban Rural

------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------

Date of interview (DD/MM/YY)

Name of the respondent

Name of the head of the household

Contact number of head of household / respondent

Address of the household

Interview start time:

Interview end time:

Name of the investigator

Signature of the investigator

Result codes (Tick at appropriate option)

1. Completed 4. Refused

2. Not at home 5. Partly completed

3. Postponed 6. Incapacitated

7. Others (SPECIFY)_______________ Result code:

CONFIDENTIAL For research purpose only

HH Questionnaire


Namaste. My name is _______. I am working for CENTRE FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE. We are conducting a survey

on Socio-Economic and Education conditions of people in Telangana State. The information on Socio- Economic and

Education that we collect from households and individuals will help the government to plan better services, programs and

schemes. Your household was selected for the survey. I would like to ask you some questions about your household. The

questions usually take about 25-35 minutes. All of the answers you give will be confidential and will not be shared with

anyone other than members of our survey team. Your participation in the survey is voluntary. If I ask you any question

you don’t want to answer, just let me know and I will go on to the next question or you can stop the interview at any time.

If you have any questions about this survey you may ask me.

ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS AND ADDRESS RESPONDENT’S CONCERNS.

If you have any further questions about this survey you may contact the persons listed on this card.

GIVE CARD WITH CONTACT INFORMATION.

Do you agree to participate in this survey?

INTRODUCTION AND INFORMED CONSENT

SIGNATURE OF INTERVIEWER ......................................................................................................... DATE ...........................

RESPONDENT AGREES RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE

TO BE INTERVIVEWED -------- 1 TO BE INTERVIEWED ----- 2 END

BEGIN INTERVIEW

203Annexures

Line No. Usual Residents Relation Sex Age Marital status Under 5 years

Education (Age 5+ yrs.) Education

Line No.

Please give me the names of the persons who usually live in your household, starting with the head of household.

What is the relationship of (NAME) to the head of the household?

Is (NAME) male or female?

How old is (NAME)? Record in completed years

What is the current marital status of (NAME)?

(Above 13 yrs.) (CODE)

Birth certificate status of Name (For children under 5 years of age)

Has (NAME) ever attended school? (If no skip to Col (14))

If Yes, what is the highest standard (NAME) has completed?

Has (NAME) attended/attending Private or Govt institution? (CODE)

What is/was the medium of instruction (NAME) is currently studying ? (CODE)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

M F

1 2

Yes No

1 2

Yes No

1 2

Go to (14)

0 1

1 2

1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

1 2

Go to (14)

Section-1 CodesCol (3): Relation to head of HH: Head-1, Wife or Husband-2, Son or Daughter-3, Son-in-law or daughter-in-law-4, Grand child-5, Parent-6, parent-in-law-7, Brother or Sister-8, Brother-in-law or sister-in-law-9, Niece/Nephew-10, Other relative-11, Adopted/Foster/Step-child-12, Domestic servant-13, Other not related-14, Don’t know-97.Col (6): Marital status: Currently married-1, Married, but GAUNA not performed-2, Widowed-3, Divorced-4, Seperated-5, Deserted-6, Never married-7, Don’t know-97Col (10): Attended private or Govt institution?: Private-1, Government-2, Aided-3, Don’t know-97Col (11): Medium of the last educational degree: Urdu-1, Hindi-2, English-3, Telugu-4, Any other-5, Don’t know-97

(1) Family Details


Education (5-24 years) Religious Degree Nature of work and Income HealthIs (NAME) still in school/college? (If col(8)= Yes, ask this question)

What is the course you are currently pursuing (CODE) (If col(12)= Yes, ask this Question)

IF NOT IN SCHOOL: What is the main reason (NAME) is not going to (not attended) school/college? (CODE)

Has (NAME) obtained any religious degree/qualification? [Hafiz,Quari, Maulvi, Aalim, Fazil, Mufti]. (ONLY FOR MUSLIMS)

Activity status of (NAME) (CODE)

What kind of work does (NAME) do most of the time? (CODE) (If Col (16) = 1 to 9, ask this question))

Does (NAME) earn cash for this work?

What is the annual income of (NAME)? (in Rs.) (If Col(18) = Yes, ask this question)

Does (NAME) have an Aadhaar Card?

Has (NAME) fallen sick in last 30 days? (If No, skip to Sec-3 (201))

Did (NAME) availed treatment? (Ask if col(21) = Yes) else go to Q201

(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22)Yes No

1 2

Go to (14)

Yes No

1 2

Yes No

1 2

Go to (20)

Yes No

1 2

Yes No

1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3

Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 21 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

1 2

Go to (14)

1 2 1 2

Go to (20)

1 2 1 2

Go to (201)

Pub Pvt No

1 2 3Go to (15)

Col (13): Course currently pursuing: Primary-1, Secondary-2, Higher secondary-3, Intermediate-4, Skill development courses-5, Graduate in arts & commerce, etc-6, Graduate in arts Engineering/Technology-7, Graduate in arts Medicine-8, Post-Graduate & above-9, Don’t know-97 Col (14): Reasons for not going to School/College:Unable to cope up with study-1, Monetary problem-2, Health Problem-3, Attendance problem-4, Had to work-5, Marriage-6, Distance problem-7, No toilet & infrastructural facility in school/college-8, No girls school-9, No Urdu medium-10, No English medium school-11, No facility for further education-12, Vocational training-13, Any other-14 Col (16): Activity status: Regular salaried-01, Self employed in agriculture-02, Self employed in non-agriculture-03, Unpaid work in household establishments-04, Casual labour in agriculture-05, Casual labour in non-agriculture-06, Seeking and available for work (Unemployed)-07, Household activities-08, Pensioner/rentiers-09, Student-10, House wife-11, other non- workers-12 Col (17): Kind of work: Agriculture-01, Manufacturing-02, Construction-03, Transport-04, Bussiness/Trade-05, Hotels/restaurant-06, Education-07, Government-08, Office work-09, Other works-10

205Annexures

[2] Community background

S.No Question Options Skip

201 What is the religion of the head of the household? Hinduism .......................................... 1

Islam ................................................. 2

Christianity ........................................ 3

Sikhism ............................................. 4

Budhism/Neo-budhism (Jews).......... 5

Jainism ............................................. 6

Judaism ............................................ 7

Parsi/Zoroastrian............................... 8

No religion......................................... 9

Other ________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

202 What is the mother tongue of the head of the household?

Hindi ................................................. 1

Urdu ................................................. 2

Telugu ............................................... 3

Other _________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

203 If head of the household is Muslim, then ask: Which section of Muslim religion the head of the household belongs to? (ASK ONLY IF Q201=2 (ISLAM))

Sunni ................................................ 1

Shia .................................................. 2

Other _________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

Don’t Know .......................................

204 If Muslim, Community/Caste (ASK ONLY IF Q201=2 (ISLAM))

Achchukattalavandlu ................................ 1

Attarollu .................................................... 2

Dhobi Muslim/Turaka Chakali ................... 3

Faqir/Faqirodu/Ghanta Fhakirlu ................. 4

Pamulavallu/Garadiga ............................... 5

Phakeer Sayebulu ..................................... 6

Guddi Eluguvallu/Musalman Keelu Gurralavallu ....................................... 7

Hajam ............................................... 8

Labba ................................................ 9

Bonthala ........................................... 10

Khasab ............................................. 11

Shaik ............................................... 12

Siddi/Yaba/Habshi ............................ 13

Pattar Phodulu ................................. 14

Sheikh .............................................. 15

Syed ................................................. 16

Mirza ................................................ 17

Pathan .............................................. 18

Other ________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

205 What is the social group/category of the head of the household?

Scheduled Caste ............................... 1 Scheduled Tribe ............................... 2

Other Backward Class (OBC) .............. 3

Other Caste ....................................... 4

Don’t Know ....................................... 97


206 Has the household stayed in any another place in the past?

Yes ................................................... 1

No .................................................... 2

--> Q 301

207 Just before you moved here, did you live in a city, a town or a village?

City/Town in Telangana .................... 1

City/Town in AP ................................ 2

City/Town from other States ............. 3

Village in Telangana .................... 4

Village in AP ..................................... 5

Village from other States .................. 6

Other _________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

208 Since how long you are living in this place? No of years ___________

209 Is this shifting to this place is voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary shifting ............................. 1

Involuntary shifting .......................... 2

-->Q 211

210 If involuntary, what was the main reason for moving to this place?

Due to employment ......................... 1

Due to children’s education .............. 2

Forced to move to this place for safety reasons .................................. 3

Other _________________________ 88(SPECIFY)

-->Q 301

211 What is the specific reason for choosing this house/location?

To be among people of same community, relatives ………………... 1

Fear of riots .................…………... 2

Better amenities/facilities ......……… 3

Other _________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

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(3) Household Characteristics


301 Neighbourhood Slum.................................................. 1

Low class........................................... 2

Middle class...................................... 3

HIG area............................................ 4

Mixed ............................................... 5

302 Nature of area Hindu concentrated.......................... 1

Muslim concentrated........................ 2

Balance/Mixed.................................. 3

303 Type of house

(RECORD BY OBSERVATION)

(Roof , Walls & Floor)

Pucca................................................. 1

Semi-pucca........................................ 2

Katcha............................................... 3

304 Whether this house is own or rented?

(Though the house is not in the name of hh, if the hh have share in this house, can be considered as own house) for more clarity refer to manual

Own ................................................. 1

Rented.............................................. 2

Other _________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

--> Q 306

305 If house is rented, from whom did you rent this house?

From Landlord of same community … 1

From landlord of other community … 2

306 Does any member of this household own any other house?

Yes.................................................... 1

No..................................................... 2

307 In whose name this house is registered?

(CHECK IF 304=1 OR 2 AND 306=1 ASK)

Male member.................................... 1

Female member................................ 2

Both.................................................. 3

Don’t know........................................ 97

308 Does this household have toilet facility? Yes - Own toilet exclusively for HH .... 1

Yes - Shared with other HH ………….. 2

No toilet in HH ………………………... 3

309 How many married couples live in this HH? Number of couples .........

310 How many rooms in this household are used for sleeping?

Number of rooms ...........

311 Is any member of the household currently working in any other country?

Yes- Gulf countries ……………......... 1

Yes- other countries ………………... 2

No ....................................................... 3


(4) Access to Facilities


401 What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household?

Piped water into the house ................ 1

Piped water to the Yard/Plot .............. 2

Public Tap water ................................. 3

Hand Pump ........................................ 4

Well water (protected well) ............... 5

Well water (unprotected well) ........... 6

Pond/river/spring .............................. 7

Tanker water (Government) ............... 8

Tanker water (Private) ....................... 9

Purchased bottled water .................... 88

Others___________________________

(SPECIFY)

402 Where is the water source located? In own House ..................................... 1

In own Yard/Plot ................................ 2

Elsewhere ......................................... 3

--->Q 404

--->Q 404

403 What is the distance (in Km) of water source from your house?

KMs (if less than 1 KM, give as ‘00’)

404 Is water adequate for household use throughout the year ?

Yes..................................................... 1

No...................................................... 2

405 What type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking?

LPG/Natural Gas.................................. 1

Kerosene............................................. 2

Electricity............................................ 3

Wood.................................................. 4

Others________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

406 When members of your household get sick, where do they generally go for treatment?

Private Health facility.......................... 1

Govt Health facility............................. 2

Medical shop...................................... 3

Other__________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

---> Q408

407 Why don’t members of your household generally go to a government facility when they are sick?

No nearby facility................................ 1

Facility timing not convenient............. 2

Health personnel often absent............ 3

Waiting time too long......................... 4

Poor quality of care............................. 5

Others_________________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

408 Is any member of this household covered by a health scheme or health insurance?

(CROSS CHECK WITH Q 410- WHITE RATION CARD = AAROGRASRI INSURANCE)

Yes..................................................... 1

No...................................................... 2

Don’t know......................................... 97

---> Q 410

---> Q 410

209Annexures

409 What type of health scheme or health insurance?

(RECORD ALL MENTIONED)

Aarogyasri.......................................... A

Health insurance provided by B Employer ........................................... C

Rashtriya Swasthiya Bima Yojana (RSBY) ................................................ D

Community Health Insurance Programme........................................ E

Private Health Insurance .................... F

Medical Reimbursement from Employer............................................ F

Others_________________________ X

(SPECIFY)

410 Does your household have a ration card?

(CROSS CHECK WITH Q408, HAVING AAROGYASRI INSURANCE)

Yes- White card .................................. 1

Yes- Pink card .................................... 2

No card .............................................. 3

411 Is any member of your household (child/expectant mother) getting benefit from Anganwadi/Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) ?

Yes...................................................... 1

No...................................................... 2

Not applicable .................................... 98

---> Q 413

---> Q 413

412 Reasons for not getting benefits from ICDS?


Far away from home........................... A

Not interested in taking..................... B

Don’t know the timings when they are giving................................................. C

Reporting stock-out during visit......... D

Others__________________________ X

(SPECIFY)

413 If there are any children below 5 years of age in the household, type of delivery to the mother?

Institutional delivery - Government ... 1

Institutional delivery - Private ........... 2

Home delivery ................................... 3

Not applicable .................................... 98

---> Q 415

414 Whether the mother benefited from JSY scheme in last 5 years?

Yes ..................................................... 1

No ..................................................... 2

Don’t Know ....................................... 97

Not applicable .................................... 98

415 Does any member or members of your household contested in any election in last 5 years? (Conducted by Election Commission)

Yes - Male .......................................... 1

Yes - Female ....................................... 2

Yes - Both ........................................... 3

No ..................................................... 4

Don’t know......................................... 97

---> Q 501

---> Q 501

416 If yes, at what level they contested the election? Village level........................................ 1

Mandal level....................................... 2

District level....................................... 3

State level.......................................... 4

National level .................................... 5


[5] Economic Status and Household Assets


501 Does any member of this household own any agricultural land? (APPLY SAME CONCEPT OF OWN HOUSE)

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2 ---> Q 505

502 In whose name the agriculture land is registered?

(IF ANY MEMBER OF THE HH GETTING SHARE FROM PARENTS, RECORD PROPERTY IN THEIR NAME)

Male member ............................ 1

Female member ........................ 2

Both .......................................... 3

Don’t know ................................ 97

503 How much agricultural land do members of this household own? (ONE ACRE = 40 GUNTAS)

Acres : Guntas

504 Out of this land, how much is irrigated? Acres : Guntas

None.......................................... 96

Don’t know................................. 97

505 Does your household own any of the following animals: [THIS QUESTION ONLY FOR RURAL AREA]

(a) Cows/bulls/buffaloes?

(b) Horses/donkeys/mules?

(c) Goats?

(d) Sheep?

(e) Chickens/ducks?

Yes No

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

Household assets Skip

506 Does your household have Yes No

(a) Electricity 1 2

(b) Colour television 1 2

(c) Mobile telephone 1 2

(d) Computer 1 2

(e) Internet 1 2

(f) Refrigerator 1 2

(g) Air conditioner/cooler 1 2

(h) Washing machine 1 2

(i) Motorcycle/Scooter 1 2

(j) Car 1 2

507 What are the major sources of income for the household? (RECORD ALL MENTIONED)

Agriculture ................................ A

Salary ........................................ B

Daily wages ............................... C

Rents ......................................... D

From Gulf .................................. E

Other ___________________ X

(SPECIFY)

Don’t Know................................ Y

Refused ..................................... Z

211Annexures


508 Total household monthly income per month from all sources (Rs.)

Less than Rs. 10000/- ................... 1

Rs. 10000 to Rs. 20000/- .............. 2

Rs. 20000 to Rs. 30000/- .............. 3

Rs. 30000 to Rs. 40000/- .............. 4

Rs. 40000/- and above .................. 5

Don’t Know..................................... 97

Refused ......................................... 99

509 Total household expenditure per month (Rs.) Rs. _____________________

Don’t Know..................................... 97

Refused ......................................... 99

510 Total Expenditure on education per year (Rs.) (DO NOT INCLUDE SCHOLARSHIP AMOUNTS)

(a) Tuition fee (School/College fee) Rs. _____________________

(b) Expenditure on Books Rs. _____________________

(c) Living expenses Rs. _____________________

(d) Transport Rs. _____________________

(e) others expenditure ___________________ Rs. _____________________

(SPECIFY) Don’t Know..................................... 97 --> Q 512

Not applicable ................................ 98 --> Q 512

Refused ......................................... 99 --> Q 512

511 On how many children do you incur above expenditure?

Number

512 Total outstanding debts on the household as on date in Rs.?

Rs. _____________________

Don’t Know..................................... 97

Refused.......................................... 99

513 Have you/your household members availed loan from any sources?

Yes................................................. 1

No.................................................. 2 --> Q 517

514 What for loan was availed? (RECORD ALL MENTIONED)

Business......................................... A

Health care..................................... B

Children’s education....................... C

Marriage......................................... D

Family functions ............................ E

Construction of house ................... F

Other ___________________ X

(SPECIFY)

515 Sources of debts taken: Yes Amount

(a) Friends/ Relatives 1 Rs. ______________

(b) Money lenders 1 Rs. ______________

(c) Banks/Co-operatives 1 Rs. ______________

(d) Credit society 1 Rs. ______________ Q517

(e) SHG’s 1 Rs. ______________

(f) Other ___________________ 1 Rs. ______________

(SPECIFY)



516 If no loan availed from offical source (Bank/SHG/Credit society), give reasons? (RECORD ALL MENTIONED)

Not available in neighbourhood A

Administrative issues ........................ B

Could not provide collateral ............... C

Could not arrange needed documents ........................................................... D

Long time for processing ................... E

Other ___________________ X

(SPECIFY)

517 (a) Do you or any member of your HH have a bank account?

Yes - National Bank ........................... 1 --> Q 518

Yes - Private Bank ............................. 2 --> Q 518

Yes - Co-operative Bank .................... 3 --> Q 518

No ...................................................... 4

(b) Main reason for not having bank account? Lengthy procedure ............................. 1

No proof of documents ...................... 2

No banks nearby the HH .................... 3

Not required sofar .............................. 4

Other ___________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

518 Where/How do you generally keep your savings? Self .................................................... 1

Bank/ Post Office ............................... 2

Relatives/Friends................................. 3

No savings ......................................... 4

Other ___________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

519 During the last one year did you invest money in Yes No

Fixed deposits in Bank / Post office .................. Fixed deposits in Bank / Post office .............................. 1 2

NSS Certificates ........................ NSS Certificates ..................... 1 2

Chit funds ................................. Chit funds .............................. 1 2

Mutual funds/Shares.................. Mutual funds/Shares............... 1 2

Purchase of gold........................ Purchase of gold..................... 1 2

Real estate................................ Real estate.............................. 1 2

Private lending.......................... Private lending........................ 1 2

Kisaan vikas Patra ..................... Kisaan vikas Patra .................. 1 2

Other ___________________ Other ___________________ 1 2

(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)

213Annexures

[6] Education and Training


601 Are your children receiving any free coaching/tuition (School/College/other) classes from

Yes No NA

Government organization/Institution 1 2 98

Non-Government organization / Other community organization

1 2 98

Community oriented organization 1 2 98

602 Are your children receiving any scholarship from Yes No NA



1 2 98


603 Do you know any facility/institution/scheme to get loan for education? (IF YES, PROBE WHAT KIND OF IT)

Yes No Don't know



1 2 97


604 (a) Did you ever avail educational loan for your children? (APPLICABLE FOR ELIGIBLE CHILDREN EX: ABOVE 10TH STUDYING CHILDREN)

Applied - Received ................ 1 --> Q 605

Applied - Rejected ................ 2

Not applied ........................... 3

Not applicable ....................... 98 --> Q 605

(b) If rejected or not applied , reasons for the same?

No repaying capacity ............ 1

No colleteral provided .......... 1

Other __________ 88

(SPECIFY)

605 (a) Are you satisfied with the quality of education your household members are receiving ?

Yes........................................ 1 --> Q 606

No.......................................... 2

Not applicable ....................... 98 --> Q 606

(b) If no , why? Lack of infrastructure at school...... A

Lack of quality Teachers ............. B

Lack of personal care at school .. C

No computers at school ............. D

No English medium .................... E

Other_______________ X

(SPECIFY)

606 (a) Are you happy with the school fee you are paying for your children?

Yes......................................... 1 --> Q 607

No.......................................... 2

Not applicable ....................... 98 --> Q 607

(b) If no, why School fee is very high .......... 1

School fee is high .................. 2

Not affordable to pay ............. 3

Other _____________ 88

(SPECIFY)



607 (a) Do you provide tuitions to any children of your household?

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2 ---> Q608

Not applicable ........................... 98 ---> Q609

(b) How much money do you spend on tuition per month? (in Rs. )

Rs. ______________________

(c) Please give reason for providing tuition for your child?

First generation learner.............. 1

Q609

Good pastime for children.......... 2

Enhancing learning process....... 3

For scoring good marks in exams ......................................

4

Other ____________ 88

(SPECIFY)

908 Give main reason for not arranging tuitions for children of your household

Financial problems..................... 1

No tuitions nearby...................... 2

Not intrested in sending ............ 3

Not required .............................. 4

Children not interested .............. 5

Tuitions by parents .................... 6

Other ____________ 88

(SPECIFY)

609 Has any member of your household ever received scholarship from the Government?

Yes.............................................. 1

No............................................... 2 ---> Q 611

Not applicable ........................... 88 ---> Q 611

610 What type of scholarship received?


Pre-matric scholarship................ A

Post-matric scholarship.............. B

611 (a) Are you interested in upgrading skills of female members of your household? (RECORD ALL MENTIONED)

Yes - Beautician course ............... A

Yes - Tailoring ............................ B

Yes - Computer coaching ............ C

Yes - Small scale industry skills .. D

No ............................................. E

Other ____________ X

(SPECIFY)

[7] Social Network701 Which is the numerically large religious group in

your locality/village/town?Hindu............................................ 1

Christians..................................... 2

Buddhist....................................... 3

(CROSS CHECK WITH Q302 FOR CONSISTENCY) Jain............................................... 4

Sikh.............................................. 5

Muslims........................................ 6

None of them are dominant.......... 7

702 Do you/your family members have any friends from other religions?

Yes.............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2 --> Q704

215Annexures


703 How often do you visit your friends from other religions?

Almost every day ....................... 1

Once a week............................... 2

Once a fortnight ......................... 3

Once a month ............................ 4

Occasionally ............................... 5

Rarely......................................... 6

Never ........................................ 7

704 Do you or any member of your HH have membership in associations where there are members from other religions?

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2 --> Q801

705 Whether the association is registered? Yes.............................................. 1

No............................................... 2

Don't Know................................. 97

[8] Feeling of Alienation and Discrimination [(Sec-8)ONLY FOR MUSLIM HOUSEHOLDS]801 Do you feel that Muslims face discrimination in...

Getting admission in educational institutions ?Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

802 Getting scholarship and other financial help for education ?

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

803 Getting loans from financial institutions ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

804 Getting jobs in private sector ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

805 Getting promotion in private sector ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

806 Getting jobs in Government sector ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

807 Getting promotion in government sector ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99



808 In jobs situation, in general ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

809 Carrying out business (clients and suppliers) ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

810 In buying or renting property / houses ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

811 By the police ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

812 By the print/electronic media ? Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Refused ..................................... 99

813 Any other ? ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ (SPECIFY)

814 (a) Have you or any member of your household faced discrimination any time?

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2 ---> Q 901

Don't Know................................. 97 ---> Q 901

Refused ..................................... 99 ---> Q 901

(b) If Yes, please provide details: ____________________

815 Do you feel that the situation in the above respect has changed after formation of Telangana State?

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know/Can't Say................. 97

[9] Communal Disturbances and Government & NGO Intervention901 Has your village/town been affected by

communal disturbances at any time?Yes............................................... 1

No................................................ 2 ---> Q905

Don't Know................................. 97 ---> Q905

Refused ..................................... 99

902 Have you or any members of your household been affected by communal riots any time?

Yes............................................... 1

No................................................ 2 ---> Q905

Don't Know................................. 97 ---> Q905

Refused ..................................... 99 ---> Q905

217Annexures


903 (a) Have you or your household members got monetary compensation?

Yes............................................... 1

No................................................ 2 --->Q904

Don't Know................................. 97 --->Q904

Refused ..................................... 99 --->Q905

(b) Who/which agency provided monetary compensation?


Government organization........... A

Non-Government organization... B

Community organization............ C

(c) Have you or your household members got employment compensation?

Yes................................................ 1

No................................................ 2 --->Q904

Don't Know................................. 97 --->Q904

Refused ..................................... 99 --->Q905

(d) Who/which agency provided employment ?


Government organization........... A

Non-Government organization... B

Community organization............ C

904 (a) Have you been rehabilitated by providing house and employment?

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2 ---> Q 905

Don't Know................................ 97 ---> Q 905

Refused .................................... 99 ---> Q 905

(b) Who/which agency provided rehabilitation support?

Government organization........... 1

Non-Government organization... 2

Community organization............ 3

Other ____________ 88

(SPECIFY)

905 What measures can be taken for communal harmony?

906 Any other things you want to tell us:

[10] Benefit schemes from GovernmentI Pensions

1001 Did you or any member of the household receive Old-age pension? (CROSS CHECK WITH AGE IN FAMILY TABLE)

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Not applicable ........................... 98

Refused ..................................... 99

1002 Any member of your household receive widow pension? (CROSS CHECK WITH MARITAL STATUS IN FAMILY TABLE)

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Not applicable ........................... 98

Refused ..................................... 99


III Schemes

1006 Any member of your household availed benefit from Government schemes (RECORD ALL MENTIONED)

Grant for pursuing higher studies abroad ......................................

A A

Free house site ......................... B B

Free house by Govt .................. C C

Free agriculture land................. D D

Intrest free loans / SHG ............. E E

Shaadi Mubarak scheme (Rs51,000) ... F F

Kalyana lakshmi......................... G G

Arogya laxmi ............................. H H

Driver cum owner scheme ......... I I

NREGA ........................................ J J -->Q1007

Other___________________ X X

(SPECIFY)

Not received any Scheme/Benefit .. W

1007 If the household benefited from NREGA, how many days of work you got for the household in a year? (APPLICABLE IF Q1006=NREGA)

No of days


1003 Any member of this household get handicapped pension?

Yes............................................. 1

No.............................................. 2

Don't Know................................. 97

Not applicable ........................... 98

Refused ..................................... 99

II Loans

1004 Any member of your HH availed loans through: (CROSS CHECK WITH Q 513 & 515)

Minority finance corporation ..... 1

State Finance Corporation or other banks................................

2

No.............................................. 3 --> Q1006

Other___________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

Not applicable ........................... 98 --> Q1006

1005 What was the purpose of availing loan? To buy transport vehicles (auto, taxi, bus, lorry, etc.) ...................

1

Purchase of machinery ............... 2

Crop loan.................................... 3

Term loan................................... 4

Education loan............................ 5

Other___________________ 88

(SPECIFY)

219Annexures

Table A2.1: Coverage of households of different SRCs in sample survey in Telangana

Religion/Social group Households Population

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

Hindu – SC 395 264 659 1845 1208 3053

Hindu – ST 95 51 146 476 232 708

Hindu – BC 1373 680 2053 6174 3138 9312

Hindu – Others 200 73 273 877 313 1190

Hindu – Total 2063 1068 3131 9372 4891 14263

Muslim BC-E 908 2399 3307 4885 13210 18095

Muslim – Others 245 796 1041 1310 4476 5786

Muslim – Total 1153 3195 4348 6195 17686 23881

Other minorities 406 661 1067 1861 2913 4774

Grand total 3622 4924 8546 17428 25490 42918


Table A2.2: Percent distribution of HHs Muslim Community/Caste

Rural

Sl. No. Muslim Community/Caste Muslims

BC-E Others Total

1 Achchukattalavandlu, Singali, Singamavallu, Achchupanivallu, Achchukattuvaru, Achukatlavandlu.

0.47 0.00 0.35

2 Attar Saibulu, Attarollu 0.12 0.00 0.09

3 Dhobhi Muslim/Muslim Dhobi/Dhobi Muslaman, TurkaChakala or TurkaSakala, TurakaChakali, TulukkaVannan, Tsakalas, Sakalas or Chaalas, Muslim Rajakas

0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Faqir, FhairBudbudki, GhantiFhakir, GhantaFhakirlu, TurakaBudbudki, Darvesh, Fakeer

1.29 0.00 0.95

5 Garadi Muslim, GaradiSaibulu, Pamulavallu, Kanikattuvallu, Garadollu, Garadiga.

0.12 0.00 0.09

6 Gosangi Muslim, PhakeerSayebulu 0.94 0.00 0.69

7 GuddiEluguvallu, EluguBantuvallu, MusalmanKeeluGurralvallu. 0.47 0.00 0.35

8 Hajam, Nai, Nai Muslim, Navid 0.00 0.00 0.00

9 Labbi, Labbai, Labbon, Labba 3.52 0.00 2.60

Annexure-II

Appendix Tables


Rural


BC-E Others Total

10 Pakeerla, Borewale, DeeraPhakirlu, Bonthala 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 Qureshi, Khureshi?Khureshi, Khasab, MaratiKhasab, Muslim Katika, Khatik Muslim

2.46 0.00 1.82

12 Shaik/Sheikh 89.45 0.00 66.06

13 Siddi, Yaba, Habshi, Jasi 0.35 0.00 0.26

14 Turaka Kasha KakkukotteZinkaSaibulu, Chakkitakanevale, TerugaduGontalavaru, ThirugatigantlaRollakuKakkuKottevaru, PattarPhodulu, Chakketakare, Thuraka Kasha

0.82 0.00 0.61

Syed 0.00 40.07 10.48

Mirza 0.00 4.30 1.13

Pathan 0.00 13.91 3.64

Al Bakri 0.00 0.00 0.00

Alvi 0.00 0.00 0.00

Baig 0.00 0.33 0.09

Bandi 0.00 0.99 0.26

Chajra 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chambre wale 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chaush 0.00 0.00 0.00

Dudekula* 0.00 16.56 4.33

Khureshi** 0.00 1.32 0.35

Kacchi 0.00 0.00 0.00

Laddaf* 0.00 8.94 2.34

Mohammad 0.00 11.92 3.12

Molla 0.00 1.32 0.35

Maniyar 0.00 0.00 0.00

Moghal 0.00 0.00 0.00

Patel 0.00 0.00 0.00

PhoolGuneyala 0.00 0.00 0.00

SabjiFeroz 0.00 0.00 0.00

Saifi 0.00 0.00 0.00

Soudagar 0.00 0.33 0.09

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

221Annexures

Urban


BC-E Others Total


0.00 0.00 0.00



0.00 0.00 0.00


1.08 0.00 0.78


0.00 0.00 0.00






11 Qureshi, Khureshi/Khureshi, Khasab, MaratiKhasab, Muslim Katika, Khatik Muslim

6.25 0.00 4.54

12 Shaik/Sheikh 91.25 0.00 66.25



0.69 0.00 0.50

Syed 0.00 43.31 11.87

Mirza 0.00 4.23 1.16

Pathan 0.00 25.60 7.01

Al Bakri 0.00 0.11 0.03

Alvi 0.00 0.11 0.03

Baig 0.00 0.23 0.06

Bandi 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chajra 0.00 0.11 0.03


Chaush 0.00 1.60 0.44

Dudekula* 0.00 5.71 1.57

Khureshi** 0.00 0.23 0.06

Kacchi 0.00 0.11 0.03

Laddaf* 0.00 1.71 0.47


Urban


BC-E Others Total

Mohammad 0.00 14.74 4.04

Molla 0.00 0.00 0.00

Maniyar 0.00 0.11 0.03

Moghal 0.00 0.46 0.13

Patel 0.00 0.11 0.03



Saifi 0.00 0.11 0.03

Soudagar 0.00 0.23 0.06

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

All (Rural+Urban)


BC-E Others Total


0.13 0.00 0.09



0.00 0.00 0.00


1.13 0.00 0.83


0.03 0.00 0.02






11 Qureshi, Khureshi?Khureshi, Khasab, MaratiKhasab, Muslim Katika, Khatik Muslim

5.23 0.00 3.82

12 Shaik/Sheikh 90.76 0.00 66.20



0.73 0.00 0.53

223Annexures

All (Rural+Urban)


BC-E Others Total

Syed 0.00 42.48 11.50

Mirza 0.00 4.25 1.15

Pathan 0.00 22.60 6.12

Al Bakri 0.00 0.08 0.02

Alvi 0.00 0.08 0.02

Baig 0.00 0.25 0.07

Bandi 0.00 0.25 0.07

Chajra 0.00 0.08 0.02


Chaush 0.00 1.19 0.32

Dudekula* 0.00 8.50 2.30

Khureshi** 0.00 0.51 0.14

Kacchi 0.00 0.08 0.02

Laddaf* 0.00 3.57 0.97

Mohammad 0.00 14.02 3.79

Molla 0.00 0.34 0.09

Maniyar 0.00 0.08 0.02

Moghal 0.00 0.34 0.09

Patel 0.00 0.08 0.02



Saifi 0.00 0.08 0.02

Soudagar 0.00 0.25 0.07

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: Sample Survey conducted by Centre for Good Governance (CGG) for Commission of Inquiry, June 2016.

Note: *marked community/castes fall under BC-B Category.

**marked comes under BC-E categories but during survey they informed that they don’t to fall under any reservation.


Table A3.1: Literacy rates across the SRCs on the basis of gender difference and place of residence among Muslim dominated states of India

State Location Gender Total Hindu Muslim Christian Others

Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir

Rural Total Literacy 63.18 74.38 57.84 72.78 72.71

Male Literacy 73.76 83.87 68.74 82.08 81.34

Female Literacy 51.64 63.20 46.38 56.84 62.78

Gender Gap 22.12 20.67 22.36 25.24 18.56

Urban Total Literacy 77.12 89.79 69.65 81.95 88.13

Male Literacy 83.92 93.91 77.19 87.58 91.26

Female Literacy 69.01 83.63 61.69 73.45 84.08

Gender Gap 14.91 10.28 15.50 14.13 7.19

Total Total Literacy 67.16 79.09 61.03 78.03 81.15

Male Literacy 76.75 87.16 71.02 85.16 86.82

Female Literacy 56.43 68.87 50.50 66.66 74.29

Gender Gap 20.32 18.29 20.52 18.50 12.53

Urban Rural Gap Total Literacy 13.94 15.41 11.81 9.17 15.42

Male Literacy 10.16 10.04 8.45 5.50 9.92

Female Literacy 17.37 20.43 15.31 16.61 21.29

Gender Gap -7.21 -10.39 -6.86 -11.11 -11.37

Utta

r Pra

desh


Male Literacy 76.33 78.12 66.06 72.76 81.21

Female Literacy 53.65 54.82 47.04 53.98 63.20

Gender Gap 22.68 23.30 19.02 18.78 18.01


Male Literacy 80.45 86.44 67.00 86.35 89.16

Female Literacy 69.22 74.96 56.44 80.92 82.01

Gender Gap 11.23 11.48 10.56 5.43 7.15


Male Literacy 77.28 79.73 66.42 79.44 84.58

Female Literacy 57.18 58.61 50.59 67.54 70.81

Gender Gap 20.10 21.12 15.83 11.90 13.78

Urban Rural Gap Total Literacy 9.68 14.06 5.15 19.97 13.19

Male Literacy 4.12 8.32 0.94 13.59 7.95

Female Literacy 15.57 20.14 9.40 26.94 18.82

Gender Gap -11.45 -11.82 -8.46 -13.35 -10.86

225Annexures

State Location Gender Total Hindu Muslim Christian Others Bi

har


Male Literacy 69.67 71.08 62.19 69.40 76.80

Female Literacy 49.00 49.61 45.85 51.68 58.40

Gender Gap 20.67 21.47 16.34 17.72 18.40


Male Literacy 82.56 84.63 73.69 89.55 91.00

Female Literacy 70.49 71.98 64.02 84.72 83.63

Gender Gap 12.07 12.65 9.67 4.83 7.37


Male Literacy 71.20 72.63 63.81 74.44 82.87

Female Literacy 51.50 52.10 48.36 60.62 68.43

Gender Gap 19.70 20.53 15.45 13.82 14.44

Urban-Rural Gap Total Literacy 17.08 17.86 14.78 26.25 19.61

Male Literacy 12.89 13.55 11.50 20.15 14.21

Female Literacy 21.49 22.37 18.17 33.04 25.23

Gender Gap -8.60 -8.82 -6.67 -12.89 -11.02

Assa

m


Male Literacy 75.40 81.42 65.31 72.22 86.54

Female Literacy 63.03 67.71 55.35 58.83 73.71

Gender Gap 12.37 13.71 9.96 13.39 12.83


Male Literacy 91.81 93.61 83.11 93.25 95.70

Female Literacy 84.94 87.15 74.11 88.21 89.64

Gender Gap 6.87 6.46 9.00 5.04 6.06


Male Literacy 77.85 83.72 66.74 73.39 89.97

Female Literacy 66.27 71.33 56.85 60.53 80.52

Gender Gap 11.58 12.39 9.89 12.86 9.45


Male Literacy 16.41 12.19 17.80 21.03 9.16

Female Literacy 21.91 19.44 18.76 29.38 15.93

Gender Gap -5.50 -7.25 -0.96 -8.35 -6.77


State Location Gender Total Hindu Muslim Christian Others W

est B

enga

lRural Total Literacy 72.13 74.48 67.35 71.12 74.81

Male Literacy 78.44 81.74 71.09 78.26 83.58

Female Literacy 65.51 66.81 63.44 64.11 65.49

Gender Gap 12.93 14.93 7.65 14.15 18.09


Male Literacy 88.37 90.81 77.34 92.31 92.84

Female Literacy 80.98 83.45 69.40 87.12 87.07

Gender Gap 7.39 7.36 7.94 5.19 5.77


Male Literacy 81.69 85.06 72.52 81.90 88.34

Female Literacy 70.54 72.89 64.77 70.24 76.62

Gender Gap 11.15 12.17 7.75 11.66 11.72


Male Literacy 9.93 9.07 6.25 14.05 9.26

Female Literacy 15.47 16.64 5.96 23.01 21.58

Gender Gap -5.54 -7.57 0.29 -8.96 -12.32

Guja

rat


Male Literacy 81.61 81.35 85.55 80.47 91.08

Female Literacy 61.36 60.86 68.19 66.20 79.57

Gender Gap 20.25 20.49 17.36 14.27 11.52


Male Literacy 90.98 91.28 87.99 95.90 93.40

Female Literacy 81.03 81.14 77.37 93.28 87.67

Gender Gap 9.95 10.14 10.62 2.62 5.73


Male Literacy 85.75 85.45 87.15 88.25 92.06

Female Literacy 69.68 68.80 74.14 79.58 84.39

Gender Gap 16.07 16.65 13.01 8.67 7.67


Male Literacy 9.37 9.93 2.44 15.43 2.32

Female Literacy 19.67 20.28 9.18 27.08 8.10

Gender Gap -10.30 -10.35 -6.74 -11.65 -5.78

227Annexures

State Location Gender Total Hindu Muslim Christian Others M

ahar

asht

raRural Total Literacy 77.01 76.67 79.08 82.97 80.25

Male Literacy 85.15 84.91 85.87 88.23 87.09

Female Literacy 68.54 68.09 72.02 77.64 73.08

Gender Gap 16.61 16.82 13.85 10.59 14.01


Male Literacy 92.12 92.86 88.17 94.87 94.22

Female Literacy 84.89 85.29 81.86 91.85 89.46

Gender Gap 7.23 7.57 6.31 3.02 4.77


Male Literacy 88.38 88.18 87.57 94.17 91.59

Female Literacy 75.87 74.88 79.13 90.41 83.49

Gender Gap 12.51 13.30 8.44 3.76 8.10


Male Literacy 6.97 7.95 2.30 6.64 7.13

Female Literacy 16.35 17.20 9.84 14.21 16.38

Gender Gap -9.38 -9.25 -7.54 -7.57 -9.25

Karn

atak

a


Male Literacy 77.61 77.31 78.97 88.19 82.88

Female Literacy 59.71 59.01 64.54 80.77 65.47

Gender Gap 17.90 18.30 14.43 7.42 17.41


Male Literacy 90.04 90.79 86.13 95.05 92.82

Female Literacy 81.36 81.21 79.64 91.39 84.25

Gender Gap 8.68 9.58 6.49 3.66 8.57


Male Literacy 82.47 81.98 83.53 93.16 88.29

Female Literacy 68.08 66.56 74.12 88.57 75.59

Gender Gap 14.39 15.42 9.41 4.59 12.70


Male Literacy 12.43 13.48 7.16 6.86 9.95

Female Literacy 21.65 22.20 15.10 10.62 18.78

Gender Gap -9.22 -8.72 -7.94 -3.76 -8.84


State Location Gender Total Hindu Muslim Christian Others Ke

rala


Male Literacy 95.35 94.66 95.37 97.08 94.50

Female Literacy 90.81 89.28 90.22 95.39 91.65

Gender Gap 4.54 5.38 5.15 1.69 2.85


Male Literacy 96.95 97.12 96.30 97.60 94.91

Female Literacy 93.44 93.48 91.86 96.33 92.11

Gender Gap 3.51 3.64 4.44 1.27 2.80


Male Literacy 96.11 95.85 95.85 97.28 94.74

Female Literacy 92.07 91.33 91.08 95.75 91.95

Gender Gap 4.04 4.52 4.77 1.53 2.80


Male Literacy 1.60 2.46 0.93 0.52 0.41

Female Literacy 2.63 4.20 1.64 0.94 0.46

Gender Gap -1.03 -1.74 -0.71 -0.42 -0.05

Tam

il Na

du


Male Literacy 82.04 81.44 90.56 89.64 88.37

Female Literacy 65.05 63.88 79.42 80.58 75.72

Gender Gap 16.99 17.56 11.14 9.06 12.65


Male Literacy 91.80 91.28 93.42 95.18 95.58

Female Literacy 82.31 81.11 85.02 90.96 88.13

Gender Gap 9.49 10.17 8.40 4.22 7.46


Male Literacy 86.77 85.92 92.76 93.17 93.62

Female Literacy 73.44 71.72 83.69 87.23 84.56

Gender Gap 13.33 14.20 9.07 5.94 9.06


Male Literacy 9.76 9.84 2.86 5.54 7.22

Female Literacy 17.26 17.23 5.60 10.38 12.41

Gender Gap -7.50 -7.39 -2.74 -4.84 -5.19

229Annexures

State Location Gender Total Hindu Muslim Christian Others Te

lang

ana


Male Literacy 67.48 66.96 75.33 75.06 73.11

Female Literacy 47.11 46.46 56.86 60.55 52.15

Gender Gap 20.37 20.50 18.47 14.51 20.96


Male Literacy 86.65 87.32 84.25 89.91 88.06

Female Literacy 75.39 74.64 76.77 83.25 78.21

Gender Gap 11.26 12.68 7.48 6.66 9.85


Male Literacy 74.95 73.69 82.01 85.33 84.08

Female Literacy 57.92 55.57 71.63 76.15 71.40

Gender Gap 17.03 18.12 10.38 9.18 12.68


Male Literacy 19.17 20.36 8.92 14.85 14.95

Female Literacy 28.28 28.18 19.91 22.70 26.06

Gender Gap -9.11 -7.82 -10.99 -7.85 -11.11

Source: Census, 2011


Tabl

e A3

.2: L

itera

cy (1

5 ye

ars

& a

bove

) am

ong

Soci

o-Re

ligio

us C

omm

uniti

es in

Tel

anga

na

SRCs

Rura

lUr

ban

Rura

l + U

rban

2004

-05

2011

-12

2004

-05

2011

-12

2004

-05

2011

-12

Mal

esFe

mal

esPe

rson

sM

ales

Fem

ales

Pers

ons

Mal

esFe

mal

esPe

rson

sM

ales

Fem

ales

Pers

ons

Mal

esFe

mal

esPe

rson

sM

ales

Fem

ales

Pers

ons

SCs

44.2

15.7

30.0

52.4

28.7

40.2

73.1

48.3

60.6

86.0

60.9

73.3

49.3

21.7

35.5

63.6

39.2

51.2

STs

36.0

9.5

22.6

57.2

27.9

42.2

69.7

46.3

57.3

83.5

52.4

73.0

38.4

12.4

25.2

61.5

30.0

46.1

Hind

u- O

BCs

54.0

27.9

40.4

67.3

41.5

54.2

83.9

58.8

71.6

90.1

74.0

82.2

60.4

33.9

46.8

75.6

52.9

64.2

Hind

u- U

Cs79

.952

.765

.882

.166

.874

.197

.381

.990

.097

.793

.695

.687

.363

.975

.791

.181

.786

.3

All H

indu

s53

.226

.739

.664

.639

.952

.085

.963

.274

.890

.875

.883

.460

.734

.447

.374

.352

.463

.3

Mus

lim- B

Cs43

.724

.833

.465

.335

.649

.589

.988

.088

.877

.972

.475

.273

.868

.670

.872

.956

.464

.5

Mus

lim-U

Cs64

.942

.652

.773

.762

.768

.376

.454

.965

.692

.876

.585

.372

.850

.561

.289

.673

.982

.2

All-M

uslim

s59

.137

.847

.469

.447

.858

.379

.765

.372

.189

.275

.482

.773

.055

.963

.984

.567

.876

.5

Othe

r M

inor

ities

53.9

38.2

45.6

79.2

46.6

61.2

80.2

80.9

80.5

99.2

81.4

89.6

62.1

47.5

54.8

88.9

63.1

74.8

All

53.5

27.5

40.1

65.1

40.4

52.5

84.3

64.0

74.2

90.5

75.8

83.3

62.0

37.0

49.2

75.8

54.5

65.1

Sou

rce:

NS

SO

61st

and

68th

Rou

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231Annexures

Tabl

e A3

.3: L

itera

cy (1

5 ye

ars

& a

bove

) am

ong

Soci

o-Re

ligio

us C

omm

uniti

es in

Indi

a

SRCs

Rura

lUr

ban

Rura

l + U

rban

2004

-05

2011

-12

2004

-05

2011

-12

2004

-05

2011

-12

Mal

esFe

mal

esPe

rson

sM

ales

Fem

ales

Pers

ons

Mal

esFe

mal

esPe

rson

sM

ales

Fem

ales

Pers

ons

Mal

esFe

mal

esPe

rson

sM

ales

Fem

ales

Pers

ons

SCs

59.1

30.3

44.9

68.4

43.8

56.2

79.9

53.4

67.3

84.8

64.8

75.1

63.5

34.9

49.5

72.2

48.6

60.6

STs

51.9

24.9

38.5

63.3

39.7

51.6

79.4

50.6

65.5

85.0

62.4

74.5

54.4

27.1

40.9

65.8

42.0

54.0

Hind

u- O

BCs

69.2

39.2

54.2

75.5

50.7

63.2

87.0

67.4

77.6

90.6

75.7

83.4

73.3

45.3

59.4

79.5

57.1

68.5

Hind

u- U

Cs83

.259

.971

.687

.268

.878

.295

.686

.691

.396

.088

.792

.488

.570

.779

.891

.177

.684

.5

All H

indu

s68

.240

.354

.375

.051

.763

.589

.473

.281

.791

.678

.785

.473

.948

.761

.579

.959

.469

.8

Mus

lim- O

BCs

62.2

39.9

50.5

70.0

49.1

59.3

74.6

56.6

65.7

77.9

64.8

71.5

66.7

45.4

55.7

73.1

54.9

64.0

Mus

lim- U

Cs63

.441

.752

.770

.153

.761

.979

.263

.071

.584

.269

.377

.169

.148

.959

.375

.559

.467

.6

All-M

uslim

s63

.041

.051

.870

.051

.360

.677

.560

.469

.281

.066

.974

.268

.247

.557

.974

.357

.165

.7

Othe

r M

inor

ities

73.0

59.2

66.0

79.7

69.1

74.5

93.6

85.0

89.4

94.1

87.0

90.5

79.4

66.9

73.2

84.7

75.4

80.1

All

67.9

41.4

54.7

74.7

52.5

63.7

87.9

72.1

80.3

90.1

77.4

83.9

73.6

49.6

61.7

79.4

59.9

69.8

Sou

rce:

NS

SO

61s

t and

68t

h R

ound

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Em

ploy

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Table A3.4: Status of current attendance among 0-29 Years population in Telangana- 2011

SRCs Never Attended Dropped out Attending

SCs 21.0 34.2 44.8

STs 25.5 34.3 40.2

Hindu-OBCs 15.9 31.4 52.8

Hindu-UCs 11.2 28.6 60.1

All-Hindus 17.3 31.9 50.8

Muslim-OBCs 12.1 29.2 58.7

Muslim-UCs 12.8 32.4 54.8

All-Muslims 12.6 31.5 55.9

Other Minorities 13.4 33.7 52.9

All 16.6 31.9 51.6


Table A3.5: Status of current attendance across SRCs by age-groups in Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29

SCs Never Attended 65.9 9.6 0.6 0.9 0.0 25.5 21.0

Drop Outs 4.5 0.0 9.1 1.8 23.7 47.2 72.4

Attending 29.6 90.4 90.3 97.4 76.3 27.3 6.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

STs Never Attended 88.4 3.0 2.6 7.7 0.8 16.7 25.6

Drop Outs 0.0 0.5 0.5 12.5 4.1 43.9 73.5

Attending 11.6 96.5 96.9 79.8 95.0 39.4 0.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Hindu-OBCs Never Attended 76.1 1.7 0.2 0.3 2.8 2.2 15.1

Drop Outs 0.7 0.1 0.5 5.5 15.5 41.8 75.5

Attending 23.2 98.2 99.3 94.2 81.7 56.0 9.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Hindu-UCs Never Attended 74.4 1.7 0.0 0.3 1.6 0.0 1.7

Drop Outs 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 16.1 6.2 81.3

Attending 25.6 96.4 100.0 99.7 82.4 93.8 17.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

All-Hindus Never Attended 75.1 3.4 0.4 0.9 2.2 7.3 16.1

Drop Outs 1.3 0.3 2.5 4.9 15.9 38.6 75.2

Attending 23.6 96.3 97.1 94.2 82.0 54.1 8.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

233Annexures

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29

Muslim-OBCs Never Attended 74.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2

Drop Outs 0.0 0.7 0.0 10.5 10.3 52.1 92.1

Attending 25.2 98.6 100.0 89.5 89.7 47.9 1.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Muslim-UCs Never Attended 87.9 0.2 2.4 1.7 0.4 4.6 7.1

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.2 5.1 16.1 65.8 81.1

Attending 12.1 99.8 97.3 93.2 83.5 29.6 11.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

All-Muslims Never Attended 83.4 0.4 1.7 1.3 0.3 3.0 6.9

Drop Outs 0.0 0.3 0.2 6.4 15.2 61.2 83.9

Attending 16.6 99.3 98.2 92.3 84.4 35.8 9.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Others Minorities Never Attended 77.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.0 0.0 10.2 89.0

Attending 22.9 100.0 94.6 100.0 100.0 89.8 11.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Overall Never Attended 76.2 2.9 0.6 1.0 1.8 6.5 14.9

Drop Outs 1.1 0.3 2.1 5.1 15.5 42.6 76.3

Attending 22.7 96.8 97.2 93.9 82.7 51.0 8.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Table A3.6: Status of current attendance across SRCs by age-groups for total male in Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29 0-29

SCs Never Attended 52.5 7.4 0.3 1.9 0.0 9.5 11.0 14.6

Drop Outs 6.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 15.0 48.0 83.1 36.8

Attending 40.7 92.6 98.9 98.1 85.0 42.5 5.9 48.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

STs Never Attended 82.3 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.4 0.0 11.5 17.1

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 40.7 87.2 38.4

Attending 17.7 100.0 100.0 97.0 96.9 59.3 1.3 44.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29 0-29

Hindu-OBCs Never Attended 80.3 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.0 7.0 12.1

Drop Outs 1.2 0.1 0.8 1.8 18.9 21.9 79.8 28.5

Attending 18.6 98.6 99.0 97.9 80.5 78.1 13.3 59.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Hindu-UCs Never Attended 75.4 2.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.9 12.0

Drop Outs 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.2 77.3 20.7

Attending 24.6 96.4 100.0 99.5 99.2 99.8 20.9 67.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

All Hindus Never Attended 73.8 2.2 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.3 7.9 13.1

Drop Outs 2.1 0.3 0.6 1.3 15.5 25.3 81.2 30.2

Attending 24.1 97.6 99.2 98.1 84.0 73.4 10.9 56.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Muslim-OBCs Never Attended 80.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 14.2

Drop Outs 0.0 1.2 0.0 9.9 8.4 44.0 92.1 26.8

Attending 19.2 97.5 100.0 90.1 91.6 56.0 3.1 59.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Muslim-UCs Never Attended 88.4 0.4 5.2 3.6 0.8 0.5 5.0 15.6

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.3 28.7 59.9 78.8 31.0

Attending 11.6 99.6 94.8 86.2 70.5 39.6 16.2 53.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Muslims Never Attended 85.9 0.7 3.6 2.6 0.7 0.3 4.9 15.2

Drop Outs 0.0 0.5 0.0 10.2 24.1 54.2 82.4 29.7

Attending 14.1 98.8 96.4 87.2 75.2 45.5 12.7 55.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Other Minorities

Never Attended 31.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.3 98.7 32.5

Attending 69.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 70.7 1.3 65.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

All Never Attended 75.6 1.9 0.7 1.0 0.5 1.1 7.5 13.3

Drop Outs 1.8 0.3 0.5 2.7 16.8 31.6 81.5 30.1

Attending 22.6 97.8 98.8 96.4 82.7 67.3 11.0 56.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


235Annexures

Table A3.7: Status of current attendance across SRCs by age-groups for total female in Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29 0-29


Drop Outs 1.5 0.0 18.4 3.3 36.8 46.7 62.9 31.8

Attending 15.4 89.0 80.8 96.7 63.2 16.4 7.1 41.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 1.4 1.1 22.3 7.5 46.8 52.2 28.7

Attending 1.6 90.6 93.4 66.3 92.5 20.8 0.4 34.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.3 0.0 0.0 11.0 10.8 59.1 71.6 34.4

Attending 27.2 97.7 99.9 88.7 83.3 36.9 5.9 45.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 37.0 11.7 84.2 37.6

Attending 26.9 96.3 100.0 100.0 59.3 88.3 14.1 52.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Hindus Never Attended 76.4 4.8 0.8 1.3 4.4 12.4 23.7 21.8

Drop Outs 0.5 0.3 5.0 9.5 16.4 50.1 69.6 33.7

Attending 23.1 94.9 94.2 89.2 79.2 37.5 6.7 44.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 16.7 65.4 92.1 32.6

Attending 36.5 100.0 100.0 88.9 83.3 34.6 0.2 58.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 4.7 73.8 83.1 34.0

Attending 13.2 100.0 99.6 99.5 95.3 16.2 7.9 56.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.8 5.5 71.1 85.2 33.6

Attending 22.4 100.0 99.7 97.2 94.5 22.0 6.1 56.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Other Minorities

Never Attended 89.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.8

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 82.3 34.6

Attending 10.6 100.0 89.9 100.0 100.0 99.7 17.7 42.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.4 0.2 4.2 8.1 13.9 52.8 71.5 33.7

Attending 22.7 95.7 95.2 90.9 82.6 35.6 6.8 46.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0



Table A3.8: Status of current attendance across SRCs by age-groups in rural Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29 0-29


Drop Outs 0.6 0.0 10.3 0.1 23.8 36.5 56.9 24.6

Attending 16.4 91.1 89.3 98.7 76.2 37.2 10.8 51.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.6 0.6 15.6 3.3 45.1 68.2 31.3

Attending 11.4 95.9 98.7 84.4 96.7 36.5 0.2 42.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.1 0.7 6.3 18.4 48.8 72.5 30.3

Attending 17.7 97.7 99.0 93.5 77.6 47.5 7.6 51.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.2 70.5 23.5

Attending 29.5 97.1 100.0 100.0 95.8 90.8 25.5 66.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.1 0.1 3.4 5.6 17.0 43.1 68.7 28.9

Attending 17.3 96.1 96.2 94.0 79.9 47.3 8.4 51.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 7.3 35.2 69.1 17.5

Attending 23.0 100.0 100.0 94.5 92.7 64.8 6.4 73.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 90.8 99.1 49.9

Attending 13.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 7.8 0.2 36.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 3.6 51.3 92.0 33.1

Attending 16.7 100.0 100.0 97.2 96.4 48.3 1.6 55.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Other Minorities

Never Attended 85.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.4

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.0 35.4

Attending 14.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 18.0 47.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.1 0.1 3.2 5.4 15.6 43.6 70.0 29.2

Attending 17.3 96.3 96.5 94.2 81.6 47.5 8.2 51.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


237Annexures

Table A3.9: Status of current attendance across SRCs by age-groups for rural male in Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29 0-29


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 14.9 31.4 72.3 25.2

Attending 14.6 91.5 99.1 97.9 85.1 66.1 9.2 58.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.3 84.6 33.9

Attending 17.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 59.7 0.0 49.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.2 1.2 2.6 22.3 26.8 78.6 27.9

Attending 14.3 98.5 98.5 97.1 76.7 73.2 12.7 58.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 60.5 12.5

Attending 36.0 95.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 34.3 75.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.1 0.9 1.8 17.9 27.4 77.4 27.1

Attending 16.6 97.2 98.9 97.6 81.4 72.2 11.3 58.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 22.1 72.4 14.7

Attending 49.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.0 77.9 9.8 79.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 96.9 98.6 52.5

Attending 14.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.7 3.1 0.3 22.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 35.6 92.1 31.8

Attending 21.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.9 64.4 2.7 53.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Other Minorities

Never Attended 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 96.2 21.8

Attending 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.8 78.2

Total 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.1 0.9 1.7 16.0 28.1 78.4 27.4

Attending 17.0 97.4 99.0 97.6 83.4 71.5 10.7 58.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0



Table A3.10: Status of current attendance across SRCs by age-groups for rural female in Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29 0-29


Drop Outs 1.1 0.0 20.0 0.3 39.4 39.5 44.1 24.0

Attending 18.1 90.7 79.1 99.7 60.6 20.4 12.1 45.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 1.9 1.2 25.7 7.5 49.1 47.3 28.2

Attending 1.9 87.4 97.4 74.3 92.5 16.9 0.4 34.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 13.6 64.4 66.6 32.9

Attending 20.8 96.7 99.9 88.2 78.6 29.4 2.5 43.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.1 76.3 37.2

Attending 11.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 81.7 80.9 20.4 55.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.2 0.2 7.1 10.6 15.8 54.5 60.6 30.7

Attending 18.1 94.7 92.4 89.4 77.9 29.0 5.7 43.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.4 79.1 51.6 62.9 21.4

Attending 0.0 100.0 100.0 86.6 20.9 48.4 0.0 65.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.2 99.8 47.0

Attending 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.8 0.0 50.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 5.9 65.9 91.9 34.6

Attending 0.0 100.0 100.0 95.6 94.1 33.3 0.0 57.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Other Minorities

Never Attended 85.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.2

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.1 44.8

Attending 14.2 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 21.9 26.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.2 0.1 6.2 10.1 15.1 55.2 62.0 31.1

Attending 17.5 94.9 93.3 89.9 79.2 29.6 5.9 44.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


239Annexures

Table A3.11: Status of current attendance across SRCs by age-groups in urban Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29 0-29


Drop Outs 8.5 0.0 1.5 7.3 23.3 69.6 90.3 50.2

Attending 42.8 89.1 97.3 92.7 76.7 6.7 1.6 33.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 20.0 37.5 88.7 46.4

Attending 12.2 100.0 76.1 63.5 63.5 55.0 3.0 30.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 2.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 8.6 31.3 80.3 33.3

Attending 33.0 99.2 99.9 95.7 91.4 68.7 12.4 55.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 21.7 4.1 87.4 31.7

Attending 23.9 95.8 100.0 99.5 77.6 95.9 12.2 56.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 3.1 0.6 0.1 3.3 13.4 31.5 84.4 37.0

Attending 32.5 96.6 99.2 94.6 86.3 65.1 9.1 49.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 1.1 0.0 13.9 17.1 70.4 98.5 36.4

Attending 25.7 97.7 100.0 86.1 82.9 29.6 0.4 49.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.2 5.8 19.3 62.8 75.8 29.5

Attending 11.7 99.8 97.0 92.3 80.2 32.3 15.2 58.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.3 0.2 7.2 19.1 64.4 81.5 31.1

Attending 16.6 99.2 97.6 91.2 80.4 31.7 11.5 56.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Other Minorities

Never Attended 64.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 14.8 99.9 31.8

Attending 35.5 100.0 93.0 100.0 100.0 85.2 0.1 58.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 2.3 0.5 0.5 4.6 15.4 41.3 84.0 35.4

Attending 28.9 97.5 98.4 93.5 84.3 55.2 9.5 51.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0



Table A3.12: Status of current attendance across SRCs by age-groups for urban male in Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29 0-29


Drop Outs 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.2 72.2 94.6 57.0

Attending 59.6 99.9 98.0 100.0 84.8 8.0 2.3 32.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 42.2 93.1 53.7

Attending 17.4 100.0 100.0 90.0 63.5 57.8 4.0 28.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 11.9 16.2 81.8 29.7

Attending 26.9 98.9 100.0 99.9 88.1 83.8 14.3 60.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 84.9 25.9

Attending 16.9 97.2 100.0 99.2 98.7 100.0 14.8 61.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 5.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 10.6 22.4 86.6 35.6

Attending 34.6 98.6 99.8 99.2 89.1 75.0 10.4 53.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 2.5 0.0 17.9 41.7 62.9 99.3 34.2

Attending 14.2 95.1 100.0 82.1 58.3 37.1 0.7 46.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 33.0 57.7 70.5 27.4

Attending 10.6 99.6 94.5 85.7 66.0 41.8 22.9 58.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 0.0 0.6 0.0 11.9 33.5 58.9 78.5 29.1

Attending 11.9 98.5 96.0 85.1 65.6 40.6 16.7 55.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Other Minorities

Never Attended 31.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.6 99.9 41.3

Attending 69.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.4 0.1 54.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Drop Outs 3.7 0.6 0.0 4.0 17.8 34.9 85.4 33.8

Attending 28.7 98.6 98.6 94.5 81.7 63.3 11.3 54.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


241Annexures

Table A3.13: Status of current attendance across SRCs by Age-groups for urban female in Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs Status 0-4 5-10 11-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-29

SCs Never Attended 86.4 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.2 13.0

Drop Outs 2.3 0.0 4.0 9.1 32.1 66.6 86.1

Attending 11.3 87.2 96.0 90.9 67.9 5.3 0.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

STs Never Attended 100.0 0.0 77.0 75.5 0.0 19.8 23.9

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 29.8 76.1

Attending 0.0 100.0 23.0 21.6 0.0 50.4 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0

Hindu-OBCs Never Attended 61.5 0.5 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 10.1

Drop Outs 0.9 0.0 0.0 9.1 2.7 48.9 79.0

Attending 37.6 99.5 99.8 89.8 97.3 51.1 10.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Hindu-UCs Never Attended 69.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.5

Drop Outs 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 43.2 7.4 89.5

Attending 30.3 92.5 100.0 100.0 55.5 92.6 10.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Hindus Never Attended 68.8 4.4 1.3 3.8 0.3 4.4 9.7

Drop Outs 0.9 0.5 0.3 7.4 17.7 41.3 82.3

Attending 30.3 95.1 98.4 88.9 82.0 54.2 8.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Muslim-OBCs Never Attended 46.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 0.0 86.8 97.7

Attending 53.1 100.0 100.0 90.3 100.0 13.2 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Muslim UCs Never Attended 86.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 10.8

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 5.8 70.6 79.7

Attending 13.7 100.0 99.5 99.4 94.2 17.7 9.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Muslims Never Attended 73.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.6 8.8

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.3 5.4 73.5 83.8

Attending 26.2 100.0 99.6 97.7 94.6 16.8 7.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Other Minorities

Never Attended 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Drop Outs 0.0 0.0 11.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 100.0

Attending 0.0 100.0 88.7 100.0 100.0 99.4 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

All Never Attended 70.1 3.1 0.8 2.3 0.2 5.7 9.4

Drop Outs 0.8 0.3 1.1 5.3 12.3 49.2 82.7

Attending 29.2 96.5 98.1 92.3 87.6 45.1 7.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0



Table A3.14: Percentage of population completed primary and above among 12 Years and above across SRCs in Telangana-2011-12

SRCs Rural Urban TotalMale Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons

SCs 50.6 29.1 39.5 84.4 61.6 72.8 61.6 39.4 50.2

STs 50.1 19.8 34.6 81.1 41.0 67.4 55.2 21.7 38.9

Hindu-OBCs 60.7 38.2 49.5 84.3 67.0 75.9 69.2 48.1 58.8

Hindu-UCs 75.1 51.2 62.7 95.5 89.1 92.3 87.1 72.6 79.8

All Hindus 58.8 35.4 47.0 86.6 70.5 78.8 69.0 47.6 58.4

Muslim-OBCs 68.6 35.8 50.8 68.4 52.3 60.6 68.5 44.8 56.4

Muslim-UCs 71.2 62.4 66.6 79.4 76.0 77.7 78.1 73.5 75.8

All Muslims 69.8 47.7 58.1 76.7 70.1 73.5 75.1 64.0 69.6

Other Minorities 63.3 47.8 54.9 91.2 69.9 78.5 76.3 59.4 66.7

All 59.5 36.2 47.7 84.3 70.4 77.5 69.9 49.9 60.0


Table A3.15: Percentage of population completed elementary and above among 15 years and above across SRCs in Telangana-2011-12


SCs 38.9 19.8 29.1 81.2 51.2 66.1 53.0 30.0 41.3

STs 38.5 13.8 25.9 74.4 32.6 60.3 44.3 15.5 30.2

Hindu-OBCs 51.1 29.5 40.1 76.9 58.0 67.6 60.5 39.4 49.9

Hindu-UCs 68.4 37.7 52.3 94.1 80.4 87.2 83.2 61.5 72.1

All Hindus 48.8 26.5 37.4 81.2 61.3 71.4 60.7 38.7 49.7

Muslim-OBCs 56.8 22.0 38.2 44.1 42.9 43.5 49.1 33.8 41.3

Muslim-UCs 70.0 56.5 63.3 66.6 58.5 62.9 67.2 58.1 63.0

All Muslims 63.3 37.5 50.0 61.1 54.3 57.9 61.7 49.7 55.9


All 49.7 27.4 38.3 76.1 59.6 68.1 60.8 40.2 50.5


Table A3.16: Percentage of population completed secondary and above among 17 years and above across SRCs in Telangana-2011-12


SCs 27.4 14.2 20.4 67.3 34.8 50.9 41.0 20.9 30.6

STs 24.8 5.6 15.0 53.2 22.8 42.9 29.4 7.1 18.5

Hindu-OBCs 38.5 17.7 28.0 67.7 48.8 58.3 49.1 28.7 38.9

Hindu-UCs 57.2 28.7 42.2 89.3 74.8 81.9 75.6 54.4 64.6

All Hindus 36.5 16.6 26.3 71.7 51.8 61.8 49.5 29.1 39.2

Muslim-OBCs 41.1 15.5 27.0 34.9 28.5 31.7 37.4 22.8 29.8

Muslim-UCs 48.7 34.3 41.7 60.1 45.2 53.2 58.0 43.1 51.0

All Muslims 44.8 23.5 33.8 53.6 40.4 47.3 51.4 35.6 43.7


All 37.1 17.0 26.8 67.3 49.2 58.4 49.8 29.8 39.7


243Annexures

Table A3.17: Percentage of population completed higher secondary and above among 19 years and above across SRCs in Telangana-2011-12

SRCs Rural Urban Total

Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons

SCs 14.2 8.3 11.1 44.2 24.4 34.1 24.6 13.6 18.9

STs 11.7 1.8 6.8 39.8 11.9 30.4 16.1 2.7 9.7

Hindu-OBCs 16.8 5.6 11.1 52.9 31.1 42.0 30.0 14.7 22.2

Hindu-UCs 36.0 13.6 24.4 78.3 57.3 67.8 60.2 37.8 48.8

All Hindus 17.6 6.5 11.9 56.6 35.5 46.1 32.1 16.8 24.4

Muslim-OBCs 14.4 7.8 10.5 17.7 11.6 14.6 16.5 9.9 13.0

Muslim-UCs 20.9 0.3 11.3 42.2 26.9 34.9 38.1 21.9 30.4

All Muslims 17.9 4.6 10.9 35.6 22.4 29.2 31.2 17.5 24.4


All 17.8 6.6 12.1 51.6 32.6 42.2 32.0 17.0 24.5


Table A3.18: Percentage of households with no literate adults in Telangana: 2011-12

SRCs

With No Female Adult Literate With No Adult Literate

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

SCs 65.9 24.7 52.6 44.8 11.9 34.5

STs 66.0 37.2 63.5 34.5 7.5 30.5

Hindu-OBCs 49.4 13.8 37.4 23.1 5.1 16.4

Hindu-UCs 25.0 1.6 12.1 21.8 0.2 9.4

All-Hindus 52.4 13.5 39.1 28.7 5.1 20.0

Muslim-OBCs 48.5 19.5 33.1 31.7 5.4 17.2

Muslim-UCs 16.4 16.2 16.3 13.4 6.6 7.8

All-Muslims 34.3 17.1 22.0 23.6 6.3 11.0


All 51.5 14.4 37.3 28.3 5.3 18.9



Tabl

e A3

.19:

Dis

trict

-wis

e lit

erac

y ra

tes

amon

g re

ligio

us g

roup

s (P

erso

ns) i

n Te

lang

ana:

201

1

Dist

rict

Rura

l + U

rban

Rura

lUr

ban

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Adila

bad

59.4

73.8

68.4

58.5

51.3

61.0

54.5

66.8

62.3

54.5

49.8

55.3

74.8

78.1

78.8

70.5

72.0

75.6

Niza

mab

ad59

.272

.271

.852

.945

.961

.355

.665

.065

.650

.844

.756

.576

.478

.580

.766

.774

.077

.2

Karim

naga

r63

.177

.872

.258

.851

.564

.159

.368

.865

.756

.449

.659

.676

.783

.080

.170

.864

.077

.8

Med

ak60

.170

.969

.353

.444

.761

.455

.264

.957

.050

.642

.556

.078

.379

.082

.770

.572

.678

.6

Hyde

raba

d84

.181

.889

.677

.369

.383

.2--

----

----

84.1

81.8

89.6

77.3

69.3

83.2

Rang

a Re

ddy

75.8

73.2

84.5

64.7

56.1

75.9

60.0

66.1

72.6

55.0

46.8

60.6

83.3

75.1

85.8

74.4

70.6

82.3

Mah

abub

naga

r53

.372

.076

.047

.742

.355

.050

.163

.967

.145

.840

.850

.976

.382

.388

.968

.969

.078

.0

Nalg

onda

63.4

76.3

75.4

60.8

48.1

64.2

59.7

67.5

71.6

58.1

46.2

60.1

81.0

86.0

84.4

77.7

71.9

81.7

War

agal

64.1

78.8

80.6

61.8

48.5

65.1

58.4

69.5

73.9

57.1

46.7

58.8

80.5

83.9

86.7

75.7

67.5

81.0

Kham

mam

64.1

74.7

74.1

62.9

51.6

65.8

59.4

67.9

65.5

58.9

50.3

59.8

81.1

81.2

85.7

78.4

67.8

81.3

Tela

ngan

a64

.676

.973

.858

.949

.566

.556

.766

.166

.653

.947

.157

.374

.878

.186

.374

.269

.681

.1

Sou

rce:

Rel

igio

n P

CA

201

1

245Annexures

Tabl

e A3

.20:

Dis

trict

-wis

e lit

erac

y ra

tes

amon

g re

ligio

us g

roup

s (M

ale)

in T

elan

gana

: 201

1

Dist

rict

Rura

l + U

rban

Rura

lUr

ban

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Adila

bad

69.5

80.6

77.7

68.3

61.4

70.8

65.1

76.0

73.1

64.6

60.1

65.8

83.2

83.3

85.5

79.3

79.4

83.3

Niza

mab

ad70

.277

.978

.263

.158

.071

.567

.072

.973

.561

.257

.067

.685

.582

.184

.876

.081

.784

.3

Karim

naga

r72

.884

.978

.467

.660

.973

.669

.479

.173

.465

.358

.969

.784

.788

.284

.578

.773

.085

.2

Med

ak70

.577

.575

.862

.856

.971

.466

.273

.164

.760

.154

.866

.886

.383

.687

.778

.783

.185

.8

Hyde

raba

d88

.784

.592

.183

.576

.187

.0--

----

----

--88

.784

.592

.183

.576

.187

.0

Rang

a Re

ddy

82.4

77.7

88.2

72.8

65.7

82.1

69.9

73.5

78.7

64.5

57.4

70.3

88.2

78.8

89.1

81.1

78.6

87.0

Mah

abub

naga

r63

.780

.882

.157

.853

.765

.260

.774

.974

.855

.952

.161

.584

.588

.292

.578

.479

.685

.5

Nalg

onda

73.4

84.6

82.4

71.1

60.0

74.1

70.3

78.1

79.6

68.9

58.2

70.7

88.4

91.6

89.5

85.8

82.1

88.8

War

agal

73.8

86.4

85.5

70.8

57.8

74.6

68.6

80.4

80.2

66.3

56.0

69.0

88.3

89.7

90.5

84.0

76.7

88.5

Kham

mam

71.6

82.6

80.4

70.9

59.8

72.3

67.3

77.3

73.4

67.2

58.5

67.7

87.2

87.7

89.6

85.3

76.4

87.3

Tela

ngan

a73

.782

.085

.168

.059

.575

.067

.075

.374

.663

.657

.267

.583

.283

.389

.881

.778

.186

.6

Sou

rce:

Rel

igio

n P

CA

201

1


Tabl

e A3

.21:

Dis

trict

-wis

e lit

erac

y ra

tes

amon

g re

ligio

us g

roup

s (F

emal

e) in

Tel

anga

na: 2

011

Dist

rict

Rura

l + U

rban

Rura

lUr

ban

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Hind

uM

uslim

Othe

rsSC

STTo

tal

Adila

bad

49.4

67.0

59.3

48.8

41.4

51.3

44.1

57.7

51.6

44.6

39.6

45.0

66.2

72.9

72.4

61.6

65.1

67.8

Niza

mab

ad48

.866

.565

.843

.534

.351

.544

.857

.358

.341

.432

.846

.167

.774

.876

.858

.267

.270

.3

Karim

naga

r53

.670

.766

.350

.342

.254

.849

.458

.858

.547

.740

.349

.768

.777

.875

.963

.054

.770

.2

Med

ak49

.664

.163

.044

.332

.051

.444

.256

.549

.541

.329

.745

.370

.174

.377

.862

.561

.471

.1

Hyde

raba

d79

.279

.087

.071

.162

.179

.3--

----

----

--79

.279

.087

.071

.162

.179

.3

Rang

a Re

ddy

69.0

68.6

80.9

56,6

45.9

69.4

49.7

58.4

66.5

45.4

35.7

50.6

78.1

71.2

82.4

67.7

62.0

77.4

Mah

abub

naga

r42

.863

.170

.237

.630

.444

.739

.352

.959

.735

.629

.240

.168

.076

.285

.359

.655

.570

.2

Nalg

onda

53.2

68.1

68.7

50.5

35.6

54.2

48.9

56.8

63.8

47.2

33.7

49.4

73.6

80.3

79.8

70.2

60.4

74.6

War

agal

54.5

71.1

76.0

52.9

39.0

55.7

48.3

58.7

68.0

48.0

37.2

48.7

72.6

78.1

83.3

67.4

57.8

73.5

Kham

mam

56.7

66.8

68.4

55.1

43.7

57.4

51.5

58.7

58.1

50.5

42.3

51.9

75.3

74.8

82.1

71.9

60.0

75.4

Tela

ngan

a55

.671

.675

.449

.939

.457

.946

.956

.958

.944

.436

.947

.174

.676

.882

.966

.860

.875

.4

Sou

rce:

Rel

igio

n P

CA

201

1

247Annexures

Table A 5.1: Percentage distribution of male population by their principal activity across SRGs and age groups: Rural Telangana

SRG Age Group

Work Participation Unemployed Education

1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011

SC 15 - 19 73.1 40.4 5.3 0.0 5.4 4.1 24.9 54.2 83.7

20-24 94.7 93.4 48.2 1.7 3.1 21.9 3.6 3.5 29.9

25-59 98.3 98.1 96.8 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.4 0.5

60-64 69.9 67.3 97.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ST 15 - 19 71.9 46.3 32.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.9 53.4 67.4

20-24 93.7 73.4 69.7 0.0 1.2 0.9 2.5 25.5 29.5

25-59 98.1 98.4 99.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

60-64 87.1 100.0 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OBC 15 - 19 54.7 53.4 8.4 0.2 3.4 6.5 42.5 42.4 84.5

20-24 90.8 89.0 63.3 2.2 3.1 2.4 6.7 7.9 31.8

25-59 96.9 97.8 97.4 0.2 0.2 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.6

60-64 65.2 66.3 94.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hindu Upper Caste 15 - 19 52.4 34.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 46.3 65.8 100.0

20-24 83.9 80.8 12.0 12.1 0.0 0.0 4.0 14.8 88.0

25-59 96.3 96.4 97.0 1.2 0.2 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.0

60-64 87.2 85.6 96.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Muslim OBCs 15 - 19 77.2 0.0 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.8 100.0 87.2

20-24 81.3 93.6 45.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.7 6.4 38.0

25-59 95.3 98.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

60-64 100.0 0.0 0.0

Muslim Upper Caste 15 - 19 21.6 48.0 9.1 3.5 0.0 2.0 60.7 52.0 88.9

20-24 72.6 89.5 50.2 22.5 0.0 48.6 4.9 10.5 1.2

25-59 95.1 97.8 96.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0

60-64 50.3 62.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Minorities 15 - 19 57.2 62.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.8 38.0 100.0

20-24 100.0 100.0 89.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4

25-59 100.0 99.0 99.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

60-64 100.0 100.0 90.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All 15 - 19 12.7 48.8 10.0 0.2 3.3 4.7 78.9 47.5 83.9

20-24 61.9 87.8 58.4 0.7 2.4 6.1 34.8 9.3 34.0

25-59 92.1 97.8 97.5 2.6 0.2 1.6 4.3 0.1 0.4

60-64 97.3 72.7 95.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Source: NSSO, 55th Round; NSSO, 61th Round; NSSO, 68th Round.


Table A 5.2: Percentage distribution of female population by their principal activity across SRGs and age groups: Rural Telangana

SRG Age Group

Work Participation Unemployed Education Domestic Work

1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011

SC 15 - 19 71.8 61.9 17.0 0.7 2.0 0.0 10.5 16.6 41.3 14.3 19.5 32.1

20-24 87.6 70.4 42.4 2.9 0.0 2.3 0.0 4.6 22.7 9.5 21.2 32.3

25-59 88.9 88.7 72.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 7.3 25.6

60-64 32.3 46.2 60.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.7 25.2 13.0

ST 15 - 19 85.2 69.9 4.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 3.5 26.9 60.7 9.3 2.6 8.2

20-24 88.6 98.7 57.2 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.9 0.7 11.4 0.4 34.5

25-59 96.6 92.8 84.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 5.8 39.8

60-64 28.1 46.5 87.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.6 20.8 14.4

OBC 15 - 19 59.6 56.8 23.6 0.0 1.5 0.4 21.8 29.1 61.3 17.4 11.9 13.1

20-24 78.7 64.6 58.1 0.0 0.8 3.8 0.7 2.3 4.1 20.6 29.5 33.8

25-59 84.5 83.7 78.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 12.9 14.0 21.6

60-64 35.3 41.8 58.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.3 19.9 28.1

HUC 15 - 19 41.2 31.4 4.5 2.4 0.0 0.4 37.5 42.9 89.5 16.5 18.5 5.5

20-24 50.5 70.0 33.3 1.6 0.6 0.1 12.9 9.4 31.6 34.9 18.6 35.0

25-59 69.8 76.3 60.9 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 27.0 21.8 37.6

60-64 14.0 30.4 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.3 31.2 41.3

M-OBC 15 - 19 100.0 43.6 54.8 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 7.6 20.3 0.0 41.2 23.7

20-24 70.9 66.8 34.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.5 29.1 33.2 6.0

25-59 79.3 95.8 56.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0 16.2 4.2 43.5

60-64 0.0 0.0 23.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.4 0.0 76.9

MUC 15 - 19 27.6 28.5 22.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.6 29.5 77.5 20.6 31.8 0.0

20-24 67.6 3.9 0.9 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 0.0 32.4 85.9 99.1

25-59 51.2 63.7 66.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.8 33.8 33.5

60-64 0.0 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.6 15.1 100.0

Other Minorities

15 - 19 73.9 41.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 12.8 100.0 12.1 45.7 0.0

20-24 30.8 70.8 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.0 69.2 29.2 15.4

25-59 84.0 66.1 44.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 27.9 55.6

60-64 95.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 52.8

All 15 - 19 62.3 53.3 20.2 0.5 1.2 0.3 19.3 28.4 60.1 15.4 15.0 17.3

20-24 77.7 68.3 47.5 0.8 0.6 2.6 1.7 3.1 12.2 19.8 25.7 36.5

25-59 83.7 83.8 75.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 13.4 13.7 23.9

60-64 30.1 50.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.4 0.0 29.4


249Annexures

Table A 5.3: Percentage distribution of male population by their principal activity across SRGs and age groups: Urban Telangana

SRG Age Group

Work Participation Unemployed Education

1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011

SC 15 - 19 30.1 33.7 47.3 4.7 5.4 0.0 49.3 58.7 45.3

20-24 50.2 69.5 46.5 8.1 12.8 0.7 18.4 14.6 52.8

25-59 93.8 87.5 96.1 0.0 2.9 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

60-64 61.0 97.2 20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ST 15 - 19 4.4 33.3 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 95.6 66.7 88.9

20-24 71.0 55.8 85.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.0 44.2 14.7

25-59 99.2 84.6 97.8 0.8 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

60-64 77.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

OBC 15 - 19 25.3 36.8 5.9 5.0 5.3 3.3 63.3 57.8 90.5

20-24 67.3 56.0 44.7 9.4 10.0 13.6 21.0 33.4 41.7

25-59 95.2 95.8 97.1 1.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 1.4 0.1

60-64 36.7 39.1 39.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hindu Upper Caste

15 - 19 21.7 10.3 0.5 3.9 0.5 0.5 73.4 89.1 98.9

20-24 41.0 27.0 55.1 3.5 16.8 0.4 54.6 52.6 44.5

25-59 94.4 89.3 94.6 2.4 1.6 0.9 0.2 4.1 0.8

60-64 23.0 28.7 21.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Muslim OBCs 15 - 19 0.0 74.4 17.2 58.0 0.0 0.1 35.4 25.6 82.8

20-24 0.0 78.3 49.0 0.0 0.0 28.8 0.0 21.7 22.3

25-59 100.0 94.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

60-64 0.0 0.0 94.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Muslim Upper Caste

15 - 19 18.3 47.9 22.1 6.0 5.8 17.9 59.8 44.3 59.7

20-24 49.6 71.0 28.6 23.9 8.3 34.6 20.0 20.6 35.6

25-59 89.2 95.1 96.5 5.5 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.6

60-64 32.2 13.5 23.7 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Minorities 15 - 19 3.1 29.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 94.3 71.0 100.0

20-24 72.5 30.3 77.6 0.0 8.7 11.3 22.7 61.0 11.1

25-59 90.6 66.2 96.5 5.7 8.4 0.0 0.7 7.4 0.0

60-64 31.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All 15 - 19 21.8 39.5 14.3 5.1 4.1 7.3 64.5 55.6 77.6

20-24 55.1 56.8 45.8 10.2 10.3 14.3 28.6 31.6 39.7

25-59 93.8 92.5 96.6 2.3 1.4 0.9 0.4 1.7 0.3

60-64 37.8 44.1 37.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0



Table A 5.4: Percentage distribution of female population by their principal activity across SRGs and age groups: Urban Telangana

SRG Age Group

Work Participation Unemployed Education Domestic Work

1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011 1999 2004 2011

SC 15 - 19 9.7 13.8 22.1 0.0 10.9 0.0 38.1 41.3 50.1 39.3 32.7 27.8

20-24 32.3 23.0 23.4 4.1 4.7 0.6 2.7 13.8 4.0 59.7 57.3 72.0

25-59 31.9 46.6 39.8 0.0 0.4 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 64.3 52.0 52.4

60-64 3.2 0.0 42.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.3 97.7 12.7

ST 15 - 19 41.9 30.5 41.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.3 36.7 58.1 12.2 21.4

20-24 1.9 21.8 40.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.2 35.5 19.4 62.9 42.6 40.1

25-59 51.9 58.9 28.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.1 33.9 71.2

60-64 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

OBC 15 - 19 23.3 13.6 3.2 4.4 1.8 0.6 39.4 65.7 77.1 24.2 18.7 19.1

20-24 25.1 36.1 19.5 0.2 3.3 7.2 6.4 13.2 27.2 67.6 47.4 46.0

25-59 38.3 37.4 31.2 0.4 1.4 0.4 0.0 4.2 0.1 56.5 55.3 66.8

60-64 21.8 17.5 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.6 39.3 39.3

HUC 15 - 19 0.2 3.6 9.7 0.7 0.4 0.0 67.4 89.8 89.3 30.1 6.2 1.0

20-24 2.4 26.7 3.5 3.0 19.1 13.6 21.0 13.4 42.8 71.8 37.7 40.2

25-59 19.6 26.2 13.9 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.2 1.5 75.0 71.5 83.7

60-64 5.8 10.4 31.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.4 44.3 62.0

M-OBC 15 - 19 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.0 90.6 100.0 1.3 9.4

20-24 0.0 7.6 3.9 0.0 3.9 1.9 0.0 31.3 2.5 100.0 57.1 91.7

25-59 14.2 13.4 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.2 86.2 85.3

60-64 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.9

MUC 15 - 19 3.8 6.2 4.9 2.7 1.5 0.0 53.6 55.5 87.1 28.3 26.0 8.0

20-24 6.3 15.7 5.8 4.5 0.0 5.1 4.8 4.4 11.6 74.3 79.4 75.3

25-59 7.5 20.9 10.8 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.8 87.7 73.9 86.1

60-64 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 64.4 45.3 67.7

Other Minorities

15 - 19 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.8 9.9 100.0 30.2 90.1 0.0

20-24 10.7 85.1 0.0 9.6 4.7 18.3 57.2 0.0 0.7 20.9 10.3 81.0

25-59 31.7 26.2 43.9 0.0 1.1 2.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 68.3 71.6 46.6

60-64 17.7 0.0 85.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 14.1

All 15 - 19 11.6 9.1 6.5 2.3 2.2 0.3 47.5 70.4 79.3 30.3 16.3 13.9

20-24 17.4 25.9 14.4 2.5 5.7 6.2 12.2 14.4 20.8 65.6 53.2 58.0

25-59 27.0 31.9 25.8 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.0 1.9 0.5 68.1 63.4 70.8

60-64 11.5 11.6 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.6 43.9 53.6


251Annexures

Table A 5.5: Distribution of non-agricultural workers by sub-sectors (usual principal status), 2011-12

Non- agricultural Sub-sectors

Male Female

All Hindu All Muslim

Other Minorities

All All Hindu All Muslim

Other Minorities

All

Rural

Manufacturing 21 14 0 20 56 83 0 58

Construction 15 12 10 15 8 9 0 8

Trade & Hotels 22 31 0 22 22 7 0 21

Transport 20 31 2 20 1 0 0 1

Other Services 20 12 88 20 14 1 100 13

Urban

Manufacturing 15 7 11 13 32 62 5 34

Construction 13 13 53 14 4 1 5 4

Trade & Hotels 18 40 4 23 18 11 9 17

Transport 15 26 3 18 5 0 0 4

Other Services 37 12 28 32 41 26 70 41



Table A 5.6: Percent distribution of regular salaried persons by type of work/job, locality and religion

Locality Type of work SC ST BC Others Hindu - All

Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-Others

Muslim –All

Other minorities

All

Rural Agriculture 0.9 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.9

Manufacturing 4.5 0.0 8.9 11.1 7.9 15.2 8.9 14.2 3.9 9.4

Construction 1.8 8.3 2.9 4.8 3.1 2.5 4.4 2.8 2.9 3.0

Transport 14.3 8.3 13.3 4.8 12.3 15.6 13.3 15.2 8.8 12.8

Business/Trade 4.5 0.0 7.2 3.2 5.9 6.3 4.4 6.0 4.9 5.8

Hotels/restaurant 2.7 4.2 2.9 1.6 2.7 4.6 0.0 3.9 2.0 3.0

Education 6.3 8.3 8.4 9.5 8.1 6.3 8.9 6.7 9.8 7.8

Government 19.6 25.0 13.3 14.3 15.2 11.0 11.1 11.0 23.5 14.8

Office work 11.6 16.7 15.6 23.8 15.8 6.3 8.9 6.7 15.7 13.0

Other works 33.9 29.2 26.5 27.0 28.2 31.2 40.0 32.6 27.5 29.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Urban Agriculture 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1

Manufacturing 8.3 10.7 8.4 2.2 8.0 7.9 9.0 8.1 6.3 7.8

Construction 3.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 2.1 0.8 1.5 0.9 1.7 1.3

Transport 12.0 7.1 9.9 8.7 10.3 18.4 16.9 18.0 7.0 14.3

Business/Trade 8.9 14.3 11.9 21.7 11.8 10.8 15.2 11.8 4.1 10.4


Education 6.8 7.1 9.1 6.5 8.2 7.7 6.2 7.3 10.7 8.1

Government 14.1 21.4 11.4 19.6 13.2 8.1 6.5 7.7 16.9 10.7

Office work 16.1 14.3 16.2 21.7 16.5 12.8 12.4 12.7 22.1 15.3

Other works 28.1 25.0 27.9 17.4 27.1 32.3 29.9 31.8 29.3 30.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

All Agriculture 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3

Manufacturing 6.9 5.8 8.6 7.3 8.0 9.0 8.9 9.0 5.9 8.1

Construction 3.0 3.8 2.3 2.8 2.6 1.0 1.8 1.2 1.9 1.7

Transport 12.8 7.7 11.5 6.4 11.2 18.0 16.6 17.6 7.3 13.9

Business/Trade 7.2 7.7 9.7 11.0 9.1 10.1 14.1 11.0 4.2 9.3


Education 6.6 7.7 8.8 8.3 8.1 7.5 6.5 7.2 10.5 8.1

Government 16.1 23.1 12.3 16.5 14.1 8.5 6.9 8.2 18.0 11.7

Office work 14.5 15.4 15.9 22.9 16.2 11.8 12.1 11.8 21.1 14.7

Other works 30.3 26.9 27.3 22.9 27.6 32.2 30.9 31.9 29.0 30.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


253Annexures

Table A 5.7: Percent distribution of self employed (in non-agriculture) HH members by type of work, locality and religion

Locality Type of work SC ST BC Others Hindu - All

Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

Rural Manufacturing 9.8 21.7 18.6 11.3 17.0 16.9 29.0 18.9 17.7 17.8

Construction 4.9 0.0 2.2 3.8 2.6 4.7 7.2 5.1 4.8 3.7

Transport 34.4 30.4 12.9 7.5 15.6 23.3 18.8 22.5 17.7 18.5

Business/Trade 27.9 34.8 35.0 56.6 36.3 32.6 27.5 31.7 40.3 34.7


Education 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1

Other works 19.7 13.0 29.3 15.1 26.1 15.7 10.1 14.8 16.1 20.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Urban Manufacturing 11.8 14.3 19.7 2.6 16.3 15.0 11.8 14.3 13.1 14.6

Construction 3.9 0.0 1.7 0.0 1.8 1.8 2.4 1.9 4.6 2.1

Transport 15.7 42.9 8.3 7.7 10.1 14.1 14.9 14.3 20.0 14.0

Business/Trade 54.9 42.9 48.0 74.4 52.1 53.0 53.7 53.2 41.5 52.1


Education 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.3

Other works 13.7 0.0 18.3 12.8 16.6 13.8 14.9 14.1 14.6 14.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

All Manufacturing 10.7 20.0 19.0 7.6 16.7 15.5 15.1 15.4 14.6 15.8

Construction 4.5 0.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 3.3 2.7 4.7 2.7

Transport 25.9 33.3 11.2 7.6 13.5 16.4 15.6 16.3 19.3 15.6

Business/Trade 40.2 36.7 39.7 64.1 42.3 47.8 48.8 48.0 41.1 45.7


Education 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.2

Other works 17.0 10.0 25.3 14.1 22.5 14.3 14.0 14.2 15.1 16.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Table A5.8: Daily wage earnings (Rs.) of regular/salaried (15-64 years) in non-agriculture sector by type of enterprise: Urban Telangana-2011-12 (male workers)

SRGs Informal Public limited Private limited All Types

HSC 304 458 344 332

HST 195 106 157

HOBC 347 443 438 390

HUC 599 710 979 736

MOBC 271 277 376 299

MUC 266 542 318 329

Other Minorities 353 535 675 448

All Groups 353 493 520 425



Table A5.9: Distribution of workers by sector across religions for rural male: 2011

District Hindus Muslims Other Minorities all





Adilabad 78.1 21.9 50.8 49.2 72.2 27.8 76.6 23.4

Nizamabad 74.5 25.5 50.1 49.9 63.7 36.3 72.1 27.9

Karimnagar 69.2 30.8 42.1 57.9 63.7 36.3 68.3 31.7

Medak 73.4 26.6 51.8 48.2 71.9 28.1 71.6 28.4

Hyderabad

Ranga Reddy 63.5 36.5 49.9 50.1 39.0 61.0 62.2 37.8

Mahbubnagar 73.5 26.5 45.8 54.2 64.0 36.0 72.0 28.0

Nalgonda 69.1 30.9 46.4 53.6 58.8 41.2 68.2 31.8

Warangal 75.4 24.6 51.0 49.0 67.0 33.0 74.6 25.4

Khammam 79.7 20.3 56.5 43.5 62.8 37.2 78.7 21.3

Telangana 73.0 27.0 49.3 50.7 63.3 36.7 71.7 28.3


Table A5.10: Distribution of workers by sector across religions for rural female: 2011






Adilabad 78.3 21.7 55.4 44.6 79.7 20.3 77.4 22.6

Nizamabad 64.0 36.0 42.2 57.8 58.0 42.0 62.5 37.5

Karimnagar 74.9 25.1 48.1 51.9 72.5 27.5 74.3 25.7

Medak 81.7 18.3 70.5 29.5 82.1 17.9 81.2 18.8

Hyderabad

Ranga Reddy 82.2 17.8 74.9 25.1 57.3 42.7 81.5 18.5

Mahbubnagar 87.5 12.5 68.3 31.7 74.0 26.0 86.7 13.3

Nalgonda 87.7 12.3 79.2 20.8 73.2 26.8 87.3 12.7

Warangal 90.7 9.3 80.2 19.8 76.2 23.8 90.4 9.6

Khammam 91.8 8.2 86.9 13.1 80.5 19.5 91.5 8.5

Telangana 82.7 17.3 65.4 34.6 74.3 25.7 82.0 18.0


255Annexures

Table A5.11: Distribution of workers by sector across religions for urban male: 2011






Adilabad 10.6 89.4 5.1 94.9 7.6 92.4 9.4 90.6

Nizamabad 12.7 87.3 5.5 94.5 6.6 93.4 10.2 89.8

Karimnagar 10.3 89.7 4.3 95.7 7.9 92.1 9.4 90.6

Medak 10.5 89.5 6.3 93.7 7.1 92.9 9.7 90.3

Hyderabad 2.6 97.4 3.3 96.7 2.3 97.7 2.9 97.1

Ranga Reddy 4.2 95.8 3.4 96.6 3.2 96.8 4.1 95.9

Mahbubnagar 13.7 86.3 3.9 96.1 6.4 93.6 11.3 88.7

Nalgonda 10.9 89.1 4.2 95.8 5.7 94.3 10.0 90.0

Warangal 10.0 90.0 2.8 97.2 5.8 94.2 9.0 91.0

Khammam 12.2 87.8 6.2 93.8 8.6 91.4 11.4 88.6

Telangana 7.0 93.0 3.8 96.2 3.9 96.1 6.2 93.8


Table A5.12: Distribution of workers by sector across religions for urban female: 2011






Adilabad 23.8 76.2 9.9 90.1 17.9 82.1 21.2 78.8

Nizamabad 15.4 84.6 6.2 93.8 5.9 94.1 13.5 86.5

Karimnagar 17.6 82.4 5.2 94.8 13.8 86.2 16.1 83.9

Medak 21.1 78.9 12.1 87.9 12.3 87.7 19.8 80.2

Hyderabad 4.8 95.2 7.8 92.2 3.9 96.1 5.8 94.2

Ranga Reddy 7.7 92.3 6.8 93.2 4.4 95.6 7.5 92.5

Mahbubnagar 29.3 70.7 10.3 89.7 8.5 91.5 25.9 74.1

Nalgonda 26.1 73.9 13.3 86.7 10.0 90.0 24.7 75.3

Warangal 28.0 72.0 9.8 90.2 10.1 89.9 26.2 73.8

Khammam 29.9 70.1 19.0 81.0 14.3 85.7 28.5 71.5

Telangana 15.1 84.9 8.3 91.7 6.4 93.6 13.6 86.4



Table A 5.13: Distribution of HH by major sources of income and religion

SC ST BC Others Hindu - All

Muslim-BC-E

Muslim-Others

Muslim-All

Other minorities

All

RURAL

Agriculture 37.5 45.3 51.4 71.0 50.4 34.6 35.6 34.8 41.6 44.4

Salary 23.5 21.1 20.5 27.5 21.8 21.5 18.1 20.8 20.9 21.4

Daily wages 83.0 77.9 75.5 33.5 73.0 68.6 70.4 68.9 82.5 72.7

Rents 0.3 0.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.9

Gulf 3.5 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.6 3.8 3.2 3.7 1.2 2.8

Business 6.6 7.4 11.8 12.5 10.7 13.4 6.9 12.2 6.9 10.7

Pensioner 34.9 28.4 26.9 21.0 28.0 23.8 26.9 24.4 29.1 26.9

Tailoring 0.8 0.0 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.2

Transport 2.3 4.2 2.3 2.0 2.4 3.1 1.4 2.8 1.0 2.3

From parents 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1

URBAN

Agriculture 5.7 17.6 10.3 16.4 9.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 6.7 4.0

Salary 52.7 43.1 48.1 46.6 48.9 40.9 41.2 41.0 60.5 45.3

Daily wages 52.3 56.9 53.8 19.2 51.2 50.6 49.5 50.4 37.1 48.8

Rents 1.9 2.0 2.9 6.8 2.9 2.3 1.8 2.2 2.7 2.4

Gulf 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.8 2.7 2.0 0.2 1.4

Business 9.5 7.8 19.9 37.0 17.9 21.7 21.4 21.6 12.0 19.5

Pensioner 24.6 25.5 25.6 15.1 24.6 21.3 17.2 20.3 19.4 21.1

Tailoring 0.8 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.4 1.9

Transport 2.7 2.0 1.8 2.7 2.1 3.5 3.8 3.6 2.4 3.1

From parents 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.4

ALL

Agriculture 24.7 35.6 37.8 56.4 36.6 10.7 9.2 10.4 20.0 21.1

Salary 35.2 28.8 29.6 32.6 31.0 35.5 36.0 35.6 45.5 35.2

Daily wages 70.7 70.5 68.3 29.7 65.5 55.6 54.2 55.3 54.4 58.9

Rents 0.9 0.7 1.9 2.6 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.8

Gulf 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.8 2.5 0.6 2.0

Business 7.7 7.5 14.5 19.0 13.1 19.4 18.1 19.1 10.0 15.8

Pensioner 30.8 27.4 26.5 19.4 26.8 22.0 19.4 21.4 23.1 23.6

Tailoring 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.7 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.6

Transport 2.4 3.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.4 3.2 3.4 1.9 2.8

From parents 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3


257Annexures

Tabl

e A

5.14

: Per

cent

dis

tribu

tion

of H

Hs b

y m

onth

ly in

com

e, lo

calit

y an

d re

ligio

n

Loc

ality

Mon

thly

inco

me

SCST

BCOt

hers

Hind

u - A

llM

uslim

-BC

-EM

uslim

-Ot

hers

Mus

lim-A

llOt

her

min

oriti

esAl

l

Rura

lLe

ss th

an 1

0000

/- 63

.848

.458

.444

57.6

60.5

858

.860

.260

.658

.8

1000

0 to

200

00

29.9

42.1

34.3

4034

.430

.77

35.1

931

.633

33.3

2000

0 to

300

00

4.1

5.3

5.3

8.5

5.3

5.45

3.7

5.2

3.7

5.1

3000

0 to

400

00

11.

11.

55

1.7

1.82

1.39

1.7

1.2

1.7

4000

0 an

d ab

ove

1.2

3.1

0.5

2.5

11.

380.

921.

31.

51.

1

Tota

l10

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

0

Mea

n10

273

1195

110

579

1370

310

887

1046

099

8810

372

1022

110

648

Med

ian

8000

1000

090

0010

583

9000

8500

8583

8500

8708

8917

Urba

nLe

ss th

an 1

0000

/- 46

.241

.247

.538

.446

.344

.21

42.8

443

.933

.943

.1

1000

0 to

200

00

3937

.340

.745

.240

.438

.66

39.0

538

.841

.539

.5

2000

0 to

300

00

7.2

13.7

69.

66.

99.

8710

.95

10.1

13.4

9.8

3000

0 to

400

00

3.8

3.9

2.9

2.7

3.1

4.04

3.51

3.9

5.1

3.9

4000

0 an

d ab

ove

3.79

3.92

2.94

4.11

3.3

3.22

3.65

3.3

6.05

3.68

Tota

l10

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

0

Mea

n13

427

1377

112

538

1431

912

938

1430

416

032

1374

216

032

1387

5

Med

ian

1000

011

000

1000

012

000

1000

010

000

1200

010

000

1200

010

000

Tota

lLe

ss th

an 1

0000

/- 56

.845

.954

.842

.553

.748

.73

46.4

448

.244

.149

.7

1000

0 to

200

00

33.5

40.4

36.4

41.4

36.4

36.4

838

.18

36.9

38.2

36.9

2000

0 to

300

00

5.3

8.2

5.5

8.8

5.9

8.65

9.31

8.8

9.8

7.8

3000

0 to

400

00

2.1

2.1

24.

42.

23.

423.

033.

33.

63

4000

0 an

d ab

ove

2.3

3.4

1.3

2.9

1.8

2.72

3.03

2.8

4.3

2.6

Tota

l10

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

0

Mea

n11

536

1258

711

228

1386

811

587

1271

213

329

1284

813

821

1250

7

Med

ian

9000

1000

091

6710

833

9250

1000

010

000

1000

010

000

1000

0


Loc

ality

Mon

thly

inco

me

SCST

BCOt

hers

Hind

u - A

llM

uslim

-BC

-EM

uslim

-Ot

hers

Mus

lim-A

llOt

her

min

oriti

esAl

l

GHM

CLe

ss th

an 1

0000

/- 29

.614

.338

.233

.334

36.0

337

.61

36.5

23.8

34.6

1000

0 to

200

00

5242

.848

.655

.650

.345

.72

42.9

545

51.1

46.4

2000

0 to

300

00

11.2

28.6

8.1

7.4

9.7

11.4

511

.75

11.4

1511

.8

3000

0 to

400

00

4.1

14.3

2.2

3.7

3.4

4.32

4.06

4.3

5.2

4.2

4000

0 an

d ab

ove

3.1

02.

90

2.6

2.48

3.63

2.8

4.9

3

Tota

l10

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

0

Mea

n14

781

1721

413

964

1247

514

198

1418

715

240

1447

416

891

1474

6

Med

ian

1200

015

000

1108

312

000

1200

011

500

1125

011

500

1341

712

000

Non-

GHM

CLe

ss th

an 1

0000

/- 61

.547

.556

43.5

55.6

56.2

54.9

55.9

51.5

55.2

1000

0 to

200

00

30.3

40.3

35.6

39.8

35.1

3133

.531

.633

.533

.4

2000

0 to

300

00

4.3

7.2

5.3

8.9

5.5

77

77.

86.

4

3000

0 to

400

00

1.8

1.4

1.9

4.5

2.1

2.9

2.1

2.7

3.1

2.6

4000

0 an

d ab

ove

2.1

3.6

1.2

3.3

1.68

2.9

2.5

2.78

4.1

2.4

Tota

l10

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

010

0.0

100.

0

Mea

n10

970

1235

411

034

1402

111

342

1185

111

496

1178

512

696

1169

6

Med

ian

8250

1000

091

6710

750

9167

9000

9000

9000

9500

9000

Sou

rce:

Sam

ple

Sur

vey

Con

duct

ed b

y C

entre

for G

ood

Gov

erna

nce

(CG

G) f

or C

omm

issi

on o

f Inq

uiry

, 201

6.

259Annexures

Tabl

e A

5.15

: Per

cent

dis

tribu

tion

of H

Hs b

y m

onth

ly e

xpen

ditu

re a

nd re

ligio

n

Mon

thly

exp

endi

ture

SCST

BCOt

hers

Hind

u - A

llM

uslim

-BC

-EM

uslim

-Ot

hers

Mus

lim-A

llOt

her

min

oriti

esAl

l

RURA

L

less

than

500

071

.660

.065

.847

.564

.947

.953

.649

.067

.860

.2

5000

– 1

0000

24.9

35.8

31.3

42.4

31.3

43.4

36.5

42.1

27.7

34.3

1000

0 –

2000

03.

64.

22.

89.

63.

78.

09.

58.

34.

55.

2

2000

0 an

d ab

ove

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.5

0.1

0.7

0.5

0.6

0.0

0.3

Tota

l10

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

0

Expe

nditu

re (

Mea

n)41

4545

9243

4552

0444

0052

9652

9352

9542

7546

68

Expe

nditu

re (

Med

ian)

4000

4000

4000

5000

4000

5000

4500

5000

4000

4000

URBA

N:

less

than

500

036

.039

.237

.920

.836

.423

.518

.222

.234

.126

.9

5000

– 1

0000

52.7

51.0

52.9

62.5

53.4

57.6

59.8

58.1

49.9

56.0

1000

0 –

2000

011

.09.

87.

915

.39.

316

.420

.117

.214

.615

.1

2000

0 an

d ab

ove

0.4

0.0

1.2

1.4

0.9

2.5

1.9

2.4

1.4

1.9

Tota

l10

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

0

Expe

nditu

re (

Mea

n)58

2558

0657

1770

4958

3869

6974

4170

8663

3867

13

Expe

nditu

re (

Med

ian)

5000

5000

5000

6000

5000

6000

6000

6000

5000

6000

ALL:

less

than

500

057

.352

.756

.640

.455

.130

.226

.129

.346

.941

.0

5000

– 1

0000

36.0

41.1

38.5

47.8

38.9

53.7

54.6

53.9

41.5

46.8

1000

0 - 2

0000

6.5

6.2

4.5

11.1

5.6

14.1

17.7

14.9

10.7

10.9

2000

0 an

d ab

ove

0.2

0.0

0.4

0.7

0.4

2.0

1.6

1.9

0.8

1.2

Tota

l10

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

0

Expe

nditu

re (

Mea

n)48

1950

1648

0056

9648

9265

1369

4066

1555

5258

47

Expe

nditu

re (

Med

ian)

4000

4250

4000

5000

4000

6000

6000

6000

5000

5000

GHM

C


Mon

thly

exp

endi

ture

SCST

BCOt

hers

Hind

u - A

llM

uslim

-BC

-EM

uslim

-Ot

hers

Mus

lim-A

llOt

her

min

oriti

esAl

l

less

than

500

022

.428

.622

.111

.121

.312

.611

.912

.424

.415

.0

5000

- 10

000

66.3

71.4

66.9

77.8

67.9

64.3

61.0

63.4

59.0

63.4

1000

0 - 2

0000

11.2

0.0

7.4

11.1

9.0

21.1

24.5

22.0

14.5

19.5

2000

0 an

d ab

ove

0.0

0.0

3.7

0.0

1.9

1.9

2.6

2.1

2.1

2.1

Tota

l10

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

0

Expe

nditu

re (

Mea

n)63

0157

8667

1870

0065

7076

0980

5677

3867

8574

79

Expe

nditu

re (

Med

ian)

6000

5000

6000

6000

6000

7000

7000

7000

6000

6500

NON-

GHM

C

Non-

GHM

C: le

ss th

an 5

000

63.4

54.0

59.0

43.6

58.3

40.5

39.7

40.3

55.1

50.4

5000

- 10

000

30.7

39.6

36.4

44.4

36.1

47.5

48.4

47.7

35.1

40.8

1000

0 - 2

0000

5.7

6.5

4.3

11.1

5.3

10.0

11.2

10.2

9.4

7.8

2000

0 an

d ab

ove

0.2

0.0

0.2

0.8

0.2

2.1

0.6

1.8

0.4

0.9

Tota

l10

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

0

Expe

nditu

re (

Mea

n)45

5949

7746

6455

5147

3458

6959

2258

8051

0452

58

Expe

nditu

re (

Med

ian)

4000

4000

4000

5000

4000

5000

5000

5000

4000

4500

Sou

rce:

Sam

ple

Sur

vey

Con

duct

ed b

y C

entre

for G

ood

Gov

erna

nce

(CG

G) f

or C

omm

issi

on o

f Inq

uiry

, 201

6.

Tabl

e A6

.1: B

ank

acco

unts

acr

oss

educ

atio

n le

vels

Hind

uM

uslim

Not L

itera

te74

.44

79.1

5

Prim

ary

79.3

789

.3

Seco

ndar

y90

.18

93.7

7

Grad

uate

94.6

298

.38

Tota

l81

.28

88

Sou

rce:

Deb

t and

Inve

stm

ent S

urve

y, N

SS

O- 7

0th R

ound

, 201

3.

261Annexures

Table A 6.2: Proportion of credit agencies in total loans

Credit Agency All India Telangana


Co-operatives 15.6 11.8 18.3 15.4 8.5 5.0 5.0 8.2

Banks 16.1 14.0 21.3 16.1 13.7 8.7 17.1 13.6

SHGs 7.1 5.6 6.3 6.9 17.4 14.5 27.3 17.5

Money Lenders/input suppliers 35.3 22.7 22.2 33.2 52.8 47.0 41.2 52.2

Relatives/friends 16.7 31.8 18.9 18.4 4.9 17.9 8.5 5.6

Others 9.3 14.2 13.0 10.0 2.8 6.9 0.9 3.0


Table A 6.3: Proportion of loans from different schemes

Type of Scheme All India Telangana


Differential Interest rate 2.0 1.1 1.3 1.8 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.3

PMRY 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SGSY 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.5 5.8 1.1 2.9 5.5

SJSRY 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.4

Under Minority Scheme 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.01 0.11

State Govt Scheme 1.5 1.0 0.4 1.4 3.9 10.9 0.6 4.1

Not Covered by Any Scheme 59.2 66.1 50.0 59.4 63.8 69.2 66.1 64.1

Kisan Credit Card 5.1 3.5 2.6 4.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3

Crop Loan 6.5 2.3 5.9 6.0 11.8 3.0 5.8 11.2

Other Scheme 25.0 25.2 39.3 25.8 13.7 15.2 24.1 14.1


Table A 6.4: Proportion of different loan types in all loans by households

Type of Loan All India Telangana


Short term-Pledged 18 17.8 26.7 18.4 8.4 11 9.5 8.5

Short term-Non-Pledged 29 34.6 22.1 29.2 20.1 24.2 9.4 20

Medium term 30.1 27.7 24 29.5 51.4 43.9 70.9 51.6

Long Term 23 19.9 27.3 22.9 20.1 20.9 10.2 19.8


TableA 6.5: Weighted average rate of interest on loans

Religion All India Telangana

Hindu 15.4 16.1

Muslim 16.1 16.3

Others 14.2 18.9

Total 15.3 15.2



Tabl

e A

6.6:

Sta

tem

ent s

how

ing

the

bank

-wis

e an

d be

nific

iarie

s-w

ise

info

rmat

ion

for t

he fi

nanc

ial y

ear 2

015-

16

(Rup

ees

in L

akhs

)

Sl.

No.

Nam

e Of

The

Ban

kNo

. Of

Bene

ficia

ries

Amou

ntBe

nific

iarie

s Ca

ste

Wis

e Br

eaku

p

ScSt

BcM

uslim

sOt

hers

Bene

ficia

ries

Amou

ntBe

nefic

iarie

sAm

ount

Bene

ficia

ries

Amou

ntBe

nefic

iarie

sAm

ount

Bene

ficia

ries

Amou

nt

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1Ax

is B

ank

4215

3413

0.42

439

3195

.631

015

71.9

626

2624

072.

8159

831

03.2

624

221

86.7

9

2Ba

nk O

f Mah

aras

htra

1822

030

0069

.45

1746

2275

2618

2318

3847

6473

687

9336

1000

928

9001

3Ce

ntra

l Ban

k Of

Indi

a11

7506

9486

02.9

467

0552

95.0

710

006

6485

.97

3727

949

372.

744

2252

73.9

5909

488

2175

4Co

rpor

atio

n Ba

nk70

150

5582

.24

3044

57.8

615

8332

.74

1140

021

2.58

2230

80.3

254

123

5279

.06

5De

na B

ank

5915

3106

8.00

252

1069

4645

729

1882

468

1156

4420

2691

6

6Sb

h14

0879

841

0524

9.49

3908

940

030.

161

515

5236

7.05

1176

3311

6902

.65

3070

852

400.

3211

5985

338

4354

9

7Tg

b53

3797

4162

53.9

018

6829

4721

5.49

6060

545

423.

7517

6153

1373

63.8

046

155

7157

5.89

6405

5##

####

#

8Un

ion

Bank

Of I

ndia

1499

6044

3524

.17

1789

212

842.

9182

4394

41.8

321

802

1564

1.81

4723

6294

.55

714

2390

.76

9Sy

ndic

ate

Bank

3262

144

0.37

3588

48.4

419

5726

.42

4893

66.0

630

54.

1221

878

295.

33

10An

dhra

Ban

k97

7881

3972

978.

8633

711

3248

7.01

4024

628

729.

7415

5954

1644

41.9

268

922

9456

5.38

6790

4836

5275

4.8

11Ts

cab

1239

620

4985

74.8

918

0608

6437

3.34

1055

7947

080.

2153

4990

2005

99.7

747

327

2083

4.10

3711

1616

5687

.47

12Fe

dera

l Ban

k79

2999

118.

3613

85.8

613

69.4

321

774

4.81

4168

6920

2.1

3518

2901

6.16

13To

tal

4566

612

1085

5593

4739

1620

8975

.68

2927

2119

3592

.098

1067

523

7177

73.9

121

0713

3338

25.9

424

2807

09e

+06

Sou

rce:

Sta

te L

evel

Ban

ker’s

Com

mitt

ee.

263Annexures

Table A6.7: Proportion loans under various types of loan purpose

Type of Purpose All India Telangana


Farming 21.8 11.5 18.1 20.5 27.1 4.1 11.1 25.7

Non-Farm Business 6.5 11.2 7.2 7 4.4 11.7 2.1 4.7

Debt repayment 2.5 2.9 5.4 2.7 0.9 0.3 3 0.9

Investment expenditure 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0 0 0.3

Education 3.5 1.9 5.6 3.5 3.6 1.9 4 3.5

Medical Treatment 10 11.3 9.1 10.1 6.4 10.7 13.9 6.8

Housing 14.1 15.9 17.8 14.5 8.8 10.7 13.7 9

Household consumption 36.5 38.9 29.9 36.4 42.9 56.6 39.1 43.4

Other 5 6.3 6.8 5.3 5.6 4 13.2 5.8


Table A6.8: Corporation-wise beneficiary report

S.No Corporation Name Total Registrations

Public Registrations

Eseva Registrations

MPDO / Muncipal

Commissioner / District

Head Office Registrations

Subsidy (in lakhs)

1 SC Corporation 150601 84302 0 66299 243041.4

2 ST Corporation 72009 53667 0 18342 104167.2

3 BC Corporation 131386 95198 0 36188 210614.5

4 T.S. Washermen Cooperative Societies Federation Ltd., Hyderabad

3000 1660 0 1340 2565.25

5 T.S. Nayee Brahmin Cooperative Societies Federation Ltd., Hyderabad

2906 1647 0 1259 2565.85

6 T.S. Vaddera Cooperative Societies Federation Ltd., Hyderabad

2655 1738 0 917 2163.2

7 T.S. Sagara(Uppara) Cooperative Societies Federation Ltd., Hyderabad

885 544 0 341 811

8 T.S. Krishna Balija, Poosala Cooperative Societies Federation Ltd., Hyderabad

956 538 0 418 849

9 T.S. Valmiki/Boya Cooperative Societies Federation Ltd., Hyderabad

3450 3046 0 404 3321.5

10 T.S. Bhattraja Cooperative Societies Federation Ltd., Hyderabad

254 156 0 98 183.5

11 T.S.StateKummariShalivahana Cooperative Societies Federation Ltd., Hyderabad

2619 1474 0 1145 2289.7

12 T.S. State Viswabrahmins Cooperative Corporation Ltd., Hyderabad

3370 1856 0 1514 3094.15

13 T.S. Medara Finance Corporation Ltd., Hyderabad

1601 914 0 687 1281.25

14 Telangana Toddy Tappers Co-Operative Finance Corporation Limited, Hyderabad

2240 1600 0 640 2168

15 TS Minorities Finance Corp 153906 141141 0 12765 270394.1

16 TS Christian Minorities Finance Corp 5229 4304 0 925 10679.43

Total 537067 393785 143282 860189

Source: Telangana State Online Beneficiary Management and Monitoring System (Accessed on 18th July, 2016)


Tabl

e A

6.9:

Sel

f-hel

p gr

oups

cas

te-w

ise

Stat

emen

t sho

win

g th

e se

lf-he

lp g

roup

s ca

ste

wis

e in

rura

l are

a

S.No

Nam

e of

Dis

trict

/IT

DASH

GM

embe

r

Tota

lSC

STBC

OCM

inor

ityTo

tal

SCST

BCOC

Min

ority

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1Ad

ilaba

d24

528

5731

2996

1438

690

451

127

3064

6420

435

097

1470

3718

130

8614

2Bh

adra

chal

am12

961

1755

6170

4544

476

1612

4476

1424

256

880

3065

737

996

541

3Et

urna

gara

m49

4964

021

2320

5798

3151

370

6785

2174

919

115

2502

1226

4Ka

rimna

gar

5782

613

635

1820

3946

224

7343

663

7232

1507

0723

135

4011

1153

117

9174

5Kh

amm

am33

264

7276

7147

1620

623

8924

631

3817

6982

868

936

1305

1538

690

5869

6M

ahab

ubna

gar

5125

498

7946

8933

957

1805

923

6284

7312

7466

6406

435

9336

5229

625

435

7M

edak

4287

192

9523

1728

691

1500

1065

4659

6310

5106

2901

527

3534

3649

721

844

8Na

lgon

da62

045

1241

870

8439

270

2814

459

6503

5613

8508

7912

835

1541

6764

913

553

9Ni

zam

abad

4154

273

1835

3526

278

2139

2272

4290

8779

282

3878

624

4401

3520

131

461

10Ra

nga

Redd

y36

008

7679

2400

2285

120

2010

5636

8879

8297

228

926

1947

3643

045

1922

5

11Ut

noor

1415

625

4953

6455

9133

232

016

3347

2975

662

959

5941

768

6645

44

12W

aran

gal

4964

095

5375

6430

868

1462

193

5685

8511

0695

9009

032

0874

3904

079

10

TOTA

L43

1044

8772

853

209

2641

6118

412

7528

4674

649

9795

5159

8765

2532

274

4310

2914

9396

Sou

rce:

CE

O, S

ER

P, T

S

265Annexures

Stat

emen

t sho

win

g th

e di

stric

t wis

e &

cas

te w

ise

self

help

gro

ups

in u

rban

are

as

Sl.N

o.Di

stric

tTo

tal

SCST

BCM

uslim

sOt

hers

SHGs

Mem

bers

SHGs

Mem

bers

SHGs

Mem

bers

SHGs

Mem

bers

SHGs

Mem

bers

SHGs

Mem

bers

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1Ad

ilaba

d19

118

448

317

375

2610

4311

305

143

1395

2GH

MC

1315

1282

332

2245

535

217

075

8418

965

1090

1067

2

3Ka

rimna

gar

242

2278

932

11

1656

1494

824

516

816

11

4Kh

amm

am11

010

5227

41

112

456

51

6094

907

5M

ahab

ubna

gar

178

1794

219

52

6431

1065

837

713

513

63

6M

edak

153

1509

117

61

1513

866

932

712

912

73

7Na

lgon

da18

617

4011

314

055

3010

073

211

142

1341

8Ni

zam

abad

212

2024

112

80

1726

1248

854

617

717

02

9Ra

nga

Redd

y 20

620

2430

536

381

3697

02

185

135

1313

10W

aran

gal

302

2918

1363

01

145

2315

754

441

261

2543

To

tal

3095

3000

611

751

3617

932

415

1741

772

3662

2474

2412

0

Sou

rce:

Mis

sion

dire

ctor

,ME

PM

A,T

S


Tabl

e A

6.10

: Dis

trict

-wis

e an

d ca

ste-

wis

e ba

nk li

nkag

e pa

rticu

lars

Stat

emen

t sho

win

g th

e di

stric

t wis

e &

cas

te w

ise

bank

link

age

parti

cula

rs in

rura

l are

a

TOTA

LSC

STBC

OCM

inor

ity

SNo.

Dist

rict N

ame

Achi

evem

ent

Achi

evem

ent

Achi

evem

ent

Achi

evem

ent

Achi

evem

ent

Achi

evem

ent

No. o

f SH

GsAm

t. (L

akhs

)No

. of

SHGs

Amt.

(Lak

hs)

No. o

f SH

GsAm

t. (L

akhs

)No

. of

SHGs

Amt.

(Lak

hs)

No. o

f SH

GsAm

t. (L

akhs

)No

. of

SHGs

Amt.

(Lak

hs)

12

34

56

78

910

1314

1112

1Ad

ilaba

d48

5013

949.

9310

0227

70.7

357

612

5828

1487

95.5

732

768

6.24

131

439.

87

2Ka

rimna

gar

1379

544

151.

1229

9593

74.1

726

680

1.4

9289

3105

3.8

1157

2682

.88

8823

8.84

3Kh

amm

am14

889

5237

5.03

2697

8991

.334

7110

182

7391

2804

6.9

1237

4818

.36

9333

6.83

4M

ahab

ubna

gar

1055

833

086.

8418

9455

06.2

893

529

6168

6222

285.

167

817

70.8

718

956

3.69

5M

edak

1168

145

630.

0624

1995

18.7

942

214

8276

5631

243.

894

024

12.5

324

497

2.49

6Na

lgon

da16

507

5749

5.03

3172

1070

4.53

1689

6040

1051

137

356.

410

1129

62.8

812

443

0.75

7Ni

zam

abad

1214

137

039.

0619

6157

54.5

462

615

3477

7624

773.

811

6429

64.3

361

420

12

8Ra

nga

Redd

y79

5524

235

1587

4497

.96

422

1341

4724

1519

3.1

975

2498

.21

247

704.

92

9W

aran

gal

1463

647

885.

1822

9370

04.2

620

6658

5294

2532

740.

278

020

59.8

472

228.

68

TO

TAL

1070

1235

5847

.25

2002

064

122.

5610

473

3145

1.4

6644

823

1488

.67

8269

2285

6.14

1802

5928

.07

Sou

rce:

CE

O, S

ER

P,T

S

267Annexures

STAT

EMEN

T SH

OWIN

G TH

E DI

STRI

CT W

ISE

& C

ASTE

WIS

E BA

NK L

INKA

GE IN

URB

AN A

REAS

(R

s. In

lakh

s)

SNo.

Dist

rict N

ame

Tota

lSC

STBC

Min

ority

Othe

rs

SHGs

Amou

ntSH

GsAm

ount

SHGs

Amou

ntSH

GsAm

ount

SHGs

Amou

ntSH

GsAm

ount

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1Ad

ilaba

d17

2149

54.3

521

165

0.56

2365

.05

883

2899

.56

207

654.

2739

768

4.91

2GH

MC

7220

1866

3.45

540

1512

.55

7520

3.36

2027

6513

.63

258

744.

1443

2096

89.7

7

3Ka

rimna

gar

2765

1064

5.11

267

1068

.24

1573

1363

5786

.38

215

818.

190

528

99.3

9

4Kh

amm

am29

5997

28.6

137

011

84.9

915

643

1.61

1523

5145

.810

027

7.37

810

2688

.84

5M

ahab

ubna

gar

1862

6462

.46

104

363.

6840

172

929

3657

.42

229

821.

556

014

47.8

6

6M

edak

1770

6075

.22

164

643.

7413

45.7

851

3322

.929

599

1.6

447

1071

.28

7Na

lgon

da18

9866

44.2

619

164

4.8

5924

0.1

962

3693

.51

139

456.

7554

716

09.1

8Ni

zam

abad

1888

6029

.43

9131

9.75

1145

.577

828

40.2

331

910

97.8

268

917

26.1

3

9Ra

nga

Redd

y 15

7645

91.7

224

568

4.3

3810

9.25

579

1879

.38

109

351.

4960

515

67.3

10W

aran

gal

4011

1371

0.73

535

1626

.810

034

4.35

2474

9258

.63

268

900.

0563

415

80.9

To

tal

2767

087

505.

3427

1886

99.4

153

017

29.9

212

369

4499

7.44

2139

7113

.09

9914

2496

5.48

Sou

rce:

Sta

te L

evel

Ban

ker’s

Com

mitt

ee.


Table A8.1: Government departments / PSUs from where data on share of Muslim employees could not be received

Sl.No. Name of the Department / PSU

1 2

1. Managing Director, State Co-operative Bank.

2. Secretary, Telangana Co-operative Tribunal.

3. Commissioner & Director of Agricultural Marketing.

4. V.C. & M.D., Telangana State Agro Industries Development Corporation.

5. M.D., T.S Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd.

6. Commissioner of Intermediate Education.

7. Secretary, TREI Society.

8. Director, Urdu Academy.

9. Chairman & M.D., Southern Power Distribution Corporation Limited.

10. Chairman & M.D., Northern Power Distribution Corporation Limited.

11. DG &Spl C.S., E.P.T.R.I.

12. GAD – Services Principal Secretary (Political).

13. Chairman, T.S. Press Academy.

14. Director General, Centre for Good Governance.

15. CEO & Principal Secretary to Government, GAD, Elections.

16. Secretary, YogadhyanaParishad.

17. Director General, Telangana Special Protection Force.

18. Director of Sainik Welfare.

19. VC & Housing Commissioner, Telangana Housing Board.

20. Director of Handlooms and Textiles.

21. Director of Mines and Geology.

22. VC & MD, T.S. Leather Industries Development Corporation Limited.

23. VC & MD, T.S. Handicrafts Development Corporation Limited.

24. VC & MD, TS IDC.

25. Commissioner, P & D of Godavari Basin.

26. Commissioner, Municipal Corporation, Warangal.

27. Commissioner, Municipal Corporation, Ramagundam.

28. Director of Town & Country Planning.

29. MD, HMWS & SB.

30. Special Officer, Commissioner & Administrator, QQSUDA, Hyderabad.

31. Director General, T.S. Engineering Research Labs.

32. Commissioner, Resettlement &Rehabilitation.

33. Commissioner, Institute of P.R & R.D.

34. CEO, Employment Generation and Marketing Mission.

269Annexures


1 2

35. Engineer in Chief, Rural Water Supply & Sanitation.

36. Commissioner of Commercial Taxes.

37. Commissioner of Survey Settlements and Land Records.

38. Commissioner of Prohibition and Excise.

39. Commissioner & Inspector General, Registration and Stamps.

40. Director, Telangana Excise Academy.

41. Director, T.S. Study Circle for B.C.

42. Director, T.S. Study Circle for Minorities.

43. Commissioner / Director, Tribal Welfare.

44. Secretary, TSWREI.

45. Director of Juvenile Welfare Correction Services and Welfare of Street Children.

46. Director of NCC.

47. MD, TS Beverages Corporation Limited.

48. VC & MD, NREDCAP.

49. MD, Telangana State Finance Corporation.

50. VC & MD, Rajiv Swagruha Corporation.

51. VC & MD, TS Power Finance Corporation Limited.

52. VC & MD, Overseas Manpower Company AP Limited.

53. MD, TS Road Development Corporation Limited.

54. MD, AP Tribal Power Corporation Limited (TRIPCO).

55. MD, AP Tribal Mining Corporation Limited (TRIMCO).

56. Director, Protocol Department.

57. Chairman, Industrial Tribunals and Labour Courts.

58. Director of Municipal Administration & Urban Development.

59. Director of Physically Handicapped.

60. CEO, Arogyasri Health Care Trust.

61. MD, TS Fishermen Co-op Societies Federation.

62. Director, State Hindi Academy.

63. Secretary, Public Enterprises Department.

64. Director, Society for Social Audit Accountability and Transparency.

65. Secretary, Mahatma JyothibaPhuleTelangana BC Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society.

66. Chairman, TS Vaddera Co-op Societies Federation Limited.

67. Chairman, TS Valmiki / Boya Co-op Society Federation Limited.

68. Chairman, TS Bhattaraja Co-op Society Federation Limited.

69. Chairman, TS Medara Finance Corporation Limited.



1 2

70. Chairman, TS Krishna BalijaPoosala Co-op Society Federation Limited.

71. Chairman, TS Sagara (Uppara) Co-op Societies Federation Limited.

72. Chairman, TS KummariShatavahana Co-op Societies Federation Limited.

73. VC & MD, TS Girijan Co-op Corporation Limited.

74. MD, TelanganaVikalangula Co-op Corporation Limited.

75. Chairman, TelanganaSanskrithikaSaradhi.

76. MD, SETWIN.

77. MD, Hyderabad Agricultural Co-op Association (HACA).

271Annexures

Tabl

e A8

.2: S

tate

men

t sho

win

g th

e de

part

men

t-wis

e an

d ca

dre-

wis

e M

uslim

em

ploy

ees

wor

king

in T

elan

gana

Sta

teSl

. No

.De

partm

ent

Gaze

tted

Non-

Gaze

tted

Last

Gra

de E

mpl

oyee

sTo

tal E

mpl

oyee

sPe

rcen

tage

in M

uslim

Go

vern

men

t Em

ploy

ees

Tota

l Em

ploy

ees

Mus

lims

Empl

oyee

s%

of

Mus

lim

Empl

oyee

s

Tota

l Em

ploy

ees

Mus

lims

Empl

oyee

s%

of

Mus

lim

Empl

oyee

s

Tota

l Em

ploy

ees

Mus

lims

Empl

oyee

s%

of

Mus

lim

Empl

oyee

s

Tota

l Em

ploy

ees

Mus

lims

Empl

oyee

s%

of

Mus

lim

Empl

oyee

s

Gaze

tted

Non-

gazz

eted

Last

Gr

ade

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

17

1Di

rect

or o

f Tr

easu

ries

&

Acco

unts

110

0.00

135

1410

.37

243

12.5

170

1710

.00

082

.35

17.6

5

2Di

rect

or o

f Dr

ugs

Cont

rol

Adm

inis

tratio

n

843

3.57

507

14.0

021

29.

5215

512

7.74

2558

.33

16.6

7

3DG

, W

ALAM

TARI

181

5.56

51

20.0

065

34.

6288

55.

6820

20.0

060

.00

4Di

rect

or o

f Bo

ilers

60

0.00

258

32.0

00

00.

0031

825

.81

010

0.00

0.00

5M

D, T

S M

edic

al S

ervi

ce

Infra

stru

ctur

e De

velo

pmen

t Co

rpor

atio

n

121

8.33

40

0.00

50

0.00

212

9.52

500.

000.

00

6Co

mm

issi

oner

of

Civ

il Su

pplie

s

160

019

331

16.0

665

1929

.23

274

4717

.15

065

.96

40.4

3

7Di

rect

or

of T

elug

u Ac

adem

y

120

038

25.

2626

13.

8576

33.

950

66.6

733

.33

8M

D, T

S Sh

eep

and

Goat

De

velo

pmen

t Fe

dera

tion

20

04

00.

005

00.

0010

00.

00

9M

D, T

S Co

-op.

M

arke

ting

Fede

ratio

n

70

023

28.

709

333

.33

2316

69.5

70

12.5

018

.75

10Co

mm

issi

oner

of

Hor

ticul

ture

119

75.

8895

1818

.95

282

3713

.12

496

6212

.50

11.2

929

.03

59.6

8

11Co

mm

issi

oner

of

Pan

chay

at

Raj

729

202.

7447

0745

79.

7150

3070

614

.04

1046

611

9111

.38

1.68

38.3

759

.28


Sl.

No.

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273Annexures

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275Annexures

Sl. No. Date of Meeting Departments called / subjects discussed

1 22-7-2015 HOD’s concerned with subject of Inquiry relates to Socio economic and educational conditions of Muslims such as Secretary, Minorities Welfare, Commissioner, Minorities Welfare, Commissioner, Health & Family Welfare, PD, SSA, Commissioner, Backward Classes Welfare, Director of School Education, Director of Treasuries and Accounts, Director of Medical Education, Deputy Director, Census operations, Director, Bureau of Economics & Statistics.

2 13-8-2015 TS Council of Higher education, Lead Bank office, State Bank of Hyderabad.

3 18-08-2015 Press conference to brief the media about the work of the Commission.

4 01-09-2015 Discussions with Addl. Project Director, SSA (SarvaSikshaAbhiyan) regarding data required for the Inquiry.

Discussion with Deputy Director (Statistics) from Commissioner Health & Family welfare on IMR / MMR data for the states as and also Muslims.

5 15-09-2015 Discussions with some of the faculty of Government colleges on preparation of study papers.

6 16-09-2015 Discussions with Prof.Chintakindi Sanjay, GITAM, regarding preparation of study papers.

7 7-10-2015 Meeting with staff of Centre for Good Governance (CGG), Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) on writing of study papers / back ground papers. Discussion on the scope of the Sample Survey.

8 16-10-2015 Discussion with Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Centre for Good Governance (CGG) staff about the time schedule for preparation of papers and Sample Survey.

9 28-10-2015 Director, Minorities welfare MD, TSMFC, MD SETWIN, Joint Director, Health, Deputy Director SSA regarding specific information to be furnished to paper writers.

10 29-10-2015 Discussions with CGG about the sample survey, sample size, methodology, likely cost.

11 4-11-2015 Discussions with study paper writers and the discussion on data required from them. Detailed discussions on the questionnaire to be used for the Sample Survey.

12 17-11-2015 The Plaza:

Begumpet – Advisory Board meeting to review the methodology and contents of the background papers / study papers and the progress of preparations for Sample Survey, i.e., questionnaire, printing of manuals, training of investigators etc...,

13 27-11-2015 Meeting with CGG staff members with Dr. P C Mohanan, former Director General, NSSO, New Delhi and Member Advisory Board on the questionnaire to be used in the Sample Survey.

14 3-12-2015 Meeting with CGG staff on questionnaire for Sample Survey.

15 4-12-2015 Meeting with officers of SSA (SarvaSikshaAbhiyan).

Annexure-III

Meetings held in the Office of Commission of Inquiry


Sl. No. Date of Meeting Departments called / subjects discussed

16 16-12-2015 Discussion with officials of GHMC on the self-help groups of women and related issues.

17 23-12-2015 Meeting with officials of MEPMA, SERP/ Streenidhi, SETWIN on information to be gathered.

18 28-01-2016 Discussions with writers of study papers / back ground papers based at Hyderabad. Discussions on the status of sample survey.

19 05-02-2016 The Plaza:

Begumpet – Meeting of Advisory Board to review the draft study papers / background papers & Progress of Sample Survey.

20 15-02-2016 Discussions with Members of the Commission on preparation of the Inquiry report & further action.

21 05-03-2016 Meeting with all Departments concerned to expedite reports from them e.g. School Education, Health & Family welfare, TS Council of Higher Education, Industries, Urdu Academy etc...,

277Annexures

Annexure-IV

Public Hearing at Zilla Parshad Meeting Hall at Adilabad

Interaction with Women’s S.H.G’s at Conference Hall Collector’s Office, Adilabad.

Photographs


Visit to Interaction with Street Vendors.

Visit to Govt. High School for Girls & Boys, Khanapur.

Visit to Govt. High School (Urdu Medium), Nirmal.

279Annexures

Visit to Govt. High School (Urdu Medium), Mukarrampura, Karimnagar.

Visit to Post Matric Minority Women’s Hostel & Social Welfare Hostel, Kashmeergadda, Karimnagar.

Visit to Training Centre (Garment & Curtain Stitching) run by NAC


Discussions with Minorities Girls & School Teachers at SS Gutta, Mahbubnagar.

Interaction with the Industrial Training Institutes, Wakf Complex, Mahbubnagar.

Visit to Kasturbha Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya at Kandi, Medak.

281Annexures

Public Hearing at Collectorate at Sangareddy, Medak.

Meeting with Women’s SHG’s at Municipal Office, Siddipet, Medak.

Visit to National Academy of Construction (Training Centre) for Boys at Nalgonda


Visit to National Academy of Construction (Training Centre) for Girls at Nalgonda.

Visit to the TailoringCentre set up with Financial Assistance from TSMFC, Nizamabad.

Interaction with the Self Help Group, Nizamabad.

283Annexures

Public Hearing at Zilla Parishad Hall, R.R. District at Khairatabad, Hyderabad.

Visit to Skill Development Centre run by ILIFS at Tandur, Ranga Reddy.

Meeting with District Collector and District Officers at Collector’s Office, Warangal


Visit to SETWIN Training Centre at Motigalli, Charminar, Hyderabad.

Interaction with Students of Residential School for Minorities at Rangasaipet, Warangal

285Annexures

Visit to traning centre run by NAC, Khammam.

Interaction with Self Help Group’s.

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