report of air powered cars

Axis Institute of Technology & Management

Content

S.No. Chapter Page no.

1. Introduction 2

2. History 4

3. Engine Design 7

4. Basic Principle of Engine 9

5. Working Process 10

6. Vehicle parts 12

7. Models

8. Developers and Manufacturer

9. Advantage

10. Disadvantage

10. Conclusion

Mechanical Engineering Department 1


Chapter-1

Introduction

We know that our world is facing fuel crisis now. All kinds of conventional

source of fuels are on the verge of exhaustion. Gasoline which has been the

main source of fuel for the history of cars, is becoming more and more

expensive. These factors are leading car manufacturers to develop cars fueled

by alternative energies. An Air Car is a car that can run on compressed air

alone without the use of conventional fuels used in present day automobiles.

The car is powered by an air engine. The air engine is an emission-free piston

engine using compressed air. The engines are similar to steam engines as they

use the expansion of externally supplied pressurized gas to perform work

against a piston.

For practical application to transportation, several technical problems must

be first addressed:

As the pressurized air expands, it is cooled, which limits the efficiency.

This cooling reduces the amount of energy that can be recovered by

expansion, so practical engines apply ambient heat to increase the

expansion available.

Conversely, the compression of the air by pumps (to pressurize the tanks)

will heat the air. If this heat is not recovered it represents a further loss of

energy and so reduces efficiency.

Storage of air at high pressure requires strong containers, which if not

made of exotic materials will be heavy, reducing vehicle efficiency, while

exotic materials (such as carbon fibre composites) tend to be expensive.



Energy recovery in a vehicle during braking by compressing air also

generates heat, which must be conserved for efficiency.

It should be noted that the air engine is not truly emission-free, since the power

to compress the air initially usually involves emissions at the point of

generation.



Chapter-2

History

Compressed air has been used since the 19th century to power mine

locomotives, and was previously the basis of naval torpedo propulsion. Yet

even two centuries before that Dennis Papin apparently came up with the idea

of using compressed air (1687).

In 1903, the Liquid Air Company located in London England manufactured a

number of compressed air and liquefied air cars. The major problem with these

cars and all compressed air cars is the lack of torque produced by the "engines"

and the cost of compressing the air.

Recently several companies have started to develop compressed air cars,

although none have been released to the public, or have been tested by third

parties.

It cannot be claimed that compressed air as an energy and locomotion vector is

precisely recent technology. In fact at the end of the 19th century the first

approximations to what could one day become a compressed air driven vehicle

already existed, through the arrival of the first pneumatic locomotives.

The first recorded compressed-air vehicle in France was built by the Frenchmen

Andraud and Tessie of Motay in 1838. A car ran on a test track at Chaillot on

the 9th July 1840, and worked well, but the idea was not pursued further.

Also in 1896, Porter supplied ten compressed air motor cars for the Eckington

System in Washington, D.C. There was a tank on the front of the engine and it

was recharged at the station.



Between 1890 and 1902 ten compressed air trams circulated in Bern,

Switzerland.

Charles B. Hodges will always be remembered as the true father of the

compressed air concept applied to cars, being the first person, not only to invent

a car driven by a compressed air engine but also to have considerable

commercial success with it.

After years of working on a system for driving an automobile by means of

compressed air Louis C. Kiser, a 77 year old from Decatur USA has succeeded

in converting his gasoline engine into an air compressed system. Kiser removed

the entire gasoline line, the cylinder head, water-cooling system, and self-

starter. A special cylinder head is substituted and a compressed-air tank added

in place of the gasoline tank.

In 1926 Lee Barton Williams of Pittsburgh USA presented his invention: an

automobile which, he claims runs on air. The motor starts on gasoline, but after

it has reached a speed of ten miles an hour the gasoline supply is shut off and

the air starts to work. At the first test his invention attained a speed of 62 miles

an hour.


http://www.theaircar.com/imagenes/historia/Lee_Barton_Williams.jpg


The first hybrid diesel and compressed air locomotive appeared in 1930, in

Germany. The pressures brought to bear by the oil industry in the transport

sector were ever greater and the truth of the matter is that they managed to

block investigation in this field.

In 1976 Ray Starbard from Vacaville, California developed a truck that is able

to drive on compressed air. He felt that he had invented the power system of the

future, a system that would greatly change the automotive face of the world.

´It’s the car of the future, there’s absolutely no doubt in my mind´

In 1979, Terry Miller decided that compressed air was the perfect medium for

storing energy. He developed Air Car One, which he built for $ 1,500. Terry’s

engines showed that it was feasible to manufacture a car that could run on

compressed air. He patented his method in 1983.

Currently the tram association in Bern Switzerland (BTG) is developing a

locomotive according to the original plans. It is expected to be ready in 2010.

At present various persons and companies are developing compressed air

motors applicable to transportation, apart from the many companies that

produce and commercialize compressed air motors for industrial purposes.



Chapter-3

Engine Design

It uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons in a modified

piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the use of

environmental heat at normal temperature to warm the otherwise cold expanded

air from the storage tank. This non-adiabatic expansion has the potential to

greatly increase the efficiency of the machine. The only exhaust gas is cold air

(−15 °C), which may also be used for air conditioning in a car. The source for

air is a pressurized glass or carbon-fiber tank holding air at around 3,000 lbf/in²

(20 MPa). Air is delivered to the engine via a rather conventional injection

system. Unique crank design within the engine increases the time during which

the air charge is warmed from ambient sources and a two stage process allows

improved heat transfer rates.

The Armando Regusci's version of the air engine has several advantages

over the original Guy Nègre's one. In the initial Guy Nègre's air engine, one

piston compresses air from the atmosphere, holding it on a small container that

feeds the high pressure air tanks with a small amount of air. Then that portion of

the air is sent to the second piston where it works. During compression for

heating it up, there is a loss of energy due to the fact that it cannot receive

energy from the atmosphere as the atmosphere is less warm than it. Also, it has

to expand as it has the crank. The Guy Nègre's air engine works with constant

torque, and the only way to change the torque to the wheels is to use a pulley

transmission of constant variation, losing efficiency. In the Regusci's version,

the transmission system is direct to the wheel, and has variable torque from zero



to the maximum with all the efficiency. When vehicle is stopped, Guy Nègre's

engine has to be on and working, losing energy, while the Regusci's version has

not.

In July 2004, Guy Nègre abandoned his original design, and showed later a

new design where he stated to have it invented back in year 2001, but his new

design is identical to the Armando Regusci's air engine which was patented

back in 1989 (Uruguay) with the patent number 22976, and back in 1990

(Argentina). In those same patents, it is mentioned the use of electrical motors

to compress air in the tanks.



Chapter-4

Basic principle of engine

It uses an innovative system to control the movement of the 2nd generation

pistons and one single crankshaft. The pistons work in two stages - one motor

stage and one intermediate stage of compression/expansion. The engine has 4

two-stage pistons, i.e. 8compression and/or expansion chambers. They have two

functions: to compress ambient air and refill the storage tanks; and to make

successive expansions (reheating air with ambient thermal energy) there by

approaching isothermal expansion. Figure 3 shows the compressed air engine.

Two technologies have been developed to meet different needs:

: - Single energy compressed air engines; and

: - Dual energy compressed air plus fuel engines.

The single energy engines will be available in both Minicats and City cats.

These engines have been conceived for city use, where the maximum speed is

50 km/h and where MDI believes polluting will soon be prohibited.

The dual energy engine, on the other hand, has been conceived as much for the

city as the open road and will be available in all MDI vehicles. The engines will

work exclusively with compressed air while it is running under 50 km/h in

urban areas. But when the car is used outside urban areas at speeds over

50km/h, the engines will switch to fuel mode. The engine will be able to use

gasoline, gas oil, bio-diesel, gas, liquidized gas, ecological fuel, alcohol, etc.

Both engines will be available with2, 4 and 6 cylinders, when the air tanks are



empty the driver will be able to switch to fuel mode, thanks to the car’s on

board computer.

Chapter-5

Working Process

Air powered cars run on compressed air instead of gasoline. Since the car is

working on air there is no pollution. A two cylinder, compressed air engine,

powers the car. The engine can run either on compressed air alone or act as an

internal combustion engine. Compressed air is stored in fiber or glass fiber tanks

at a pressure of 4351 pounds per square inch. The air is fed through an air

injector to the engine and flows into a small chamber, which expands the air. The

air pushing down on the piston moves the crankshaft, which gives the vehicle

power.

This car is also working on a hybrid version of their engine that can run on

traditional fuel in combination with air. The change of energy source is

controlled electronically. When the car is moving at speeds below 60kph, it runs

on air. At higher speeds, it runs on a fuel such as gasoline diesel or natural gas.



1. The first piston takes in ambient air and compresses it to approximately

300 psi and in the compression chamber during the first cycle of the engine.

2. When the piston pause, a small amount of compressed air from the tanks

is released into the expansion chamber to create a low pressured, low

temperature volume of about 140psi.

3. Shortly before the valve to the exhaust cylinder is opened, a high-speed

shutter connects the compression and expansion chambers. The sudden

pressure and temperature difference between the low chambers creates

pressure waves in the expansion chamber, thereby producing work in the

exhaust chamber that drives the piston to power the engine.

The air tanks for storing the compressed air are localized underneath the

vehicle. They are constructed of reinforced carbon fiber with a thermoplastic

liner. Each tank can hold 3,180 ft3 of air at a pressure of up to 4,300 psi. When

connected to a special compressor station, the tanks can be recharged within 3-



4 minutes. They can also be recharged using the on-board compressor 3-4 hours

after connecting to a standard power outlet.

Chapter-6

Vehicle Parts

Articulated con-rod

The MDI con-rod system allows the piston to be held at Top Dead Centre

for 70% of the cycle. This way, enough time is given to create the pressure in

the cylinder. The torque is also better so the force exerted on the crankshaft is

less substantial than in a classic system.



Fig 6. Articulated con-rod

Gear box

Gear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system developed by

MDI. A computer which controls the speed of the car is effectively

continuously changing gears. The latest of many previous versions, this gearbox

achieves the objective of seamless changes and minimal energy consumption.

Moto-alternator

The moto-alternator connects the engine to the gearbox. It has many functions:

It supports the CAT´s motor to allow the tanks to be refilled.

As an alternator it produces brake power.

It starts the vehicle and provides extra power when necessary.

Distribution and valves



To ensure smooth running and to optimize energy efficiency, the engines use

a simple electromagnetic distribution system which controls the flow of air into

the engine. This system runs on very little energy and alters neither the valve

phase nor its rise.

Fig 7. Distribution valve

Compressed air tanks

Compressed air tanks are one of the major part of this cars. These tanks hold 90

cubic meters of air compressed to 300 bars. It is similar to the tanks used to

carry the liquid gas used by buses for public transport. The tanks enjoy the same

technology developed to contain natural gas. They are designed and officially

approved to carry an explosive product: methane gas.

In the case of a major accident, where the tanks are ruptured, they would

not explode since they are not metal. Instead they would crack, as they are made

of carbon fiber. An elongated crack would appear in the tank, without

exploding, and the air would simply escape, producing a loud but harmless

noise. Of course, since this technology is licensed to transport an inflammable



and explosive gas (Natural gas), it is perfectly capable inoffensive and non-

flammable air.

It is fitting, therefore, that MDI has reached an agreement with the European

leader in aerospace technology air bus industries for the manufacture of the

compressed air storage tanks. With a remote supervision arrangement, Airbus

Industries oversees the making of the storage tanks at each MDI factory. The

coiled carbon fibre technology used in the construction of the tanks is complex

and requires a substantial quality control process which the multinational

company, home of the Airbus aircraft, will provide for our vehicles.

Brake power recovery

The MDI vehicles will be equipped with a range of modern systems. For

example, one mechanism stops the engine when the car is stationary (at traffic

lights, junctions etc). Another interesting feature is the pneumatic system which

recovers about 13% of the power used.

The body

The MDI car body is built with fibre and injected foam, as are most of the

cars on the market today. This technology has two main advantages: cost and

weight. Nowadays the use of sheet steel for car bodies is only because of cost -

it is cheaper to serially produce sheet steel bodies than fibre ones. However,

fibre is safer (it doesn’t cut like steel), is easier to repair (it is glued), doesn’t

rust etc. MDI is currently looking into using hemp fibre to replace fibre-glass,

and natural varnishes, to produce 100% non-contaminating bodywork.



The Air Filter

The MDI engine works with both air taken from the atmosphere and air

pre-compressed in tanks. Air is compressed by the on-board compressor or at

service stations equipped with a high-pressure compressor. Before compression,

the air must be filtered to get rid of any impurities that could damage the engine.

Carbon filters are used to eliminate dirt, dust, humidity and other particles,

which unfortunately, are found in the air in our cities.

This represents a true revolution in automobiles - it is the first time that a

car has produced minus pollution, i.e. it eliminates and reduces existing

pollution rather than emitting dirt and harmful gases. The exhaust pipe on the

MDI cars produces clean air, which is cold on exit (between -15º and 0º) and is

harmless to human life. With this system the air that comes out of the car is

cleaner than the air that went in.



The chassis

Based on its experience in aeronautics, MDI has put together highly resistant,

yet light, chassis, aluminium rods glued together. Using rods enables us to build

a more shock-resistant chassis than regular chasses. Additionally, the rods are

glued in the same way as aircraft, allowing quick assembly and a more secure

join than with welding. This system helps to reduce manufacture time.

Electrical system



Guy Nègre, inventor of the MDI Air Car, acquired the patent for an

interesting invention for installing electrics in a vehicle. Using a radio

transmission system, each electrical component receives signals with a

microcontroller. Thus only one cable is needed for the whole car. So, instead of

wiring each component (headlights, dashboard lights, lights inside the car, etc),

one cable connects all electrical parts in the car. The most obvious advantages

are the ease of installation and repair and the removal of the approximately 22

kg of wires no longer necessary. What’s more, the entire system becomes an

anti-theft alarm as soon as the key is removed from the car.

Refilling of air

Three modes of fuelling tank:

Air Stations

Domestic electric plug

Dual-energy mode

1. The air can be filled at our home by using Air Compressor, but it requires

3 to 4 hrs.

2. And the air can be filled in Air Stations and it requires just 2 to 3 minutes.



Chapter-7

Models

a) Family

A spacious car with seats which can face different directions. The vehicle´s

design is based on the needs of a typical family.

Characteristics: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.

Dimensions: 3.84m, 1.72m, 1.75m

Weight: 750 kg

Maximum

speed:110 km/h

Mileage: 200 - 300 km

Max load: 500 Kg

Recharge

time:

4 hours (Mains connector)

Recharge 3 minutes (Air station)



time:

b) Van

Designed for daily use in industrial, urban or rural environments, whose

primary drivers would be tradesmen, farmers and delivery drivers.

Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 2 seats, 1.5 m3.


Weight: 750 kg

Maximum

speed:110 km/h


Maximum

load:

500 Kg

Recharging

time:


Recharging

time:

3 minutes (Air station)

c) Taxi



Inspired by the London Taxi, with numerous ergonomic and comfort

advantages for the passenger as well as for the driver.

Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.


Weight: 750 kg

Maximum

speed:110 km/h


Maximum

load:

500 Kg

Recharging

time:


Recharging

time:


d) Pick-Up

The "pleasure" car: designed for excursions, outdoor sports or water sports.

Also suitable for tradesmen and small businesses.



Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, 2 seats.


Weight: 750 kg

Maximum

speed:110 km/h


Maximum

load:

500 Kg

Recharging

time:


Recharging

time:


e) Mini Cat’s

The smallest and most innovative: three seats, minimal dimensions with the

boot of a saloon: a great challenge for such a small car which runs on

compressed air. The Minicat is the city car of the future.



Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 3 seats, 1.5 m3.


Weight: 750 kg

Maximum

speed:110 km/h


Maximum

load:

270 Kg

Recharging

time:


Recharging

time:



http://www.theaircar.com/models.html


Chapter-8

Developers & manufacturers

Various companies are investing in the research, development and deployment

of compressed air cars. Overoptimistic reports of impending production date

back to at least May 1999. For instance, the MDI Air Car made its public debut

in South Africa in 2002, and was predicted to be in production “within six

months” in January2004. As of January 2009, the Air Car never went into

production in South Africa. Most of the cars under development also rely on

using similar technology to low-energy vehicles in order to increase the range

and performance of their cars.



APUC-: APUC (Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasi turbine) has

made the APUC Air Car, a car powered by a Quasiturbine.

MDI-: MDI (Motor Development International) has proposed a range of

vehicles made up of Air Pod, OneFlowAir, CityFlowAir. One of the main

innovations of this company is its implementation of its “active chamber”,

which is a compartment which heats the air (through the use of fuel) in order to

double the energy output. This ‘innovation’ was first used in torpedoes in 1904.

Tata Motors-: As of January 2009 Tata Motors of India had planned to launch

a car with an MDI compressed air engine in 2011. In December 2009 Tata’s

vice president of engineering systems confirmed that the limited range and low

engine temperatures were causing problems. Tata motors announced in May

2012 that they have assessed the design passing phase 1, the “proof of the

technical concept” towards full production for the Indian Market. Tata has

moved onto phase 2, “completing detailed development of the compressed air

engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications.”

Air Car Factories SA-: Air Car Factories SA is proposing to develop and built

a compressed air engine. This Spanish based company was founded by Miguel

Celades. Currently there is a bitter dispute between MDI, another firm called

Luis which developed compressed-air vehicles, and Mr. Celades, who was once

associated with that firm.

Like all above more developer & manufacturer are Energine Corporation,

Kernelys, Engineair, Honda, Peugeot/Citroen etc.

Air cars in india :



Tata Motors has signed an agreement with Motor Development International of

France to develop a car that runs on compressed air, thus making it very

economical to run and almost totally pollution free. Although there is no official

word on when the car will be commercially manufactured for India, re-ports say

that it will be sooner than later. The car – Mini CAT - could cost around Rs

350,000 in India and would have a range of around 300 km between refuels.

The cost of a refill would be about Rs 90. In the single energy mode MDI cars

consume around Rs 45 every 100km. Figure 6 shows the proposed air car for

India. The smallest and most innovative (three seats, minimal dimensions with

the boot of a saloon), it is a great challenge for such a small car which runs on

compressed air. The Mini CAT is the city car of the future.

Other developments in compressed air car technology :

Currently some new technologies regarding compressed air cars have emerged.

A Republic of Korean company has created a pneumatic hybrid electric vehicle

car engine that runs on electricity and compressed air. The engine, which

powers a pneumatic-hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), works alongside an electric



motor to create the power source. The system eliminates the need for fuel,

making the PHEV pollution-free. The system is con-trolled by an ECU in the

car, which controls both power packs i.e. the compressed-air engine and electric

motor. The compressed air drives the pistons, which turn the vehicle’s wheels.

The air is compressed, using a small motor, powered by a 48-volt battery, which

powers both the air compressor and the electric motor. Once compressed, the air

is stored in a tank. The compressed air is used when the car needs a lot of

energy, such as for starting up and acceleration. The electric motor comes to life

once the car has gained normal cruising speed. The PHEV system could reduce

the cost of vehicle production by about 20 per cent, because there is no need for

a cooling system, fuel tank, spark plugs or silencers.

Safety features of the air car:

The CATS air tanks store 90m3 of air at 300 bars of pressure (four tanks have a

capacity of 90 litres, and they store 90m3 of air at a pressure of 300 bars),just

like tanks already used to carry liquefied gases on some urban buses. That

means that the tanks are prepared and certified to carry an explosive product:

methane gas. In the case of an accident with air tank breakage, there would be

no explosion or shattering because the tanks are not metallic but made of glass

fiber. The tanks would crack longitudinally, and the air would escape, causing a

strong buzzing sound with no dangerous factor. It is clear that if this technology

has been tested and prepared to carry an inflammable and explosive gas, it can

also be used to carry air. In order to avoid the so-called ‘rocket effect’ (air

escaping through one of the tank’s extremities causing a pressure leak that could



move the car), MDI made a small but important change in the design. Where the

valve on the bus tanks are placed on one of the extremities, MDI has placed the

valve in the middle of the tank reducing the ‘rocket effect’ to a minimum

(Figure 5).

Chapter-9

Advantages

Advantages of vehicles powered by compressed air:

The costs involved to compress the air to be used in a vehicle are inferior

to the costs involved with a normal combustion engine.

Air is abundant, economical, transportable, storable and, most

importantly, non-polluting.

The technology involved with compressed air reduces the production

costs of vehicles with 20% because it is not necessary to assemble a

refrigeration system, a fuel tank, spark plugs or silencers.

Air itself is not flammable.



The mechanical design of the motor is simple and robust

It does not suffer from corrosion damage resulting from the battery.

Less manufacturing and maintenance costs.

The tanks used in an air compressed motor can be discarded or recycled

with less contamination than batteries.

The tanks used in a compressed air motor have a longer lifespan in

comparison with batteries, which, after a while suffer from a reduction in

performance.

Refuelling can be done at home using an air compressor or at service

stations. The energy required for compressing air is produced at large

centralized plants, making it less costly and more effective to manage

carbon emissions than from individual vehicles.

Reduced vehicle weight is the principle efficiency factor of compressed-

air cars. Furthermore, they are mechanically more rudimentary than

traditional vehicles as many conventional parts of the engine may be

omitted. Some plans include motors built into the hubs of each wheel,

thereby removing the necessity of a transmission, drive axles and

differentials. A four passenger vehicle weighing less than 800 lbs. is a

reasonable design goal.

One manufacturer promises a range of 200 miles by the end of the year at

a cost of € 1.50 per fill-up.

Compressed air engines reduce the cost of vehicle production by about

20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs,

transmission, axles, starter motor, or mufflers.



Most compressed air engines do not need a transmission, only a flow

control.

The rate of self-discharge is very low opposed to batteries that deplete

their charge slowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle may be left unused

for longer periods of time than electric cars.

Lower initial cost than battery electric vehicles when mass produced. One

estimate is €3,000 less.

Compressed air is not subject to fuel tax.

Expansion of the compressed air lowers in temperature; this may be

exploited for use as air conditioning.

Compressed-air vehicles emit no pollutants.

Possibility to refill air tank at home (using domestic power socket).

Lighter vehicles would result in less wear on roads.

The price of fuelling air powered vehicles may be significantly cheaper

than current fuels. Some estimates project only $3.00 for the cost of

electricity for filling a tank.

Chapter-10

Disadvantages

Just like the modern car and most household appliances, the principle

disadvantage is that of indirect energy use. Energy is used to compress air,

which - in turn - provides the energy to run the motor. Any indirect step in

energy usage results in loss. For conventional combustion motor cars, the

energy is lost when oil is converted to usable fuel - including drilling,



refinement, labor and storage. For compressed-air cars, energy is lost when

electrical energy is converted to compressed air.

Further disadvantages:

According to thermodynamics, when air is expanded in the engine, it

cools via adiabatic cooling and thereby loses pressure, reducing the

amount of power passed the engine at lower temperatures. Furthermore, it

is difficult to maintain or restore the temperature of the compressed or

compressing air using a heat exchanger due to the high rate of flow. The

ideal isothermic energy capacity of the tank will therefore not be realized.

Low temperatures may also encourage the engine to ice up.

Refuelling the compressed air container using a home or low-end

conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours. Service stations

may have specialized equipment that may take only 3 minutes.

Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks;

the only published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was

limited to a range of 7.22 km.

Chapter-11

Conclusion

The technology of compressed air vehicles is not new. In fact, it has been

around for years. Compressed air technology allows for engines that are both

non-polluting and economical. After ten years of research and development, the

compressed air vehicle will be introduced worldwide. Unlike electric or



hydrogen powered vehicles, com-pressed air vehicles are not expensive and do

not have a limited driving range. Compressed air vehicles are affordable and

have a performance rate that stands up to current standards. To summit up, they

are non-expensive cars that do not pollute and are easy to get around in cities.

The emission benefits of introducing this zero emission technology are obvious.

At the same time the well to wheels efficiency of these vehicles need to be

improved.

This is a revolutionary engine design which is not only eco-friendly, pollution

free, but also very economical. This addresses both the Problems of fuel crises

and pollution. However excessive research is needed to completely prove the

technology for both its commercial and technical viability.

References:

GANESAN, V. “Computer Simulation of Spark Ignition Engine

Processes” University press, 1996.



GANESAN, V. “Computer Simulation of Compression ignition Engine

Processes” University press, 2002.

HEYWOOD, J.B., “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals”;

McGraw-Hill Book Company, SA, 1988.

GUEY NYGER, MDI “The Compressed air Engine” Barcelona, Spain,

2002.

GUEY NYGER, MDI “the Articulated Con Rod”, Barcelona, Spain,

2002

SAE 1999-01-0623, Schechter.M., “New Cycles for Automobile

engines.”

Internet website, www.theaircar. Com.

Internet website, www.peswiki.com


report of air powered cars

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