REDE CARVÃO - REDE DE PESQUISA,

DESENVOLVIMENTO TECNOLÓGICO E INOVAÇÃO EM CARVÃO MINERAL

COAL NETWORK - NETWORK FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN COAL

REPORT: 2006 – 2011             

Porto Alegre, March 2012. 

REDE CARVÃO - REDE DE PESQUISA, DESENVOLVIMENTO TECNOLÓGICO E INOVAÇÃO EM CARVÃO MINERAL

COAL NETWORK - NETWORK FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND

INNOVATION IN COAL Introduction The Network for Research, Technological Development and Innovation in Coal, COAL NETWORK, was created in June 2006, inside the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of the Federal Government. Coal is very abundant in our country. The known reserves are about 30 billion tons. Brazil needs diversified energy sources and can not relegate to the background the use of coals. Highly developed countries, citing the example of Germany and the United States, base their energy matrices in the use of coals. To use this raw material in a correct and sustainable way, from the standpoint of environmental and economic, it is necessary scientific and technological developments. Thus, the Coal Network provides various types of support to promote good use of this energy source. Today, the Coal Network provides more than 200 members, distributed in more than 40 institutions, including Universities, Research Centers, Government Agencies and Industrial Sectors. In these five years of existence the Coal Network supported several research projects, international cooperation, exchange of scientists, acquisition of new equipments and training of scientists, engineers and students. The Coal Network supported also courses and lectures of renowned researchers, as well as the organization of national and international events in various sectors of research in coal. Also with the support of the Network Coal was possible to create a Master Program. We believe it is also crucial to the country to maintain and increase this program, that can collaborate with the Science, Technology and Innovation of our Brazil. Purpose of the Coal Network "Being an instrument of integrated and synergistic action to generate knowledge, technology and innovation in order to support the coal productive chain for the sustainable use of Brazilian coals". Main thematic areas • Production • Conversion and applications • Environment on coal Goals of the Coal Network

Production - Improvement of knowledge of coal deposits - Optimization and development of new mining technologies - Optimization and development of technologies for beneficiation of coal and waste Conversion and applications - Production of combustible gases - Generation of gases for synthesis or ore reduction - Efficient use of Brazilian coal in GCT\PCT - Use of Brazilian coals in steelmaking - Reduction of CO2 in processes Environment on coal - Development of alternative uses of waste and ash - Development of techniques for prediction, prevention and treatment of acid mine drainage - Development of evaluation\prioritization criteria - Development of techniques for restoration of ecosystems - Development of Protocol of decommissioning - Development of evaluation methods - Development of techniques of impacts on water bodies - Reduce, control and monitoring of emissions - simulation - Reduction of CO2 in the production chain Coordination Committee General Coordinator Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio - UFRGS Representatives of the thematic areas: Production José Alcides Fonseca Ferreira - CPRM Antônio Cezar Faria Vilela - UFRGS César Ferrazzi Duarte - ABCM Conversion and applications Nilson Romeu Marcílio - UFRGS David Turick Chazan - ABCM Luiz Nelson Valcareggi - CGTEE Environment on coal Paulo Sérgio Moreira Soares - CETEM/MCT Cléber José Baldoni Gomes - ABCM Ivo André Homrich Schneider - UFRGS Technical Support Gerson Luis Miltzarek Alejandra Liendo Adam Lee Paz da Silva

Institutions Participating in the Coal Network Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul • Laboratório de Processamento Mineral - LAPROM • Laboratório de Siderurgia - LASID • Laboratório de Tecnologia Mineral e Ambiental - LTM • Laboratório de Pesquisa Mineral e Planejamento Mineiro - LPM • Laboratório de Estudos Ambientais para Metalurgia - LEAMET • Laboratório de Petrografia de Carvões – I. Geociências Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro • Laboratório Tecnologia Mineral • Laboratório de Palinofácies & Fácies Orgânica - LAFO • Instituto de Geociências Centro Universitário La Salle, Canoas Universidade Regional Integrada - Campus de Erechim • Engenharia Industrial Mecânica Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul • Centro de Excelência em Pesquisa sobre Armazenamento de Carbono - CEPAC – PUCRS Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro • Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais e Metalurgia – PUC-RJ Universidade Federal do Pampa (Unipampa) • Curso Superior de Tecnologia em Mineração (CSTM) Research Centers • Centro de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM • Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia - CIENTEC • Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - CEPEL • Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - IPT • Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE • Centro Tecnológico de Carvão Limpo - CTCL/SATC • CENPES/PETROBRÁS Government Agencies and Associations • Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais - CPRM • Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral - DNPM • Associação Brasileira do Carvão Mineral - ABCM • Sindicato da Indústria da Extração de Carvão do Estado de Santa Catarina - SIECESC • Associação Brasileira das Instituições de PesquisaTecnológica • Associação Beneficiente da Indústria Carbonífera de Santa Catarina - SATC • Associação Brasileira dos Analistas de Inteligência Competitiva – ABRAIC Industrial Sector • Companhia de Geração Térmica de Energia Elétrica - CGTEE • Carbonífera Criciúma • Indústria Carbonífera Rio Deserto • Carbonífera Catarinense • Ferrovia Tereza Cristina

• Carbonífera Metropolitana • ICON • Copelmi Mineração Ltda. • Companhia Riograndense de Mineração Main research projects supported by Coal Network Scientific and Technological Research for recovery of environmental impact of the coal basin of Santa Catarina Purpose / Summary: To generate new knowledge for the development of mining in a sustainable way and to explore possible applications in industrial scale. Institutions involved: Fundação de Ciência, Aplicações e Tecnologia Espaciais (FUNCATE), Centro de Tecnologia Mineral (CETEM/MCT), Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (CPRM) do MME, Núcleo de Análise de Sistemas Ambientais (NASA) da UFRJ e Sindicato da Indústria de Extração de Carvão Mineral do Estado de Santa Catarina (SIECESC). Methods and technical diagnostics for restoration of areas impacted by the extraction and use of coal Purpose / Summary: Establish a System to recover degraded areas by coal mining uses. Institutions involved: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Centro de Ecologia - UFRGS/CE. Utilization of zeolites synthesized from coal ash in environmental decontamination in mining areas Purpose / Summary: The main objective of the project is the optimization of processes for the synthesis of zeolites from fly ash of coal combustion (Candiota coal). Institutions involved: Faculdade de Química ( FAQUI) , Departamento de Química Ambiental (LQAmb), Centro de Excelência em Pesquisa sobre Armazenamento de Carbono (CEPAC), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS. Technological Characterization of Lower Layers of Candiota coal, aiming to Electric Power Generation Purpose / Summary: The main objective of this project is to study all coal seams in the Candiota coal deposit, to evaluate their potential for generating electricity. Institutions involved: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Geociências (IG), Departamento de Geologia (DEGEO). Utilization of fine coal from the south of Brazil for use in power generation Purpose / Summary: Beneficiation studies of coal fines aiming their use in blast furnaces. Institution involved: Centro de Tecnologia Mineral (CETEM/MCT). Development of technologies and methodologies for environmental monitoring of water quality of southern Santa Catarina coal basin Purpose / Summary: Contribution to the sustainable development of mining through the development of methods for environmental monitoring of water quality in southern Santa Catarina coal basin. Institution involved in this project: Centro de Tecnologia Mineral (CETEM/MCT). Development of equipments for water treatment and recovery of the Santa Catarina Coal Basin Institutions involved: Laboratório de Tecnologia Mineral (LTM), UFRGS, SIECESC, and AQUAFLOT INDUSTRIAL LTDA.

Sustainable Use of Coal for Power Generation: Technology Development and oxy-fuel and co-firing of coal / biomass Purpose / Summary: The project's overall objective is to study two alternatives for sustainable energy generation. Institutions involved: Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (CT/UFRGS). Technological Characterization of Lower Layers of the Candiota coal aiming to Electric Power Generation Purpose / Summary: The project's objective is to develop combustion studies of coal / biomass mixtures in pilot plants. Institutions involved: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Geociências (IG), Departamento de Geologia (DEGEO). Generation of Gas Fuel for the Ceramic Industry from Fluidized Bed Combustors Institution involved: CECRISA REVESTIMENTOS CERÂMICOS (CECRISA). Advanced Technologies for Thermoelectric Generation Institutions involved: Fundação de Ciência e tecnologia – CIENTEC, Companhia Rio Grandense de Mineração – CRM-RS, Tractebel Energia AS, Companhia de Geração Térmica de Energia Elétrica (CGTEE). Identification, qualification and quantification of coals for use in power plants: laboratory infrastructure for scientific research Institutions involved: UFRGS, CETEM/MCT, SATC, CIENTEC, CRM, CPRM, CGTEE. Characterization and Testing of Coal Combustion applied to Brazilian Thermal Power Generation Purpose / Summary: Consolidation of the Coal Network. Institutions involved: Associação Beneficente da Indústria Carbonífera de Santa Catarina (SATC). Supporting the laboratory infrastructure, training human resources at Coal Mining Technology Center in Cricklewood, SC Purpose / Summary: To support the implementation and consolidation of the Campus. Institutions involved: Associação Beneficente da Indústria Carbonífera de Santa Catarina (SATC). Gasification of Coals applied to Brazilian Thermal Power Generation and Fuel Production Purpose / Summary: To support, in a complementary way, the implementation of the Technological Center of Clean Coal (CTCL). Institutions involved: Associação Beneficente da Indústria Carbonífera de Santa Catarina (SATC). Equipment Funded by Coal Network Abrasímetro de Bond Local: CETEM – Rio de Janeiro Responsible: Cláudio Schneider( claudio@mineraltech.com ) AccuPyc 1340 Automatic Gas Pycnometer Local: CETEM – Rio de Janeiro Responsible: Cláudio Schneider( claudio@mineraltech.com )

Cross-Flow Teeter Bed Local: CETEM – Rio de Janeiro Responsible: Cláudio Schneider ( claudio@mineraltech.com ) Delta T Logger Local: CETEM – Rio de Janeiro Responsible: Paulo Sérgio Moreira Soares( psoares@cetem.gov.br ) Elemental Analyzer CHNS Local: Centro de Tecnologia – UFRGS – Porto Alegre Responsible: Ivo André Homrich Schneider ( ivo.andre@ufrgs.br ) Spectrophotometer Ultraviolet / Visible Local: CETEM – Rio de Janeiro Responsible: Paulo Sérgio Moreira Soares ( psoares@cetem.gov.br ) Equipment for Measurement of Particulate Matter Local: CIENTEC – Porto Alegre Responsible: Leandro Dalla Zen ( dallazen@cientec.rs.gov.br ) Expert Shape Analyzer Local: Laboratório de Tecnologia Mineral – UFRGS – Porto Alegre Responsible: Jorge Rubio ( jrubio@ufrgs.br ) Horizontal Mill Local: Laboratório de Tecnologia Mineral – UFRGS – Porto Alegre Responsible: Jorge Rubio ( jrubio@ufrgs.br ) Geophysical Borehole Logging Local: Laboratório de Pesquisa Mineral – UFRGS – Porto Alegre Responsible: Paulo Salvadoretti ( paulo.salvadoretti@ufrgs.br ) Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer Local: CIENTEC – Porto Alegre Responsible: Lizete Ferret ( lizete@cientec.rs.gov.br ) Lavador de Gases Local: CIENTEC – Porto Alegre Responsible: Leandro Dalla Zen ( dallazen@cientec.rs.gov.br ) Medidor de Alta Resistência Local: SATC – Criciúma Responsible: Fernando Zancan ( zancan@carvaomineral.com.br ) Metallographic microscope Bomba Calorimétrica Responsible : Wolfgang Kalkreuth ( wolfgang.kalkreuth@ufrgs.br ) Prensa Servo Local: Laboratório de Pesquisa Mineral – UFRGS – Porto Alegre Responsible: André Zingano ( andrezin@ufrgs.br ) Perfilagem Geofísica Local: SATC – Criciúma Responsible: Fernando Zancan ( zancan@carvaomineral.com.br )

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Iron&Steelmaking Research Laboratory - LASID Center of Technology - School of Engineering

Created in 1987, LASID enables students and researchers to develop basic and applied research in iron&steelmaking which aims at the industry and academic performance. The raw material characterization, the processes optimisation and the recycling of siderurgical wastes are researched. LASID acts with PPGEM – Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. In the Coal Net, Lasid works in the field of coal use in ironmaking. LASID STAFF Prof. Dr-Ing. Antônio Cezar Faria Vilela -coordinator; vilela@ufrgs.br Prof. Dr. Eduardo Osório; eosorio@ufrgs.br Post-graduation students Juliana Gonçalves Pohlmann - Coal Net grant doctorate student Maria Luisa F. Ghiggi – master student Cláudia Barbieri – Coal Net grant master student Bruno D. Flores - master student Ismael V. Flores - master student Andre da Silveira Machado - Coal Net grant DTI Post-Graduated students Dra. Janaina G. M. S. Machado – Coal Net grant DTI MSc. Juliana G. Pohlmann – Coal Net grant DTI Former undergratuated students with Coal Net grant Marcelo F. Lopes Luciano Meirelles Santana Bruno D. Flores Júlia Beltrami Jakson Mattiello Bruna Bartosiaki Cristiano da Silva Varzim Rodrigo Schiavon Michel Geyer Ismael V. Flores

Projects and equipments financed by Coal Net Project: Brazilian Coal as energy for ironmaking

Pulverized coal injection (PCI) is one of the most effective technologies for energy generation in blast furnace for coke consumption decrease. The main acknowledged advantages of PCI are that they can replace part of the coke required for the blast furnace. This can lead to a significant environmental improvement and a decrease in hot metal cost. The Brazilian blast furnace has used various coals with a wide range of volatile matter (10–40%), but with low ash contents.

This study aims to evaluate the properties, coal combustibility and char reactivity of Brazilian coals and blends for use in PCI, and it was developed in many stages: i) study of combustibility of Leao coal, imported coals and charcoal and theirs blends in a laboratory rig that simulates the behaviour of fines injected into the raceway; ii) evaluation of petrology, combustion in a drop tube furnace (DTF) and in TGA of Faxinal coal and imported coals; iii) identification and quantification of carbonaceous components (coal, char and coke fines) in the off-gas blast furnace through the use of the XRD technique; iv) combustion into DTF of B3 Mine coal and imported coals under two different atmospheres O2/N2 (typical combustion) and O2/CO2 (oxy combustion), and petrographic analysis and CO2 reactivities in TGA of their respective chars; v) behaviour

evaluation (fusibility and viscosity) of coal ashes at high temperatures in relation to their chemical and mineralogical composition.

As general results, it is possible to emphasize the following: - Brazilian coals show a high reactivity and combustibility in TGA, in laboratory injection rig and in DTF, compared with the studied imported coals, but their individual injection does not seem to be feasible due to their high ash, sulphur and alkalis contents. - The results indicated high combustibility, for both O2/N2 and O2/CO2 (oxy-fuel) atmospheres, surface area and reactivity by B3 coal compared to the other ones. - The XRD technique could be used to quantify the percentage of coal char and coke fines in the BF flue dust samples. The use of this technique showed that the coke presents a more organized crystalline structure than the char, verified by its highest value of the crystallite size Lc; - The ash fusion temperatures of the coal blends were not additives in relation to the individual coal ashes. Ash containing high levels of Si (especially quartz) and Al showed higher fusion temperatures and higher viscosity at 1500°C, whereas those presenting significant levels of Fe, Ca and S had lower fusion temperatures and lower viscosity. The injection of coal blends with Brazilian coals is particularly interesting since it promotes the use of national coal and, therefore, decreases the foreign dependence on coals to PCI use. Equipments: STA 409 PC4HLUXX NETZSCH: Simultaneous TG-DTA/DSC Apparatus: Nova 3200e Quantachrome: Automated surface area and pore size analyzer Elemental Analyzer vario EL III CHNS: for simultaneous C, H, N and S analysis Plasma Asher – low temperature ash test Mortar mill Electric Furnace up to 1600ºC with mobile base Scientific publishing 2006-20011 Papers in International Journals GOMES, M.L.I., OSÓRIO, E., VILELA, A.C.F., OSORIO, E. Thermal analysis evaluation of the reactivity of coal mixtures for injection in the blast furnace. Materials Research. v. 9, p.91-95, 2006. OSORIO, E, GOMES, M.L.I., VILELA, A.C.F., KALKREUTH, W, ALMEIDA, M, BORREGO, A, ALVAREZ, D, OSORIO, E. Evaluation of petrology and reactivity of coal blends for use in pulverized coal injection (PCI). International Journal of Coal Geology. v. 68, p.14-29, 2006. BAGATINI, M.C., GHIGGI, M.L. F., OSORIO, E., VILELA, A.C.F., DEFENDI, G., CRUZ J., Roberto. Estudo da fusibilidade das cinzas de carvões em função da composição química e mineralógica. Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais (São Paulo). v. 3, p.52- 58, 2007. OSORIO, E., GHIGGI, M.L.F., VILELA, A.C.F., KALKREUTH, W.D., BORREGO, A.G. Non-isothermal combustion behaviour of coal blends in a thermobalance as seen by optical microscopy. Thermochimica Acta. v. 475, p.1-7, 2008. DEFENDI, G.-A., FUJIHARA, F.-K., CORREA, M., CRUZ, R., REZENDE, R., OSORIO, E., PARREIRAS, R. Development of knowledge on combustion and ash behavior of pulverized coals injected in ArcelorMittal Tubarão blast furnaces. Revue de Métallurgie. p.346-355, 2008 BORREGO, A, OSORIO, E, CASAL, M, VILELA, A, OSORIO, E. Coal char combustion under a CO2-rich atmosphere: Implications for pulverized coal injection in a blast furnace. Fuel Processing Technology. v. 89, p.1017-1024, 2008.

BAGATINI, M. C., KLUG, J. L., HECK, N. C., OSÓRIO, E., VILELA, A. C. F., CRUZ, R., OSORIO, E. Behaviour of coal ashes for pulverized coal injection at high temperatures in relation to their chemical and mineralogical composition: experimental and computational analysis. Ironmaking & Steelmaking. v. 36, p.583-589, 2009. POHLMANN, J.G., OSORIO, E., VILELA, A.C.F., BORREGO, A.G. Reactivity to CO2 of chars prepared in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 mixtures for pulverized coal injection (PCI) in blast furnace in relation to char petrographic characteristics. International Journal of Coal Geology. p.293- 300, 2010. MACHADO, J. G. M. S., OSORIO, E., VILELA, A. C. F., BABICH, A., SENK, D., GUDENAU, H. W. Reactivity and Conversion Behaviour of Brazilian and Imported Coals, Charcoal and Blends in view of their Injection into Blast Furnaces. Steel Research International. v. 81, p.9-16, 2010. BAGATINI, M.C., ZYMLA, V., OSÓRIO, E., VILELA, A.C.F. Characterization and Reduction Behavior of Mill Scale. ISIJ International. v.51, p.1072 - 1079, 2011. MACHADO, A. S., MEXIAS, A. S., Vilela, A.C.F., OSORIO, E. Quantificação por DRX dos componentes carbonosos presentes no pó de balão do alto-forno. Tecnologia em Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração. v. 8, p.254-260, 2011. Papers presented in international congresses ALVAREZ, D., BORREGO, A.G.., OSORIO, E., VILELA, A. C. F. Char refiring under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres. Implication for PCI injection in blast furnace In: International Conference on Coal Science and Techonology, 2007, Nottingham. OSORIO, E., BORREGO, A.G., ALVAREZ, D., GHIGGI, M.L.F., VILELA, A. C. F., KALKREUTH, W. Tracing the combustion of coal blends in a thermobalance by optical microscopy In: International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, 2007, Nottingham. BAGATINI, M.C., GHIGGI, M.L.F., VILELA, A.C.F., DEFENDI, G., CRUZ, R., OSORIO, E. Avaliação do Comportamento de Fluidez das Cinzas de Carvões para PCI em função da Composição Química e Mineralógica In: 6Th IAS Ironmaking Conference, 2007, Rosario. DEFENDI, G., CRUZ, R., CORREA, M. FUJJIHARA, F., REZENDE,R., PARREIRAS, R., OSORIO, E. Development of combustion knowledge and ash behaviour of pulverized coals injected in ArcelorMittal Tubarao blast furnaces In: 28es Journees Siderurgiques Internationales. Associacion Technique de la Siderurgie Française, 2007, Paris. BAGATINI, M., Klug, J., GHIGGI, M.L.F., HECK, N. C., VILELA, A. C. F., OSORIO, E. High temperature behavior of PCI coal ashes as function of chemical and mineralogical composition-experimental and computational analysis In: 7th Japan-Brazil Symposium on Dust Processing Energy-Environment in Metallurgical Industries, 2008, São Paulo. MACHADO, J.G.M.S., OSORIO, E., Vilela, A.C.F., Babish, A., Gudenau, H.W., Senk, D. Study of the Behavior of Biomass, Coal and Mixtures at their Injection into Blast Furnaces In: The 5th International Congress on the Science and Technology of Ironmaking (ICSTI’09), 2009, Shanghai. POHLMANN, J.G., BORREGO, A.G., VILELA, A.C.F., OSORIO, E. Evaluation of the CO2 reactivity of chars obtained in a drop tube furnace (DTF) under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres

In: Joint 61st ICCP/26th TSOP Meeting - Advances in Organic Petrology and Organic Geochemistry, 2009, Gramado. MACHADO, A.S, VILELA, A.C.F., MEXIAS, A. S., OSORIO, E. Identification of coal char and coke fines proportion in the off gas blast furnace dust by x-ray diffraction In: Joint 61st ICCP/26th TSOP Meeting - Advances in Organic Petrology and Organic Geochemistry, 2009, Gramado. POHLMANN, J.G., BORREGO, A.G., VILELA, A.C.F., OSÓRIO, E. Evaluation of the CO2 reactivity of chars obtained under conventional (O2/N2) and oxy-fuel (O2/CO2) atmospheres. In: 8TH Japan-Brazil Symposium on Dust Processing-Energy-Environment in Metallurgical Industries, 2010, Fukuoka. GHIGGI, M.L.F., OSORIO, E., VILELA, A.C.F., BARROS, R.,CRUZ, R. Avaliação do comportamento das cinzas de misturas de carvões para PCI em altas temperaturas e sua relação com a composição química e mineralógica In: 8ª Conferencia de Reduccion/8º Ironmaking Conference, 2011, Rosario. GOMES G.M.F., ZEN, D.L., OSORIO, E., VILELA, A.C.F. Biomass and Mineral Coal in South Brazil: Potential Use for Energy In: International Conference on Coal Science and Technology (ICCST& 2011), 2011, Oviedo. MACHADO, A. S., MEXIAS, A. S., VILELA, A.C.F., OSORIO, E. Study of coal, char and coke fines structurs and their proportions in the off-gas blast furnace samples by X-Ray Diffraction In: International Conference on Coal Science&Technology (ICCS&T 2011), 2011, Oviedo. KALKREUTH W., LUNKES M., OLIVEIRA J., HIDALGO G., GHIGGI M. L., OSÓRIO E., SOUZA K., SAMPAIO C. The Lower and Upper Coal Seams of the Candiota Coalfield, Brazil - Geolocical Setting, Petrological and Chemical Characterization, and Studies on Reactivity and Beneficiation related to their Combustion Potential. In: 63rd ICCP Annual Meeting, 2011, Porto. BORREGO, A.G., M.A. DIEZ, M.A., POHLMANN, J.G., OSORIO, E., VILELA, A.C.F. Microscopy study of coal chars from Brazilian coal to be used in blast furnace pulverized coal injection. In: 63rd Annual Meeting of the ICCP, 2011, Porto. Papers presented in national congresses: 20 Papers presented in undergraduation seminars: 20 Doctorate Theses concluded Janaina Gonçalves M. S. Machado. Study of the reactivity and combustion of coals, charcoal and blends. 2009. PPGEM/ UFRGS Mauricio C. Bagatini. Self-reducing and the use of steelmaking waste briquettes in electric arc furnace. 2011. PPGEM/ UFRGS. Master Theses concluded Maurício C. Bagatini. Behaviour of coal ashes at high temperatures. 2007. PPGEM/ UFRGS. Juliana Gonçalves Pohlmann. Evaluation of the reactivity of chars obtained under conventional (O2/N2) and oxy-fuel (O2/CO2) atmospheres for pulverized coal injection in blast furnace. 2010. PPGEM/ UFRGS.

Andre da Silveira Machado. Quantification of coal char and coke fines in the off-gas blast furnace samples by X-Ray diffraction. 2011. PPGEM/ UFRGS Final Monograph of undergraduation course: 6 Technical visits abroad and participation in Congresses 1. Participation in “International Conference on Coal Science and Technology” (ICCST2007) in August 2007 in Nottingham – UK. 2. Technical visit to the Iron&Steelmaking Institute of Aachen –Germany in January 2008. Aim: discussion about Janaina Machado’s sandwich doctorate program. 3. Technical visits in Cottbus and Berlin - Germany, October 2009: 3.1 Power Plant Technology laboratory of the University of Technology Cottbus coordinated by Prof. Hans J. Krautz and the Schwarze Pumpe Power Station. Aim: to know projects and pilot-plants of oxy-fuel coal combustion. 3.2 Department of Process Engineering & Solids Processing of the Berlin Technical University coordinated by Prof. Halit Kuyumcu. Aim: to know the laboratory facilities and current research activities in the field of cokemaking. 4. Mission in Korea and Japan, October 2010 4.1 Korea: visit to POSTECH University and POSCO Iron& Steel Plant 4.2 Japan: participation in the 8th Japan-Brazil Symposium on Energy-Environment in Metallurgical Industries, and visit to Nippon Steel. 5. Technical visits in Oviedo (Spain) and Paris (France), February 2011: 5.1 Instituto Nacional del Carbon – INCAR with the Dra. Angeles Gomez Aim: to know coal combustion facilities (DTF) and start the study of coals and biomass blends to use in ironmaking process. 5.2 Ecole Centrale Paris with Prof. Victor Zymla in “Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux”. Aim: discussion about Mauricio Bagatini’s sandwich doctorate program and discussion on new research cooperation in the field of coal for ironmaking. 6. Mission in Poland, July 2010 with Prof. V. Zymla. Technical visits in Silesian region: Coking Coal Mining Company JSW, Central Coal Laboratory LCPB, Coke Oven Plant “Przyjazn”, Central Mining Institute, Silesian Technical University and underground mine to insitu gasification. 7. Participation in “International Conference on Coal Science and Technology” (ICCST2011) in October 2011 in Oviedo - Spain. Participation in Congresses in Brasil Participation in Meetings on Ironmaking and Raw materials of ABM from 2008 to 2011; Participation in III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão, Gramado, 2011. Organization of technical visit Visits in coal mine at Criciuma, J. Lacerda Power Plant and USIMNAS-Cubatão Steel plant (coal yard, coke oven and blast furnace) to 35 undergraduate students of Engineering of Metallurgy and Mining.

Guest Professors Funded by Coal NET Prof. Victor Zymla in November 2010: gave a 20h- course to undergraduate and graduate students, wrote an international journal paper and lectured on "Reactivity of carbonaceous materials and recent work at the Ecole Centrale Paris”

Prof. Victor Zymla in August/September 2011: invited to III Brazilian Coal Congress with the presentation “Coal blending for coke marking: a blend of science and practice”; participation in the PhD. committee member for Bagatini’s thesis at PPGEM, and preparation of projects in coal and cokemaking. Research Projects with Coal Net Support Study of the behavior of coal blends and biomass in the blast furnace - USIMINAS Study of ash fusibility and viscosity of coal blends and their relation to chemical and mineralogical composition - ArcelorMittal Agreement with Gerdau Açominas in the field of coal and cokemaking (in progress) Evaluation of the combustibility of coals for injection in blast furnace: a financial contribution to the network to build the furnace room for PCI simulation - Vale (in progress). International Research Projects with Coal Net Support Alternative sustainable use of coal: using biomass and Oxy-fuel technology for power generation. Bilateral Project CNPq / CSIC (Spain) performed by LASID and INCAR. Incorporation of biomass in the production of steel to reduce CO2 emissions. Bilateral Project CNPq / CSIC (Spain) performed by LASID and INCAR. (in progress)

(LEAmet) Laboratório de Estudos Ambientais para Metalurgia

Laboratory for Environmental Studies Applied to Metallurgy Staff Professors - Ivo André Homrich Schneider, ivo.andre@ufrgs.br - Rejane Maria Candiota Tubino, rejane.tubino@ufrgs.br Doctoral Students - Ana Paula Pires de Freitas - Angéli Viviani Colling - Cláudia Rosane Ribeiro Alves - Eunice Maria Vigânico - Juarez Ramos do Amaral Filho - Luciana Angelita Machado - Beatriz Alicia Firpo Vasquez Master Science Students - Cassiano Rossi dos Santos - Fabrício Abella Lopes - Rosângela Maria Schuch Fagundes - Marco Antônio da Silva Nunes - Vitor Hugo Cordeiro Konarzewski Scholarships for technological development - Ivana Dandolini. ivana.dandolini@terra.com.br Research Interest Coal Production & Environment Research focus

- acid mine generation control; - production of valuable products from coal wastes; - production of valuable products from the sludge generated in acid mine treatment

plants; - identification and biosorption of heavy metals by acidophilic algae present in acidic

mine waters.

Other activities performed in the coal net

Chemical analysis of coal samples, coal wastes and wastewaters, including: humidity, ash, volatile matter, CHNS, metals, sulphur (total, pyrietic, sulphatic and organic), acid generation potential, neutralization potential. Projects - Technological Innovations for Integrated Coal Mine Waste Utilization

Brazilian run-of-mine coals (ROM) contain high levels of impurities (rock minerals and pyrite), requiring concentration procedures. The coal waste deposits demand large physical area, change the topography and generate the acid mine drainage (AMD). It is estimated that more than 300 millions tonnes of coal waste exists in the south of Brazil, generating environmental impacts

and economic costs. This work characterized a typical coal waste deposit, seeking the separation of three fractions for future reuse: (a) a fraction of low density; (b) a fraction of intermediate density; and (c) a fraction of high density. The characterization studies included particle size analysis, dense medium studies, XRD, acid acid-base accounting tests, and determination of ash and total sulphur. The results showed that 68% of the material is composed by coarse particles, 15% by fine particles and 17% by the slurry from the settling ponds. It is possible, by gravimetric concentration, to recover 33.7% of the material for energy generation and 10.3% of the material as a pyrite rich concentrate. The remaining material, with intermediate density, has a lower acid generation potential and can be ground and prepared to find applications in civil engineering (as aggregate) and agriculture (as rocks for crops). This approach brings a new outlook to waste management in the Brazilian coal-based industries.

Figure. Coal tailings deposit.

- Advanced Studies of Bioleaching for the Utilization of the Pyrite Present in Coal Wastes for the Production of Ferric Coagulants

The aim of this work was to produce a high concentration ferric sulphate solution from coal pyrite tailings that could be used as a coagulant for water and wastewater treatment. Laboratory and pilot-plant scale leaching studies were performed for pyrite oxidation in an aqueous medium in a packed bed leaching column with the presence of acidophilic bacteria (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) and bacteria nutrients. It was indicated that an aqueous solution rich in ferric sulphate can be produced which was found suitable for application in water treatment plants.

Figure. Pyrite leaching in coal wastes using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. - Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Metals and Sulphuric Acid from Acid Mine Drainage

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is recognized as one of the major sources of environmental damage in the coal mining industry. The treatment of AMD involves addition of alkaline reagents to

raise the pH and precipitate dissolved metals as oxides/hydroxides. This treatment generates large volumes of sludge which requires further treatment and final disposal. Recent research has indicated the possibility of recovering the iron by selective precipitation. The iron recoverd from the AMD was successfully converted in ferric sulphate (coagulant), goethite, hematite and magnetite (pigments). The coagulant can be applied to waster and wastewater treatment processes and the pigments can be applied in paints and colored concretes.

Figure. Production of ferric coagulant and iron pigments from acidic mine waters. - Identification of Algae Communities in Water Streams Impacted by the Acid Mine Drainage in the Coal Mining Region of Santa Catarina - Brazil The acid mine-drainage (AMD), from the ecological point of view, affects the aquatic environments. The low pH and the high concentration of sulphates and dissolved metal ions reduce the biological diversity. These systems can be characterized as simple ecosystems, dominated by acidophilus and acid tolerant organisms. In the coal mining region of Santa Catarina, Brazil, the water streams impacted by AMD can be inhabited by few algae groups including the following genera: Microspora, Eunotia, Euglena, Mougeotia, and Frustulia. The aim of this work was to study the metal accumulation by these algae communities (periphyton) and their contribution in the water decontamination. The results showed that the algae biomass presents high concentrations of metals, especially iron. It was possible to associate the inorganic composition of the biofilms with the water chemistry.

Figure. Algae in acidic mine waters in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Scientific Production Journals

FAGUNDES, R.M.S.; MENEZES, J.C.S.S.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. Tratamento de Chorume de Aterro Sanitário com Coagulante de Rejeito de Carvão. Hydro (São Paulo), v.54, p.40-43, 2011.

COLLING, A.V.; MENEZES, J.C.S.S.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. Bioprocessing of pyrite concentrate from coal tailings for the production of the coagulant ferric sulphate. Minerals Engineering, v.24, p.1185-1187, 2011.

VIGÂNICO, E.M.; COLLING, A.V.; SILVA, R.A.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. Biohydrometallurgical/UV production of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate crystals from pyrite present in coal tailings. Minerals Engineering, v. 24, p. 1146-1148, 2011.

FREITAS, A.P.P.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.; SCHWARZBOLD, A. Biosorption of heavy metals by algal communities in water streams affected by the acid mine drainage in the coal-mining region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Minerals Engineering, v.24, p.1215-1218, 2011.

MENEZES, J.C.S.S.; SILVA, R.A.; ARCE, I.S.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. . Production of a Poly-Alumino-Iron Sulphate Cogulant by Chemical Precipitation of a Coal Mining Acid Drainage. Minerals Engineering, v.23, p.249-251, 2010.

MACHADO, L.A.; BIENERT, L.M.; TUBINO, R.M.C.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. Estabelecimento de Traço entre Rejeitos de Carvão e Escória de Aciaria Elétrica para Prevenção da Drenagem Ácida de Minas. Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais (São Paulo. Impresso), v.6, p.24-30, 2009.

MENEZES, J.C.S.S.; SILVA, R.A.; ARCE, I.S.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. Production of a Poly-ferric Sulphate Chemical Coagulante by Selective Precipitation of Iron from Acidic Coal Mine Drainage. Mine Water and the Environment (Print), v.28, p.311-314, 2009.

MACHADO, L. A.; SCHNEIDER, I. A. H. . Ensaios Estáticos e Cinéticos para a Prevenção da Geração de Drenagem Ácida de Minas da Mineração de Carvão com Escória de Aciaria. Revista da Escola de Minas, v.61, p. 329-335, 2008. International Events

AMARAL FILHO, J.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.; TUBINO, R.M.C.; BRUM, I.A.S.; MILTZAREK, G.; SAMPAIO, C. H.; SCHNEIDER, C.H. Integrated Mine Tailings Management: Possibilities for Coal Tailings Deposits in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. In: Sustainability through Resource Conservation and Recycling 2011. Falmouth, England, 2011.

MENEZES, J.C.S.S.; COLLING, A.V.; ARCE, I.S.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. Production of Ferric Sulphate Coagulant from Coal Tailings: Effect of Pyrite Concentration. In: Sustainability through Resource Conservation and Recycling 2011. Falmouth, England, 2011.

BUZZI, D.C.; VIEGAS, L.S.; SILVAS, F.P.C.; RODRIGUES, M.A.S.; ESPINOSA, D. C.R.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.; BERNARDES, A.M.; TENÓRIO, J.A.S. Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage by Electrodialysis. In: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2011, San Diego. Materials Processing and Energy Materials, 2011. v.1. p.277-284.

LOPES, F.A.; MENEZES, J.C.S.S.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. Acid Mine Drainage as Source of Iron for the Treatment of Sewage by Coagulation and Fenton s Reaction. In: 11th International Mine Water Association Congress Mine Water Managing the Challenges, 2011, Aachen. Mine Water Managing the Challenges. Aachen: RWTH Aachen University, 2011. p.237-241.

SILVA, R.A.; CASTRO, C.D.; PETTER, C.O.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.. Production of Iron Pigments (Goethite and Hematite) from Acid Mine Drainage. In: 11th International Mine Water Association Congress Mine Water Managing the Challenges, 2011, Aachen. Mine Water Managing the Challenges. Aachen : RWTH Aachen University, 2011. p.469-473.

FREITAS, A.P.P.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.; SCHWARZBOLD, A. Algae in the Acid Mine Drainage on Santa Catarina Coal Field, Brazil. In: International Mine Water Association 2010 Symposium, 2010, Sydney. Mine Water & Innovative Thinking. Sydey, NS, Canadá : University of Cape Breton, 2010. p.396-398.

AMARAL FILHO, J.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.; TUBINO, R.M.C.; BRUM, I.A.S.; MILTZAREK, G.; SAMPAIO, C. H.; SCHNEIDER, C.H. Characterization of a Coal Tailing Deposit for Zero Waste Mine in the Brazilian Coal Field of Santa Catarina. In: International Mine Water Association 2010 Symposium, 2010, Sydney. Mine Water & Innovative Thinking. Sydeny, SC, Canadá : University o fCape Breton, 2010. p.639-642.

COLLING, A.V.; MENEZES, J.C.S.S.; SILVEIRA, P.S.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H. Biohydromellurgical Process to Produce the Coagulant Ferric Sulphate from the Pyrite Present in Coal Tailings. In: International Mine Water Association 2010 Symposium, 2010, Sydney. Mine Water & Innovative Thinking. Sydney, NS, Canadá.

FREITAS, A.P.P. ; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.; SCHWARZBOLD, A. Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Algae Communities in Water Streams Impacted by the Acid Mine Drainage in the Coal Mining Region of Santa Catarina - Brazil. In: Bio- & Hydrometallurgy '10, 2010, Cape Town. South Africa, 2010. Main Products Produced - Ferric coagulants - Ferrous sulphate crystals - Iron pigments Invited Professor Jennifer Broadhurst University of Cape Town 03/10/2010 a 12/10/2010. Main objective. Stablish a research partnerships between UFRGS and UCT. Seminars given by Jennifer Broadhurst at UFRGS. 1. R&D and education activities within the Minerals to Metals Research Initiative at the University. An overview of the South African Mining and Minerals industry with specific emphasis on sustainability issues, and current trends to enhance such. 2. An overview of the coal processing industry and associated research activities in South Africa Main Awards XXIV PRÊMIO JOVEM CIENTÍSTA – Energia e Meio Ambiente – Soluções para o Futuro TRABALHO: “PRODUÇÃO DE SULFATO FERROSO A PARTIR DE REJEITOS DA MINERAÇÃO DE CARVÃO” 3º Lugar na Categoria Graduado GERDAU, Fundação Roberto Marinho, CNPq, Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia PRÊMIO CORSAN DE RESPONSABILIDADE AMBIENTAL TRABALHO: BIOHIDROMETALURGIA PARA O PROCESSAMENTO DE REJEITOS DE CARVÃO PRÊMIO SIEMENS VAI DE MEIO AMBIENTE - 64O CONGRESSO ANUAL DA ABM, ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE METALURGIA, MATERIAIS E MINERAÇÃO. TRABALHO: PREVENÇÃO DA GERAÇÃO DE DRENAGEM ÁCIDA DE MINAS (DAM) COM MISTURAS DE REJEITO DE CARVÃO E ESCÓRIA DE ACIARIA ELÉTRICA.

LACAPETRO Laboratório de Análise de Carvão e Rochas Geradoras de Petróleo (LACAPETRO), Instituto de Geociências, UFRGS – Coal and Petroleum Source Rock Laboratories Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500. Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 91501-970 Wolfgang Kalkreuth, Coordenador (Professor titular), wolfgang.kalkreuth@ufrgs.br. Caroline de Souza Flores, Secretaria, apoiada pela CENPES, carolineflores@ufrgs.br Rodrigo Peixoto Malikovski, técnico, apoiado pela CENPES, rmalikovski@yahoo.com.br Janaina Levandowski, geóloga, doutorado apoiado pelo CNPq, janalevandowski@yahoo.com.br Joseane Souza de Oliveira, geóloga, M.Sc., apoiado pela FAPERGS, joseane.geo@gmail.com Marleny Gonzalez Blanco, geologa, M.Sc., apoiada pela CENPES, mbpetrogr@yahoo.com.br Simone Barrionuevo, M.Sc., química, apoiada pela CENPES, simonequimica@yahoo.com.br Tânia Valéria Delgado, Bolsista ITI apoiada pela Rede de Carvão, tania_rocha73@hotmail.com Maiquel K. Lunkes, geologo, Bolsista ITI apoiado pela Rede de Carvão, maiquelkl@ibest.com.br Priscila Lourenzi dos Santos, Bolsista IC apoiada pela ANP, priscilalourenzi@gmail.com Gustavo Simão, Bolsista ITI apoiada pela FAPERGS, gscoal@gmail.com Renata Dillenburg Voss, Bolsista BIC apoiada pela PROPESQ, renata.dillenburg@gmail.com Activities The Coal and Petroleum Source Rock Laboratories are specialized in the evaluation of coal and dispersed organic matter (DOM) in petroleum source rocks. The activities offered by this facility range from the teaching of undergraduate and postgraduate students at the department level, the involvement in fundamental and applied research projects, the training of outside personnel, and to provide services for the petroleum and coal industry. Research Fields Coal - Geology of Coal, Petrology and Geochemistry of Coal , Petrology of coal and Technological Properties (combustion etc.), Environmental Studies; Oil - Petroleum Source Rocks, Organic Geochemistry, Petrology of dispersed Organic Matter, Hydrous Pyrolysis; Natural Gas - Coalbed Methane (CBM), Shale Gas, Evaluation of CO2 Storage Capacity in Coal Seams Research Projects supported by Rede de Carvão 2010 – 2012. Characterization of the Barro Branco, Bonito and Irapua Coal Seams of the South Catarina Coalfield, SC with emphasis on their potential in coke making and natural gas (CBM) content - Financial Support:CNPq/Rede Carvão, Project 551239/2010-7 Objectives: Evaluation of utilization potential in coke making, and to study the CBM potential of the three seams; Results: Up to date three sub-projects have been established: 1-Evaluation of the coalbed methane (gás natural) potential of the Rio Bonito Formation coal seams in the Maracajá area, Paraná Basin– SC. Principal Objetives: To contribute to our understanding of the gas volumes associated with the coal seams in the Santa Catarina Coalfield of the Parana Basin (P. Lourenzo, thesis required for graduation in geology, date of submission: end of 2011);

2-The Bonito coal seam, Santa Catarina Coalfield, a contribution on its petrological and chemical characteristics. Principal Objectives: To perform an integrated study involving aspects of geology, petrography, chemistry and technological characterization (G. Simõa, thesis required for graduation in geology, date of submission: end of 2012);

3- Characterization of the Barro Branco seam collected in two underground mines of the Santa Catarina Coalfield and Determination of the associated mine water properties. Principal objectives:

Analysis of petrographical and geochemical characteristics of the Barro Branco seam collected in the Verdinho, Criciúma, and Morrozini, Belluno mines, including analyses of beneficioated and waste samples, along with determination of the mine water before and after treatment R. Dillenburg, thesis required for graduation in geology, date of submission: end of 2011); Conclusions: The three sub-projects are ongoing and conclusions will be given at a later stage as part of the thesis defence 2007 – 2010. Technological Characterization of the Lower Coal Seams in the Candiota Coalfield, RS, with implications for their use in combustion - Financial Support: CNPq/Rede Carvão, Project 555121/2006-3 Objectives: O principal objetivo é a realização de um estudo integrado abrangendo os aspectos geológicos, estratigráficos, de beneficiamento, propriedades químicas, petrográficas e combustão das camadas inferiores da jazida de Candiota, visando avaliar o seu potencial para a geração de energia elétrica. Results: Conforme o plano de trabalho foram realizdados oito furos pela CRM, e as seguinte análises foram concluidas: Análise Estratigráfica, Análises Petrográficas e Químicas, Análise de Reatividade, Ensaios de beneficiamento. Conclusions: Os resultados de análises químicas, petrológicas e ensaios de reatividade e beneficiamento mostram que as camadas não mineradas de Jazida de Candiota apresentam potencial para o uso energético. Within the above described project two theses have been concluded: Lunkes, M. (thesis required for graduation in geology, date of submission: Decembre 2010). Petrographical and chemical characterization of the Upper and Lower Coal Seams of the Candiota Coalfield – Implications for their use in power generation. Trabalho de Conclusão do Curso de Geologia, UFRGS, 81pp. Souza de Oliveira, J. (M.Sc. thesis, 2011). Stratigraphic analyses and petrographic and chemical characterization of the Upper, Lower and Banco Louco Coal Seams in the Candiota area, Paraná Basin, RS, unpublished M.Sc.thesis, UFRGS, 143pp. 2005 – 2008. Establishement of a cooperative research network promoting the increase of domestic coal in power generation of Brazil using co- combustion of coal and biomass in small fluided bed combustion power plants - Financial Support: CNPq/Rede Carvão, Project: 552113/2005-0 Objectives: Studies on the co-combustion of domestic coal (Candiota, RS, Mina de Leão, RS, Criciuma, SC, Mina Cambui, PR) and biomass (rice husks, wood chips, saw dust, forest residuals); Results: Analytical resultes were obtained from beneficiation tests, petrographic and chemical analyses of the feedstock, reactivity tests by thermobalance, and combustion tests in the CIENTEC pilot plant; Conclusions: The biomass used in the experiments were rice husks, wood chips, sawdust and forest residuals. All have in common a very low sulphur content (0.02-0.08 wt.%). Calorific values range from 3440 Kcal/Kg (rice husks) to 4815 Kcal/Kg (forest residuals). The proportions of biomass and coal were determined in relation to parameters established by CONAMA (Brazilian Commission of Environment), which define for STPP a maximum emission limit of 5 mg SO2/Kcal. According to this limit a range from 47% (wood chips) to 58,3% (rice husks) can be co-combusted with Candiota coal. 2005 – 2005. Establishement of a cooperative research network to increase the use of domestic coal in power generation of Brazil - Financial Support: CNPq/Rede Carvão, Project 401123/2004-9 Objectives: Establishment of a national network on coal research and elaboration of a joint research project in the area of combustion, gasification, coal blends and biomass. Resuls: Organization of seminar to discuss priorities in coal research and elaboration of joint research project by members of the national coal network Conclusions: Submission of research proposal entitled: “Establishement of a cooperative research network (Network II) to increase the use of domestic coal in power generation of Brazil – the co- combustion of coal and biomass in small fluided bed power plants” Selected Publications 2006-2011 KALKREUTH, W, HOLZ, M, MEXIAS, A, Balbinot, M., LEVANDOWSKI, J, WILLETT, J.,

FINKELMAN, R., BURGER, H. 2010.Depositional setting, petrology and geochemistry of permian coals from the Paraná Basin: 2. South Santa Catarina Coalfield, Brazil. Int. Journal of Coal Geology. ,

v.84, p.213 - 236 HOLZ, Michael, KALKREUTH, W, Silvia Rolim. 2010. Extension of the Paraná Basin to offshore Brazil:

Implications for coalbed methane evaluation. Marine and Petroleum Geology. , v.27, p.119 - 1132 Philipp Weniger, KALKREUTH, W, BUSCH, A., KROOSS, B. 2010. High-pressure methane and carbon

dioxide sorption on coal and shale sample from the Paraná Basin, Brasil. International Journal of Coal Geology. , v.84, p.190 - 205

Joseane Souza de Oliveira, KALKREUTH, W 2010. Sequence stratigraphy, organic petrology and chemistry applied to the upper and lower coal seams in the candiota coalfield, Paraná basin, RS, Brazil.. International Journal of Coal Geology. , v.84, p.258 - 268

BORREGO, A, GARAVAGLIA, Luciane, KALKREUTH, W. 2009. Characteristics of high heating rate biomass chars prepared under N2 and CO2 atmospheres. Int.Journal of Coal Geology, v.77, p.409 - 415

SILVA, M. B., KALKREUTH, W, HOLZ, M. 2008. Coal petrology of coal seams from the Leão-Butiá Coalfield, Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil - Implications for coal facies interpretations. International Journal of Coal Geology. , v.73, p.331 - 358

ÓSORIO, E., GHIGGI, M., VILELA, A, KALKREUTH, W, BORREGO, A. 2008. Non-isotermal combustion behaviorur of coal blends in a thermobalence as seen by optical microscopy. Thermochimica Acta. , v.475, p.1 - 7.

KALKREUTH, W., OSÓRIO, e, GOMES, M, VILELA, A, KALKREUTH, W, ALMEIDA, M de, BORREGO, A, ALVAREZ, D. 2006. Evaluation of petrology and reactivity of coal blends for use in pulverized coal injection (PCI). International Journal of Coal Geology. , v.68, p.14 - 29

KALKREUTH, W., HOLZ, M, KERN, M, MACHADO, G, MEXIAS, A, SILVA, M, WILLETT, J, FINKELMAN, R, BURGER, H. 2006. Petrology and chemistry of Permian coals from the Paraná Basin: 1. Santa Terezinha, Leão-Butiá and Candiota Coalfields, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Int. Journal of Coal Geology, v.68, p.79 - 116

Selected Abstracts 2006-2011 JOSEANE SOUZA DE OLIVEIRA, KALKREUTH, W, HOLZ, M.. Organic Petrology, Chemistry and

Sequence Stratigraphy Applied to the Coal Seams in the Candiota Region, Paraná Basin, RS, Brazil In: Joint 61st ICCP / 26th TSOP Meeting, 2009, Gramado. Program and Abstracts. Porto Alegre: Gráfica da UFRGS, 2009. p.73 - 73

KALKREUTH, W, HOLZ, M, BALBINOT, M., LEVANDOWSKI, J, WILLETT, J, FINKELMAN, R., BURGER, H

Petrology and Chemistry of Permian Coals from the Paraná Basin: 2. South Santa Catarina Coalfield, Brazil In: Joint 61st ICCP / 26th TSOP Meeting, 2009, Gramado. Program and Abstracts. Porto Alegre: Gráfica da UFRGS, 2009. p.62 - 62

BORREGO, A G, ALVAREZ, D, GARAVAGLIA, L., KALKREUTH, W. Devolatilization behaviour of biomass under N2 and CO2 atmospheres- implications for their use in power generation In: 33 cscop, 24 tsop 59 iccp Annual Meetings, 2007, Victoria. UNconventional Petroleum Systems and Advances in Organic Petrology and Geochemistry. , 2007. p.53 - 54

KALKREUTH, W, GARAVAGLIA, Luciane, BICCA, Marcos Müller, ZEN, L. D., GOMES, G. F., SAMPAIO, C., PACHECO, E. Evaluation of the Use of Co- combustion (Coal- Biomass) in Small Fluidized Bed Thermal Power PLants (STPP) in Southern Brazil In: International Conference on Coal Science and Tecnology, 2007, Nottingham. Programe and full papers. , 2007.

SIMÃO, Gustavo, SBARAINI, Eduardo, KALKREUTH, W. Análises Petrográficas e Químicas dos Carvões e Particulas não Queimadas da Termelétrica Presidente Médice, Candiota -RS In: XVIII Salão de Iniciação Científica, 2006, Porto Alegre. XVIII Salão de Iniciação Científica/ XV Feira de Iniciação Científica/I Salão UFRGS Jovem. , 2006. p.97 - 97

Selected Extended Abstracts 2006-2011 DILLENBURG, R., GUERRA, T., KALKREUTH, W. Análise de composição do carvão da Camada Barro

Branco em duas Minas de Santa Catarina e da água de seus afluentes In: XIII Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica e III Simpósio de Geoquímica dos Países do Mercosul., 2011, Gramado. Programa. , 2011. p.227 - 230

LOURENZI, P., LEVANDOWSKI, Janaina, SIMÃO, Gustavo, GARCIA, G., KALKREUTH, W. Avaliação

do potencial de extração do Coalbed Methane (gás natural) das camadas de carvão da Formação Rio Bonito, Bacia do Paraná, na região de Araranguá - Litoral de Santa Catarina In: XIII Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica e III Simpósio de Geoquímica dos Países do Mercosul., 2011, Gramado. Programa. , 2011. p.1605 - 1608

LUNKES, K. M., OLIVEIRA, J. S., KALKREUTH, W. Caracterização tecnológica das camadas superiores e inferiores do carvão na Jazida de Candiota - Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil - visando a geração de energia elétrica In: XIII Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica e III Simpósio de Geoquímica dos Países do Mercosul., 2011, Gramado. Programa. , 2011. p.1609 - 1612

Brown,M.T, HINRICHS, Ruth, KALKREUTH, W. Comparação de eséctro micro-Raman de vitrinitas de diferentes níveis de rank In: XIII Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica e III Simpósio de Geoquímica dos Países do Mercosul., 2011, Gramado. Programa. , 2011. p.1637 - 1640

HINRICHS, Ruth, Brown,M.T, KALKREUTH, W. Comparison of micro-Raman spectra from vitrinites of different rank levels In: International Committe for Coal and Organic Petrology, 2011, Porto. Memórias nº 18. , 2011. p.45 - 46

Brown,M.T, HINRICHS, Ruth, KALKREUTH, W. Micro-Raman spectrometry applied to macerais in coals used as feedstock in Brazilian power plants In: XIII Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica e III Simpósio de Geoquímica dos Países do Mercosul., 2011, Gramado. Programa. , 2011. p.1633 - 1636

KALKREUTH, W, LUNKES, K. M., OLIVEIRA, J. S., Hidalgo G., GHIGGI, M., OSÓRIO, E., SOUZA, K., SAMPAIO, C. The lower and upper coal seams of the Candiota coalfield, brazil - Geological setting, petrological and chemical characterization, and studies on Reactivity and beneficiation related to their combustion potential In: International Committe for Coal and Organic Petrology, 2011, Porto, Portugal, Memórias nº 18. , 2011. p.49 - 50

OLIVEIRA, J. S., M. K. Lunkes, KALKREUTH, W. Sequence stratigraphy, organic petrology and chemistry applied to the upper and lower coal seams in the candiota coalfield, Paraná basin, RS, Brazil. In: XII Congresso Latinoamericano de geoquímica Orgánica, 2010, Montevidéu. sesions orales y posters. , 2010. p.131 - 132

Matthew Brown, KALKREUTH, W. The petrological and chemical characterization of feed coals from sourthern Brazilian power plants In: XII Congresso Latinoamericano de geoquímica Orgánica, 2010, Montevidéu. sesions orales y posters. , 2010. p.115 - 116

Joseane Souza de Oliveira, KALKREUTH, W, HOLZ, M. Petrologia orgânica, geoquímica e estratigrafia de sequência aplicada nas camadas de carvão na região de Candiota na Bacia do Paraná - RS In: XII Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica e VIII Internacional Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry, 2009, Ouro Preto. Geoquímica: do átomo ao planeta. , 2009.

KALKREUTH, W, GARAVAGLIA, Luciane, BICCA, Marcos Müller, ZEN, Leandro Dalla, GOMES, G. F., SAMPAIO, C., PACHECO, E. Evaluation of the Use of Co-Combustion (Coal-Biomass) in Small Fluidized bed Thermal Power Plants (STPP) in Southern Brazil In: International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, 2007, Nottingham. Abstract. , 2007.

Equipment financed by Rede de Carvão Leica Microscope and Software for petrographic analysis of coal and coal-byproducts such as coke and char; Bomb Calorimeter for determination of calorific value in coal and other organic matter; Freeze-Dry Equipment: To apply low temperature to dry water-rich organic matter such as peat and low rank coals Congress Participation and Visits Related to Bilateral Projects (overseas) KALKREUTH, W, HOLZ, M, LEVANDOWSKI, J, Weniger, P., KROOSS, B. CBM AND SHALE GAS POTENTIAL IN BRAZIL - EXAMPLE FROM THE SANTA TEREZINHA COALFIELD, RIO GRANDE DO SUL In: 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Organic Petrology, 2011, HALIFAX, CANADA. PROGRAM & ABSTRACTS. , 2011. v.28, ABSTRACT 22. KALKREUTH, W. 23.02.-07.03.2010. Visit to University of Berlin (FU Berlin) to discuss recent results on 3D Modelling of the Santa Terezinha Coalfield, RS and to visit Bundesanstalt fuer Geowissenschaften

und Rohstoffe, Hannover to present ongoing research on coal at UFRGS and to evaluate options for joint research in the area of coal and shale gas. KALKREUTH, W. 30.07.-11-08.2010. To visit Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, Alberta and Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Halifax, Nova Scotia to discuss results on ongoing research projects on coal characterization and CBM potential. KALKREUTH, W. 03.09.-02.11. 2010. Senior Grant (Bolsa Estagio Senior) with stays at the FU Berlin, Germany, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Patras, Greece to discuss and work on joint research projects (daily allowances paid by CNPq) KALKREUTH, W. 01.-15.04.2009. Visit to Berlin University (FU) to discuss results on joint research projects on the CBM potential of Brazilian coal-measures and t lecture short course on coal and organic petrology LEVANDOWSKI, JANAINA, KALKREUTH, WOLFGANG, KROOSS, BERNHARD. 2009. Petrografia y geoquímica de las camadas de carbón en el pozo CBM 001- ST-RS, Cuenca de Paraná y su relación con el Gas Natural. In: XII Congreso Colombiano de Geologia, 7-11 Setembro 2009, Paipa, Boyacá Colômbia. CD-ROM, 1.p KALKREUTH, W, LEVANDOWSKI, J, HOLZ, M, BUSCH, A., Krooss, B. Preliminary results of high-pressure CH4 and CO2 sorption tests on Permian age coals from the Paraná Bazin, Brazil In: International Conference On Coal And Organig Petrology ICCP-TSOP, 2008, Oviedo, Spain. Program and Abstracts. Oviedo: Servitec, 2008. p.56 – 56 KALKREUTH, W, HOLZ, Michael, CASAGRANDE, J., OLIVEIRA, T., KERN, M. L., LEVANDOWSKI, Janaina Hugo, BUSCH, A., KROOSS, B. CH4 desorption and CH4/CO2 sorption determinations on coal samples from well CBM001-ST-RS, Parana Basin, Brazil - Implications for the CBM potential and CO2 storage capacity of the basin In: XI Congresso Latinoamericano de Geoquímica Orgânica - Alago, 2008, Isla Margarita, Venezuela. Abstract- CD. , 2008. p.3PP LEVANDOWSKI, J., KALKREUTH, W., HOLZ, M., KERN, M. 2008. Coalbed Methane test well CBM001-ST-RS, Brazil: Preliminary Results on coal characteristics and associated gas volume an composition. In: Congresso Latinoamericano de Geología, 13, Congresso Peruano de Geología, 14., 2008, 29 de setembro a 03 de outubro, Lima, Peru. CD-ROM, 5p. LEVANDOWSKI, Janaina Hugo, KALKREUTH, W. Chemical and Petrographical Characterization of feedcoal, Fly-and Bottom-Ashes from the Figueira Power Plant, Parana, Brazil In: 33rd CSCOP, 24th TSOP and 59th ICCP Annual Meetings, 2007, Victoria, Canada. Abstracts. , 2007. p.64 - 65 BORREGO, A G, ALVAREZ, D, GARAVAGLIA, Luciane, KALKREUTH, W Devolatilization behaviour of biomass under N2 and CO2 atmospheres- implications for their use in power generation In: 33 CSCOP, 24 TSOP 59 ICCP Annual Meetings, 2007, Victoria, Canada. UNconventional Petroleum Systems and Advances in Organic Petrology and Geochemistry. , 2007. p.53 - 54 GONZALEZ, MARLENY BLANCO, KALKREUTH, W. Palynofacies and geochemical analysis of upper Jurassic sediments from the northern marginal basin , Cuba In: 23th Annual Meeting of Society for Organic Petrology, 2006, Beijing, China. Abstracts. , 2006. v.23. p.81 – 82. Congress Participation (national) III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 21.-24.08. 2011, Gramado, RS. The following students received free access to conference: Tania Valeria O. Delgado, Gustavo Simão, Priscila dos Santos Lourenzi, Renata Dillenburg Vozz, Joseane Souza de Oliveira; Janaina Levandowski and Wolfgang Kalkreuth received free access and daily allowances.

Congress Organization W. Kalkreuth. Chairman of Joint 61st ICCP/26th TSOP Meeting, Gramado, Brazil, 19.-26. 09, 2009. The conference was attended by 101 participants representing more than 20 countries. In addition to the traditional sessions on ICCP working groups, a symposium entitled “Advances on Organic Petrology and Geochemistry” was held on Sept. 24, 2009, with 10 oral and 47 poster presentations. The TSOP Technical Session on September 25, 2009 featured 18 oral presentations. Roughly 50% of the presentations were related to coal research. The conference received financial support from Rede de Carvão to invite 12 researchers from overseas to participate in the meeting and to present their work in form of oral presentations and/or posters. The conference proceedings were published in a special volume of the International Journal of Coal Geology in 2010 (Volume 84, Issues 3-4), with a total of 14 contributions. Invited Researchers Prof. Bernhard Krooss, Philipp Weniger, Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, University of Aachen (RWTH), Germany, Period: 26.08. – 02.09. 2010. Activities: Discussion on results of joint research projects and elaboration of new projects to intensify the cooperation with RWTH Aachen University, Germany. During the visit two oral presentations were lectured: Bernhard M. Krooss: Experimental studies on gas sorption and transport in coals with regard to Coalbed Methane (CBM) and CO2-Enhanced CBM (CO2-ECBM); Philipp Weniger: High-pressure sorption of methane and carbon dioxide on coals, shales and single clays - experimental results Awards W. Kalkreuth received in 2008 the Hacquebard Award by the Canadian Society for Coal Research and Organic Petrology for his long-time commitment to the teaching and promotion of coal science and organic petrology in Canada, Brazil and internationally, his research record in many areas of pure and applied coal and organic petrology, and geochemistry, recognized both in Canada, Brazil and internationally. W. Kalkreuth received in August of 2011 a honourable mention (Homenagem de Reconhecimento) by the University of Porto Alegre (UFRGS) for his research record.

Fig. 1: Sampling the Candiota coal seam, Candiota Mine, RS

Fig. 2: Incident light microscope (Leica) acquired with funds from Rede de Carvão. The microscope is used for petrographic analysis of coal, coal blends, and coal by-products such as coke and char. A specially designed software together with a motorized stage allows semi-automated analysis of the samples.

Laboratório de Tecnologia Mineral e Ambiental – LTM (Laboratory of Mineral and Environmental Technology)

1. Staff • Jorge Rubio - UFRGS, DIC, PhD, Professor and Laboratory Head

Bento Gonçalves Av, 9500, building 75, room 126, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. jrubio@ufrgs.br

• Solange Guidali Amaral – UFRGS, chemical engineering. MSc Bento Gonçalves Av, 9500, building 75, room 128, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. solaltm@ufrgs.br

• Rafael Teixeira Rodrigues – Doutor, UFRGS, professor Osvaldo Aranha Avenue – 99, room 101, Centro, Porto Alegre, Brazil. rafael.teixeira@ufrgs.br

• Renato Dantas Rocha da Silva – UFRGS, Ph.D. student in mining engineering Bento Gonçalves Av, 9500, building 75, room 124, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. renato.dantas@ufrgs.br

• Carolina Scaraffuni Gomes – UFRGS, chemical engineering undergraduate student (Financial support by “Rede Carvão”)

Bento Gonçalves Av, 9500, building 75, room 113, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. cscaraffuni@hotmail.com

2. Description of the Laboratory of Mineral and Environmental Technology: The LTM is a research unit acting in development of process and technological innovations in two areas: environmental (water and effluent treatment) and mineral processing (fine processing).

2.1. Technical goals and research highlights: The laboratory acts training human resources at all level (Undergraduate studies, MSc, Ph.D) undertake research and development (R&D) in specific areas. Main technical goals, in the mineral processing area, are addressed to develop new equipments and techniques of flocculation and flotation of fines and ultrafines. The main techniques studied into laboratory are oil-extender, high intensity conditioning, column flotation, flotation with concentrate recycling, among others. Regarding the environmental area, research is focused in solid/liquid and liquid/liquid separations, applied to the treatment of industrial effluents containing ions, colloids, particles, fibers, macromolecules and emulsified oils; R&D in non-conventional flocculation-flotation, sorption columns and sorption fluidized bed; Sorption of dissolved metals and oils onto agro-industrial by-products, industrial waste and aquatic plants. This research group has developed many studies involving application of innovative techniques at the coal and mineral industries at benc scale with validation at pilot scale. The coal network (Rede Carvão) has supported technically and financially the LTM by purchasing equipments, support of technical missions (national and international events) and logistical support. The major equipments purchased by coal network, up to this moment, are interface soli-liquid angle contact meter, FRX, actived carbon filter, CILAS 1064 particle shape analyzer, among others.

3. Main projects The main characteristics of LTM's research projects in the area of coal are briefly discussed below:

3.1. R&D to upgrade energy quality of coal fine particles by advanced mineral processing – P&D para aumento da qualidade energética de finos de carvão por beneficiamento avançado. Rede de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação em Carvão Mineral, 2007.

3.2. Projeto CNPq – REDE CARVÃO. Sustainable use of coal after acid mine drainage treatment by flocculation-lamella settling FLS - Uso sustentável de carvão via tratamento de efluentes ácidos por floculação-sedimentação lamelar-FSL

3.2.1. Aims This project aims to develop a new technique to remove sulphate ions from acidic effluents using co-precipitation with aluminium bearing salts, namely AlCl3 and poly-aluminium salts (PACs), followed by flocculation stage and lamella settling process.

3.2.2. Methods Two pilot treatment units were installed in areas contaminated with drainage from coal mines (rich in sulphate ions) for validation studies. Figure 1 shows a compact pilot rig, installed to treat an AMD around a coal tailing basin (Capão da Roça site). Figure 2 shows a schematic flocculation-lamella settling plant.

Figure 1 Acid mine drainage (pH 3.0) generated in a coal

tailing deposit in Capão da Roça site-South Brazil and a

precipitation, flocculation and lamella settling pilot rig treating

1 m3.h-1.

Figure 2 Precipitation, flocculation and lamella settling (PF-LS) pilot rig treating 1 m3.h-1 of AMD.

3.2.3. Results Results obtained show that zeta potential of aluminium colloids attains a maximum value (> + 35 mV) at pH 4.5, whereby the removal of sulphate ions was the highest. Adsorption mechanisms, as a function of p.i.e. changes, and chemical interaction explain the strong interaction between sulphate ions and the Al-poly species (Alb species) – co-precipitation. With adjusted Al/SO4 ratio, the PF-LS process can remove almost 80% of sulphate present in coal mining effluents.

Sludge

AMD + Polyaluminumchloride (PAC)

pH adjustmentNaOH Flocculant

FGR

Lamellasettler

Treatedwater

Conditionerdisperser

AMD/NMD + Poly-aluminiumchloride (PAC)

Sludge

AMD + Polyaluminumchloride (PAC)

pH adjustmentNaOH Flocculant

FGR

Lamellasettler

Treatedwater

Conditionerdisperser

AMD/NMD + Poly-aluminiumchloride (PAC)

4. Scientific production (Journals, proceedings, books, thesis and awards)

4.1. Thesis • Renato Dantas Rocha da Silva. Tratamento de drenagens ácidas de minas de carvão

pelo método NF-SL - Neutralização, floculação e sedimentação lamelar. M.Sc. Thesis, March 2009.

• Aline Nogueira da Silveira. Tratamento de águas ácidas de minas de carvão pelo método NF-FADAT – Neutralização, floculação e flotação por ar dissolvido de alta taxa. M.Sc. Thesis, July 2009.

• Renato Dantas Rocha da Silva. Interações de íons sulfato com sais de alumínio em meio ácido. Aspectos básicos e aplicações ambientais. Ph.D. Thesis, October 2011.

4.2. Journals (International) 1. DAF-dissolved air flotation: Potential applications in the mining and mineral processing

industry. Rodrigues, R.T.; Rubio, J. International Journal of Mineral Processing. v. 82, Iss 1, p. 1-13, 2007.

2. Flotation in water and wastewater treatment and reuse: Recent trends in Brazil. Carissimi, E.; Rubio, J.; Rosa, J.J. International Journal of Environmental and Pollution. v. 30, n. 2, p. 193-208, 2007.

3. On the removal of Mn2+ ions by adsorption onto natural and activated chilean Zeolites. Taffarel, S.R.; Rubio, J., Minerals Engineering, v. 22, n. 4, p. 336-343, 2009.

4. Treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) from coal mines in South Brazil. Silva, R.; Rubio, J. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, v. 29, p. 192-202, 2009.

5. Coal ash transportation as paste-like, highly loaded pulps in Brazil: Characterization and Main Features. Bragança, S.R.; Gonçalves, M.R.F.; Bergmann, C.P; Rubio, J. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, v. 29, p. 202-215, 2009.

6. Treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) in South Brazil. Comparative active process and water reuse. Silveira, A. N., Silva, R.; Rubio, J. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 93 p. 103 – 109, 2009.

7. Removal of Mn2+ from aqueous solution by manganese oxide coated zeolite. Taffarel, S.R., Rubio, J. Minerals Engineering. v. 23, n. 14, p. 1131-1138, 2010.

8. Sulphate ions removal from an aqueous solution: I. Co-precipitation with hydrolyzed aluminum-bearing salts. Silva, R.D., Rubio, J. Cadorin, L.M. Minerals Engineering. v. 23 (15), p. 1220-1226, 2010.

(National) 1. Tratamento ativo de drenagem ácida de minas de carvão: tendências tecnológicas. Silva,

R., Rubio, J. Brasil Mineral, ISSN 0102-4728, ano XXV, n. 290, p. 52-63, 2009.

4.3. Books Chapters 1. Tratamento de efluentes líquidos no setor Minero-Metalúrgico. Rubio, J. Tessele, F.

Em: Capítulo 11 do livro “Introdução ao Tratamento de Minérios”. Valadão, G.E.S.; Araújo, A.C. (organizadores), Editora UFMG, Belo Horizonte, p. 211-223, 2007.

2. Aspectos ambientais no setor mineiro-metalúrgico. Rubio, J. Oliveira, C.; Silva, R.. Em: Capítulo 17 do livro “Tratamento de Minérios”. CETEM - Centro de Tecnologia Mineral. (Org.). Rio de Janeiro, p. 753-793, 2010.

4.4. Meetings (International) 1. Avances en el tratamiento de aguas acidas de minas. Cadorin, L.; Carissimi, E.; Rubio,

J. IV Congresso Internacional de Materiales. Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia,v. 36, p. 849-854, 2007.

2. Treatment of acid mine drainage and water reuse: Flotation with microbubbles versus flocs lamelar settling. Silva, R.; da Silveira, A. N.; Rubio, J. VI International Mineral Processing Seminar - Procemin2009. Santiago, Chile, p. 513-522, 2009.

3. Treatment of coal acid mine drainage in Brazil-recent trends. Silva Renato, Silveira Aline Nogueira da y Rubio Jorge. XXVIII Convención Internacional de Minería, AIMMGM AC, Veracruz, México, Anais em CD-ROM, 2009, p. 558-566.

4. The neutralization-flocculation-lamellar settling (NF-LS) process in the treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from Coal Mines in South Brazil. Comparative processes and new basis for sulphate ion removal. Silva, R., Rubio, J. – In: Wolkersdorfer, Ch. & Freund, A.: Mine Water & Innovative Thinking. – p. 187 – 191; Sydney, Nova Scoti, Canada (CBU Press), 2010.

5. Clean Technologies for the Treatment of Coal Acid Mining Effluents. Silva, Renato ; Rubio, Jorge . In: Fifth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies - CCT2011, 2011, Zaragoza. Fifth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies - CCT2011, 2011.

6. Sulphate ions removal from aqueous solution: II. Separation from coal effluents using aluminium-bearing salts. In: EnviroMine – 2° Seminario Internacional en Asuntos Ambientales en la Industria Minera, Santiago-Chile. November 2011.

(National) 1. Técnicas para tratamento e aproveitamento de águas ácidas residuais da mineração de

carvão. Silveira, A.N.; Silva, R.D.R.; Rubio, J. III Workshop Gestão e Reuso de Água na Indústria. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. CD-ROM: artigo 27, Novembro 2007.

2. Técnicas para tratamento e alternativas de reúso de águas ácidas de minas de carvão. Silveira, A.N.; Silva, R.D.R.; Rubio, J. VI Simpósio Internacinal de Qualidade Ambiental da Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária (ABES). Porto Alegre-RS. CD-ROM: artigo: T073, Maio 2008.

3. Tratamento ativo de drenagem ácida de minas de carvão: situação atual e tendências tecnológicas. Silva, R.; Rubio, J. XXIII Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios e Metalurgia Extrativa. Gramado, RS, Brasil. v. 2, p. 381-390, ISBN: 978-85-62689-03-1, Setembro 2009.

4. Silva, Renato; Rubio, Jorge. Aplicação de técnica inovadora de separação-remoção de íons sulfato de efluentes ácidos da indústria do carvão. 26° Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental. ABES. Porto Alegre, Setembro de 2011.

5. Silva, Renato; Rubio, Jorge. O problema da remoção de íons sulfato no reuso de águas tratadas de DAM´s no Brasil. Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios – XXIV ENTMME. Salvador, Outubro 2011.

4.5. Awards • Tratamento para o aproveitamento de águas ácidas residuais da mineração de carvão –

Work finalist award ANA2008 (National Water Agency) with the theme “Conservation and rational use of water”. Academy section, 2008.

• Técnicas para tratamento e aproveitamento de águas ácidas residuais da mineração de carvão. Award winner FIEMA 2010 (Feira Internacional de Tecnologia para o Meio Ambiente. Categoria Tecnologia Ambiental, 2010.

5. Graduate students in the group Carolina Scaraffuni, graduate in chemical engineering received financial assistance from the “Rede Carvão”. Aline Nogueira da Silveira, Master at UFRGS Renato Dantas Rocha da Silva, Master and Doctor courses at UFRGS.

6. Technical missions supported by coal network The neutralization-flocculation-lamellar settling (NF-LS) process in the treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from Coal Mines in South Brazil. Comparative processes and new basis for sulphate ion removal. Silva, R., Rubio, J. – In: Wolkersdorfer, Ch. & Freund, A.: Mine Water & Innovative Thinking. – p. 187 – 191; Sydney, Nova Scoti, Canada (CBU Press), 2010. Clean Technologies for the Treatment of Coal Acid Mining Effluents. Silva, Renato ; Rubio, Jorge . In: Fifth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies - CCT2011, 2011, Zaragoza. Fifth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies - CCT2011, 2011.

Laboratório de Processamento Mineral (Laprom) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Mineral Processing Laboratory (Laprom) Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

Permanent Staff Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio, sampaio@ufrgs.br. Gelsa Edith Navarro Hidalgo, gelsaedith@ufrgs.br Ph.D.s Gérson Luiz Miltzarek, gerson.miltzarek@ufrgs.br Karime Ferreira de Souza, karime.ferreira@ufrgs.br Maria Alejandra Liendo, alejandra.liendo@ufrgs.br Activities The Mineral Processing Laboratory (LAPROM) is inserted in the Technology Center of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Since 1988, its researchers work in teaching and research in the area of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, and are linked to the Departments of Mining Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering, as well as to the Graduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials (PPGEM). Research Lines • Gravity Concentration: • Coal Beneficiation • Ore Treatment International Cooperation (main partners) France • École des Mines d'Alès • Université de Toulon et du Var • École de Mines de Saint-Étienne Germany • Institut für Aufbereitung da RWTH-Aachen • Institut für Eisenhüttenkunde da RWTH-Aachen Spain • Department of Chemical Engineering, Politechnical University of Catalúnia (UPC) • Instituto Nacional del Carbón (INCAR) Italy: • Department of Mining Engineering, Cagliari

Main Research Projects 2011 – 2013: Beneficiation of coal fines in Falcon concentrators Financial Support: CNPq 2010 – 2013: Support for research infrastructure and international cooperation in priority thematic areas of the Coal Network Financial Support: CNPq 2009 – 2012: Characterization and testing of Brazilian coals to thermoelectric Financial Support: CNPq 2009 – 2012: Purification of Brazilian and Colombian coal fines in flotation columns Financial Support: CNPq 2007 – 2012: Identification, qualification and quantification of coal for use in power plants Financial Support: FINEP 2009 – 2011: Studies of processing plants to generate PCI coals Financial Support: CNPq 2006 – 2008: Evaluation of Southern Brazil coals for use in mixtures and as PCI Financial Support: CNPq 2006: Characterization for processing of coal from Moatize, Mozambique. Financial Support: CNPq Selected Publications 2006-2011 Journals

FEIL, Norton ; SAMPAIO, C. H. ; WOTRUBA, Hermann . Influence of jig frequency on the separation of coal from the Bonito seam - Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fuel Processing Technology, v. 96, p. 22-26, 2012.

de Souza, K. Ferreira ; Sampaio, C. Hoffmann ; Kussler, J.A. Torriani . Washability curves for the lower coal seams in Candiota Mine Brazil. Fuel Processing Technology, v. 96, p. 140-149, 2012.

Silva, L.F.O. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. ; Guedes, A. ; Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo, S. ; Madariaga, J.M. . Multianalytical approaches to the characterisation of minerals associated with coals and the diagnosis of their potential risk by using combined instrumental microspectroscopic techniques and thermodynamic speciation. Fuel (Guildford), v. 94, p. 52-63, 2012.

Silva, Luis F.O. ; DaBoit, Kátia ; Sampaio, Carlos H. ; Jasper, André ; Andrade, Maria L. ; Kostova, Irena J. ; Waanders, Frans B. ; Henke, Kevin R. ; Hower, James C. . The occurrence of hazardous volatile elements and nanoparticles in Bulgarian coal fly ashes and the effect on human health exposure. Science of the Total Environment, v. 416, p. 513-526, 2012.

Silva, Luis F.O. ; Jasper, André ; Andrade, Maria L. ; Sampaio, Carlos H. ; Dai, Shifeng ; Li, Xiao ; Li, Tian ; Chen, Weimei ; Wang, Xibo ; Liu, Huidong ; Zhao, Lixin ; Hopps, Shelley G. ; Jewell, Robert F. ; Hower, James C. . Applied investigation on the interaction of hazardous elements binding on ultrafine and nanoparticles in Chinese anthracite-derived fly ash. Science of the Total Environment, v. 419, p. 250-264, 2012.

Oliveira, Marcos ; Waanders, Frans ; Silva, Luis ; Jasper, Andre ; Sampaio, Carlos ; McHabe, Dursman ; Hatch, Rachel ; Hower, James ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . A Multi-analytical Approach to Understand the chemistry of Fe-minerals in Feed Coals and Ashes. Coal Combustion and Gasification Products, v. 3, p. 51-62, 2011.

SAMPAIO, C. H. ; WOTRUBA, Hermann ; ALIAGA, Washington ; PACHECO, Edison Thaddeu ; PETTER FILHO, Edison Antônio ; DUARTE, C. F. . Introduction of the first dry coal processing method in Brazil with Candiota coal. STEEL GRIPS ON LINE, v. 7, p. 114-117, 2009.

SAMPAIO, C. H. ; ALIAGA, Washington ; PACHECO, Edison Thaddeu ; PETTER FILHO, Edison Antônio ; WOTRUBA, Hermann . Coal beneficiation of Candiota mine by dry jigging. Fuel Processing Technology, v. 89, p. 198-202, 2008.

GAVRONSKI, Jorge ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . Thermal and renewable sources to sustain the growth of the Brazilian electric system. Utilities Policy, v. 15, p. 278-280, 2007.

Congresses

José, D. S. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . ESTADO DA ARTE DA MINERAÇÃO EM MOÇAMBIQUE: CASO CARVÃO DE MOATIZE, TETE. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. v. A9. p. 1-20.

FEIL, Norton ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . A INFLUÊNCIA DA FREQÜÊNCIA DE JIGAGEM NO DESEMPENHO DO BENEFICIAMENTO DE CARVÃO DA CAMADA BONITO, SANTA CATARINA, BRASIL. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. v. B3. p. 1-13.

Silva, L.F.O. ; Oliveira, M. I. S. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AND FULLERENES IN COAL FLY ASH. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. v. B3. p. 1-10.

SABEDOT, Sydney ; Sundstron, M. G. ; Böer, S. C. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. ; Dias, R. G. O. ; Ramos, C. G. . CARACTERIZAÇÃO E APROVEITAMENTO DE CINZAS DA COMBUSTÃO DE CARVÃO MINERAL GERADAS EM USINAS TERMELÉTRICAS. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. v. B06. p. 1-15.

kalkreuth, L. ; Oliveira J. ; Hidalgo G. ; Ghiggi M. L. ; Osório, E. ; Souza K. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . Camadas Inferiores e Superiores da Jazida de Candiota, RS Caraterização Geológica, Petrológica, Química e Ensaios de Reatividade e Beneficiamento Visando a Geração de Energia Elétrica. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. v. B05. p. 1-19.

Silva, L.F.O. ; Oliveira, M. I. S. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . NANOMINERALS AND ULTRAFINE PARTICLES IN SUBLIMATES FROM THE RUTH MULLINS COAL FIRE, PERRY COUNTY, EASTERN KENTUCKY, USA. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. v. B07. p. 1-19.

Fossatti, J. ; Bizani, D. ; KAUTZMANN, R. M. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA E COMPARATIVA DE DRENAGEM ÁCIDA (DAM) GERADA EM LABORATÓRIO E NATURALMENTE FORMADA EM ÁREAS DE MINERAÇÃO DE CARVÃO. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. v. C01. p. 1-9.

SAMPAIO, C. H. ; DUARTE, Cesar ; MILTZAREK, G. L. . Characterization and uses of a Southern Brazilian coal. In: XIV Balkan Mineral Processing Congress, 2011, Tuzla. XIV Balkan Mineral Processing Congress. Tuzla : Library Dervis Susic Tuzla, 2011. v. 2. p. 652-655.

Amaral, J. R. ; SCHNEIDER, I. A. ; Rejane M. C. Tubino ; BRUM, Irineu Schadach ; MILTZAREK, G. L. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . Characterization of a coal tailing deposit for zero waste mine in the Brazilian coal field of Santa Catarina. In: International Mine Water Association Symposium 2010, 2010, Sydney. International Mine Water Association Symposium 2010. Sydney : Wolkersdorfer & Freund, 2010. v. 1. p. 639-642.

FERREIRA, Karime Ribeiro e Silva ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . Characterization of Candiota Mine Coal Seams - Southern of Brazil. In: XIIth INTERNATIONAL MINERAL PROCESSING SYMPOSIUM, 2010, XIIth INTERNATIONAL MINERAL PROCESSING SYMPOSIUM, 2010. p. 881-889.

SAMPAIO, C. H. ; PETTER, C. O. ; WOTRUBA, Hermann ; SABEDOT, Sydney . Mineral processing of low-quality zircon concentrates and pre-concentrates. In: XIII Balkan Mineral Processing Congress, 2009, Bucaresti. XIII Balkan Mineral Processing Congress. Bucaresti : Focus Petrosani, 2009. v. 1. p. 272-278.

Juarez Amaral Filho ; Ivo André Homrich Schneider ; BRUM, Irineu Schadach ; MILTZAREK, G. L. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. ; Carlos Schneider . Caracterização dos rejeitos de carvão do módulo B da Carbonífera Criciúma. In: XXIII Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios e Metalurgia Extrativa, 2009, Gramado.

XXIII Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios e Metalurgia Extrativa. Porto Alegre : Pallotti, 2009. v. 2. p. 57-64.

SAMPAIO, C. H. ; ALIAGA, Washington ; PACHECO, Edison Thaddeu ; PETTER FILHO, Edson Antônio ; WOTRUBA, Hermann . Study of Candiota Mine Dry Coal Processing. In: 3rd International Meeting on Ironmaking, 2008, São Luis. 3rd International Meeting on Ironmaking, 2008. v. 1. p. 1177-1183.

SAMPAIO, C. H. ; ALIAGA, Washington ; PACHECO, Edison Thaddeu ; PETTER FILHO, Edison Antônio ; WOTRUBA, Hermann ; DUARTE, C. F. . Candiota Coal Beneficiation. In: Minerals to Materials Conference M2M 08, 2008, Cairo. Minerals to Materials Conference M2M 08, 2008.

SAMPAIO, C. H. ; ALIAGA, Washington ; PACHECO, Edison Thaddeu ; PETTER FILHO, Edison Antônio ; WOTRUBA, Hermann . Candiota coal beneficiation in air jigs. In: The 11th Intyernational Mineral Processing Symposium, 2008, Antalya. Proceedings of the 11th Intyernational Mineral Processing Symposium. Ankara : Turkish Mining Development Foundation, 2008. v. 1. p. 647-652.

kalkreuth, L. ; Garavaglia M.M. ; Bicca L. ; SAMPAIO, C. H. ; PACHECO, Edison Thaddeu . Evaluation of the use of co-combustion (coal-biomass) in small fluidized-bed thermal power plants (STPP) in Southern Brazil. In: International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, 2007, Notthingham. International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, 2007.

FERREIRA, Karime Ribeiro e Silva ; SABEDOT, Sydney ; SAMPAIO, C. H. . Caracterização do concentrado de ilmenita da mina do Guajú, Paraíba, visando identificar a presença de monazita e outros contaminantes. In: XXII Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios e Metalurgia Extrativa, 2007, Ouro Preto. XXII Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios e Metalurgia Extrativa, 2007. v. 1. p. 27-33. Main students graduated at Laprom Master of Science David Selemane José, 2011. Tiago Junqueira Pereira, 2009 Norton Ferreira Feil, 2007 Karime Ribeiro e Silva Ferreira, 2006 Ph.D. Norton Ferreira Feil, 2012 Karime Ferreira de Souza, 2012 Maria Alejandra Liendo, 2011 Fabrício Gehrke da Silva, 2008 Edison Thaddeu Pacheco, 2008 Jorge Dariano Gavronski, 2007

Equipment financed by Coal Network

Air Jig

Water Jig

Research group in Mineral Technology

(at Mineral Processing Laboratory – LAPROM - UFRGS)

Team: Carlos Otávio Petter – cpetter@ufrgs.br (Professor); Paulo Conceição – Paulonc@via-rs.net (PNPD Grant – Coal Net); Milton Carriconde Milton.Carriconde@gmail.com (consultant)

Graduation students

Ítalo Gonçalves – Italogoncalves@ibest.com.br ; Rafael d’Arrigo - rafael@engdeminas.com.br ; Maurício Schoenfelder – mauricio.sch@mac.com (Grant Coal Net); Aldo Meneguzzi – aldo@crm.gov.br.

Undergraduation students

Jorge Silva – jorgeluisas@live.com; Letícia – letithome@hotmail.com (Grant Coal Net).

Research Group Description

This group is dealing with modelling in diferente áreas. Modelling of costs, modelling of optical properties and modelling of physical and chemical of coal against coke properties by the way of multivariate data analysis.

Project 1 – The use of O’Hara Model as a tool for prefeasability studies of greenfield mining and plant projects.

There have been published some mathematical models for estimating investment and operational costs on mine and mineral process industry that help the mining engineer on the task of developing feasibility studies. Some of those are available as computer software.

This work evaluates the application of the software MAFMO - Modele d’Analyse Financière sur Micro-Ordenateur (1988), developed by Centre de Géotechnique et d’Exploitation du Sous-sol from L’Ecole National Superieure dês Mines de Paris, which utilizes a cost estimation model prepared by T. Alan O’Hara to estimate suitable parameters such as capital investments (CAPEX) and operating costs (OPEX) for mine and processing plant.

This essay compares data resulted by MAFMO software application, for Candiota mine, with values CAPEX and OPEX attained in a feasibility project developed by the CRM Company for the open pit mining.

Project 2 - Determination of ash in coal by reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this research is try to determine the percentage of ash in coals in a simpler, faster, and cheaper way which is done today, and maybe we could do it even in field yet with a portable spectrometer. Today they have to calcinate it and measure the amount of ashes that it produces, consuming time, and money. The measurement of the ashes in the boreholes is the main indication of the coal’s quality, and is also one of the main indicators for selective mining.

The measurement with this technique is based on the Kubelka-Munk theory, and developed by Ítalo Golçalves to kaolin in his PhD, which correlates the spectrum with the concentration of certain material that we want to measure, such as ashes (inorganic matter) in this case. The spectrum is measured by a reflectance spectrometer that gives the color

quantitatively. We have collected the coal in the Copelmi’s mine and we are separating it by density to have parameters and then we will measure the spectrum of each one of the samples, before and after burn it and compare the results.

There are good prospects since the group started this study for coal 6 months ago and some stimulating results were obtained. Comparing the results we noticed a correlation with the amount of ash, and the color. The more ash, the clearer the coal is and vice-versa.

Figure 1 – Photo showing color diference between siltite and coal (pulverised samples from the coal bed being exploited by Copelmi Mineração).

Project 3 - Multivariate data analysis for modeling and simulation of properties of coal and coke

Multivariate analysis is a set of methods that allow the simultaneous analysis of multiple measures for each individual or object under consideration. The project aims to use such techniques for modeling and simulation of the properties of different types of coke and coal.

The modeling and simulation comprises three steps where properties of coal will be compared with each other , coke characteristics with the properties of coals and, finally, will be studied the feasibility of a predictive model of the quality parameters of coke as a function of coals properties.

Figure 1 illustrates the inter-relationship of coals based on their physical and chemical characteristics. The plot was generated using the technique of multivariate data analysis called PCA (Principal Components Analysis).

Figure 2: Inter-relationship of the coal samples

Publications

D'ARRIGO, R. F. ; Aldo Meneguzzi Junior ; Milton Correa Carriconde ; Carlos Otávio Petter . ESTIMATIVA PRELIMINAR DE CUSTOS DE CAPITAL E OPERACIONAL DE UMA MINA DE CARVÃO A CÉU ABERTO ATRAVÉS DO MODELO DE O HARA. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão de Mineral, 2011, Gramado. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. Missions financed by coal net

Participation of Prof. Carlos Petter in XIV Balkan Mineral Processing Congress in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 14

th-16

th June 2011 year to present the paper:

«The color as a tool to improve the process control».

Invited Professors financed by de Brazilian Coal Net

Prof. Hedi Sellami from Ecole des Mines de Paris, from 23 to 27 october 2001.

Professor Sellami is a specialist in Rock Drilling. We was invited professor to present a short course in the Mining, Metalurgy and Material Post-graduation Program.

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Flotation – UFRGS/PUC-RJ

Mineral Processing Laboratory (LAPROM)/ Technology Center School of Engineering/Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Mineral Processing Laboratory (LTM) School of engineering/Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro

Members(*).

1. Full name: Irineu Antônio Schadach de Brum. Institution: Mineral Processing Laboratory (LAPROM)/Centro de Tecnologia School of engineering/Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 1.1. Professor 1.2. Address: Centro de Tecnologia/UFRGS. Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500. Sector 6. Agronomia. Porto Alegre/RS. CEP 91,501-970. Telefone: (51) 33087072. 1.3. E-mail: irineu.brum@ufrgs.br

2. Full name: Maurício Leonardo Torem. Institution: Mineral Processing Laboratory (LTM) PUC/RJ. Brazil. 2.1. Professor 2.2. Address: Pontifícia Universidade Católica - RJ. Rua Marques de São Vicente, 255. Gávea. Rio de Janeiro,/RJ. CEP 22453-900. Telefone: (21) 35271723. 2.3. E-mail: torem@puc-rio.br (*) Members of the flotation group are listed in "undergraduation and post-graduation".

Description of the research group Types of researches that are carried out/areas of expertise: Flotation of coal – alternative systems of flotation, new equipment, flotation column. Reagent systems. Alternative reagents. Activities performed by the group financed by the coal network: ROM coal flotation studies, studies of flotation tailings. Studies of new reagents systems. Flotation in conventional cells and in columns flotation.

Summary Projects, development of equipment, software, etc.

Brazilian coal beneficiation through the process of flotation column Aims- Explore the process of flotation, column flotation in particular, of various Brazilians coals. The project seeks the design and optimization of a process of flotation column for systems containing coal or tailings with different contents of ashes and contaminants. The study is oriented to optimization of operational parameters of the process, being that the specific objective is the recovery of carbonaceous matter, reduction of ashes and contaminants levels. The variables analyzed are the influence of particle size, solids concentration in pulp, collector and modifiers agents, hold up's, the effect water of bias, washing water, among others. Results and conclusions – The best results, both in bench scale for conventional flotation studies and column flotation proved advantageous because can not only reduce the amount of material being discarded in tailings dams, increasing the useful life of these, but also the recovery of carbonaceous matter, obtaining a material suitable to blending with other coals. In the systems of flotation was possible to see the strong influence of solid concentration on the separation parameters analyzed. The best results were obtained with low concentration of solids. In General, the operation of flotation column with a low value of negative bias can

establish flow conditions that allow the recovery of fine material. However, under these conditions, the recovery of fine particles by entrainment and/or entrapment tends to be significant. Despite the good results obtained so far, further studies are needed. The issue of concentration of solids still needs to be optimized to reduce the ash content and optimize the bulk recovery. The performance of a system of positive bias and influence the flow of washwater still need to be evaluated. Table 1 exemplifies the best results. Scientific production carried out (second model ABNT)

Papers in conferences and journals made by the Group Network with funding from coal.

1. BRUM, Irineu Antônio Schadach de (org.); SAMPAIO, C. H. (Org.). XXIII National Congress of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 1. ed. Porto Alegre: Pallotti graphics and Editora, 2009. v. 1. 695 p.

2. BRUM, Irineu Antônio Schadach de (org.); SAMPAIO, C. H. (Org.). XXIII National Congress of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 1. ed. Porto Alegre: Pallotti graphics and Editora, 2009. v. 2. 777 p.

3. BRUM, Irineu Antônio Schadach de; GIRELLI, e. Column flotation of tailings from gravity processing of coal. In: Fifth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies, 2011, Zaragoza. Fifth International Conference on Clean Technologies, 2011.

4. AMARAL FILHO, J., SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.; TUBINO, R.M.C.; BRUM, Irineu Antônio Schadach de; MILTZAREK, G.; SAMPAIO, C. H. ; COLLING, A.V. Characterization of the coal waste deposit in the Brazilian coal field of Santa Catarina. In: Fifth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies-CCT2011, 2011, Zaragoza. Fifth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies-CCT2011, 2011.

5. BRUM, Irineu Antônio Schadach de; GIRELLI, E.; JESUS, L.G.M. Flotation tailings column from coal beneficiation gravimetric dosers processes. In: XXIV National Congress of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2011, Salvador/BA. XXIV National Congress of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2011. v. 1. p. 254-260.

6. AMARAL FILHO, J.; SCHNEIDER, I.A.H.; TUBINO, R.M.C.; BRUM, Irineu Antônio Schadach de; MILTZAREK, G.; SAMPAIO, C. H.; SCHNEIDER, C.H. Characterization of the coal tailing deposit is zero waste mine in the Brazilian Coal field of Santa Catarina. In: International Mine Water Association Symposium 2010, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada. Mine Water & Innovative Thinking, 2010 v. 1, p. 639-642.

7. BRUM, Irineu Antônio Schadach de; GIRELLI, e. Column Flotation of Brazilian Coals-Preliminary Results. In: XII International Mineral Processing Symposium 2010, Nevsehir. Proceedings of the XII International Mineral Processing Symposium. Ankara, 2010 v. 1, p. 921-931.

Undergraduate and graduate (quote if was a scholar of network)

Jordano A.T. Kussler - Undergraduate . COLUMN FLOTATION OF SOUTH BRAZILIAN COALS. 2010. scientific initiation. (Graduating in mining engineering)-UFRGS, CNPq. Advisor: Irineu Antônio Schadach de Brum. Situation: completed

Bruno Pereira da Silva – Undergraduate. COLUMN FLOTATION OF SOUTH BRAZILIAN COALS. 2010. scientific initiation. (Graduating in mining engineering) UFRGS- CNPq,. Advisor: Irineu Antônio Schadach de Brum. Situation: completed

Everton Girelli - Graduation. COLUMN FLOTATION OF SOUTH BRAZILIAN COALS. 2009. scientific initiation. (Graduating in mining engineering)-UFRGS, CNPq. Advisor: Irineu Antônio Schadach de Brum. Situation: completed

Leandro Gustavo Mendes de Jesus - Undergraduate . COLUMN FLOTATION OF SOUTH BRAZILIAN COALS. 2009. scientific initiation. (Graduating in metallurgical engineering)-UFRGS, CNPq. Advisor: Irineu Antônio Schadach de Brum. Situation: in progress.

Jorge Luis Abreu da Silva - Undergraduate . COLUMN FLOTATION OF SOUTH BRAZILIAN COALS. 2009. scientific initiation. (Graduating in metallurgical engineering)-UFRGS, CNPq. Advisor: Irineu Antônio Schadach de Brum. Situation: in progress.

Gorki Brandt Gonzalez da Vila – postgraduate studies. RECOVERY OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL BY FLOTATION PROCESS. PPGEM-UFRGS, CNPq. Advisor: Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio. Proc. 135430/2011-9. Situation: in progress.

Katia da Boit Martinello - EV-b. COLUMN FLOTATION OF SOUTH BRAZILIAN COALS. 2009. scientific initiation. (Graduating in metallurgical engineering) UFRGS-, CNPq. Advisor:IrenaeusSchadach Antônio B rum. Proc. 383660/2011-4 situation: in progress.

Main products obtained-patents, prototypes, products in General, etc. The main product until the moment was the recovery of carbonosa from the reject a thin dense medium system. In this system from a power supply with approximately 65% gray reached a product with approximately 40% of ash and a bulk recovery of around 45%. At that time, systems with different tailings from the processing of coal are still being studied. Table 1. Missions in the country and abroad with the funding Network-participation in Congress, technical visits, etc. 1. Porto Alegre/RS – participation in the 1st Network Seminar 2010, coal. 2. Brisbane/Australia – coal flotation course and participation in IMCO, 2010. 3. Nevshir/Turkey – participation in the 2010 IMPS and visit the University of Ankara. 4. Zaragoza/Spain – participation in STC 2011. 5. Gramado/RS – participation in the III Brazilian Congress of coal, 2011. 6. Salvador/BA – participation in the XXIV ENTMME, 2011. 7. Cali/Colombia-participation in Conicca 2011. 8. Internship abroad 1-visit to RWTH Aachen University Aachen and UPC in Barcelona (2010). 9. Internship abroad 2- Period of 70 days in RWTH Aachen University Aachen in Aachen (2011). 10. Visits to Universidad Del Valle in Cali/Colombia to study development on flotation column of Brazilians and Colombians coal. (2010-2011) Organisation of events 1. BRUM, Irineu Antônio Schadach de; SAMPAIO, Carlos Hoffmann. XXIII National Congress of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 2009. (Congress). Gramado/RS. Brazil.

Table 1. Mass recovery and ash content in the tests on column flotation. Cp/p 9% and 4.5%. Without washing water.

Test Var (cm/s) Cp/p% Valim

(cm/s) Vrej.

(cm/s) Concentrated

mass% Ash -

concentrated% Ashes - Reject%

02_A 1,0 23,82 31,65 73,98

02_B 1,2 9,0 20,92 31,42 71,13

02_C 1,3 25,67 28,90 72,71

02_D 1,7 1,37 1,14 23,93 30,28 86,20

02_E 1,0 46,07 31,44 78,14

02_F 1,2 47,28 31,63 79,05

02_G 1,3 4,5 46,51 31,38 78,31

02_H 1,7 58,47 30,40 79,54

Brazilian Center for Excellence in Research and Innovation on Petroleum, Mineral Resources and Carbon Capture – CEPAC

CEPAC is a Brazilian Center for Excellence in Research and Innovation on Petroleum, Mineral Resources and Carbon Storage Technologies located in Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (Fig.1). CEPAC belongs to Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (www.pucrs.br/cepac) and receives almost all financial support from PETROBRAS. The Brazilian Coal Network (Rede Carvão) and National Council of Science and Technology (CNPq) gives partial support to congress participations, technical visits and support CEPAC Masters and PhDs students in projects related to brazilian coalfields.

Figure 1 - CEPAC building - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre – RS – Brazil.

The CEPAC Clean Coal Technologies Program (CCT-PROCARBO) main focus is performing clean technologies studies to energy generation using coal. These studies comprehend Coalbed Methane (CBM), Enhanced CBM (ECBM) exploration, Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) and Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCGS) projects in coal seams (Figure 2).

Figure 2 – Porto Batista Pilot Site drilling operations and core description (coal seams and cap rocks).

The CCT activities encompass target areas screening criteria and syngas products selection in gasification projects, cap rocks integrity studies and CO2 injection numerical modeling. The research activities also

include coalbed methane sampling in field operations (Fig.3): gas sampling (measurements of Q1 lost gas, – Q2 desorbed gas and Q3 residual gas), geological characterization, petrographic and elementary/geochemistry analyses. The CEPAC laboratories also have capacity to carried out adsorption isotherms (CO2 and CH4) using the magnetic suspension balance (Rubotherm GMBH - Figure 3). Thus the following parameters can be determinate: i) gas adsorption capacity in coal seams (building up isotherms), ii) diffusion coefficient in coal under different pressure conditions, iii) critical desorption pressure, among others indicators and coefficients. The analyses allow estimation of the rate and volume of gas desorption related with the reservoir pressure decrease and gives a general overview of the economic process.

Figure 3 - The main steps in coalbed methane characterization including the field operations sealing the coal samples in canisters, gas sampling and measurements of Q2 (desorbed gas) and carried out adsorption isotherms (Thermo balance Rubotherm GMBH).

CEPAC is also pioneer in brazilian CO2 injection in coal seams in association with PETROBRAS and COPELMI Mineração, operating a Carbon Geological Storage (CGS) Pilot Site in Paraná Basin (Porto Batista District – RS). The CO2 injection tests (Figure 4) occurs since August 2011 into coal seams from Charqueadas Coalfield - Paraná Basin (RS State - Brazil).

Besides the CO2 geological storage, the pilot site includes the validation of environmental monitoring techniques and CO2 leakage simulations. The investigation on interactions between CO2 and rock fluids after injection is a key issue being tested in CEPAC. A huge quantity of lab tests under pressure and temperature controlled conditions using pressurize autoclaves are carried out routinely in CEPAC to

simulate the CO2-rock-fluids behavior. Our labs essays are carried out using rock plugs to test the cement/casing/rock system corrosion resistance under CO2 supercritical conditions. This information is fundamental to assure that the well materials does not allow the occurrence of CO2 leakages. CEPAC is a member of the International Performance Assessment Centre for Geologic Storage of CO2, responsible for its activities in South America. Therefore, for development energy efficiency projects with clean coal energy generation associated with an efficient CO2 storage strategy associated, all this coal research, technical tools and related variables must be study and interpreted in an integrated approach. Others CEPAC projects comprise coal prospection/exploitation, backfilling and water monitoring.

Figure 4 – CO2 injection steps into Paraná Basin coal seams (Rio Bonito Formation).

Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental (LQAmb) - PUCRS

Laboratory of the Analytical Environmental Chemistry

Team

Marçal José Rodrigues Pires1, Professor, mpires@pucrs.br

Carla Maria Nunes de Azevedo1, Professor, cazevedo@puvrs.br

Lizete Senades. Ferret2, Dr., Researcher, CIENTEC, lizete@cientec.rs.gov.br

Vera Lúcia Fallavena1 (PhD student), Leticia Azambuja Lincks1 (graduate student), Cristiane Abreu

Soares 1 (undergraduate student), Taísi Daiane Inácio1 (undergraduate student).

1 –LQAmb/PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Prédio 12B, Zip Code 90619-900, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.

2- Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia (CIENTEC), Rua Washington Luiz, 675, Zip code 90010-460,

Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil

Research Group

The LQAmb studies the impacts of human activities on the environment. The major axes of research

are: coal characterization, the use of the coal fly ash as raw material for synthesis of zeolites,

monitoring the methane emission from coal mines.

Activities developed

In this study, the content of mineral matter (MM) in coal was estimated from the ash content of the

medium temperature (300°C, 400°C and 370°C, MTA) and low temperature ashing with oxygen

plasma (<200°C, LTA) and compared to high temperature ashing (HTA). The low/medium ashing

were also tested in order to isolate and to analyze the content of MM without the interference caused

by organic matter. The characterization of the ashes obtained where also performed using several

techniques (FRX, DRX, SEM-EDS). The best results were obtained in LTA and MTA 300°C (Fig. 1)

tests, without significant changes of the minerals in the raw and treated coal samples. However, the

residual organic carbon must be determined in the ash of MTA 300°C, to minimize the error

associated to non-oxidized organic matter. Although the standard technique for the determination of

MM is LTA, it requires a long time of analysis and is not yet available in Brazil.

Due to environmental problems caused by the presence of sulfur in coal its determination is required.

The standard test methods for determining forms of sulfur take long time, consume significant amount

of reagents and generate waste. Faced with this problem, an alternative screening method is proposed

using hydrogen peroxide in acid medium for the desulfurization of coal and estimation of forms of

sulfur in Brazilian raw coal.

The detailed characterization of the extracts and the solids (FRX, XRD, SEM-EDS, FAAS, ion

chromatography, etc) was performed at different reaction times for the identification of possible

changes in MM.

Hydrogen peroxide (10%) in the presence of hydrochloric acid (0.1 mol L-1) removes 88% to 98% of

pyritic sulfur and 3.5% to 18% of ash present in the coal samples, at up 240 min of leaching. The

concentration of sulfate in the extracts (Fig. 2) can be used to predict the total sulfur (≤14% error) for

samples with low organic sulfur levels in relation to total sulfur (<30% ST). The sum of the pyritic

sulfur and sulfate sulfur content can also be estimated from the levels of dissolved sulfate, with errors

less than 14% for most of the coals studied. Measurements of iron content gives an indication of the

amount of pyritic sulfur present in the coal with errors of ±12%. In conclusion, the acid peroxidation

could be used as an alternative screening method for the estimation of forms of sulfur for coals with

high ash and high sulfur contents, with similar error to standard methods

Our group also studied the influence of Brazilian coal quality on greenhouse gas emissions by coal

uses. The aim of this work is to evaluate the coal quality data estimated more accurate carbon emission

factors (CEF). The obtained results indicated that energy basis factors presented average values of

25.58 tC TJ-1 (net calorific value, NCV) and 24.74 tC TJ-1 (gross calorific value, GCV). These results

confirm the doubtful validity of global, rank or country-specific CEFs for estimating greenhouse gas

emissions from coal.

Publications

ABREU, C. S.; INACIO, T. D.; FALLAVENA, V. L. V.; AZEVEDO, C. M. N. ; PIRES, M. Especiação de formas de ferros em extratos aquosos obtidos na peroxidação de carvões brasileiros da Camada Bonito: XVIII Encontro de Química da Região Sul, 2010, Curitiba.

FALLAVENA, V. L. V.; ABREU, C. S.; INACIO, T. D.; AZEVEDO, C. M. N. ; PIRES, M. Método Alternativo para determinação das formas de enxofre em carvões brasileiros. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado.

FALLAVENA, V. L. V.; ABREU, C. S.; INACIO, T. D.; AZEVEDO, C. M. N.; PIRES, M.; FERNANDES; I., FERRET, L. S. Caracterização detalhada e relato do uso do Material de Referência Certificado de Carvão Brasileiro. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado.

FALLAVENA, V. L. V.; ABREU, C. S.; INACIO, T. D.; AZEVEDO, C. M. N.; PIRES, M.; FERRET, L. S. Avaliação de métodos de determinação do teor da matéria mineral em carvões brasileiros In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado.

CARDOSO, A. M., Toniolo, R., Pires, M., Ferret, L. Síntese de zeolitas a partir de cinzas de carvão visando uma produção mais limpa e econômica In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado.

LICKS, L.A., PIRES, M. Metodologia para o cálculo de emissões de carbono e da eficiência na geração de energia pela combustão do carvão fóssil no Brasil. Revista da Escola de Minas (Impresso). , v.63, p.331 - 337, 2010.

LICKS, L.A.S, PIRES, M. Evaluation of the influence of Brazilian coal quality on greenhouse gas emissions by coal uses In: International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, 2009, Cidade do Cabo, África do Sul.

FALLAVENA V.L., Marçal Pires, Carla M. N. Azevedo, Cristiane S. de Abreu Avaliação da peroxidação de carvões brasileiros visando a caracterização da material mineral. In: XXIII ENTMME – Gramado - RS, 2009.

LICKS, L.A.S, Pires, M., Carla, M.N. Azevedo, T. D. Inácio, Philippi M. Utilziação do processo de extração líquido-líquido para a caracterização de extração Líquido-líquido de carvões brasileiros. In: XXIII ENTMME – Gramado - RS, 2009.

LICKS, L.A.S., PIRES, M. Metodologia para o cálculo de emissões de carbono e da eficiência na geração de energia pela combustão do carvão fóssil no Brasil. Revista da Escola de Minas (Impresso). , v.63, p.331 - 337, 2010.

FALLAVENA, V. L., Taísi D. Inácio, Cristiane S. de Abreu, Carla M. N. Azevedo, Marçal Pires. Acidic Peroxidation of Brazilian Coal: Desulfurization and Estimation of the Forms of Sulfur, submited to Energy & Fuels, 2011.

LICKS, L.A.S, Vera L.V. Fallavena, Marçal Pires, Cristiane S. de Abreu, Carla M. N. Azevedo C.M.N. The evaluation of the Carbon Elemental Analysis of the Brazilian coals using Standard Reference Materials, 3rdSymposium on Gondwana Coals, Porto Alegre, 2009.

Main Product

Screening method for the estimation of forms of sulfur for coals with high ash and high sulfur

contents, using hydrogen peroxide in acid medium.

Graduated Students

Vera L. Fallavena (PhD) and undergraduate students with Coal Network grants Cristiane A. Soares

(ITI-A), Taísi Inácio (ITI-A).

Congress and Technical Visit

III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado, Brazil.

XXIII Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios e Metalurgia Extrativa– Gramado, Brazil, 2009

International Conference on Coal Science and Technology, and Technical Visit to the Cape Peninsula

University of Technology, 2009, Cap Town, South Africa.

Figure 1 – Mass variation of the coal samples during medium temperature ashing test (MTA 300oC).

Figure 2 – Concentration of the sulfate measured on the extracts of the treated coal (H2O2 10%/HCl 0.1 M) in function of the reaction time.

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ASSOCIAÇÃO BENEFICENTE DA INDUSTRICA CARBONÍFERA DE SANTA CATARINA BENEFICENT ASSOCIATION OF THE SANTA CATARINA COAL INDUSTRY - SATC Beneficent Association of the Santa Catarina Coal Industry is a philantropic non-profit entity that’s supported by coal industry since 1959. Its objectives include technical, educational and other support to the comunity in order to act as an entity socially committed. SATC is, at all times, aware of every change and innovation in the field of education. It is divided into two poles: SATCedu and SATCTec. CENTRO TECNOLOGICO DE CARVÃO LIMPO CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGICAL CENTER – SATC/CTCL The CCTC works on the development of research in technologies for sustainable use of coal. From that principle the main focus is developing clean technologies to use coal for energy generation, aiming the mitigation of the emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases. The CCTC also counts with mining, geology and environmental groups mainly to support the Environmental Reclamation Project at Coal Basin in the Santa Catarina state. Beyond research CTCL also intends to give technical support for government on developing and maintaining of public policies to coal sector. SATC/CTCL Technical Staff

NAME TITLE E-MAIL ADDRESSES Antonio S. J. Krebs Geologist, Ph.D. antonio.krebs@satc.edu.br 1Cléber José B. Gomes Mining Engineer cleberjbg@gmail.com 2Daniel A. Kestering Chemical Engineer daniel.kestering@satc.edu.br Denise O. Ugioni Garcia Civil Engineer denise.garcia@satc.edu.br 2Diogo Kaminski Electromechanical Technologist diogo.kaminski@satc.edu.br Edilane Rocha Nicoleite Biologist, MSc. edilane.rocha@satc.edu.br 2Flávio Michels Bianchi Industrial Automation

Technologist flavio.bianchi@satc.edu.br

Giovana Dalpont Chemical Engineer giovana.dalpont@satc.edu.br Graziela Torres Rodrigues Mining Technician graziela.rodrigues@satc.edu.br Jefferson de Faria Engineer Surveyor jefferson.faria@satc.edu.br Jonathan J. Campos Engineer Surveyor, MSc. jonathan.campos@satc.edu.br Jéssica Fernandes da Luz Secretary Technician Jessica.luz@satc.edu.br José Eduardo do Amaral Geologist jeamaral02@yahoo.com.br Luciane Garavaglia Geologist, MSc. luciane.garavaglia@satc.edu.br Maria Gisele R. de Souza Environmental Engineer maria.souza@satc.edu.br 3Michael S. Crocetta Chemical Engineer Reginaldo Rosso Marcelllo Materials Engineer reginaldo.marcello@satc.edu.br Regina Freitas Fernandes Biologist regina.fernandes@satc.edu.br Renata Medeiros Dias Secretary Technician renata.dias@satc,edu.br Ricardo Vicente Biologist, MSc. ricardo.vicente@satc.edu.br Roberto Romano Neto Geologist roberto.neto@satc.edu.br 2Rodrigo Peixoto Cordova Mining Engineer rodrigo.cordova@satc.edu.br Ronaldo Moreira Environmental Technician ronaldo.moreira@satc.edu.nr Thiago F. de Aquino Chemical Engineer MSc. thiago.aquino@satc.edu.br Tiago Meis Amboni Environmental Engineer tiago.amboni@satc.edu.br 2Vivian Costa de Souza Chemical Engineer vivian.souza@satc.edu.br William Sant’Ana Geographer, MSc. william.santana@satc.edu.br

1 Santa Catarina Coal Producers Association technical assistant 2 CNPq Scholarships 3 in memorian 1. CTCL – Key areas of interest - Biology; - Water resources; - Geoprocessing; - Geology;

- Mining and mine closure; - Mining reclamation; - Environmental assessments; - Coal gasification and cofiring; - Gas cleaning; - Low carbon processes; - Coal analisys and characterization; - Geotechnical analisys and studies; - Chemical and environmental analysis of water and effluents. 2.PROJECTS, DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENTS AND SOFTWARE 2.1. Laboratory Equipments – LabGEO R$ 78 000.00 2.2. TGA: Coal sample analysis. 2.3. Resistivity meter for coal ash: efficiency study in equipment as electrostatic precipitator. 2.4 Geophysical Profiling: applying in studies of coal geological layers. 2.5. Modeling Software: Acquired by funding of SURPAC 6.1.2 from GENCOM 2.6. Project Name: Backfill It is known that the backfilling confinement increases the pillar strength and also reduces the rib displacement. This project aims to study the behavior of coal pillars when the confinement with rockfill is used as backfilling material. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the backfilling materials behavior and a constitutive model was developed for each kind of material. Different numerical simulations of the backfilling the room-and-pillar coal mine entry were performed. Methodologies for monitoring of trials are developed. The backfill method showed to be a good strategy to: (i) improve the ground stability in room-and-pillar coal mines for long term, especially for weak coal seams, (ii) increase the coal mining recover and (iii) reduce the quantity of waste material on waste piles at the surface. 2.7. Project Name: Gaseificação de Carvões Brasileiros Aplicado à Geração Termelétrica e Produção de The project has the objectives followings: Construction of the Clean Coal Technological Center - building 1 and 2; Improvement of the documentation center of Coal (CEDRIC) that was created to rescue, compile and scan all kinds of documents involving coal; Technical courses about gasification involving professionals from the U.S. Department of Energy – National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL); Technical mission to sites involving the gasification process; Technical, economical and environmental feasibility of the Brazilian Coal Gasification. The construction of the building 1 and 2 is in the final phase. The CEDRIC rescued, compiled, and scanned many documents involving coal but it’s necessary to conclude this step to turn available these documents for the Brazilian researchers interested in these materials. The activities regarded to the study of Brazilian coal gasification feasibility have been developed with support of the NETL where the circulated fluidized bed technology was indicated as more appropriated for Brazilian coal characteristics. Details of the technology have been studied and the main points involving a gasification pilot plant has been discussed. Beyond that the environmental questions have also been developed and some process was indicated. In the sequence the economical feasibility need to be developed for all process. 3. ACTIVITIES FUNDED BY THE COAL NETWORK The group has developed two projects: the Backfill Project and the Coal Gasification Project (item 2.3 and 2.4, respectively). The Backfill Project is going to finish its activities on December 2011 while the Gasification Project has its deadline on December 2012. 4. SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING AQUINO, Thiago Fernandes de; GIBSON, L.; SHADLE, L.J.; SPENIK, J.; KUHLMAN, J.M.; MONAZAM, E.R. Evaluation of Viscosity Models for Slagging Entrained Gasifiers Using Bituminous Coals. In: Twenty Eighth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2011, Pittsburgh - PA. Twenty Eighth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2011. CROCETTA, M.S.; MORINELLY, J.E.; AQUINO, Thiago Fernandes de. Process Modeling of H2S Removal from Brazilian Coal Gasification Syngas with MDEA. In: Twenty Eighth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2011, Pittsburgh - PA. Twenty Eighth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2011.

KAMINSKI, D.; REIMBRECHT, E.G.; AQUINO, Thiago Fernandes de. Projeto do Distribuidor de Ar de um Gaseificador de Leito Fluidizado. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado - RS. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. CROCETTA, M.S.; AQUINO, Thiago Fernandes de. Modelagem do Processo de Limpeza dos Gases Provenientes da Gaseificação do Carvão Mineral Brasileiro Utilizando Soluções Aquosas de MDEA. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado - RS. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. ZINGANO, A.C.; GOMES, J.B.; KOPPE J.; COSTA, J.F.; VALENTINI. N.; SCHNEIDER,C.H.; SILVEIRA, C.A. Calibrating Numerical Model For Room-And-Pillar Coal Mining Simulation In. Weak Immediate Roof Based On Insitu Tests. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado - RS. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. KREBS, A.S.J.; SOUZA, M.G.R.; GARAVAGLIA, L.; BARBOSA, V.C. Importância dos Aspectos Hidrogeológicos e Estruturais para Elaboração de Projeto Executivo de Tamponamento de Bocas de Mina – Mina Rio Hipólito, Orleans – SC. Estudo De Caso. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado - RS. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. AMARAL, J.E.; CANCELIER, T.S.; KREBS., A.S.J.; RODRIGUES, G.T. Mitigação Ambiental de Áreas Degradadas pela Mineração de Carvão em Santa Catarina. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado - RS. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. ZINGANO, A; GOMES, C.; COSTA, J.; KOPPE, J. Study of the Behavior for Backfilling Material in Room-and-Pillar Coal Mining In: ICGCM, 29th Int. Conf. on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown - US. Printer, 2010. p.348-35. ZINGANO, A; GOMES, C.; COSTA, J.; KOPPE, J. Modelagem Numérica do Confinamento Proporcionado pelo Enchimento de Minas de Carvão Subterrâneas com Câmaras e Pilares In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado - RS. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011. SOUZA, M.G.R.; CAMPOS,J.J.; GOMES C. J. B.; KOPPE, J.C. Correlação Espaço-Temporal do Monitoramento da Cobertura do Solo em Áreas Mineradas por Carvão em Santa Catarina In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado - RS. 5. HUMAN RESOURCE INVESTIMENTS Anyone wasn’t supported with coal network fund. 6. MISSIONS HELD IN COUNTRY AND ABROAD WITH FINANCE NETWORK; PARTICIPATION IN CONGRESS, TECHINCAL VISITS, 2006-2011 6.1. ICGCM, 28th Int. Conf. on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown-West Virginia – USA, 2009 6.2. Fourth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies – Dresden/Germany a) Technical visit to coal mine at Cottbus/Germany b) Technical visit Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus 6.3. Fortaleza/CE, 09 – 12/11/2009 a) II International Workshop "Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies” 6.4. Londres/UK, 14 a 18/09/2009

a) Training courses on underground coal gasification by UCG Partnership in association with imperial College London;

6.5. Technical Mission (Gasification project): It was visited international sites with different gasification technologies installed (fixed bed, fluidized bed and entrained bed). It was visited research institutes, universities and companies in different countries (Netherland, Germany, China, Australia and South Africa). These visits were really important to select what technology can be applied for the Brazilian reality, 2010 6.6. ICCS&T, Espanha, 01 a 16/10/11 a) International Conference Coal Science & Technology – ICCS&T b) Technical visit to the coal mine at Arinho/Spain c) Technical visit to Ciuden, Ponferrada/Spain

6.7. ICGCM, 29th Int. Conf. on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia – USA 6.8. ICGCM, 30th Int. Conf. on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia – USA 6.9. III Brazilian Congress of Coal, Gramado – RS 6.10. Technical visit to USP and UNICAMP by the Gasification Project – 2011 6.11. Fifth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies, Zaragoza/Espanha – 2011 6.12. Twenty Eighth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2011. 7.0. GUEST PROFESSORS FUNDED BY NETWORK - Short Course Backfill, given by Jan Palarski, Ph.D., from Technical University of Silesia in Gliwice, Poland, since 11/19 until 11/22/2008. The objective was show techniques of Backfill application. - Treatment (Cleaning) of Gases Generated During Solid Fuel Gasification, given by Lawrence J. Shadle, Ph.D. and Thomas O'Brien, Ph.D., from NETL – National Energy Technology Laboratory, since 03/31 until 04/04/2008. The objective was study the technologies about the thermo-chemical processes for solid fuels conversion; studies of relevant variables in gas cleaning processes, operation and maintenance techniques of gas cleaning systems; particularities in the application of the fuel gas, topical special in gasification of solid fuels. - Short Course on Acid Draining of Mine, given by Jeffrey David Jarrett, Robert Lawrence Kleinmann, Ph.D. and Margaret Hensley Dunn, from NETL – National Energy Technology Laboratory, since 12/02 until 12/05/2008. The objective was provide to the participants information and exchanges experience about acid draining of mine treatment (mitigation) technology and its application on basin river system. - Gasification of Coal with High Ash Content: given by Lawrence J. Shadle, Ph.D. and Thomas O'Brien, Ph.D., from NETL – National Energy Technology Laboratory, since 09/28 until 10/02/2009. The objectives was acculturation on gasification process; coal firing on fluidized bed process; main variables on gasification process; equipments required in the process. - Gasification – CFD/Process Short Course: given by David Miller, Ph. D. and Sreekanth Pannala, Ph. D., from NETL – National Energy Technology Laboratory, since 05/10 until 05/14/2010. Objectives: acculturation on gasification process; training the members for simulation software application: ASPEN PLUS (process) and MFIX (CFD); modeling gasification process using MFIX and ASPEN tools. - Gasification – Second Process Short Course in ASPEN PLUS: given by Debangsu Bhattacharyya, Ph. D., from NETL – National Energy Technology Laboratory, since 02/14 until 02/18/2011. Objectives: Gasification process knowledge; training the members using the ASPEN PLUS. - Gasification – Second Process Short Course in MFIX: given by Sofiane Benyahia, Ph. D., from NETL – National Energy Technology Laboratory, since 02/21 until 02/23/2011. Objectives: Gasification process knowledge; training the members using the software of CFD simulation MFIX.

Laboratório de Tecnologia Mineral e Processamento Químico (Mineral Technology and Chemical Processing Laboratory)

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

(Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro) Project: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Humic Substances Obtained from Mineral Coals. Participants: Eduardo de Albuquerque Brocchi, PhD (ebrocchi@puc-rio.br) /PUC-Rio Associate Professor Deborah Pinheiro Dick, PhD (deborah.dick@ufrgs.br) / UFRGS Associate Professor Ana Christina Wimmer, MSc, (anachriswimmer@gmail.com) / PUC-Rio Laboratory Responsible Renzon Daniel Cosme Pecho, MSc, (renzon@puc-rio.br) / PUC-Rio Doctorate Student Anderson José B. Leite, Chemist, (barcellos2903@gmail.com) / UFRGS Master Student Natalia C. B. Cabral, (nataliacabral@gmail.com) / PUC-Rio Undergraduate Student Description of the Research Group: The research activities which have been carried out in the Mineral Technology and Chemical Processing Laboratory located at PUC-Rio are mainly related to extractive metallurgy, materials synthesis and environmental (effluent and residues treatment). The specific group (listed above) directly involved to the CNPq supported mineral coal research partnership (“Rede Carvão”) has been working on the production of humic substances from poor mineral coal and concentration processes tailings. Group Activities on the “Rede Carvão” Project: The material initially employed for this study was a rejected coal which was milled and screened into particles finer than 150 mesh (0,105 mm). It was then physically characterized and also analyzed in terms of C, H, O, N and S concentrations as well as humidity and ashes content. The humic acid (HA) preparation was carried out through different chemical treatments. The characterization of the obtained material was performed through conventional methods, specifically employed for the identification of humic substances, such as visible UV, IR and ICP. The results indicated that it is possible to obtain HA like from these industrial coal related materials. The obtained HA can be applied in different fields of environmental interest such as effluents treatment and recovering of degraded soil and those studies are programmed to be carried out as descended from the project. Another purpose of the original project is to study alternative methods, such as high pressure extraction and electrolysis, in order to obtain humic substances (HS) from mineral coal. The Figure below illustrates the general idea of the project.

Publications: BROCCHI, E. A. ; MAURICIO, G. M. ; WIMMER, A.C.S. ; VIDAL, A. C. N. ; NUNES, R.A.; Humic acids from fines of residual coal type material: preparation and characterization. In: XV Meeting of the International Humic Substances Society, Tenerife, Spain, 2010; IHSS Spain Chapter, v. 3. p. 290-293. DICK, D.P.; BROCCHI, E.A.; LEITE, A.J.B.; CABRAL, N.C.B.; Ácidos húmicos de materiais carbonosos: extração e composição. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Cravão Mineral, Gramado, Brasil, 2011, C_5_2, 7pgs. DICK, D.P.; BROCCHI, E.A.; LEITE, A.J.B.; CABRAL, N.C.B.; Composição química de materiais carbonosos e de seus ácidos húmicos afetada por processo de nitretação In: IX Encontro Brasileiro de Substâncias Húmicas, Aracajú, Brasil, 2011, 4pgs. Students associated with the project: Renzon Daniel Cosme Pecho / PUC-Rio, Doctorate Student Anderson José Barcellos Leite / UFRGS, Master Student Natalia C. B. Cabral / PUC-Rio, Undergraduate Student (Obs: They have scholarships from the “CNPq Coal Edital”) Other activities with the “Rede Carvão” support: Participation in the XV Meeting of the International Humic Substances Society, 2010, Tenerife, Spain. Participation in the III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, 2011, Gramado, Brasil.

Master on Evaluation of Environmental Mining Impacts Centro Universitario La Salle – Unilasalle

2288 Victor Barreto avenue, Downtown – Canoas – RS, 92010-000 Telephone: 55 51 3476.8490 www.unilasalle.edu.br/canoas ppgambiental@unilasalle.edu.br,rubensm@unilasalle.edu.br 1 COMPONENTS 1.1 Professors Prof. Dr. Rubens Müller Kautzmann: Coordinator - rubensm@unilasalle.edu.br Prof. Dr. Ana Cristina Borba da Cunha: anacunha@unilasalle.edu.br Prof Dr. Alessandra Marqueze: a.marqueze@uol.com.br Prof. Dr. Cristina Vargas Cademartori: cristinacademartori@unilasalle.edu.br Prof. Dr. Delmar Bizani: delmib@terra.com.br Prof. Dr. Inga Ludmila Veitenheimer Mendes: inga.mendes@terra.com.br Prof. Dr. Sérgio Augusto de Loreto Bordignon: bordignon@ibest.com.br Prof. Dr. Silvio Roberto Taffarel: silviotaffarel@yahoo.com.br Prof. Dr. Simone Schneider Amara: simonesamaral@yahoo.com.br Prof. Dr. Sydney Sabedot: sabedot@unilasalle.edu.br 1.2 Students – researches related to the evolutionary chain of mineral coal Cristina Fernandes Garbino: Scholarship CNPq - crisgarbino@hotmail.com Everton Conceição da Silveira: Metropolitan Carboniferous Scholarship - everton@cientec.rs.gov.br Jeferson Fossattii: Coal Net Scholarship - jefersonfossatti@yahoo.com.br Julio Cesar Touguinha de Almeida: FURG - cotplanal@mikrus.com.br Marcelo Garcia Sundstron: COPELMI Mining Ltda. - msundstron@copelmi.com.br Priscila Meneghetti Eger: CNPq Scholarship - pri_meneghetti@yahoo.com.br Tiago Corrales Cabral: CNPq Scholarship - cabraltc@hotmail.com Sabrine Cássia de Bôer: CNPq Scholarship - sabrineboer@hotmail.com 1.3 Undergraduate Research Scholars Diego dos Santos de Medeiros: CNPq Scholarship - demedeiros15@yahoo.com.br Diego Ribeiro: CNPq Scholarship Fagner Tafarel Campos de Sá: Coal Net Scholarship - fagnercampos17@hotmail.com Gabriela Hencke Mallmann: CNPq Scholarship - bycars@hotmail.com

Glenda Chaiana Schneider: CNPq Scholarship - glenda.schneider@yahoo.com.br Luciano Scarello de Azeredo: CNPq Scholarship - scarello.la@hotmail.com Marcelo de Souza: CNPq Scholarship - marceleza.souza@gmail.com

Priscylla Volkart: CNPq Bolsa 2 RESEARCH GROUPS / LABORATORIES

The Master Course has two research lines. One of them is focused on technology and management while the other works on natural sciences and environmental perception themes. The reseacher professors and laboratories share disciplines and research projects in a multi and transdisciplinar

perspective. Below, the research lines as well as their laboratories related to productive chain of mineral coal are described.

2.1 Characterization and Mitigation of Impacted Areas

It approaches researches related to mitigation processes and evaluation in environmental impacts from anthropic activities: recovery of degraded areas, residue treatment, environmental chemistry, clean technologies and environmental management.

2.1.1 Geoprocessing Laboratory

It applies remote sensing methods for environmental investigation and monitoring. This laboratory is supported by the Coal Net for the acquisition of the ARGCGIS software license for nets with 25 access points. The Coal Net and CNPq also offered ITI scholarships and the Master Course which made possible the geoprocessing studies formation.

Project Title: Diagnosis study of aerial emissions generated by mining activities and processing in Candiota, Mining District. The research completed the first temporal environmental evaluation, between 1985 and 2010, by the use of Landsat 5 TM e Landsat 7 ETM+ images. The following aspects were observed: areas occupied by the plants, urban area, mined area and recovered area (coal and limestone) and directions of visible plumes of the thermoeletric. It was concluded that there was a reduction of 60% of the coal area exposed between 1990 and 2010. Support/Period: CNPq/Coal Net; 2009 - 2011 Associate Researcher – Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Fitz (Unilasalle) Papers / Published Abstracts DE MEDEIROS, D.S.; DE SÁ, F.T.C.; DE AZEVEDO, L.S. Levantamento de Informações Geográficas utilizando imagens Landsat. Estudo de caso do distrito mineiro de Candiota. In. VII Semana Científica Unilasalle, 2011.

2.1.2 Environmental Studies Group – Environmental Studies Center

The Environmental Studies Center gathers soil laboratories, hydraulics and hydrology and the Environmental Studies Group ESG. The ESG develops research projects in the environmental management and environmental education areas, in a multi and transdisciplinary approach and systemic perspective of the anthropic and natural processes.

Project

Títle: Environmental Education Studies as an instrument of systemic environmental management. Case study: Modeling of the systemic environmental management system for electrical energy generation in Candiota – RS

Associate Researcher - Prof. Dr. Arion de Castro Kurtz dos Santos (FURG)

Master Dissertation:

DE ALMEIDA, J.C.T. Interdisciplinaridade e o Pensamento sistêmico: O estudo de caso envolvendo a Educação Ambiental e a Modelagem Computacional STELLA na Gestão Ambiental Sistêmica. 2011. 187 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração.

Published articles

DE ALMEIDA, J.C.T.; KAUTZMANN, R.M. A Educação Ambiental (EA) na Universidade e na Empresa. Revista de Ciências Ambientais. Canoas: v. 6, n. 1, 2012. (accepted)

DE ALMEIDA, J.C.T.; KAUTZMANN, R.M. A filosofia da natureza e educação ambiental: uma reflexão crítica na busca de uma direção ética. Revista de Educação, Ciências e Cultura. Canoas: v. 16, n. 1, 2011.

2.1.3 Chemistry Laboratories

It is equipped with physical-chemical analysis, microbiological, microscopical and chromatographic and development of water samples and solid material. It consists of two research projects on Coal Net interest: selection of microorganisms which are productors of biosurfactant, with a project directed to acidic drainage of mines in RS; and studies of the characterization of thick ash from mineral coal combustion in thermoelectric plants.

Projects

Title: International Cooperation with Catalunya Polytechnic University (UPC) and the Manresa Technological Center.

Prof. Ana Cristina Borba da Cunha´s mission to CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Barcelona (from may 23rd to June 7th – 2011). It was agreed that students from Unilasalle would be received and the HPas environmental analysis investigation supported by the use of CSCI structure of laboratories. In December of 2011 we will receive Dr. Maria José Lopes de Alda do CSIC, for contacts with Coal Netpara.

Support/Period: Coal net; 2010-2012

Title: Selection of microorganisms productors of biosurfactants from mining effluents and its application in bioremediation processes.

Support/Period: CNPq ; 2010 - 2013

Paper / Abstracts

BIZANI, D.; FOSSATTI,J ; KAUTZMANN, R.M.; SAMPAIO, C. Caracterização física e química e comparativa de drenagem ácida de mina (DAM) gerada em laboratório e naturalmente formada em área de mineração de carvão. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado: Rede Carvão, 2011. POSSAMAI. P. S. M.; WASZAK, D. Q.; FOSSATTI,J; SPAGIARI, M. S.; BIZANI, D.; BORDIGNON, S.A.L.; CUNHA, A.C.B.. Levantamento florístico e qualificação de benzo(A)pireno em sedimentos em áreas degradadas por rejeitos de carvão utilizados em termelétricas. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral. Gramado: Rede Carvão, 2011 CUNHA, A. C. B.; LEITE, D.; BIZANI, D.. Análise de Macro e Micro Nutrientes e Estudo Comparativo de Solo Inerte para Processos de Biorremediação. In: Jornadas Mercosul: Memória, Ambiente e Patrimônio. Resumo, Canoas: Unilasalle, 2010. Title: Physical, chemical and mineralogical ash characterization from combustion of mineral coal, generated by thermoelectric plants, aiming at industrial application. Title: Determination of physical-chemical and mining properties, aiming at economic and/or environmental alternatives for residues from the combustion of mineral coal in thermoeletric plants. These two projects study the technological characterization and use application for residues from heavy ashes generated in a coal thermoeletric in RS. Support/Period: CNPq / COPELMI Mining Ltd. ; 2010-2012 Papers / Abstracts SABEDOT, S.; SUNDSTRON, M.G.; BÖER, S.C.; SAMPAIO, C.H.; DIAS, R.G.O. Caracterização e Aproveitamento de Cinzas da Combustão de Carvão Mineral Geradas em Usinas Termelétricas. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado: Rede Carvão, 2011.

Title: Acidic drainage treatment in mines generated by coal mining in RS. Support/Period: FAPERGS ; 2011-2014 2.2 Conservation and Management of Biodiversity

Research line involving themes related to the zoology, ecology, management and biodiversity and bioindicators conservation areas and environmental perception.

2.2.1 Fauna Management Laboratory

Develops studies and researches in regard to environmental diagnosis; faunal and floristic data raising, managing and conservation of biodiversity, biodiversity monitoring, bioindicators and environmental education.

Projects Title: Studies of environmental indicators for the mineral coal extraction in contiguous zones and under the influence of carboniferous enterprise in Environmental Protection Area. (APA do Banhado Grande) Support/Period: Metropolitan Carboniferous Ltd; CNPq ; 2010 - 2012. Papers or Abstracts SILVEIRA, E. C.; CADEMARTORI, C. V.; KAUTZMANN, R. M. Avaliação de indicadores ambientais em área úmida na APA do Banhado Grande, Viamão, RS, para uso em processos de mitigação e restauração ambiental. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado, Rede Carvão, 2011, CD-ROO. SILVEIRA, E. C.; CADEMARTORI, C. V. Utilização de indicadores ambientais bióticos e abióticos no monitoramento e mitigação do processo de mineração em zonas contíguas e sob influência de empreendimento carbonífero na APA do Banhado Grande, RS. In: Jornadas Mercosul: Memória Ambiente e Patrimônio, Resumos. Canoas: Unilasalle, 2010. p. 38-39. Title: Studies in regard to the Phyllostomidae family (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in the area of carboniferous enterprise influence at APA do Banhado Grande, Viamão, RS, with enphasis to frigivorous species with restorage potential. Support/Period: CNPq ; 2010 - 2012. Published Article CADEMARTORI, C. V.; MARQUES, R. V.; PIRES, D. P. S.; CABRAL, T. C.; SILVEIRA, E. C.; LIMA, C. S.; DELLAGNESE, D. G.; SILVA, A. R. Lista comentada da mastofauna do Morro do Coco, RS: subsídio para a divulgação e conservação do patrimônio natural. Mouseion (Unilasalle), v. 9, p. 77-95, 2011.

Figure 1 - Procedure for capturing, marking and obtaining biometric measurements of small non-flying mammals through the use of traps - species Oligoryzomys flavescens – Project: Studies of environmental indicators for the mineral coal extraction in contiguous zones and under the influence of carboniferous enterprise in Environmental Protection Area. (APA do Banhado Grande)

Figure 2 - Workroom and instruction of GIS, which has 25 points in the program ArcGIS, purchased with funds from the Coal Network, for the sub-projectDiagnosis study of aerial emissions generated by mining activities and processing in Candiota, Mining District.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia - UFPel Departamento de Solos / Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel / Universidade Federal

de Pelotas

Post-Graduation Program in Agronomy - UFPel - Soils Department / Eliseu Maciel Faculty of Agronomy - Federal University of Pelotas

Group Members: Prof. Eloy Antonio Pauletto (Soil Physics) Prof. Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto (Soil Chemistry and Genesis) Profa Flávia Fontana Fernandes (Soil Management and Conservation) Prof. Danilo Dufech Castilhos (Soil Microbiology) Profa Rosa Maria Vargas Castilhos (Soil Fertility) Profa Claudia Liane Rodrigues de Lima (Soil Physics) Prof. Ledemar Carlos Vahl (Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition) Prof. Luis Carlos Timm (Soil Physics and Hydrology) Research Group description: The group works with reclamation of degraded soils in coal mining areas. Field and laboratory experiments are being performed focusing on vegetation adaptation to mine soil conditions and acidification control due to pyrite oxidation. Activities carried out by the group supported by the “Rede Carvão” 1 - A visit to the Coal Region of Southern Santa Catarina State (SC) (28 students and 6 teachers) with the following activities: a) a lecture by Mining Eng. Marcio Zanus about the Environmental Recovery of the Coal Region of SC in the Coal Industry Association of SC (SATC); b) visit to the waste disposal sites and wastewater treatment systems of the Criciúma Carbonífera S.A.; c) visit to the Experimental Station of Dry Cover in the Centro de Tecnologia Mineral (CETEM); d) visit to the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) mine reclamation areas. 2 - A visit to the COPELMI mines in Butia-RS Coal Region with the participation of 18 students and 5 teachers. 3 - Participation of two Professors in the 19th World Congress of Soil Science in Brisbane, Australia with the presentation of the paper: Flow and hydraulic interril erosion susceptibility of soils from constructed and natural Candiota, RS, Brazil. 4 - Scientific Projects: In the field experiments with plants, different cover crops were implanted in consorciation or alone with the purpose of verifying their adaptability to the environment and their influence in improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Among the plants tested, up to present moment, Hemartria (Hemarthria altíssima ), Brachiaria brizantha, and secondly Tifton grass (Cynodon dactylon), were the plants that showed the best adaptation to the soil and climate environment in Candiota (RS) region, producing good vegetation cover and improving the structural quality of the soil. Compared to the soil without plants, nevertheless, all plants showed an increase in soil carbon, microbial biomass and activity, including the mycorrhizal sporulation, with the best results shown by the plants mentioned above. It should be noted, however, that the conduction time of the experiments is still insufficient to reach definite conclusions. In the laboratory, the long term leaching experiments in columns with lime doses in mine wastes mixed with soils only the double dose (30 Mg/ha) was able to control the pH up to the consumption of 70% of the pyrite present in wastes. Scientific production: Scientific journals: SANTOS, D.C.dos; CASTILHOS, D.D.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PINTO, L.F.S.; CASTILHOS, R.M.V. Biomassa e atividade microbiana em solo construído após

mineração de carvão e submetido a diferentes coberturas vegetais. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência (UFPEL), v.14, p. 345-351, 2008. Book chapter: PINTO, L.F.S.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PAULETTO, E.A. Recuperação de solos degradados pela mineração: da teoria termodinâmica à prática nas áreas regeneradas da mina de carvão de Candiota, RS. In: José Maria Filippini Alba. (Org.). Recuperação de Áreas Mineradas. 2 ed. Brasília: Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, 2010, p. 237-255. Congresses and Symposia: LEAL, O.A.; CASTILHOS, R.M.V.; PILLON, C.N.; PENNING, L.H.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F. Frações granulométricas da matéria orgânica de um solo construído após mineração de carvão e recentemente vegetado (31-07 a 05-08-2011). In: XXXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2011, Uberlândia - MG: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e SBCS, 2011. v.1, p. 1-4. SILVA, T.S. da; STUMPF, L.; PAULETTO, E. A.; SUZUKI, L.E.A.S.; FERNANDES, F.F. Pressão de pré-consolidação e índice de compressão de um solo construído em área de mineração de carvão de Candiota, no sul do Brasil. In: XXXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2011, Uberlândia - MG: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e SBCS, 2011. v.1, p. 1-4. STUMPF, L.; SILVA, T.S. da; PAULETTO, E. A.; SUZUKI, L.E.A.S.; FERNANDES, F.F. Qualidade Física de um Solo Construído em Área de Mineração de Carvão, Submetido a Diferentes Espécies Vegetais. In: XXXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2011, Uberlândia - MG: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e SBCS, 2011. v.1, p.1-4. PANZIERA, W.; LIMA, C.L.R.; PIMENTEL, J.R.; PAULETTO, E. A.Resistência mecânica à penetração de um solo construído em área de mineração de carvão sob diferente intensidade de tráfego. In: XXXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2011, Uberlândia - MG: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e SBCS, 2011. v.1, p.1-4. REIS, D.A.; LIMA, C.L.R.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PINTO, L.F.S.; FURTADO, G,G. Resistência tênsil de agregados e friabilidade de um solos construído em área de mineração de carvão de Candiota-RS. In: XXXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2011, Uberlândia - MG: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e SBCS, 2011. v.1, p.1-4. STUMPF, L.; PAULETTO, E. A.; SILVA, T.S. da; SUZUKI, L.E.A.S.; FERNANDES, F.F.; TIMM, L.C.; GARCIA G.F. Atributos Físicos de um Solo Construído em Áreade Mineração de Carvão, Cultivado com Diferentes Espécies Vegetais. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado - RS: CNPq-Rede Carvão, 2011. v.1, p. 1-9. STUMPF, L.; PAULETTO, E. A.; SILVA, T.S. da; SUZUKI, L.E.A.S.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PINTO, L.F.S.; NUNES, M.R. Agregação de um solo construído, cultivado com diferentes espécies vegetais, em área de mineração de carvão. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado - RS: CNPq-Rede Carvão, 2011. v.1, p. 1-10. STUMPF, L.; PAULETTO, E. A.; SILVA, T.S. da; SUZUKI, L.E.A.S.; FERNANDES, F.F.; LIMA, C.L.R.; PANZIERA, W. Pressão pré-consolidação e índice de compressão de um solo construído em área de mineração de carvão, após cultivo com diferentes espécies vegetais. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado - RS: CNPq-Rede Carvão, 2011. v.1, p.1-9. ROSA, D.S.B. da; HOLANDA NETO, M. R.; CASTILHOS, D.D.; PAULETTO, E. A.; HELLWIG, L.H.; CASTILHOS, R.M.V. Biomassa microbiana e respiração basal de um solo construído e submetido a diferentes cultivos na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota-RS. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado - RS: CNPq-Rede Carvão, 2011. v.1, p1-16. NUNES, M.R.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F. Acidificação e liberação de sulfetos em função de diferentes doses de calcário em solo contaminado com pirita em área de mineração de carvão. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado - RS: CNPq-Rede Carvão, 2011. v.1, p1-13.

VILLAR, R.M.L.; LIMA, C.L.R.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PAULETTO, E. A.; TIMM, L. C.; PANZIERA, W.; NUNES, M.R. Resistência mecânica à penetração de um solo construído e submetido a diferentes intensidades de tráfego de um trator de esteira na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota-RS. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado - RS: CNPq-Rede Carvão, 2011. v.1, p.1-8. LEAL, O.A.; CASTILHOS, R.M.V.; PENNING, L.H.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PILLON, C.N. Estoques de matéria orgânica de um solo construído após a mineração de carvão com diferentes idades de implantação de gramíneas. In: III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado - RS: CNPq-Rede Carvão, 2011. v.1, p.1-9. STUMPF, L.; PAULETTO, E. A.; STUMPF, T.; NUNES, M.R.; PANZIERA, W.; ABREU, M.D.D.; SUZUKI, L.E.A.S.; FERNANDES, F.F. Efeito de plantas de cobertura na agregação de um solo construído em área de mineração de carvão no sul do Brasil. In: XXII Congreso Argentino de la Ciencia del Suelo, 2010, Rosario - Argentina: AACS Asociación Argentina Ciencia del Suelo, 2010. v.1, p.1-4. FRANCO, A.M.P.; CASSOL, E.A.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PINTO, L.F.S. Flow hydraulic characteristics and interril erosion susceptibility of natural and constructed soils from Candiota coal mining area, RS, Brazil. In: 19th World Congress of Soil Science, 2010, Brisbane -Australia. CD. Brisbane: Australian Society of Soil Science Inc., University of Western Australia-Crawley, WA, Australia, 2010. v.1, p.1-4. LEAL, O. A.; CASTILHOS, R. M. V.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PILLON, C,N,; PENNING, L. H.; LEMES, E. S. Estoques de carbono em frações da matéria orgânica de solo construído após mineração de carvão e sob diferentes coberturas vegetais. In: XVIII Reunião Brasileira de Manejo e Conservação do Solo e da Água, 2010, Teresina - PI: SBCS e Embrapa Meio-Norte, 2010. CDROM. p.1-4. PANZIERA, W.; PAULETTO, E. A.; MIOLA, E.C.C.; BAMBERG, A.L.; STUMPF, L.; NUNES, M.R.; SILVA, T.R.da. Variação temporal da capacidade de água disponível de um solo construído em uma área de mineração de carvão, cultivado com plantas de cobertura In: XVIII Reunião Brasileira de Manejo e Conservação do Solo e da Água, 2010, Teresina - PI: SBCS e Embrapa Meio-Norte, 2010. CDROM. p.1-4. NUNES, M.R.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PAULETTO, E. A.; STUMPF, L.; PANZIERA, W.; SILVA, T.R.da; FERNANDES, F.F. Avaliação química de um solo construído na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota/RS, submetido a tratamentos com diferentes doses de calcário após cinco anos de aplicação In: XVIII Reunião Brasileira de Manejo e Conservação do Solo e da Água, 2010, Teresina - PI: SBCS e Embrapa Meio-Norte, 2010. CDROM. p.1-4. NUNES, M.R.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PANZIERA, W.; STUMPF, L.; CASTILHOS, D.D. Acidificação de um solo construído após mineração de carvão no Município de Candiota - RS, submetido a tratamentos com diferentes doses de calcário, após seis anos da realização da calagem. In: XVIII Reunião Brasileira de Manejo e Conservação do Solo e da Água, 2010, Teresina - PI: SBCS e Embrapa Meio-Norte, 2010. CDROM. p.1-4. STUMPF, L.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F.; STUMPF, T.; SILVA, T.R.da; PANZIERA, W.; NUNES, M.R. Efeito de plantas de cobertura no diâmetro médio ponderado e no teor de carbono orgânico de um solo construído em área de mineração de carvão no sul do Brasil In: XVIII Reunião Brasileira de Manejo e Conservação do Solo e da Água, 2010, Teresina - PI: SBCS e Embrapa Meio-Norte, 2010. CDROM. p.1-4. HOLANDA NETO, M. R.; CASTILHOS, D.D.; CASTILHOS, R.M.V.; Rosa, D.S.B. da ; HELLWIG, L.H.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F. Atributos microbiológicos de um solo construído em área de mineração de carvão e submetido a diferentes cultivos. In: XVIII Reunião Brasileira de Manejo e Conservação do Solo e da Água, 2010, Teresina - PI: SBCS e Embrapa Meio-Norte, 2010. CDROM. p.1-4. NUNES, M.R.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PANZIERA, W.; FERNANDES, F.F. Caracterização química de Solução Lixiviada de Estéril oriundo da Área de mineração de carvão de Candiota - RS, tratado com diferentes doses de calcário, nov.2010. In: XIX Congresso de Iniciação Científica e XII Encontro da Pós-Graduação, Nov.2010, 2010, Pelotas-RS: UFPEL, 2010. v.1, p.1-4.

MIOLA, E.C.C.; PANZIERA, W.; PAULETTO, E. A.; LIMA, C.L.R.; NUNES, M.R. Pressão de preconsolidação, índice de compressão e densidade crítica na pressão de preconsolidação de um solo construído da área de mineração de carvão de Candiota - RS, cultivado com plantas de cobertura. In: XIX Congresso de Iniciação Científica e XII Encontro da Pós-Graduação, Nov.2010, 2010, Pelotas-RS: UFPEL, 2010. v.1, p.1-4. NUNES, M.R.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F.; BAMBERG, A.L.; SILVA, T.R.da; PANZIERA, W. Estimativa da Reação do Calcário Após Cinco Anos de Aplicação em um Solo Construído na Área de Mineração de Candiota RS. In: XXXII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2009, Fortaleza-CE: SBCS, 2009. v.1, p.1-4. STUMPF, L. ; MIOLA, E.C.C.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PINTO, L.F.S.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PANZIERA, W.; NUNES, M.R.; SILVA, T.R.da; BAMBERG, A.L. Velocidade de infiltração básica de um solo construído de mineração cultivado com diferentes plantas de cobertura ao longo do tempo. In: XXXII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2009, Fortaleza-CE: SBCS, 2009. v.1, p.1-4. PANZIERA, W.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PINTO, L.F.S.; FERNANDES, F.F.; BAMBERG, A.L.; MIOLA, E.C.C.; PRESTES, R.B.; NUNES, M.R.; SILVA, T.R.da. Densidade e Porosidade de um Solo Construído em Área de Mineração de Carvão Cultivado com Diferentes Plantas de Cobertura ao Longo do Tempo. In: XXXII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2009, Fortaleza-CE: SBCS, 2009. v.1, p.1-4. MIOLA, E.C.C.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PINTO, L.F.S.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PANZIERA, W.; NUNES, M.R.; SILVA, T.R.da; BAMBERG, A.L. Variação temporal da resistência mecânica à penetração de um solo construído de mineração cultivado com diferentes plantas de cobertura. In: XXXII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2009, Fortaleza-CE: SBCS, 2009. v.1, p.1-4. HOLANDA NETO, M. R.; MIOLA, E.C.C.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PINTO, L.F.S.; CASTILHOS, D.D.; CASTILHOS, Rosa Maria Margas . Caracterização química de solo construído após mineração de carvão e sob diferentes coberturas vegetais. In: XXXII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2009, Fortaleza-CE: SBCS, 2009. v.1, p.1-4. FRANCO, A.M.P.; CASSOL, E.A.; GENESI, F.; FRANCESQUETT, D. V.; PAULETTO, E. A. Caracterização hidráulica do escoamento e erodibilidade do solo em entressulcos em um solo construído de 12 anos de idade da área de mineração de carvão de Candiota - RS. In: XXXII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, 2009, Fortaleza-CE: SBCS, 2009. v.1, p.1-4. NUNES, M.R.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PAULETTO, E. A.; SILVA, T.R.da; PANZIERA, W.; MIOLA, E.C.C.; FERNANDES, F.F.; CASTILHOS, D.D. Lixiviação de solo e estéril da área de mineração de carvão de Candiota - RS, tratados com diferentes doses de calcário. In: XVIII Congresso de Iniciação Científica e XI Encontro da Pós-Graduação (19 a 22 out. 2009), 2009, Pelotas.: UFPEL, 2009. v.1, p.1-4. SILVA, T.R.da; PAULETTO, E. A.; GONÇALVES, F.C.; PINTO, L.F.S.; BAMBERG, A.L.; MIOLA, E.C.C.; CASTILHOS, D.D.; FERNANDES, F.F.; TIMM, L.C.; NUNES, M.R.; PANZIERA, W. Comparação entre diferentes modelos de ajuste de dados para determinação da curva de retenção de água e obtenção da capacidade de água disponível (CAD) em um solo construído na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota - RS. In: XVIII Congresso de Iniciação Científica e XI Encontro da Pós-Graduação (19 a 22 out. 2009), 2009, Pelotas.: UFPEL, 2009. v.1, p.1-5. PANZIERA, W.; PAULETTO, E. A.; MIOLA, E.C.C.; BAMBERG, A.L.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PINTO, L.F.S.; CASTILHOS, D.D.; TIMM, L.C.; NUNES, M.R.. Resistência mecânica à penetração de um solo construído na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota - RS, cultivado com plantas de cobertura.. In: XVIII Congresso de Iniciação Científica e XI Encontro da Pós-Graduação (19 a 22 out. 2009), 2009, Pelotas.: UFPEL, 2009. v.1, p.1-5. GONÇALVES, F.C.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PINTO, L.F.S.; FERNANDES, F.F.; CASTILHOS, D.D.; FURTADO, L.G. Efeito de plantas de cobertura na disponibilidade de água de um solo construído na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota-RS. In: XVII Reunião Brasileira de Manejo e Conservação do Solo e da Água, 2008, Rio de Janeiro: SBCS, 2008. v.1, p.1-4. MIOLA, E.C.C.; PAULETTO, E. A.; PINTO, L.F.S.; SILVA, T.R.da; FURTADO, L.G.; NUNES, M.R.; FERNANDES, F.F... Alterações químicas em um solo construído de mineração

submetido a diferentes culturas ao longo do tempo. In: Fertbio 2008, 2008, Londrina PR: Fundação Agrisus Agricultura Sustentável - Embrapa Soja, 2008. p.1-4. NUNES, M.R.; PINTO, L.F.S.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F.; GALARRAGA, V.F.; PANZIERA, W. Necessidade de reaplicação de calcário em um solo construído na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota RS após 4 anos de calagem. In: Fertbio 2008, 2008, Londrina PR: Fundação Agrisus Agricultura Sustentável - Embrapa Soja, 2008. p.1-4. PINTO, L.F.S.; NUNES, M.R.; PAULETTO, E. A. Liberação de sulfato em função de diferentes doses de calcário em solo contaminado com pirita em área de mineração de carvão. In: VII Reunião Sul-brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2008, Santa Maria RS: UFSM. v.1, p.1-5. SILVA, T.R.da; GONÇALVES, F.C.; PAULETTO, E. A.; BAMBERG, A.L.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PINTO, L.F.S.; CASTILHOS, D.D.; NUNES, M.R.; PANZIERA, W.; FURTADO, L.G. Agregação de um solo construído na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota - RS ao longo do tempo. In: XVII Congresso de Iniciação Científica e X Encontro de Pós-Graduação, 2008, Pelotas RS: UFPEL, 2008. v.1, p.1-5. PANZIERA, W.; GONÇALVES, F.C.; BAMBERG, A.L.; MIOLA, E.C.C.; PAULETTO, E. A.; FERNANDES, F.F.; PINTO, L.F.S.; CASTILHOS, D.D.; SILVA, T.R.da; NUNES, M.R. Capacidade de água disponível de um solo construído na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota - RS, cultivado com gramíneas. In: XVII Congresso de Iniciação Científica e X Encontro de Pós-Graduação, 2008, Pelotas RS: UFPEL, 2008. v.1, p.1-5. Students who have graduated in the group Undergraduate 1.Thiago Rech da Silva (Fapergs) 2. Wildon Panziera (PIBIC-CNPq) 3. Márcio Renato Nunes (PIBIC-CNPq) Graduate 1. Ezequiel Cesar Carvalho Miola (2010) - Master’s Dissertation: Qualidade física de um solo construído e cultivado com diferentes plantas de cobertura na área de mineração de Candiota – RS (Physical quality of a soil constructed and cultivated with different cover crops in the coal mining area of Candiota-RS). 2. Manoel Ribeiro Holanda Neto (2011) - Master’s Dissertation: Atributos microbiológicos de um solo construído vegetado com gramíneas após mineração de carvão em Candiota/RS (Microbial attributes of a constructed soil vegetated with grasses after coal mining in Candiota / RS). 3. Lizete Stumpf (2011) - Master’s Dissertation: Atributos físicos e mecânicos de um solo construído em área de mineração de carvão em Candiota-RS, cultivado com diferentes espécies vegetais (Physical and mechanical attributes of a constructed soil in area coal mining in Candiota-RS vegetated with different plant species). 4. Otávio dos Anjos Leal - Master’s Dissertation: Frações e qualidade da matéria orgânica de um solo construído vegetado com gramíneas após a mineração de carvão (Fractions and quality of the organic matter of a constructed soil vegetated with grasses after coal mining) Missions in the country and abroad with funding from de Rede 1 - Mission to the Coal Region of Southern Santa Catarina State (SC): Coal Industry Association of SC (SATC); b) Criciúma Carbonífera S.A.; c) Centro de Tecnologia Mineral (CETEM); d) Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) mine reclamation areas. 2 - Mission to the COPELMI mines in Butia-RS Coal Region. 3 - Participation of two Professors in the 19th World Congress of Soil Science in Brisbane, Australia.

URI – Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões Campus de Erechim

Members of laboratory:

Cristiano Vitorino da Silva – Professor and Coordinator of Group – URI – cristiano@uricer.edu.br Arthur Bortolin Beskow – Professor – URI – arthur@uricer.edu.br Aline Ziemniczak – Academic Student, IC Scholarship Luis Carlos Lazzari – Academic Student, IC Scholarship RS 331, n. 345, Bairro Demoliner, CEP 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brazil.

Description of Research Group:

The GEAPI - Research Group Applied to Industrial Processes is a multidisciplinary research group that operates in different areas of Mechanical Engineering. Created in 2004, has been working on research in the areas of mechanical design, materials science, manufacturing processes and transport phenomena. In 2007, with the implementation of the Mechanical Engineering Course at the URI - Campus of Erechim, and for the participation of this group at the Network of PD&I of Coal of MCT/CNPq, with projects approved in the simulation of coal combustion processes, it was settles the LABSIM - Laboratory of Numerical Simulation, laboratory of multidisciplinary character and that also currently part of the RNC - National Network of Combustion of MCT/CNPq.

Among the current research conducted by LABSIM, it can mention the studies in the area of modeling and simulation of pulverized coal combustion processes into the boilers of large thermal power plants, modeling and simulation of combustion processes of biomass gas products, modeling and simulation oxy-fuel process in large steam generators. In recent years, the group has been increasing research applied to modeling and simulation of coal combustion and coal oxy-fuel process, evaluating full-scale processes such steam generators installed in the south of Brazil and that use Brazilian coals as a main fuel. Among the main objectives of this research is the investigation by CFD - Computational Fluid Dynamics - of behavior of these devices in relation to different kinds of Brazilian coals available for use in that region of Brazil, with the purpose to obtain information that may help to optimize the process, aimed the reducing the emission of pollutants and improved combustion efficiency. As a result already found for different kinds of benefited coals, it can be concluded that both boilers studied, burning in both the CE 3100 or CE4500, the two cases have been showed problems with the size of the combustion chamber, and coal/air inlet mass flow used in actual operational conditions, because in both situations studied it possible to verify inefficiencies on the combustion process. Simulations done with a type of a nobler coal, which has a higher CV – Calorific Value and smaller mass fraction of ash, indicate that these equipments could be operated with most combustion efficiency in this case. The Figs. 1 and 2 show the trajectory of coal particles in the process of burning into the boiler that has a frontal burning with respect to variation of mass fractions of ash, char and raw coal in these particles, which makes a comparison to the same thermal load between the burning of coal with higher CV (kJ/kg) (JENKIN-KENTUCKY) and the Brazilian coal CE3100, respectively.

Figure 1 - Trajectories lines for some particles of coal as a function of char, ash and raw coal to

JENKIN-KENTUCKY.

Figure 2 - Trajectories lines for some particles of coal as a function of char, ash and raw coal to

CE3100.

Clearly it can see that for the coal of high quality (higher CV) the best results are arrived. It’s happen due to large amount of ash in Brazilian coal CE3100, which needs higher mass flow rate of coal/air to supply the heat load of the boiler, resulting in inlet higher speeds and lower residence time of the fuel in the combustion chamber. Figure 3 shows the temperature fields in a plane on the lines of burners in a case where was compared the burning process with Brazilian coals CE3100 and CE4500, which has tangential burning process. Results for the coal CE4500 (higher CV and smaller amounts of ash) also indicate better burning efficiency between then.

Figure 3 - Velocity vectors on plane temperature: (a) CE3100 first burner line, (b) CE4500 first burner line, (c) CE3100 last burner line, (d) CE4500 last burner line.

Scientific Papers:

1-DA SILVA, C.V.; LAZZARI, L.C.; ZIEMNICZAK. A.; SERAFIN, R.R; ANTONIETTI, A.J.; BESKOW, A.B.; INDRUSIAK, M.L.S.; SCHNEIDER, P.S.. CFD analysis of the pulverized coal combustion in a boiler using different Brazilian manufactured coals CE 3100 and CE 4500. In: III CBCM – Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral. Rede Carvão – Gramado, RS, 21 a 24 de agosto de 2011, Brasil.

2-DA SILVA, C.V.; LAZZARI, L.C.; ZIEMNICZAK. A.; BESKOW, A.B.; INDRUSIAK, M.L.S.; SCHNEIDER, P.S.. CFD analysis of the coal combustion in a boiler of a thermal power plant using the oxyfuel processes. In: 21st Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering by ABCM, October 24-28, 2011, Natal, RN, Brazil.

3-ZIEMNICZAK. A.; LAZZARI, L.C.; SERAFIN, R.R; DA SILVA, C.V.. Análise em CFD do processo de oxi-combustão de carvão pulverizado em uma central termelétrica. Revista Perspectiva, 2011.

4-DA SILVA, C.V.; LAZZARI, L.C.; ZIEMNICZAK. A.; BESKOW, A.B.; INDRUSIAK, M.L.S.; SCHNEIDER, P.S.. CFD analysis of the coal combustion in a boiler of a thermal power plant using diferents kinds of the manufactured coals. In: 13th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering, by ABCM, December 05-10, 2010, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.

5-DA SILVA, C.V.; BESKOW, A.B.; INDRUSIAK, M.L.S..CFD analysis of the pulverized coal combustion processes in a 160 MWe tangentially-fired-boiler of a thermal power plant. J. of the Braz. Soc. of Mech. Sci. & Eng., Vol. XXXI, No. 4 / 1, 2009.

Missions abroad:

In July 2010, through the means of Coal Network, the Professor Cristiano Vitorino da Silva and Professor Arthur Bortolin Beskow carried out a scientific mission to Germany, where they could visit a thermal power plant and a large pilot plant of oxy-fuel process in Cottbus. At this travel, they also visited the Brandenburg Technical University, and the GKSS - Research Centre for Coastal and Materials in Geesthacht.

Participation in conferences:

- 21st Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering by ABCM, October 24-28, 2011, Natal, RN, Brazil.

- III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, August 21-24, 2011, Gramado, RS, Brazil.

- 13th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering, by ABCM, December 05-10, 2010, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.

Center for Mineral Technology

Members

Paulo Sergio Moreira Soares, Center for Mineral Technology, senior researcher,

psoares@cetem.gov.br Vicente Paulo de Souza, Center for Mineral Technology, senior researcher,

vpsouza@cetem.gov.br Mario Valente Possa, Center for Mineral Technology, senior researcher,

mpossa@cetem.gov.br Anderson Borghetti Soares, Center for Mineral Technology, researcher,

aborghetti@cetem.gov.br Description of the research group

Research group no. 25 studies the performance of dry covers applied to coal mining wastes. Dry cover is a technique that aims to minimize water infiltration and/or the flow of oxygen toward the interior of the mining waste piles, thus mitigating the generation of acid mine drainage. In this context data of dry covers are obtained by laboratory experiments and numerical modeling. Activities financed by the Coal Network

1. Project: Performance evaluation of dry covers on coal waste using numerical modeling Goal: Study of the performance of different types of dry cover systems applied on coal waste. Performance is evaluated by determining the flow of water and oxygen to the interior of the wastes using field experiments and numerical modeling. Waste from coal washing plants and cover materials available in the state of Santa Catarina are the target to the study. Description: The project encompasses two steps: (1) selection (choice and sampling of materials) and technological characterization (geotechnical, chemical and mineralogical) of cover materials and waste from coal washing and (2) numerical modeling of different cover systems using the parameters obtained in step (1). Results: Water balance (seepage, evaporation and runoff) and water flow modeling (saturation, flow) in waste piles allow the assessment of the performance of different cover systems under various climatic conditions. Conclusions: The performance of different cover systems was examined and the use of a cover system designed to control the flow of air and water into the piles reduced significantly both the volume and the metal concentration of the acid effluent from the waste.

(a) (b) Figure 1 - (a) Example of simulated waste-cover modeling type (simple capillary barrier)

and of (b) result for transient analysis – water balance (double capillary barrier).

2. Project: Determination of pyrite intrinsic oxidation rate of coal waste

Goal: Determination of the intrinsic oxidation rate (IOR) of the waste from coal washing operations in the state of Santa Catarina. Two different conditions of waste disposal were examined: with a dry cover; and without a dry cover. Description: Experiments were performed in leaching columns (with and without cover) submitted to drying and wetting cycles. Periodical measurements of oxygen content, humidity, suction and temperature were taken in the depth profile of the columns and stored using a data logger. The percolated effluent was analyzed to determine chemical and physicochemical parameters (concentrations of sulfate and iron, Eh and pH). IOR was determined by analysis of the sulfate concentration. Results: Results indicated IOR values in the order of 10-6 to 10-7 (kg (O2)/m³/s). Higher rates were obtained for the column without a cover. Moreover, the effluent collected in the column without a cover showed lower pH and higher concentrations of iron and sulfate. Conclusions: IOR for non-covered waste was extremely high, as expected. IOR values were influenced by the arrangement of the waste and cover materials in the column. The results will feed a database for future geochemical modeling of acid mine drainage.

(a) (b) Figure 2 – Columns with (a) waste covered with layers of clay and (b) non-covered waste.

Figure 3 - Sensors water content (1), temperature (2) and suction (3) and data logger (4).

Scientific production Prado, P.F., Borghetti Soares, A., Souza, V.P., Soares, P.S.M. Determinação da taxa de

oxidação intrínseca da pirita em rejeitos de carvão. III Congresso Brasileiro de Carvão Mineral, Gramado-RS, agosto de 2011, em CD-ROM.

Borghetti Soares, A.; Soares, P. S. M.; Souza, V. P.; Possa M. V.. Modelagem de Coberturas Secas em Rejeitos de Carvão. Seminário rede de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação do carvão mineral, 2010.

Borghetti Soares, A.; Soares, P. S. M.; Souza, V. P.; Possa M. V. Desempenho de cobertura seca em rejeito de carvão. Relatório parcial elaborado para a rede de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação do carvão mineral, 2009.

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