Replication Transcription Translation. DNA 1.Its structure is a Double Helix 2. Made up of...
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Replication Replication Transcription Transcription TranslationTranslation
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DNA1.Its structure is a Double Helix
2. Made up of nucleotides which consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
3. Hydrogen Bonds hold the Nitrogenous Base Pairs
4. Complimentary bases pairs bond Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine
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GeneGene
• A gene is a segment of DNA
• A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a functional product (usually a protein)
• 1 gene = 1000’s of base pairs
• 41000 possibilities of combinations
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A Gene is a Segment of DNA
When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins.
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Genotype and PhenotypeGenotype and Phenotype
• Genotype- the letters
1. Genetic Composition of an Organism
2. Represents the Potential Properties
• Phenotype- the actual organism
1. The Expression of the Genes
2. What You See
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ReplicationReplication• Replication occurs before
a cell divides so that each new cell formed can have a copy of the DNA
• Occurs in the nucleus of the cell
• 1 Strand 2 Complementary Strands
• The primary enzyme in this process is DNA Polymerase
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One More Time!
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thymine
adenine
cytosine
guanine
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
Nitrogenous base (guanine)
RNA nucleotide
ribose sugar
phosphate
Nitrogenous base (uracil)
Sugar / phosphate “strand”Nitrogenous base “rung”
Hydrogen bond(H-bonds)
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Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break
DNA “unzips”
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Step 2: DNA strandspull apart from each other
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Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cellmatch up with each side of the “unzipped” DNA
each “unzipped’ strands forms a template for a new strand
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Step 4: Each “old’ strandforms a template for a “new” strand
two identical DNA molecules form
“old” (original) strand
“new” strand, identicalsequence to the original
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TranscriptionTranscription• The process of DNA
making a complimentary strand of RNA.
• Occurs in the nucleus of the cell
• 1 Strand DNA 2 Strands RNA
• The primary enzyme involved in this process is RNA Polymerase
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DNA RNA
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Label the Following
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One More Time!
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Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break
DNA “unzips”
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Step 2: DNA strandspull apart from each other
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Step 3: RNA nucleotides in the cell match up with only one side of the “unzipped” DNA
each “unzipped’ strands forms a template for a mRNA strand
RNA nucleotide
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Step 4: RNA nucleotides continue to match up with “unzipped” DNA
until the message is completelytranscribed
mRNA strand
One side of DNA strand
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Step 4: mRNA strand breaks off from the DNA strand
mRNA strand
One side of DNA strand
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Step 5: mRNA strand leaves the nucleus for the ribosome
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Step 6: Once the mRNAleaves, the DNA “zips”back together
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TranslationTranslation• The process in which
an amino acid chain is made from mRNA template
• 1 Strand RNA Amino Acid Chain Protein
• This occurs in the cytoplasm with the help of ribosomes
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The problem: How does a particular sequence of nucleotides specify a particular sequence of amino acids?
By means of transfer RNA molecules, each specific for one amino acid and for a particular triplet of nucleotides in mRNA called a codon. The family of tRNA molecules enables the codons in a mRNA molecule to be translated into the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
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RNA and Protein SynthesisRNA and Protein Synthesis
• RNA is a Single Stranded Nucleic Acid and has Uracil instead of thymine
• RNA Acts as a Messenger between DNA and Ribosomes
• Process Takes Amino Acids and Forms Proteins
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Why Is It Necessary?Why Is It Necessary?
• DNA is in the Nucleus
• Ribosomes are in the Cytoplasm
• This requires a Messenger to go between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
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DefinitionsDefinitions• Codon
1. Three-base segment of mRNA that specify amino acids.
• Anticodon1. Three-base segment of tRNA that dock with a codon.2. Docking results in depositing of amino
acid which is added to a chain .
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Protein Synthesis
• Proteins are coded directly from the mRNA with 3 bases (one codon) for each amino acid. What’s up with that?
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MutationMutation
• A change in the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA; that causes a change in the product coded for by the mutated gene.
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Mutations
What happens when you get insertions or deletions of bases in the DNA sequence?
Usually you end up with a mess.
THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL
Deletion of one base
THE IGF ATC ATA TET HER ATA NDG OTI LL
And its all pops and buzzes.
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Sickle-Cell Anemia
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DefinitionsDefinitions• Carcinogens
Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin; may induce cancer or increase its incidence and can affect any cells or tissues
• Mutagensmay induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence and effect the germ cells (gonads)
• Teratogensmay induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence and effect the growing fetus
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MutagensMutagens
• Tobacco products• Nitrous Acid• Mold Toxins• X-rays• Gamma Rays• UV Radiation• Some Artificial Sweeteners
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