INTERNATIONAL FOODPOLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEsustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty

Renewal Theme 2:Renewal Theme 2:AIDS, Community AIDS, Community

Resilience and Social Resilience and Social ProtectionProtection

Michelle AdatoMichelle AdatoRenewal/IFPRIRenewal/IFPRI

Renewal 3 WorkshopRenewal 3 WorkshopRandburg, South Africa Randburg, South Africa

12-14 March, 200712-14 March, 2007

Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

Central issuesCentral issues Framework for understanding social Framework for understanding social

protectionprotection Types of interventionsTypes of interventions Social protection in the context of AIDSSocial protection in the context of AIDS Current statusCurrent status R3 Research themesR3 Research themes Proposed projectsProposed projects

Central issues in this themeCentral issues in this theme

How social protection needs to be How social protection needs to be rethought in the context of HIV and rethought in the context of HIV and AIDSAIDS

Roles and partnerships between the Roles and partnerships between the State, communities, and NGOsState, communities, and NGOs in maximizing resilience to AIDS through in maximizing resilience to AIDS through

ensuringensuring effective and effective and reliablereliable social social protectionprotection

A Social Protection Framework A Social Protection Framework

Secure basic consumption

Reduce fluctuations in consumption and avert asset reduction

Enable people to save, invest, and accumulate throughreduction in risk and income variation

Build, diversify, and enhance use of assets• Reduce access constraints• Directly provide or loan assets• Build linkages with institutions

•Unconditional cash or food transfer

•Direct feeding•Subsidies

•Public works•Insurance

•Conditional transfers•Livelihoods programs•Microcredit

•Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition• Employment in care services

•Child and adult education/skills

• Home-based care

Transform institutions

and relationshi

ps• Economic• Political• Social

Protective Preventative Promotional Transformational

Types of interventionsTypes of interventions

Cash transfersCash transfers Food and nutrition transfersFood and nutrition transfers Public works, employment and trainingPublic works, employment and training Maternal and child health and nutritionMaternal and child health and nutrition Adult and children’s education and skillsAdult and children’s education and skills Livelihoods and microcreditLivelihoods and microcredit InsuranceInsurance SubsidiesSubsidies

Social protection in the context of Social protection in the context of AIDSAIDS

HIV and AIDS pose serious HIV and AIDS pose serious challenges to challenges to already difficult issues of finance, design, already difficult issues of finance, design, administration, implementation, targeting, administration, implementation, targeting, capacity, socio-cultural context, gender & capacity, socio-cultural context, gender & other social relations, conflict, markets, other social relations, conflict, markets, politics, political economy, ethicspolitics, political economy, ethics

Bases for selecting among programs and Bases for selecting among programs and design features may be irrelevant or incorrectdesign features may be irrelevant or incorrect

But how different?But how different?

Some examplesSome examples

Cash transfers programs need urgent scaling up, Cash transfers programs need urgent scaling up, but how to target? How to sustain them financially but how to target? How to sustain them financially and politically? and politically?

Conditionalities need to be carefully consideredConditionalities need to be carefully considered Whether they are appropriateWhether they are appropriate What to condition onWhat to condition on

Job creation programs may need to focus on care Job creation programs may need to focus on care services, ‘light,’ flexible, and home-based work, not services, ‘light,’ flexible, and home-based work, not hard labourhard labour

Microfinance may need different structures and Microfinance may need different structures and rules with respect to group-based borrowing and rules with respect to group-based borrowing and repaymentrepayment

Programs concerned with pre-natal nutrition by Programs concerned with pre-natal nutrition by targeting pregnant mothers need to consider HIV targeting pregnant mothers need to consider HIV and AIDSand AIDS

Public works, employment and Public works, employment and trainingtraining

Jobs and skillsJobs and skills Social, physical, and productive infrastructureSocial, physical, and productive infrastructure Delivery of social services and care (e.g. home-Delivery of social services and care (e.g. home-

based care; early childhood development)based care; early childhood development) Household contracts with flexible family labor to Household contracts with flexible family labor to

substitute where members weak or ill substitute where members weak or ill Light work activitiesLight work activities Food aid to ill HHs for small home-based projectsFood aid to ill HHs for small home-based projects Food, cash, agricultural inputs, where unable to Food, cash, agricultural inputs, where unable to

workwork Group formation for savings, livelihoods activitiesGroup formation for savings, livelihoods activities Information and communication activitiesInformation and communication activities Organizational dev, mobilization around HIV and Organizational dev, mobilization around HIV and

AIDSAIDS

Current statusCurrent status

Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, interventions provide Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, interventions provide cash, food, clothing, livelihoods projects, labor-sharing, cash, food, clothing, livelihoods projects, labor-sharing, credit, and other assistance.credit, and other assistance.

However, mostly ad hoc, small-scale, underfunded, and However, mostly ad hoc, small-scale, underfunded, and insecure—supported by NGOs, donors, CBOs or FBOs.insecure—supported by NGOs, donors, CBOs or FBOs.

Important but do not represent a coherent social policy.Important but do not represent a coherent social policy. Some regional support for larger programs by Some regional support for larger programs by

international NGOs.international NGOs. Some countries have more systematic cash transfer Some countries have more systematic cash transfer

programs of varying reach, established or experimental. programs of varying reach, established or experimental. Broader range of options underway, e.g. the National Broader range of options underway, e.g. the National

Plans of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children. Plans of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children. Important time for researchImportant time for research

Broad research themes 1Broad research themes 1

Cash and/or food/in-kind assistance?Cash and/or food/in-kind assistance? Targeting AIDS and/or targeting poverty?Targeting AIDS and/or targeting poverty? Conditional, unconditional, or ‘linked’?Conditional, unconditional, or ‘linked’? Transfers or livelihoods support? Transfers or livelihoods support? Single or multi-dimensional interventionsSingle or multi-dimensional interventions Local/flexible or standardized/large-Local/flexible or standardized/large-

scale?scale? Roles for government, NGOs, CBOs, agenciesRoles for government, NGOs, CBOs, agencies

Research themes 2Research themes 2

What types of community change, What types of community change, innovation, adaptation, fragmentation innovation, adaptation, fragmentation and decline are in process? and decline are in process?

What determines an effective What determines an effective community response?community response?

How can these be scaled up and How can these be scaled up and externally supported without externally supported without undermining them?undermining them?

Research themes 3Research themes 3

Identify groups differently affected: Identify groups differently affected: e.g. ill, pregnant, orphaned, elderly, family; neighbors, e.g. ill, pregnant, orphaned, elderly, family; neighbors,

community workers, men, women, child-headed HHs, community workers, men, women, child-headed HHs, street childrenstreet children

Identify relevant interactions, e.g. gender and age; Identify relevant interactions, e.g. gender and age; gender and CHHgender and CHH

Identify specific vulnerabilities and relevance to program Identify specific vulnerabilities and relevance to program designdesign

Targeting: Reaching reach poor, AIDS-affected Targeting: Reaching reach poor, AIDS-affected householdshouseholds

E.g. community-based, surveys, demographic, E.g. community-based, surveys, demographic, universal/geographic, universal/geographic,

Without stigmatizing; equitablyWithout stigmatizing; equitably Testing and comparing designsTesting and comparing designs

Financing, administration, implementation, training, Financing, administration, implementation, training, integration, benefit levels, fit with family and community integration, benefit levels, fit with family and community normsnorms

Research themes 4Research themes 4

Impacts and indicatorsImpacts and indicators Governance and policy processesGovernance and policy processes

From sectoral compartmentalization, From sectoral compartmentalization, mismatched incentives, and institutional mismatched incentives, and institutional dissonance to partnerships and dissonance to partnerships and innovationsinnovations

Capacity needs and development for Capacity needs and development for scaling upscaling up

Sustaining political supportSustaining political support

INTERNATIONAL FOODPOLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEsustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty

Proposed ‘Flagship’ ProjectsProposed ‘Flagship’ Projects

National System of Social National System of Social Transfers Transfers in Zambiain Zambia

Under 5Under 5thth National Development Plan: National Development Plan: 200,000 households to receive predictable 200,000 households to receive predictable transferstransfers

Ministry of Community Development and Ministry of Community Development and Social Services, Dept of Social Welfare, TWG Social Services, Dept of Social Welfare, TWG on Social Assistanceon Social Assistance Partners: GTZ, DFID, Care, Unicef, Irish Aid, WBPartners: GTZ, DFID, Care, Unicef, Irish Aid, WB

Testing in five pilot districtsTesting in five pilot districts By end of 2008, plan for piloting with 9000+ HHsBy end of 2008, plan for piloting with 9000+ HHs 72 districts by 201272 districts by 2012

Zambia cash transfer study: Zambia cash transfer study: Research issuesResearch issues

TargetingTargeting Implementation structures: roles of Implementation structures: roles of

govt, NGOs, CBOsgovt, NGOs, CBOs Cash only vs. cash +Cash only vs. cash + Cash and/or foodCash and/or food Capacity needed for scaling upCapacity needed for scaling up Generating political support and Generating political support and

other policy processesother policy processes