Renewable Energy Resources Solar Energy Basics of Solar Energy.
Renewable-energy Use in the United States. Solar Energy.
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Transcript of Renewable-energy Use in the United States. Solar Energy.
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Renewable-energy Use in the United States
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Solar Energy
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Principles of Solar Energy
•Constant•Abundant•Free•Everlasting•Drawback
•Dilute
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Using Solar Energy
• Collection
• Conversion
• Storage
• Cost-effectiveness
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Solar Heating Systems
• Active: moves water or air with pumps and blowers
• Passive: moves water or air with natural convection currents or gravity
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Solar Heating of Water: Flat-plate Solar Collector
• Acts like a greenhouse
1. Light energy goes in
2. Converted into heat energy (infrared)
3. Heat energy is trapped
4. Heat is transferred to circulating water
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Solar Water Heaters
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Passive Solar Space Heating
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Solar Production of Electricity
Photovoltaic Cell
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Photovoltaic Cell (PV)
• Mostly made of silicon– Silicon form 4-bonds with other atoms– Silicon crystal is a poor conductor
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Silicon Crystal
• All electrons are fixed in bonds– Poor conductor
• “Doping” silicon crystals with impurities makes silicon a better conductor– Semiconductor
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Silicon Doping• N-type
– Add phosphorus• Has extra electron in outer orbit
• Donates electrons easily
– Negatively charged
• P-type– Add Boron
• Has one less electron in outer orbit
• Accepts electrons easily
– Positively charged
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PV Cell• Electric field (electrical potential or voltage) is generated when N and P
silicon are in contact• Electrons move from N to P silicon at contact point• Electric field is generated• Once electric field is produced electrons cannot pass from N to P silicon
– Acts like a diode (electrical one-way valve)
N-type
P-type
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PV cell in Action• Photons (packets of light energy) are absorbed cause
electrons to be freed• Electrons move from P to N but cannot go back to the
P side directly• Electrons flow through the wire back to the P side
N-type
P-type
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What about at night?
• Energy stored in batteries
• Net metering– Special meter that can run backwards– Generate energy “currency” during the day
and use the it at night
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Efficiency
• Only 15-25% efficient– All or nothing effect
• Threshold amount on energy required to knock off an electron
– Reflection at surface– Resistance generated on N-side– DC current must be converted to AC
current
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Concentrating Solar Power
• PV power plants• Solar-trough
collectors• Power towers• Dish-engine
system
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The Solar-trough Collector
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How the Solar-trough Collector Works
• The curved reflector focuses sunlight on and heats oil in the pipe.
• Heated oil used to boil water and generate steam for driving a conventional turbogenerator.
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Power Tower
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Solar Dish Engine System
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Disadvantages of Solar Energy Technologies
• Expense
• Only works during the day
• Requires backup energy sources, e.g., batteries
• Some climates not sunny enough
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Indirect Solar Energy
• Hydropower
• Wind power
• Biomass energy
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Hydropower: Drawbacks
• Limited to certain geographical areas
• Ecological impacts above and below dam
• Disruption of communities
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Wind Power
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Wind Power
• Pros– Small environmental degradation– Clean energy
• Cons– Limited to certain geographical areas– Aesthetics– Low megawatt output– Noise
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Long Island Wind Park
• South shore off Jones Beach and Robert Moses Park
• Proposed 1999
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View from Robert Moses Park
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View from Jones Beach
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Benefits
• Provide electricity to 44,000 homes
• Saves 13.5 million barrels yearly
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Ecological Impact?• Disruption of benthic environment
– 2.7 acres support base– 14.3 acres cable– Small area effected
• Migratory Birds– Multiple European studies – safe to migrating
birds
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Biomass Energy – All produce CO2
• Burning firewood• Burning wood/corn
pellets• Burning wastes• Burning biogas
(methane)
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Geothermal Energy: Benefits or Drawbacks?• Pros
– Consistent source– No pollution
• Cons– Limited to certain
geographical area
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Geothermal Heat Pump System
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Tidal Power• Pros
– Consistent source– No pollution
• Cons– Very expensive– Effects ecology of
shoreline
Rance river in France
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Tidal Power
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Wave Power
• Pros– No pollution– Consistent source– Minimal environmental impact
• Cons– Expensive to install and connect to power grid
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Shoreline Devices
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Shoreline Device
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Shoreline Device
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Offshore Device
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Offshore Device
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Offshore Device
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Renewable Energy and Transportation
• Biofuels: ethanol and biodiesel
• Hydrogen: the fuel for the future
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Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cell
• Electrophoresis– Produces hydrogen and
oxygen gas– Electric field passed
through water splits water (H2O) into hydrogen and oxygen
• Fuel Cell– Electrophoresis run in
reverse
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Fuel Cells: Benefits or Drawbacks?
• Pros– Substitute for fossil fuels
– No pollution!!!
• Cons– Production
– Portability
– Distribution system