Renewable Energy Notes

8/11/2019 Renewable Energy Notes

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RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

1

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as water, sunlight, tide,

rain and geothermal heat which are naturally replenished.

NEED FOR RENEW!"E ENER#$

%limate changes.

&igh prices of fossil fuel.

Fossil fuel is pea'ing.

(ncreasing go)ernment support.

F"OW OF RENEW!"E ENER#$*

Renewable energy flows through natural phenomenon such as

1. +unlight

. -ides

. Wind

/. 0lant growth

. #eothermal heat

2+E+ OF RENEW!"E ENER#$*

13 For power generation

3 For hot water4space heating

3 5otor 4transport fuels.

DR(6ER+ FOR "-ERN-(6E ENER#$

13 0opulation growth

3 Economy

3 -echnology

/3

griculture

+O2R%E+ OF RENEW!"E ENER#$

13 +olar

3 Wind

3 Water

/3 #eothermal

3 0lant growth


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+O"R ENER#$.

(s the energy obtained from the sun.

+olar energy technologies include*

+olar heating

+olar photo)oltaic.

+olar architecture.

+olar thermal electricity.

+olar technology can be classified into two7

13 0++(6E and

3 %-(6E solar.

%-(6E +O"R.

(t includes the use of photo)oltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.

0++(6E +O"R -E%&NO"O#$.

(n)ol)e selecting a material with fa)orable thermal mass and designing spaces that naturally

circulate air.

D6N-#E+ OF +O"R ENER#$ O6ER FO++(" F2E".

1. Enhance sustainability

. Reduce pollution

. "ower the cost of mitigating climate change

/. 8eeps fossil fuel prices lower


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BIOENERGY

(t refers to the con)ersion and use of plant and organic material to produce desired forms of energy.

FORMS OF BIOENERGY

1.

!iodiesel

.

!ioethanol

.

!iogas

/.

!iomass

.

!iofuel etc.

BIOFUEL

it is a type of fuel whose energy is deri)ed from biological carbon fi9ation.

-his includes fuel obtained from biomass, li)ing organisms or their metabolic by:products such

as manure from cows etc.

FORMS OF BIOFUEL

1.

!iodiesel

.

!ioethanol

.

!iogas

BIOMASS

!iomass refers to any plant deri)ed organic matter a)ailable on renewable basis.

E9amples are*

1.

Feed crops

.

Waste and residues etc.

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

!iodiesel refers to energy obtained from a mi9ture of fatty acid methyl esters ;fame< produced from

)egetable oils and animal fat through transesterrification reaction .

BIODISEL FEED STOCKS

1.

Rape seed

.

soya beans


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/

.

=atropha

/.

Oil palm

.

%otton seed>.

+unflower

?.

%assa)a etc.

PRODUCTION PROCESS

-he biodiesel production in)ol)es three steps*

Oil e9traction

Oil refining

-ransesterrification

OIL EXTRACTION

1.

%lean the seed

.

%leaned oil seeds are mechanically pressed at a ma9imum temperature of /@@%

.

+uspended solids are remo)ed by sedimentation or filtration

/.

-he pressed ca'e is left with a remaining ol content of about 1@A which is used as protein rich

folder

OIL REFINING

Refining is done in order to remo)e unwanted substances such as free fatty acids , phosphatides, wa9es,

and colorants.

-he refining process depends on the )egetable oil Buality and the refining steps depends on the 'ind of

feedstoc' used.

STEPS IN OIL REFINING

PURIFICATION STEP

1.

-he e9tracted diesel is degummed to remo)ed phosphatides. 0hosphatides ma'es the oil

becomes turbid and they promote accumulation of water.

2. -he resulting is d:acidified by neutraliCing it with al'aline .

3.

!leaching is then carried out to remo)e colorants in other to increase the biodiesel storage life

4. Odour are remo)ed by deodoriCation through steam distillation

5. Water is remo)ed by dehydration process either by distillation or passing a steam of nitrogen

through the fatty material.


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TRANSESTERRIFICATION PROCESS

(t is the chemical con)ersion of oils to its corresponding fatty acid ester biodiesel3.

RCOOR1+ R

2COH RCOOR

2+ R

1OH

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PROCESS

1.

-ypes and amount of catalyst

.

uality of feedstoc' such as free fatty acids, moisture content etc.

.

-ypes and molar ratio of alcohol to triglycerides

/.

-emperature

.

Reaction time and mi9ing intensity of the reaction mi9ture.

CATALYST USED FOR TRANSESTERRIFICATION PROCESS

1.

l'aline material

.

cidic material

.

+ilicates

/.

-ransition metal compounds

.

"ipases

PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL

1.

(t )iscosity and ignition property is almost the same to that of fossil fuel

.

(t has low energy content as compared to fossil fuel .

.

(t has a lubricating property

ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

1.

lcohol content in biodiesel contains o9ygen which helps to complete combustion.

.

(ts lubricating property helps to pre)ent wearing of machine parts.

.

(t contains no diesel thereby reducing emission of surfer o9ides.

/.

(t helps to maintain efficiency by cleaning the engine combustion chamber of carbon deposits

APPLICA TI ONS

1.

2sed in completion ignition engines

.

gricultural sector etc.


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>

BIOETHANOL

ETHANOL

Ethanol %&%&O&3 belongs to the group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydro9yl

group, O&, bonded to a carbon atom.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHANOL

1.

(t is colorless

.

greeable odor

.

(t is clear

BIOETHANOL

!ioethanolG is ethanol that is obtained from the con)ersion of carbon:based feedstoc' that are

considered renewable.

BIOETHANOL FEEDSTOCK

+ugarcane

1.

+ugar beet

.

+weet sorghum

.

%orn

/.

%assa)a

.

Wheat

>.

%ellulose

PRODUCTION OF ENTHANOL

(t in)ol)es three steps. -hese are*

1.

the formation of a solution of fermentable sugars7

.

the fermentation of these sugars to ethanol7

.

and the separation and purification of the ethanol, usually by distillation

-he production process depends on the type of feedstoc' used.

E9traction of ethanol from sugar feedstoc' is going to be considered.


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?

ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM SUGAR FEEDSTOCK

PREPARATION

1.

Raw cane from the sugarcane or sweet sorghum plant3 is washed, chopped, and crushed in

rolling mills to separate the sugar:laden Huice sucrose3 from the fiber in the cane, called

bagasse.

.

-he Huice, which contains o)er I@ percent of the sucrose in the cane, is filtered to remo)e

impurities.

.

Filtered Huice is heated and fermented and then fed to a distillery.

FERMENTATION PROCESS

1.

(n the fermentation stage, yeasts and other microbes are added to produce a dilute alcohol

product with ethanol concentration of 1@ J1A.

.

-he fermented solution is then distilled to remo)e most of the water from the mi9ture to gi)e

Khydrous ethanolL with about IA ethanol content and A water.

.

final dehydration step is reBuired to remo)e the remaining water to produce Kanhydrous

ethanolL that can be blended with gasoline.

PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM STARCH CROPS

0roduction of bioethanol from starch crops depends on two process*

1. Wet milling

. Dry milling

DRY MILLING PROCESS

1.

-he dry milling process in)ol)es cleaning and brea'ing down the cereal 'ernel into fine particlesusing a hammer milling process. -his creates a powder with a coarse flour type consistency.

.

(n order to produce a sugar solution the mi9ture is hydrolysed or bro'en down into sucrose

sugars using enCymes or a dilute acid.

.

-he mi9ture is then cooled and yeast is added in order to ferment the mi9ture into ethanol.

/.

-he dry milling process is normally used in factories producing less than @ million gallons of

ethanol e)ery year


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M

WET MILLING PROCESS

1.

(n the wet milling process, corn 'ernel is steeped in a solution of water and sulphur dio9ide

+O3.

.

-his helps to brea' down the proteins and release the starch present in the corn and helps to

soften the 'ernel for the milling process.

.

-he corn is then milled to produce germ, fiber and starch products.

/.

-he germ is e9tracted to produce corn oil and the starch fraction undergoes centrifugation and

saccharification to produce gluten wet ca'e.

.

-he ethanol is then e9tracted by the distillation process. -he wet milling process is normally

used in factories producing se)eral hundred million gallons of ethanol e)ery year

PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WET AND DRY MILL ETHANOL PLANT

Parameter Dry millin !et millin

C"#t "$ %"n#tr&%ti"n "ower &igher

'er#atility "$ (r")&%t# "ess )ersatile 5ore )ersatile

C"*(r")&%t# Dried distillers grain and corn

meal

+weeteners, corn oil, gluten feed

and gluten meal

'al&e "$ %"*(r")&%t# "ess )aluable 5ore )aluable

iel) (er $ee)#t"%, &igher +lightly "ess

Rati" in US in)try -2/0 M 1M


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1@

FERMENTATION PROCESS

-he mash is then further cooled to a fermentation temperature of about %.

$east is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dio9ide %O3 and small Buantities

of other organic compounds.

-he yeast contains an enCyme called in)ertase, which acts as a catalyst and helps to con)ert the

sucrose sugars into glucose and fructose both %>&1O>3.

%1&O11+ucrose &O(n)ertase

%>&1O> Fructose %>&1O>#lucose

P -he fructose and glucose sugars then react with another enCyme called Cymase, which is also

contained in the yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dio9ide.

%>&1O>Fructose4#lucoseQymase

%&O&ethanol %O

DISTILLATION PROCESS

1.

-he fermented mash beer3 and non:fermented mash contain some Buantity of water and need

to be remo)ed.

.

-he yeast cell added must be remo)ed

.

-his is achie)ed by boiling the mi9ture to a higher temperature

/.

+ince the ethanol has a lower boiling point ?M.o%3 as compared to water 1@@o%3, its e)aporate

first lea)ing the water yeast mi9ture in container.

.

-he ethanol that e)aporates is condensed and separated.

>.

Ethanol and water form a I JI>A aCeotropeso it is not possible to reach 1@@A by simple

distillation.

DEHYDRATION

1.

-he ethanol from top of column is passed through absorber containing a molecular sie)e

dehydration system3 to remo)e water.

.

nhydrous water is obtained after this stage and it is @@proof.

DENATURING:

1.

Fuel ethanol is at this stage denatured with a small amount JA3 of some product such as

gasoline, to ma'e it unfit for human consumption.


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11

PROPERTIES OF BIOETHANOL

.

(t is soluble in water at lower concentration of water.

.

-he energy content of bioethanol is less than that of gasoline.

/.

-he flame of bioethanol is less bright as compared to gasoline but it is )isible in daylight.

.

0ure ethanol and ethanol blend are hea)ier than gasoline.

>.

Ethanol and ethanol blend conduct electricity while gasoline is electrical insulator.

?.

Ethanol is less to9ic as compared to gasoline.

M.

(t is less flammable as compared to gasoline.

APPLICATION OF BIOETHANOL1.

-he principal application of bioethanol up to date has been in the spar' ignition engine as a

transportation fuel.

.

-he energy content is howe)er lower than that of petrol for pure ethanol, about two:third that

of petrol3

.

!ioethanol is also corrosi)e when used as a pure fuel, but low blends with petrol helps a)oid this

problem.

/.

!ioethanol can be used in blends of between 1@ and @A with fossil gasoline without necessary

engine modifications. (n !raCil, all brands of automoti)e gasoline contain anhydrous ethanol in

the range of @ A

BIOENERGY SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES

1. -he large:scale productions of bioenergy feedstoc' pose a threat to ecosystems, soil

Buality and water use. Demand for bioenergy could increase the pressure for

deforestation by reBuiring more land for energy crops. -his can contribute to soil

erosion, increase drought ris's, and affect local biodi)ersity.

. -he large:scale production of bioenergy may di)ert agricultural production away from

food crops and dri)e prices up. Energy crops, if grown on a large scale, may compete

with food crops in a number of ways including land use, in)estment reBuirements,

infrastructure support, water, fertiliCers, etc.. -he influ9 of large multinational companies into the bioenergy industry may simply

replace unsustainable bioenergy production, ma9imiCing profit but yielding undesirable

social and en)ironmental outcomes. s bioenergy de)elops in frica, the tendency is

often to see' for large:scale production which can rely on intensi)e cash crop culti)ation

and mechaniCed har)esting and production chains. -his could lead to a sector

dominated by only a few agro:energy industries, without creating significant gains for

small farmers. -his raises the concern of potentially aggra)ating socio:economic

ineBuity.


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1

/. dramatic increase in the production and use of bioenergy has the potential to

significantly reduce o)erall # emissions associated with energy consumption7

alternati)ely, it could intensify the threat of global warming.

BIOGAS!iogas can be defined as a gas composed principally of a mi9ture of methane and carbon dio9ide

produced by anaerobic digestion.

BIOGAS FEEDSTOCK

1.

slurry or manure e.g. From dairy farms or Kindustrial farmingL in)ol)ing large feedlots3

.

city sewage and refuse

.

Farming crop residues e.g. straw or parts of cereal or fodder plants not normally har)ested3,

/.

Direct Kfuel cropsL, such as oceangrown algae or seaweeds, water hyacinths in tropical

climates3 or fast growing bushes or trees.

.

Residue from industry :food processing, brewing and distilling, the production of materials such

as pulp, paper and pharmaceuticals

BIOGAS PRODUCTION!iogas is produced by bacteria during fermentation or digestion of organic matter under airless

conditions naerobic process3. -he resulting gas consists of >@A methane and /@A carbon dio9ide. -he

process ta'es place in a biogas digester.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

It i# te )e%"m("#iti"n "$ %"m(le "rani% matter y mi%r""rani#m# in te a#en%e "$ OEN . -he

process of D is common to many natural en)ironments such as the stomach of ruminants. (n a biogas

installation, the result of the D process is the i"a# an) te )ie#tate.

I$ te #trate $"r AD i# a "m"en" mit&re "$ t6" "r m"re $ee)#t"%, ty(e#e.g. animal slurries

and organic wastes from food industries3, the process is called K%"7)ie#ti"nL and is common to most

biogas applications today.


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1

THE BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONHYDROLYSIS

(t is the decomposition of %"m(le "rani% matter into smaller units. &ydrolytic microorganism

e9cretes hydrolytic enCymes con)erting biopolymers into simpler and soluble compounds.

During hydrolysis carbohydrates, lipids, nuclei acid and protein are con)erted into glucose, glycerol,

purines, and pyridines as shown below.

,

,! "#

#$%& "#

ACIDOGENESIS

-he end product of bacteria is then con)erted t" metan"eni% substrate by a%i)"eni% a%teria

fermentati)e3.

Sim(le #&ar#8 amin" a%i)# an) $atty a%i)# are )era)e) int" a%etate8 %ar"n )i"i)e an) y)r"en

-9:0 a# 6ell a# int" ;"latile $atty a%i)# -'FA0 an) al%""l# -3:0.

ACETOGENESIS

0roducts from a%i)"ene#i#8which cannot be directly con)erted to methane by metan"eni%

a%teria8are con)erted into metan"eni%substrates during a%et"ene#i#.

'FAand al%""l#are o9idised into methanogenicsubstrates li'e acetate, hydrogen and carbon

dio9ide.

METHANOGENESIS

-he production of metane an) %ar"n )i"i)e from intermediate products is carried out bymetan"eni%bacteria.

9: of the formed methane originates from acetate, while the remaining 3: is produced from

con)ersion of hydrogen &3 and carbon dio9ide %O3, according to the following eBuations*

'()*+( '(+-)*.'/01)/+( 2'(*)3+' -)*.'/) '/ ('320/ +04+)


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1

BIOGAS PLANT (DIGESTER)-here are two main types of biogas digester. -hese are

1.

%hinese fi9ed digester

.

(ndian floating drum digester

-he digestion process is the same for both digester but the collection of gas is different in each cases.

!iogas digester is a unit in which biogas production ta'es place. %ascading ser)es the purpose of stirring

the substrate in the digester. -he gas must be tap regularly to pre)ent pressure build up that will affect

the inflow of material in to the digester. -he dome is normally build with burnt bric's because of it

higher bearing capacity

ADVANTAGES OF FIXED DOME DIGESTER1.

Relati)ely lower construction cost

.

bsence of mo)ing parts li'e steel that can rust

.

"ong life span if well:constructed

/.

+a)e space since they are constructed underground

.

Digester protected from changes in temperature

DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED DOME DIGESTER1.

"oss of biogas through lea'ages or crac's in the bric'wor' or the bric'wor's gas holder

.

-he biogas pressure fluctuate substantially depending on the )olume of gas stored

.

E)en though the underground construction protect the digester against temperature e9tremes,

digester temperature is low

ADVANTAGES OF FLOATING DRUM DIGESTER1.

6ery simple and easy to operate as the )olume of gas is directly )isible to the user

.

-he gas pressure is constant and determine by the weight of the gas holder.

DISAVANTAGES OF FLOATING DRUM DIGESTER1.

&igher cost of construction

.

+horter life span.

E9tra cost due to painting of the drum

CONSTRUCTION OF A BIOGAS PLANT

MATERIAL

-he a)ailability of construction material affects the capital cost and operation cost. E9amples of material

used are 5asonry and 0lastics.


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1>

SITE1.

+ite selection is )ery important

.

Nature and type of soil must be considered

FEEDSTOCK-ype of feedstoc' must be considered in construction of biogas digester. (t determines the Buantity of

gas produce and therefore affects the design capability of both the digester and the storage unit.

ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS1.

)ailability of highly trained wor'ers with the reBuisite s'ills affect the life span of the plant and

minimiCe the need to import labour.

-he shape of the digester

.

Feedstoc' loading affect the efficiency of the digester

/.

-he inlet and outlet dynamics can affect the pressure dynamics of the digester

OPERATIONAL ISSUE+"2RR$ mi9ing is an essential element of the biogas systems that ensure uniform feedstoc' and correct

slurry water content, both of which are essential for the smooth flow of the feed stoc' into the digester

and hence the amount of gas produced. E9cessi)e water content will lead to a reduction in the digester

efficiency due to a decrease retention time and therefore lower production of a gas

OTHER IMPORTANCE PARAMETERS1.

+ubstrate temperature

.

0& )alue of the material

.

+ubstrate solid content

/.

&ydraulic retention time

.

Organic load

>.

+e)eral others

THE HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME (H.R.T)(t is the a)erage time inter)al when the substrate is 'ept inside the digester tan'.

&.R.- is measured in days.

89: ;


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1?

ORGANIC LOAD(tSs determined how much dry matter can be fed into the digester per )olume per time. -hus

=>?" @ A

!R organic load 'g4m4d3, mmass of substrate per unit time 'g4day3, %concentration of the organic

matter A3.

PROPERTIES OF BIOGAS-he composition and properties of biogas )aries to some degree depending on feedstoc', digestion

systems, temperature, and retention time.

APPLICATIONS

1.

gricultural biogas plant

.

Family scale biogas plant

.

%entraliCed Hoint3 co:digestion plant

/.

Waste water treatment plant

.

5unicipal solid waste 5W3 treatments plant

>.

(ndustrial biogas plant

?.

"and fill gas reco)ery plants

INFORMATION NEEDED TO SIZE A BIOGAS DIGESTER

1.

&ydraulic retention time

.

Daily substrate input Buantity

-he retention time is also determined by the digestion temperature. -he Buantity of substrate that goes

into a digester is determined by the amount of water that has to added in order to arri)e at a solid

content of /.MA i.e solid concentration3

Die#ter l"a)in i# te t"tal ;"latile #"li) in(&t tat "e# int" a &nit ;"l&me "$ a )ie#ter.


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1M

SOLAR ENERGY

SOURCES OF SOLAR ENERGY

+un

USES

1.

+ources of heat

.

#enerate light

.

#enerate electricity

TYPES OF SOLAR ENERGY

1.

Direct solar energy

.

(ndirect solar energy

.

#lobal solar energy

DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY

+olar radiation recei)es from the sun onto the earth surface at a unit surface area is normal to the

radiation rays.

INDIRECT SOLAR RADIATION

+olar radiation that reaches the earth surface after ha)enSt been scattered by the molecules in the

atmosphere.

GLOBAL SOLAR ENERGY

(s the combination of both direct and indirect solar radiation.

MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR RADIATION

1.

0yronometer * for measuring global solar radiation

.

0yheliometer 7for measuring direct solar radiation

INSOLATION

(t is the amount of energy produce by a gi)en surface area at gi)en time frame. (t depends on one

location and the climatic condition in that area.

TYPES OF SOLAR SYSTEMS

1.

cti)e system

.

0assi)e system

ACTIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS

-hey are classified according the way they are captured. cti)e solar techniBues in)ol)e the use of

photo)oltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.


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1I

PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS

0assi)e solar techniBues include orienting a building to the sun, selecting materials with fa)orable

thermal mass or light dispersing properties and designing spaces that naturally circulate the air.

TECHNOLOGIES USE IN SOLAR SYSTEMS

1.

+olar thermal systems

.

0hoto)oltaic systems

SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS

+olar radiation is used directly to generate thermal heat for use

USES OF THERMAL ENERGY OBTAINED FROM THE SUN

1.

2se for cooling

.

For drying

.

(n sto)es for coo'ing

/.

For house heating

.

#enerate electric ity

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS(t is the use of photo)oltaic cell solar panel3 to radiant light sunlight 3 into electricity

Or the field of solar technology which sunlight radiation3 is con)erted into electricity using photo)oltaic

cell.

2N(-+

(t is the combination of solar cells in array.

0NE"

+eries arrangements of units form the panel.

5ODE"

%ombination of a panel formSs a modul.

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODEL(t is a collection of solar cells mounted on a single support frame connected to each other electrically.

COMPONENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

1.

#enerator

.

!attery

.

(n)entor

/.

(nterconnecting wiring

.

%ontroller


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@

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF VARIOUS COMPONENT

%ontroller

+olar panel

battery

wall

(n)ertor

&OW (- WOR8+

When the sunlight stri'e the solar cells, the electrons embedded in the solar cells begins to mo)e. -he

mo)ement of electrons starts the electric current.

FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS

!--ER$

(t is used for storing solar energy for little at a time of little or no sunlight. !attery used is lead acid

battery.

+ER6(%E "(FE OF !--ER$

(t is the design factors for which the battery will wor' without any problem. (t is measured on cycles of

charging and discharging.


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1

%&R#(N#

When energy is being store in the battery.

D(+%&R#(N#

Energy is being tap from the battery.

DE0-& OF D(+%&R#E

-he portion of the battery used during the discharge period measured in ambient air.

-&E %ON-RO""ER 2N(-

(t regulates the amount of solar energy that enters the battery.

+FE-$ 5E+2RE+ FOR %ON-RO""ER 2N(-+

1.

0rotection against short circuit

.

O)erloading

.

Wrong connection

/.

Re)erse polarity

.

O)er)oltage

-&E (N6ER-ER

%on)ert the low D% current from the sun to a high % current.

0OWER "O++

BC ;DDEFGH @

I

Where JK ; KLMNO PLQR

" length

area

( current

APPLICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

1.

"ightening

.

Refrigerators

.

0umps

/.

%oo'ing

.

udio and )ideo de)ices


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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

S>?

# @ T"U @ VT"W

XU

YZ[

Where*

Nefficiency

" length m3

area mm3

W-ER &ED

(t is the le)el of water in the borehole and reser)oir.

SIZING A SYSTEM!H 'ARIATION IN ENER SUPP


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WIND ENERGY(t is the mo)ement of air on a large scale from a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential.

FACTORS THAT BRINGS ABOUT WINDS

1.

-emperature difference

.

Differential heating between the eBuator and the poles

.

Rotation of the earth

WIND POWER-he unit force e9erted on a unit surface with respect to wind speed gi)es the power of the wind

1.

ir density

.

-urbine rotor area

.

Wind speed

^# C^ ;E

d@ " @


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/

TPES OF !IND TUR?INE

1.

6ertical a9is

.

&oriContal a9is

'ERTICA< AIS !IND TUR?INE

9is of rotation of the shaft is in the )ertical plane.

HORI=ONTA< AIS !IND TUR?INE

9is of rotation of the shaft is in the horiContal plane

-$0E+ OF 6ER-(%" T(+ W(ND -2R!(NE

1.

+a)orius wind rotor

.

#iromil wind rotor

.

Darius wind rotor

D6N-#E+ OF -&E 6ER-(%" T(+ W(ND -2R!(NE

1.

-hey ha)e massi)e tower structure

.

-hey are omini: directional

.

-hey can be located near the ground ma'ing it easier to maintain mo)ing parts

/.

%an be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited

D(+D6N-#E+

1.

-hey are usually not self:start. -hey need motor to get them start.

.

-hey produce larger torBue ripples and cyclic stresses on the tower contributing to poor

reliability

.

-urbines are closed to ground where ground energy is low

/.

%hanging parts is impossible without dismantling the whole structure

D6N-#E+ OF &OR(QON-" T(+ W(ND -2R!(NE

1.

(t has a )ariable blade pitch.

-hey ha)e a high efficiency since blade mo)ement is perpendicular to the wind direction

.

-aller tower base allow access to stronger wind

D(+D6N-#E+ OF &OR(QON-" T(+ W(ND -2R!(NE

1.

-aller tower and blade are difficult to transport

.

-hey are difficult to install reBuiring )ery tall and e9pensi)e cranes and s'illed operators.

.

5assi)e tower construction is reBuired to support the hea)y blade, the gear bo9, and the

generator.


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/.

(t reBuires additional control mechanisms to turn the blade in the wind direction

MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

RO-OR

(t is made up of blade which con)erts the 'inetic energy of the wind into mechanic al energy and then

transferred the energy to the shaft.

-OWER

+upport the rotor in the air

#ER !OT

%onnect the rotor to the electric generator.

+O"(D FO2ND-(ON

&old the wind turbine firmly in its position.

%ON-RO" +$+-E5+

(t controls or monitors the proper operation of the wind turbine.

TERMILOGIES OF WIND TURBINE

+-R- 20 W(ND +0EED

(t is the wind speed that will turn on unloaded wind rotor.

%2- (N W(ND +0EED

(t is the minimum wind speed at which power is generated.

R-ED W(ND +0EED

(t is the wind speed at which the wind turbine is design to produce rated power.

%2- O2- W(ND +0EED

(t is the wind speed at which the turbine is programed to stop to pre)ent any damage to the blade

5T W(ND +0EED

(t is the wind speed abo)e which damage could occur to the wind turbine


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WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT1.

Determine the power potential of the location or the site

.

Determine the wind )elocity.

0redict the energy that will be produce in that area

FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED1.

-ime

.

+eason

.

-ehran

/.

Weather conditions

.

&eight abo)e ground

MEASUREMENT OF WIND ENERGYWind energy is measured by an anemometer.

NEATI'E I>PACT OF !IND ENER ON THE SOCIET

1. &igher noise le)el the turbine blade slashing through the air is high

2. !ird stri'es

3. 6isual impact by producing changes in the s'y lines

4. (nterference to telecommunication systems

5. &ealth haCard

ENER#$ DE5ND (N #R(%2"-2RE

1. Direct energy demand and

2. (ndirect energy demand

D(RE%- ENER#$ DE5ND

1. "and preparation

. -ransportation

. &ar)esting

/.

%rop culti)ation

.

(rrigation

>. 0ost:har)est processing

?. +torage


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(ND(RE%- ENER#$

1. FertiliCers

. &erbicides

. (nserticides

RENEWAGBLE ENERGY OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE

1.

!ioenergy

.

+olar energy

.

!iogas

DESIGN BY TCASANTE

(- (+ NO- -O !E +2!+-(-2-ED + "E%-2RE NO-E. (- (+ +2!=E%-+ -O F2R-&ER ED(-(N# ND

RE0ROD2%-(ON.


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