Renewable energy models for rice residues - SNV Vietnam

Renewable energy models for rice residues -

Potentials for Green Growth and Experience

through SSC project by SNV

Forum Green growth in Agriculture:

Potentials, Experience and Recommendations

Do Duc Tuong Renewable Energy Advisor

[email protected]

Hanoi, 31st October 2014

mailto:[email protected]

Climate Change – What we see?

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Sea level rise

Drought

Flood

Overview | Problems | Re. Energy models | Challenges | Conclusion

Climate Change - Causes

ƩCO2

Global

Warming

Climate

Change

The main cause of climate change and global warming is the emission of Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other GHGs


Climate Change - Causes


Vietnam National GHG inventory for 2010

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Energy141,171 mil. tons

(53.06%)

Industrial Processes

21,172 mil. tons (7.96%)

Agriculture88,355 mil. tons

(33.21%)

Waste15,352 mil.tons

(5.77%)


Source: “Capacity building for National GHG inventory in Vietnam MONRE/JICA (2010-2014), draft report May-2014)

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Based on the Decision 403/QĐ-TTg dated 20/3/2014 on National Action plans for green growth to 2020 (2014-2020)


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Based on the Decision 319/QĐ-BNN-KHCN dated 16 Dec 2011 on GHG Emission reduction plan for Agriculture 2020

GHG Emission plan for Agriculture by 2020 – MARD


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Title

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15

20

25

30

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Production

(Mil. Tons)

Farming area

(1000 ha)

Farming area Production

Source: GSO, 2010

Farming areas and Productivity of paddy rice from 2000-2010

Vietnam is the 2nd largest rice exporter in the world, producing each year more than 40 mil. tons of rice


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Annually, 32 million tons of rice residues is produced

32 mil. tons of rice straw


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Milling sector produces 8 million tons of rice husk/year

8 mil. tons of rice husk


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What do farmers do with such abundant biomass

resources?


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Title Rice husk and rice straw are not used for cooking


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Title Because low bulk density fuels with traditional stoves create a

polluted, uncomfortable environment for cooking

1 hour of cooking tin such condition is polluted equivalent to smoking 400 cigarettes


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Title That’s why rice straw burning became popular practice


Open straw burning causes: - Road accidents - Polluted environment for local communities


Dumping of rice husk also causes: - Polluted energy sources - Stuck rivers and channels - Polluted environment for communities


Open burning of husk at big mill in Le Thuy, Quang Binh June 2013

Dumping husk in Mekong delta few years ago

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On the other hand…

As a result of the rapid economic development, the

primary energy consumption in Vietnam has been

increasing steadily.

It is forecasted that Vietnam will likely become an

energy importer by 2015, expecting to increase its

energy demand 4 times by 2030.

Energy balance of Vietnam to 2030

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100

150

200

250

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1990 2000 2005 2009 2015 2020 2030

(M

toe)

Coal Oil

Natural Gas Hydro

Nuclear Biomass

Total primary supply (TPS)

Energy shortage

Source: Do Duc Tuong (2012), from complied difference sources

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1. How to reduce GHG emission in rice sector?

2. How to increase renewable energy supply to increase energy security for Vietnam?

Converting rice residues to renewable energy !

One answer

Two questions worth to answer:


Example 1. Rice straw thermal power plant in China

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First thermal power plant run on 100% straw Capacity: 150MW (150000 kW) Straw use: 220.000 tonnes/year Electricity prod.: 1.9 billion kWh/year

Source: Prof. Cheng Xu, CAU

1ha straw ~ 6000kWh (powering 60 homes for 1 month)


Example 2. Straw thermal power plant in Denmark

• Straw is baled and co-fired in coal power plants in Denmark


Example 3. Off-grid rice husk power plant in India

• Produce electricity from gasification of rice husk

• Use 300kg husk/hour to power 500 homes (6 hours/day)

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Title


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RE models introduced by SNV in SSC project


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Title

Model 1. Straw baling system


1 person can collect 8 tonnes of straw/day

Capacity = 500 bales/day (~2ha)



Convenient for handling, transportation, and storage

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This mini truck is loading 1 tonne of straw



Convenient for handling, transportation, and storage



Straw becomes a commercial product

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Title

Open-burning

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Title

Straw baling

• 1st installation: The Husbandry Breeding Centre in Quang Binh

• 2nd installation: Phước Hưng cooperative, Tuy Phuoc, Binh Định

Bố Trạch, Quảng Bình Tháng 5/2014


Model 1. Straw baling – Results

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Technical training at Dai Trach commune, Quang Binh



Rơm cuộn - Làm thức ăn cho trâu bò

Using straw bales in Quang Binh (demo only)



Straw bale is used for mushroom production in Binh Dinh

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Mushroom yeilds increased 30% compared

to hand-cut straw

An Nhơn, Bình Định July 2014



Principle: Rice husk is converted to briquette through

a press-crew system with heater, briquette is used as fuel


Model 2. Rice husk briquette system

Environmental benefits: • Reduced open-burning of excess husk in big rice mills • Use briquette to replace coal and other fossil fuels



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High energy density

Low dust

Longer burning time

Much cheaper than charcoal and hard coal



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Ms.Tran Thi Quynh rice mill (briquette machines operated from July 2014)

Produced: 110 tonnes briquette Revenue: 130 million VNĐ Profit: 10 million VNĐ/month New jobs: 3 local jobs


Model 2. Rice husk briquette system - Results

Model 3. Rice husk gasifier stove + biochar

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Model 3. Rice husk gasifier stove + biochar


Gasification is the process that converts solid biomass into combustible gases that could be conveniently used as clean fuel for heat and electricity generation later

Direct combustion Gasification

Primary air Secondary air

3 billion people are relying on tradditional biomass stoves 4 million people died each year due to indoor air pollution

(Source: WHO, 2014)

Model 3. Rice husk gasifier stove – WHY?


http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/

This woman in Quang Hoa village. She cooked in such polluted kitchen for most of her life

TRADDITIONAL COOKSTOVES = CHEAP FUELS + SMOKE, DUST, POLLUTANTS + INCONVENIENT + LONG COOKING TIME + LABOR-INTENSIVE FOR COLLECTING FUELS

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Many households are now having LPG stoves

LPG STOVES= CLEAN+ COMFORT

(but…. )

+ HIGH COST

+ CO2 EMISSION



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Rice husk gasifier stove provides Clean cooking and Biochar



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• Biochar as by-product from rice husk gasifier stove



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Not use biochar Biochar applied

Source: Josiah Hunt, The Basics of Biochar : A Natural Soil Amendment



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CO2

Biomass (living and death)

Natural growth and decay

of plants (incl. burning)

is carbon neutral:

C=

Fossil fuels Bio-coal

100 million years

( C- ) 100 minutes ( C- )

Used as soil

amendment

Burning Burning

200+ years of fossil fuels,

positive carbon emission:

C+

Carbon storage:

Negative Carbon: C-

C- Biochar into soil

Carbon storage for thousand years



49 Source: Dr. Paul Anderson et al.

Lab testing of different gasifier stoves in Vietnam

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Source: Do Duc Tuong, 2012

Model 3. Rice husk gasifier stove - Results


User preference workshops in Quang Binh and Binh Dinh 51



Improvement and 3D designs for newly improved stove

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Mass-production of improved gasifier stove 53



54 High quality of production with modern machines



55 Improved gasifier stoves are produced



The new improved gasifier stove - finish product

Some features

• Long lifespan: up to 18 months

• Cooking time: 40-50mins

• Fuel use: 1.4kg/batch

• Inner combustion chamber is

replaceable, 1 year guarantee

• Better fan performance,

6months guarantee

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Developing a brand name for the improved stove



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Setting up local shops and distribution network



Xây dựng chuỗi phân phối

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Title

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Title

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Technical Challenges

• Rice husk briquette machines require daily maintenance

• Straw baling machine requires pulling tractor

• Gasifier stove requires high quality material + precise

manufacturing equipment

• Stove fan need electrician to repair

• GHG emission reduction for each model requires is

complicated. It must take into account lifecycle emission

(e.g: straw baling = diesel for machine, transportation, emission

during mushroom cultivation or CH4 in animal raising…)

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Implementation challenges

• Select suitable beneficiary (preferably private)

• Seek local co-funding from local government

• Technical training and technology transfer

should be smart and effective

• Should support business development +

finding customers in first stage (create market)

• Capacity building (local gov leaders) and

awareness raising for local community

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Scaling up Challenges

• Farming area or milling scale should be large enough

• Regional geographical/farming characteristics should be

considered (seasons, land condition…)

• Competition of resources (straw/husk in other uses)

• A must-do is to change local habits (field burning, straw

bale uses, biochar uses, briquette uses…)

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Conclusion

• It is clearly seen that the RE-models are economically

feasible (economic GROWTH)

• Intensive baseline survey is required

• RE-models should be mainstreamed into Government

policies to seek inclusive support and strong funding

(The National Program on New Rural Development,

Large-scale fields…)

• In-depth GHG emission reduction assessment should be

carried (how GREEN?)

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Title

Thank you for attention!

Renewable energy models for rice residues - SNV Vietnam

Technology

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