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Renewable Energy Living in the Environment Chapter 16 Slide 2 Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 3 Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency- amount of work we get from each unit of energy we use Increasing energy efficiency of common devices has economic and environmental advantages Reducing oil imports Prolonging fossil fuel supplies Reducing pollution and environmental degradation Saving money Buys time to develop new technology Creating jobs Slide 4 Efficiency of Some Common Devices Device Efficiency (%) Dry-cell flashlight battery90 Home gas furnace85 Storage battery70 Home oil furnace65 Small electric motor62 Steam power plant38 Diesel engine38 High-intensity lamp32 Automobile engine 25 Fluorescent lamp22 Incandescent lamp 4 Slide 5 Energy Efficiency percentage of energy input that does useful work in an energy conversion system www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 6 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the United States leveled off or declined Fuel-efficient models account for only a tiny fraction of car sales Hybrid-electric cars are now available and sales are expected to increase Fuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be available within a few years Electric scooters and electric bicycles are short-range transportation alternatives Slide 7 Energy use of various types of transportation www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 8 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Superinsulated house is more expensive than a conventional house, but energy savings pay back the extra cost Strawbale houses have the additional advantage of using an annually renewable agricultural residue, thus slowing deforestation Slide 9 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Existing homes can be made more energy efficient adding insulation plugging leaks installing energy-saving windows wrapping water heaters installing tankless models buying energy-efficient appliances and lights Slide 10 Natural Gas or Electricity Water heater Electricity is produced at power plant via gas or coal and transferred via wire to your home Some energy is lost over the wire, Slide 11 Water Heater Tank Water is heated 365/24/7 Because heat is lost through the flue and the walls of the storage tank (this is called standby heat loss), energy is consumed even when no hot water is being used. Slide 12 Water Heater Tankless The energy consumption of these units is generally lower since standby losses from the storage tank are eliminated. Demand water heaters with enough capacity to meet household needs are gas- or propane- fired. http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htmhttp://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm Slide 13 Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability Slide 14 Solar Energy Buildings can be heated passive solar heating system active solar heating system Solar thermal systems are new technologies that collect and transform solar energy into heat that can be used directly or converted to electricity Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electricity Slide 15 Suitability of Solar Usage best when more than 60% of daylight hours sunny www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 16 Solar Heating Passive system: Absorbs & stores heat from the sun directly within a structure Active system: Collectors absorb solar energy, a pump supplies part of buildings heating or water heating needs. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 17 Slide 18 Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW) An open circuit hot water system heats the domestic water directly on the roof of the building The water flows from the heat collector into the hot water tank to be used in the house Integration of solar energy conservation in homes can reduce energy consumption by 75-90%. www.iea-shc.orgwww.iea-shc.org www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt Slide 19 Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells Provides electricity for buildings www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 20 Inside the PV cell PV cells are made from silicon alloys (Si) PV module 1cm by 10cm cells 36 cells connected www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt Slide 21 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 22 Solar Thermal Techniques Solar Two www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt Slide 23 Heliostats Heliostats provide concentrated sunlight to the power tower The reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its daily trajectory www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt Slide 24 Power Tower Sunlight from mirrors are reflected to fixed receiver in power tower Fluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the power block Used to heat a steam generator Solar One www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt Slide 25 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 26 Solar-Hydrogen Revolution Splitting water can produce H 2 gas If scientists and engineers can learn how to use forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply, they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen revolution Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles and appliances Slide 27 Slide 28 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Energy Efficiency Solar EnergyHydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability Slide 29 History of Hydroelectric B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago 1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with establishment of Chief Engineer for the Continental Army 1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps. www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt Slide 30 By 1940 - 40% of electrical generation was hydropower Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional capacity in the U.S. tripled; almost tripled again between 1940 and 1980 Currently - about 10% of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower. www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt History of Hydroelectric Slide 31 www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt Slide 32 Turbine Technologies Reaction fully immersed in fluid shape of blades produces rotation www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt Slide 33 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 34 Tidal Power Plant www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 35 Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability Slide 36 Rotary Windmill www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt Slide 37 Vertical Blades Slide 38 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 39 Energy from Wind Production of electricity and hydrogen gas by wind farms is expected to increase Western Europe currently leads in the development of wind power Land used for wind farms also can be used for ranching or crops and most profits stay in local communities North Dakota Slide 40 Optimization Low Torque Rapid Speed good for electrical generation High Torque Slow Speed good for pumping water Small generator low wind speeds captures small amount of energy Large generator high wind speeds may not turn at low speeds www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt T= r X F Slide 41 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 42 Source: American Wind Energy Association www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt Slide 43 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 44 Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind PowerBiomass Geothermal Sustainability Slide 45 Energy from Biomass In the developing world, most people heat homes and cook by burning wood or charcoal Plant materials and animal wastes also can be converted into biofuels, Biogas Liquid ethanol Liquid methanol Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators to produce electricity and heat www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 46 Types of Biomass Fuel www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 47 Conversion Processes Biomass Feedstock Trees Forest Residues Grasses Agricultural Crops Agricultural Residues Animal Wastes Municipal Solid Waste Fuels: Ethanol Renewable Diesel Methanol Hydrogen Electricity Heat Products Plastics Foams Solvents Coatings Chemical Intermediates Phenolics Adhesives Fatty acids Acetic Acid Carbon black Paints Dyes, Pigments, and Ink Detergents Etc. Biorefinery - - Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation - - Enzymatic Fermentation - Gas/liquid Fermentation - Thermochemical Processes - Gasification/Pyrolysis - Combustion - Co-firing www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt Slide 48 www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 49 Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power BiomassGeothermal Sustainability Slide 50 Geothermal Energy Heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in earths mantle Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings and to produce electricity Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is removed faster than natural processes renew it, but the potential supply is vast Slide 51 Geothermal Heat Pump System Slide 52 Technology Geothermal Heat Pumps shallow ground energy Direct-Use hot water can be piped to facilities Power Plants- hydrothermal resovoirs steam and hot water drive turbines dry steam plants flash steam plants binary cycle plants www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt Slide 53 Dry Steam Power Plants Hydrothermal fluids are primarily steam Steam goes directly to turbine No fossil fuels www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt Slide 54 Flash Steam Power Plant Fluids above 200 degrees Celsius Fluid is sprayed into tank at lower pressure Fluid rapidly vaporizes Steam drives turbine www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt Slide 55 Binary Cycle Power Plant Cooler water (below 200 degrees Celsius) Hot thermal fluid and a second fluid pass through heat exchanger www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt Slide 56 Heat Mining the Massachusetts Institute of Technology released a study concluding that heat mining could generate enough energy by 2050 to replace the coal-fired and nuclear power plants that are likely to be retired over the next several decades. Boston Globe Gareth Cook, Globe Staff | January 29, 2007 @ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/ Slide 57 Slide 58 Slide 59 Slide 60 Slide 61 Slide 62 Slide 63 Slide 64 Slide 65 At present the DHM project and drilling activities are financed by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), the canton of the city of Basel, the water and energy public utilities of Basel (IWB), a power company (Elektra Basel Land), and a private foundation (G.H. Endress) http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_deep_heat.htm http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_deep_heat.htm Slide 66 Benefits Clean Energy one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas very little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur compounds Availability 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Homegrown Renewable www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt Slide 67 Environmental Effects Only emission is steam Salts and dissolved minerals reinjected Some sludge produced Mineral extraction Little Visual Impact Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities Could trigger small eathquakes www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt Slide 68 Location Hot geothermal fluid Low mineral and gas content Shallow aquifers Producing and reinjecting the fluid Private land Simplifies permit process Proximity to transmission lines www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt Slide 69 www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/ rebasics_geothermal.html Slide 70 Future Only tiny fraction is currently used Dry hot rock heated by molten magma Drill into rock and circulate water www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt Slide 71 Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass GeothermalSustainability Slide 72 Suggestions to make the transition to a more sustainable energy future. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Slide 73 Assignment Page 433 Review Questions #3 & #5 Page 434 Ecological Footprint Analysis Complete chart and follow-up questions (#1-5)