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Jordan University of Science & Technology

Chemical Engineering Department

ChE 543: Renewable Energy

First Semester 2014/2015

Project 1

Name: Mohamed-Wael Bassam Shammout

Student ID: 20112022056

Submission date: 2/12/2014

Lecturer: Prof. AbdulRahman Al-Tamimi

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Abstract:

This project shows the energy sources in Jordan and the effect of the Renewable Energy on

Jordan. The goal was to prove that Renewable Energy is important for Jordan. This has been

done by providing information about energy production from natural resources and

compare them with the imported energy sources, it is clear that renewable energy is a must

for Jordan.

Introduction:

Jordan does not possess significant energy resources.

As of January 2014, the Oil & Gas Journal estimated Jordan's proved oil reserves at just 1

million barrels and its proved natural gas reserves at slightly more than 200 billion cubic

feet.

As a result of its lack of significant energy resources, Jordan relies heavily on imports of

crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas to meet domestic energy demand.

Government sources[1] indicate that energy imports meet more than 90% of Jordan's

energy demand, and those imports account for more than 40% of the country's budget

which has increased since 2010 where “Jordanian Minister of Energy and Mineral

Resources”*2+ stated that energy imports were 96% of all its energy at a cost of 13.5% of

GDP.

Government statistics[1] indicate that in 2012 the use of crude oil and oil products

accounted for approximately 88% of Jordan's total primary energy demand, but that

domestic sources of oil and natural gas met less than 2% of that demand.

Table 1: Oil in Jordan (2013)

Total* Oil Production 0.16x103 BPD

Crude Oil Production 0.02x103 BPD

Consumption 108.61x103 BPD

Petroleum Net Import 108.44x103 BPD

Proved Reserves 0 *Production of crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and other liquids, and refinery processing. BPD: Barrels Per Day.

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Table 2: Natural Gas in Jordan (2013)

Production 8.12 BCF

Consumption 37.43 BCF

Net Import 29.31 BCF

Proved Reserves 0.21 TCF

BCF: Billion Cubic Feet

Table 3: Electricity in Jordan (2013)

Net Generation 13.89 BkWh

Net Consumptiona 12.52 BkWh

Installed Capacity 3.14 GWe

BkWh: Billion Kilowatthours GWe: GiggaWatt Electric

a Generation+Imports-Exports-Losses

Table 4: Total Primary Energy in Jordan (2013)

Production 2.63764x109 kWh

Consumption 9.466195x1010 kWh

The consumption includes the imports.

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Figure 1: Electricity Consumption in kWh with time in Jordan[10]

Figure 2:Electricity usage in Jordan in 2012[10]

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Solar Energy: The potential for solar energy in Jordan is excellent The Kingdom lies in the heart of the global solar belt and has some of the Strongest sunshine in the world Excellent solar radiation rates of between 5 and 7 kWh/m2 3300+ hours of sunshine per year High temperatures large areas of desert and low sunshine diffusion rates Means Jordan is particularly suited to Concentrated Solar Power CSP) Also highly suited to Solar Photovoltaic (PV) generation, especially in Tafila And Karak. In 2013, Germany produced about 632 BkWh of electricity3. 24% of that was from different

Renewable Resources (31.6 BkWh which is about 5% was from PV) with an average 1424

hours of sunlight per year (of a possible 4383) with an average of 3:53 of sunlight per day.[4]

While in Jordan, there is an average of 3602 hours of sunlight per year (of a possible 4383)

with an average of 9:51 of sunlight per day.[5]

So Jordan can easily produce more than 31.6 BkWh (that is more than twice of the generated electricity in 2013 in Jordan as seen in Table 3) if PV cells are used correctly just like Germany since the average sunlight per day for Jordan is much more than it is for Germany.

Figure 3:Energy Sources in Jordan in 2008[10]

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Shams Ma'an Power Generation PSC plans to construct the world's largest photovoltaic

power plant in Ma'an, located in South of Jordan, of 100 MW, which has secured a 2 sq

kilometer tract of land to build a photovoltaic (PV) solar energy plant, which will cost around

$400 million that expanded to 200 megawatts.

280 kWp low voltage system is now under construction. It will be installed at Royal Scientific

Society, RSS, campus (Amman) and will occupy around 7000 m2 of land area. It is a grant

funded by Japanese government.

1 MWp system will installed at Muwaqar located to east of Amman, by Spanish government

through a soft loan.

PV system of 2 MW peak project was signed recently between Ministry of Energy of Jordan

and Spain cost around 7 M EURO (Soft loan).The plane of Jordan’s government is to increase

the renewable energy projects to cover 10% of energy consumption in 2020.[10]

Figure 4:Goals for Shams Ma’an Power Generation[10]

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Wind:

Over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 m/s to 7 m/s (calm to moderate breeze), rarely exceeding 12 m/s (strong breeze).

The highest average wind speed of 4 m/s (gentle breeze) occurs around July 18, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 7 m/s (moderate breeze).

The lowest average wind speed of 2 m/s (light breeze) occurs around October 14, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 5 m/s (gentle breeze). The wind is most often out of the west (21% of the time), south west (14% of the time), and north west (10% of the time). The wind is least often out of the north east (2% of the time), north (2% of the time), south east (3% of the time), south (3% of the time), and east (4% of the time). [6] But this amount of power is not very high to generate high power that the country can depend on since the maximum generation power is produced at speeds between 10 to 15 m/s.[7] But if we look at China (the country with the largest wind market size!), it had around 67.7 gigawatts of wind capacity from its installations in mid 2012[according to WWEA[8]]. Now take a look at the wind speeds of China: Over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 m/s to 5 m/s (calm to gentle breeze), rarely exceeding 9 m/s (fresh breeze).

The highest average wind speed of 3 m/s (light breeze) occurs around May 4, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 5 m/s (gentle breeze).

The lowest average wind speed of 2 m/s (light breeze) occurs around August 27, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 3 m/s (light breeze). The wind is most often out of the north (22% of the time), south east (14% of the time), south (11%of the time), and north west (11% of the time). The wind is least often out of the south west (3% of the time) and west (4% of the time). [6]

Comparing the wind speed of China and Jordan, Jordan surely has higher wind speeds and that means that Jordan can produce more than China if used the right wind turbines at high levels with big amounts. Table 5: Wind Speeds effect on turbine

[3]

Wind Speed (m/s) Electricity Generating Capacity

2 minimum is required to start rotating most small wind turbines.

3.5 the typical cut-in speed, when a small turbine starts generating power.

10-15 produces maximum generation power.

25 maximum, the turbine is stopped or braked (cut-out speed).

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Wind energy is considered the most feasible and the most reliable among the renewable

energy technologies after hydropower. Recent years have witnessed acceleration in wind

energy technology development and an increase in the number and the size of investment

projects, which contributed in increasing the number of experts and gain large experience in

this field worldwide. Also, the utilization of wind energy as a clean natural resource can

contribute to reduce the environmental pollution.The wind atlas of Jordan indicates that

large areas have an average annual wind speeds in excess of 6-6.5 m/s; some more limited

areas have an average wind speed above 7 m/s. Two wind farm pilot plants have been

commissioned in Jordan. The first one is at Al Ibrahimya which consists of 4 wind turbines

each one is 80 KW with a rated wind farm power of 320 kW established in 1988 with annual

energy production of about 750 MWh and the second one is at Hofa which consists of 5

wind turbines each one is 225 KW with a rated wind farm power of 1,125 kW established in

1996 with annual energy production of 2.5 GWh. There are many other wind energy water

pumping stations especially in the remote areas using multi blade mechanical wind pumping

systems.

Figure 5: A Wind Turbine

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Geothermal Energy:

The geothermal investigations revealed a rich geothermal potential in low enthalpy

resources spread amongst several geothermal fields. The geothermal gradient map of

Jordan shows two distinct regions of high geothermal gradients up to 50 °C/km.

The first region is in immediate vicinity of the east Dead Sea escarpment, where many

springs discharge thermal water originates from the Lower Cretaceous Sandstone forming

three main geothermal fields. These fields are: Mukhiebeh thermal springs, Zara and Zarqa

Ma’in thermal springs and Afra and Burbeitta thermal springs.

The second one is near the border with Syria and Iraq. In this region several thermal wells

discharge water from the Upper Cretaceous Limestone. In both regions, there are many

wells (shallow and deep) discharging thermal water such as; shallow wells near Queen Alia

airport, North shuneh well and Mukheibeh well field.

Geothermal energy is one of the alternative sources of energy which could be utilized for

different purposes. Jordan is blessed with this energy source in several parts of the

country.[9]

Figure 6:Using Geothermal Energy

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Hydropower: The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. But hydroelectric power doesn't necessarily require a large dam. Some hydroelectric power plants just use a small canal to channel the river water through a turbine. The King Talal Dam is used for generating electricity in Jordan. The King Talal Dam is a large dam in the hills of northern Jordan, across the Zarqa River. The King Talal dam was started in 1971, with the original construction being completed in 1978 at a height of 92.5 meters In 2000 the dam produced over 21.1 GWh and in 2007 in produced over 31.7 GWh.[11]

Figure 7: The Mechanism of the Hydroelectric Turbine

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Environmental Impact: Fossil-fuel dominated electricity generation has enormous environmental consequences. Fossil-fuel combustion is also responsible for the emission of other pollutants, such as

nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Renewable energy systems produce zero or few greenhouse gas emissions while they are

being used and only small amounts during the manufacturing of equipment or fuels.

Renewable sources of energy also produce few air and water pollutants, wastes and land

disruption. If renewable energy equipment is carefully located (e.g., solar collectors on

buildings or biofuel crops on marginal land) then there are few land use conflicts.

Reducing environmental impacts is a major impetus for shifting from fossil fuels to

renewable energy for electricity generation.

Developing renewable energy technologies that exploit the sun, the wind, and geothermal

energy is critical to addressing concerns about climate change and some environmental

issues. However, using renewable energy sources will not eliminate all environmental

concerns. Although renewable energy sources produce relatively low levels of GHG

emissions and conventional air pollution, manufacturing and transporting them will produce

some emissions and pollutants. The production of some photovoltaic (PV) cells, for instance,

generates toxic substances that may contaminate water resources. Renewable energy

installations can also disrupt land use and wildlife habitat, and some technologies consume

significant quantities of water.

In comparison, conventional energy generation, transportation and energy-intensive

industries are responsible for most of the human-created air pollution and the planet's

greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuel and uranium exploration, extraction and production

also have major impacts on land and water resources.

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Discussion and Conclusion: This study found that the Energy consumption in Jordan is increasing and the government is paying more each year for that energy, all sources of renewable energies are important and available in Jordan and can be taken advantage of is used correctly. From the numbers seen in the brief introduction and the 4 Tables, we conclude that Jordan needs a lot more energy than it can produce and is wasting a lot of money on imports. Using Renewable Energy can help reduce the imports. The location of Jordan gives an advantage for using solar energy. Compared to Germany, Jordan has a lot of daylight hours that can be used to produce so much energy using PV cells. The wind speed in Jordan is not high but it is not low also, and compared to Chine, Jordan has a good wind speed, so Jordan can use the wind to produce energy just like China and even better. The geothermal energy is Jordan can be useful since hot water underground is available in more than one location and deep inside. This needs good materials for digging as a capital cost but is useful on the long term. Hydropower is an easy classic way to generate energy, it is simple and Jordan already uses this method (King Talal Dam for example). Creating more dams can help produce more energy by this method.

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References:

1. http://www.eia.gov/

2. http://www.solargcc.com/ 3. http://www.multpl.com/jordan-energy-use

4. http://www.munich.climatemps.com/sunlight.php

5. http://www.amman.climatemps.com/sunlight.php 6. https://weatherspark.com/ 7. http://www.level.org.nz/energy/renewable-electricity-generation/wind-turbine-

systems/ 8. http://news.discovery.com/tech/alternative-power-sources/top-10-countries-wind-

power-130130.htm 9. http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/renewable-energy-

resources/world/middle-east/geo-middleeast/geo-jordan.shtml 10. http://jordansolarpower.net/ 11. http://carma.org/