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Renewable Energy

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1) This data shows electricity supply from facilities accredited by the RPS Law. Electric energy before the RPS Law was enacted, electric energy generated by facilities that are not currently accredited by the RPS Law, and electric energy that is generated by facilities accredited by the RPS Law and consumed in-house are not included in this data.

2) Photovoltaic facilities that have been covered by the surplus electricity purchase system since November 2009 are calculated as specific PV.

Long-term change in total supply from power-generating facilities of new energy, etc. (100 million kWh)

Since the introduction of the RPS system in 2003, electric power supply by renewable energy has

doubled.

Moreover, since the surplus electricity purchase system was introduced in 2009, the introduction of

residential photovoltaic power generation has largely increased.

Changes in Electric Power Supply by Renewable Energy

Beginning of purchasing

residential surplus electricity

1

FY 2003

FY 2004

FY 2005

FY 2006

FY 2007

FY 2008

FY 2009

FY 2010

Wind

Wind

Wind

Wind

Wind

Wind

Wind

Wind

Hydraulic

Hydraulic

Hydraulic

Hydraulic

Hydraulic

Hydraulic

Hydraulic

Hydraulic

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

PV

PV

PV

PV

PV

PV

PV

PV

Beginning of RPS System

Residential PV

Residential PV



Composition of annual electricity generated in Japan (FY 2009)

Note: “Etc.” of “Renewable energy, etc.” includes the recovery of energy derived from waste, refuse derived fuel (RDF) products, heat supply utilizing waste heat, industrial steam recovery, and industrial electricity recovery.

Source: Prepared based on the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy’s “Outline of Electric Power Development in FY 2010”

Among the total electricity generated in fiscal 2009, renewable energy, etc. accounted for approximately 9%; approximately 8% of which is hydraulic power generation.

Other renewable energy is still cost prohibitive.

Approx. 25%

Approx. 29%

Approx. 29%

Approx. 7%

Approx. 8%

Approx. 1%

Current Composition of Power Sources in Japan

Petroleum Coal

Natural gas Nuclear power

Hydropower

Renewable energy excluding hydropower

2



Basic Mechanism of the Feed-in Tariff Scheme

Under the feed-in tariff scheme, if a renewable energy producer requests an electric utility to sign a contract to purchase electricity at a fixed price and for a long-term period guaranteed by the government, the electric utility is obligated to accept this request.

3

Electric utility

Purchase of electricity at a

fixed price for a government

guaranteed period

Sale of electricity produced

from renewable energy sources Electricity supply

Collection of surcharge

together with the

electricity charge

・Approval of facilities (Government confirms whether the

facility can generate electricity stably

and efficiently. The approval is

cancelled when the facility no longer

satisfies the requirements.) Special committee for determination

of tariff s and durations

Electricity

customers

Those who generate power at home

Government

Those engaged in the power generation business using renewable energy sources

Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry

Opinion on tariffs and duration

Deciding tariffs and durations,

respecting the opinion of the special

committee (every fiscal year)

Decision of surcharge

unit price per kWh

(every fiscal year)

Surcharge adjustment organization (organization to

collect and distribute the surcharge)

Submission of

the collected

surcharge

Payment for the

purchase cost


Resources and Energy Tariffs and Durations (PV, Wind, Geothermal and Hydro)

Energy source Solar PV Wind power Geothermal power Small- and medium-scale hydraulic

power

Procurement

category

10 kW or

more

Less than 10 kW

(purchase of excess

electricity)

20 kW or

more

Less than

20 kW

15MW or

more

Less than

15MW

1MW or

more but less

than 3MW

200 kW or

more but less

than 1MW

Less than

200 kW

Cost

Installation cost 325,000 yen/kW 466,000 yen/kW 300,000 yen/kW 1,250,000

yen/kW

790,000

yen/kW

1,230,000

yen/kW

850,000 yen/kW 800,000 yen/kW 1,000,000

yen/kW

Operating and maintenance

costs (per year)

10,000 yen/kW 4,700 yen/kW 6,000 yen/kW － 33,000 yen/kW 48,000

yen/kW

9,500 yen/kW 69,000 yen/kW 75,000 yen/kW

Pre-tax IRR

(Internal Rate of

Return)

6% 3.2%(*1) 8% 1.8% 13%(*2) 7% 7%

Ta

riff

( p

er k

Wh

) Tax

inclusive (*3)

42.00 yen 42 yen(*1) 23.10 yen 57.75 yen 27.30 yen 42.00

yen 25.20 yen 30.45 yen 35.70 yen

Tax

exclusive 40 yen 42 yen 22 yen 55 yen 26 yen 40 yen 24 yen 29 yen 34 yen

Duration 20 years 10 years 20 years 20 years 15 years 15 years 20 years

(*1) Solar PV power generation using systems for residences The price for solar PV power generation of less than 10 kW is seemingly the same as that for solar PV power generation of 10 kW or more. However, considering the subsidy of 35,000 yen per kW (FY2012) granted for power generation using systems for residences, the price will be 48 yen in effect.

(*2) IRR for geothermal power generation

Given that about 4.6 billion yen is required for site development, including surface surveying and exploration well drilling, and that the rate of successfully starting practical operation is low (about 7%), the IRR (Internal Rate of Return) for geothermal power generation is set higher than that of the other energy sources, at 13%.

(*3) Treatment of consumption tax With regard to consumption tax, both the tax-inclusive price and the tax-exclusive price are indicated, assuming that the tax rate may change in the future. However, the tax-inclusive and tax-exclusive prices are the same for the purchase of excess electricity produced from solar PV, which is mostly intended for general consumers.

4



Energy source Biomass

Biomass type Biogas Wood fired

power plant

(Timber from

forest thinning)

Wood fired

power plant

(Other woody

materials)

Wastes (excluding woody

wastes)

Wood fired

power plant

(Recycled

wood)

Co

st

Installation cost 3,920,000 yen/kW 410,000 yen/kW 410,000 yen/kW 310,000 yen/kW 350,000 yen/kW

Operating and

maintenance costs (per

year)

184,000 yen/kW 27,000 yen/kW 27,000 yen/kW 22,000 yen/kW 27,000 yen/kW

Pre-tax IRR (Internal

Rate of Return)

1% 8% 4% 4% 4%

Tariff

( per kWh)

Tax

inclusive 40.95 yen 33.60 yen 25.20 yen 17.85 yen 13.65 yen

Tax

exclusive

39 yen 32 yen 24 yen 17 yen 13 yen

Duration 20 years

Tariffs and Durations (Biomass)

5


Resources and Energy Certification of FIT Facilities (Re: Article 6 of the Act)

(i) The facility must be capable of stably and efficiently generating electricity during the guaranteed period.

(ii) The facility must be capable of transparently and fairly measuring the amount of the electricity produced

from renewable energy that is supplied to the electric utility.

(iii) The facility to be used for power generation must be specified in detail.

[Common standards for all energy sources]

1. Maintenance system must be secured for the facility.

2. The facility must have a structure that is capable of making proper measurements using a measuring

instrument

3. The power generation facility must be specified in detail (e.g., the manufacturer and the model code of the

product)

4. The renewable energy producer must record and periodically submit the breakdown of the costs for installing

the facility (the facility cost, the land cost, the cost for access to the electric power system, the maintenance

cost, etc.) and the breakdown of annual fiscal costs for operating the system.

Certification of FIT Facilities (1)

6



[Energy source-specific standards]

1. Solar PV

• A solar PV facility of less than 10 kW must have received certification for conformity to JIS product standards

or equivalent certification (certification by the Japan Electrical Safety & Environment Technology Laboratories

(JET) or equivalent certification by an overseas certification body) .

• A solar PV facility of less than 10 kW must have wiring for supplying excess electricity (a wiring structure for

first allocating the generated electricity to power consumption within the residence, and then supplying the

remaining electricity to the electric utility).

• The following requirements are imposed on the so-called “roof-lending business” (only such business with a

total power output of 10 kW or more):

(1) Each residence must have wiring for supplying the electricity directly to the electric utility.

(2) The roof-lending contract document must be attached.

• When using the following types of solar panels, the power generation efficiency must be those respectively

indicated for the following types: Monocrystal or Polycrystal silicon: 13.5% or higher Thin-film semiconductor: 7.0% or higher Compound semiconductor: 8.0% or higher

Certification of FIT Facilities(2)

Certification of FIT Facilities (Re: Article 6 of the Act)

7




Wind power

• A small wind power facility of under 20 kW, which could also be installed in residences, must have received

certification for conformity to JIS product standards (JISC1400-2) or equivalent certification (certification for

conformity to standards formulated by the Japan Small Wind Turbines Association [JSWTA] or equivalent

certification by an overseas certification body).

Hydroelectric power

• The facility output (when the facility consists of multiple power generators, the total output of those

generators) must be less than 3MW (written notification of construction of electric facilities under the

Electricity Business Act must be attached in order to prove this fact).

• The facility must not be a pumped-storage facility.

Geothermal power

• No energy source-specific requirement is imposed.


Certification of FIT Facilities (Re: Article 6 of the Act on Purchase of Renewable Energy Sourced Electricity by Electric Utilities)

8




Biomass

• The resource energy producer must secure a system for precisely calculating the biomass ratio and create a

system for calculating the biomass ratio once every month.

• The biomass fuel to be used must not be one of which the use has a serious impact on the industries currently

using that biomass. (a document indicating the source of the biomass to be used must be attached).

* If the category of the wood fired power plant cannot be determined, the lowest tariff will be applied.


Certification of FIT Facilities(Re: Article 6 of the Act)

9



(i) Time of application of the tariff

The tariff to be adopted is the tariff at the time when the electric utility receives the application form for a

contract on access to the electric power system or when the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry approves

the facility, whichever is later.

(ii) Time of commencement of the duration

The duration commences at the time of initiation of electricity supply under a specified contract.

(iv) In the case of new installation or addition/modification to an important part of the facility

When there is any change to an already approved facility, it is necessary to obtain approval for the facility anew.

When the incremental amount of electricity supplied through additional installation or repowering can be clearly

measured and this fact can be confirmed by wiring diagram or the like, the incremental output can be made

subject to purchase.

Other Individual Matters

10



Estimating based on officially announced projects and recent trend, approximately 2.5GW renewable

energy facilities would be installed in this fiscal year.（Currently about 19.45GW renewable

capacity expects to increase to about 22GW.)

11

Renewable Energy Forecast (FY2012)

Already installed capacity by

FY2011

Forecast of newly installed capacity in

FY2012

Residential PV Approx. 4GW + Approx 1.5GW （40% increase from new installation in 2011)

Non-Residential PV Approx. 0.8GW +Approx 0.5GW （Estimate by METI）

Wind Approx. 2.5GW ＋Approx 0.38GW （50 % increase from recent annual installation)

Small and Medium scaled hydro

（1MW to 3MW）

Approx. 9.35GW ＋Approx 0.02GW （Estimate by METI）

Small and Medium scaled hydro

（Less than 1MW）

Approx. 0.2GW ＋Approx 0.01GW （50 % increase from recent annual installation)

Biomass Approx. 2.1GW ＋Approx 0.09GW （50 % increase from recent annual installation)

Geothermal Approx. 0.5GW ＋0GW

Total

Approx. 19.45GW ＋Approx 2.5GW

＜Renewable energy installation forecast in FY 2012＞



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Japan Germany

その他

設計費

パワコン（接続箱含む）

架台・ケーブル・工事費

太陽電池モジュール

43.9%

36.1%

15.2%

51.4%

27.1%

12.9%%

Photovoltaic Generation

Challenges Coping with the panel market, which has an overabundance of stocks

Discovering untapped idle land that is suitable for mega solar, and reviewing

location regulations including the Building Standards Act and the Factory

Location Act.

Exploring measures to diffuse PV in the medium-sized market ranging from

10 kW to 1 MW (public facilities, plants, etc.)

Residential photovoltaic generation Japan is ranked third in the world in terms of installed photovoltaic

generation capacity (3,618 thousand kW), of which, residential use accounts

for 80% and non-residential use accounts for 20% (the ratio is opposite in

Europe and the U.S.).

Following the introduction of the surplus electricity purchase system in 2009,

the installed photovoltaic generation capacity for residential use has

increased rapidly. PV generation has spread to 900,000 households (the

total number of detached houses in Japan is 27 million).

In the future, the key is to make PV systems “household appliances” in

cooperation with rechargeable batteries and smart meters.

Mega solar power plants There are about 40 mega solar facilities across the country. Most of them

are built for the purpose of CSR and experiment studies based on existing

subsidies. Now is the transitional period moving towards commercialization.

The cost is still high, usually around ¥400,000–500,000/kW (there are cases

where the cost is less than ¥300,000 abroad).

With China’s entry in this field, the cost of panels has sharply dropped. The

panel industry is rapidly shifting to the smile-curve phenomenon. In terms of

international competitiveness, the costs of installing holders and

supplementary equipment and the capacity of integrators will be important

factors.

<Output by company>

1st Suntech (China) 1,584 MW

2nd JA Solar (China) 1,464 MW

3rd First Solar (U.S.) 1,400 MW

4th Yingli Green Energy (China) 1,117 MW

5th Trina Solar (China) 1,116 MW

6th Sharp (Japan) 1,109 MW

10th Kyocera (Japan) 650 MW

<Comparison of PV system prices between Japan and Europe> Example of introducing a 100 kW system all at once - The prices of solar cell modules in Europe are lower than Japan by about 30% - The prices of holders and cables, and the construction costs are about 40% of the

Japanese standards - Power conditioners and junction boxes are about 50% of the Japanese standards

12

Price of residential PV system (¥10,000/kW)

Installed PV capacity (10,000 kW)

System price per 1 kW

Total installed PV capacity (accumulated total)

Others

Design cost

Power conditioners (including junction boxes)

Holders, cables and construction costs

Solar cell modules

China

Taiwan

Others (China, Taiwan)

Japan

Germany

Others (Europe)

Malaysia

U.S.

Others

<Changes in price of solar cell systems>



Problems Technical development to address Japan's unique conditions, such as lightning

protection, wind forecasting/control, etc. Increase of the operating rate by using

such techniques, and cost reduction.

Regulatory reform to encourage large-scale wind farms (conversion from

agriculture land, use of national parks, landscape regulations, utilization of national

forest, etc.)

Improvement of electric system measures, such as against night-time surplus

production (so-called insufficient reduction margin), reinforcement of power system

to consumption areas, etc.

14%

11%

9%

9% 7% 7%

6%

6%

6%

4% 3%

2% 2% 1% 1%

11%

Vestas (デンマーク)

Sinovel (中国)

GE Wind (アメリカ)

Goldwind (中国)

Enercon (ドイツ)

Suzlon Group (インド)

Dongfang (中国)

Gamesa (スペイン)

Siemens (デンマーク)

United power (中国)

Mingyang (中国)

Nordex (ドイツ)

三菱重工 (日本)

Sewind (中国)

Hara Xemc (中国)

その他

＜風力発電機国別生産量(2010年) ＞合計40,722 MW

(Source) Drafted by ANRE based on "BTM Consult –A Part of Navigant Consulting - March 2011"

Wind Power Generation

Onshore wind power

Among 479 operators in Japan, 393 have installed at most 5 generators.

Greatly biased to small-scale business. (The largest farm in China, now under

construction, has 2,500 generators.)

Japan is mountainous, while Europe and the US are flatter. Because of Japan's

unique wind conditions, such as upward turbulence from the ground affecting

wind turbines installed on the roof, many businesses became unprofitable due

to unexpected maintenance costs.

The key is concentrated geographical location. Deregulation and system

organization are required.

Offshore wind power Ongoing business. Costs are high, but geographical potential is not low. At

present, generators anchored to the seabed are feasible.

European seas have shallow, small-gradient beds suitable for seabed

anchored-type generators, whereas floating types should be considered for

Japanese oceans which quickly become deep. However, the cost including

connection lines may soar.

At the request of Fukushima prefecture, a 5-year demonstration project to

create the world's largest floating-type offshore wind power farm started this

fiscal year.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

～1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

導入事業者数

１事業者当たりの風車設置基数の推移

＞11基10基9基8基7基6基5基4基3基2基1基

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

日本（万

kW）

世界（万ｋ

W）

年／年度

風力発電累積導入量の推移

世界（万kW）

日本（万kW）

※世界は「年」単位、日本は「年度」単位で導入量をとりまとめている。

（出典）GWEC、NEDO

13

Transition of cumulative installed capacity of wind power

Wo

rld

wid

e (1

0,0

00

kW

)

Worldwide (10,000 kW)

Japan (10,000 kW)

Jap

an (

10

,00

0 k

W)

year/fiscal year Sources: GWEC, NEDO

* The capacity is summed up by year for worldwide, and by fiscal year for Japan.

Transition of installed generators by company

Nu

mb

er o

f o

per

ato

rs

10 generators

9 generators

8 generators

7 generators

6 generators

5 generators

4 generators

3 generators

2 generators

1 generator

11 generators

<Production amount of wind power generators by country (2010)> Total 40,722 MW

Vestas (Denmark)

Sinovel (China)

GE Wind (US)

Goldwind (China)

Enercon (Germany)

Suzlon Group (India)

Dongfang (China)

Gamesa (Spain)

Siemens (Denmark)

United Power (China)

Mingyang (China)

Nordex (Germany)

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan)

Sewind (China)

Hara Xemc (China)

Others



Geothermal Power Generation

Features of the geothermal power generation market

Japan has the third largest volume of geothermal resources in

the world. However, only 10% of potential resources are

currently used because installed capacity is at most 0.54

million kW.

No new development plans have been concretely submitted

since the Hachijyojima geothermal power plant was set up in

1999, and output capacity is also decreasing.

Japanese companies have a big advantage in the geothermal

power plant market, with an almost 70% share of the world

market. It is our opinion that this field holds great potential.

Issues

Since most geothermal resources are located in natural parks, a

review of relevant regulations is required to expand geothermal

power generation.

Detailed drilling surveys of geothermal resources, etc. is also

necessary.

Problems of cost increases including electric cable wiring and

material transportation, etc need to be considered because of site

location.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

28%

Toshiba

27%

Fuji Electric

18%

Ansaldo

10%

GE

7%

Others

10%

10,292

MW

地熱発電の認可出力と発電電力量の推移

（出典）「地熱発電に関する研究会中間報告」より作成

Production volumes of flush-type

geothermal generator manufacturers

Amount of geothermal

resources in the world

Country

Amount of

geothermal

resources(MW)

Indonesia 27,791

US 23,000

Japan 20,540

Philippines 6,000

Mexico 6,000

Iceland 5,800

New Zealand 3,650

Italy 3,267 14

Transition of approved output capacity and generated electric capacity of geothermal power generation (10,000 kW)

Approved output (10 kW)

Generated output capacity (100 million kW)

(100 million kW)

Transition of facility capacity and generated electric capacity of geothermal power generation

(Fiscal year)

Source: Drafted from the “Interim Report of Study Group for Geothermal Power Generation”

Faci

lity

cap

acit

y o

f ge

oth

erm

al p

ow

er g

ener

atio

n (

MW

e)

Trend of geothermal power generation development in major countries with geothermal resources

According to Bertani (2007) and IEA Geothermal Energy Annual

Report 2007 (2008)

Targeting 30,000 MWe in 2025

Planning 2,435 MWe in 2013

Planning 9,500 MWe in 2025

Expecting 1,078 MWe in 2010

Expecting 882 MWe in 2010



Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Ind

on

esia

Mex

ico

Ital

y

Jap

an

Icel

and

New

Zea

lan

d

El S

alva

do

r

Co

st A

rica

Ken

ya

Nic

arag

ua


Resources and Energy Hydroelectric Power Generation

Data (as of FY 2009)

- Installed capacity: approx. 47.97 million kW

Features

- Stable power generation

- Well-developed technique

Issues

- Greatly limited by the site location.

- The site is being transferred upcountry, which may cause an

increase to the generation cost, including electric cable

wiring and material transportation, etc.

- Necessary to coordinate water rights.

Long-term energy supply-demand outlook (Best case)

- Targeting installed capacity of approx. 49.25 million kW in

2020

5000

Koriyama pump hydraulic power station

[Tap water]

[River maintenance effluent] [Variable-speed large undershot wheel power generation system with a new type dust-proof device]

[Sand control dam water]

[Tap water]

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

The second Momura power station

Saginuma power station

Kachugawa citizens’ small hydraulic power station

[Agricultural water]

Seiwa power station

Shinkarebuchi power station

Miyagawa dam maintenance flow power station

Installation examples of middle- and small-scale hydraulic power generation facilities

Transition of hydraulic power generation plant scale and output capacity 1970 1980 2005 1990

(10,000 kW)

2000 0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

1955 1965 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

設備容量（1000kW）

発電電力量（100万kWh）

1965

4000

3000

2000

1000

(100 million kW) 1200

800

400

Facility capacity (Axis left)

Output capacity (Axis right)

Current measures to promote installation

- RPS system(Hydraulic power of 1,000 kW or less)

15

[River water]


Resources and Energy Biomass Power Generation

Unused amount of main biomass Source: Drafted based of Biomass Nippon Comprehensive Strategy Promotion Commission

( March 24, 2009) Data (as of FY 2009)

Installed capacity: Approx. 1.54 million kW

Features

- Unused resources in local areas are available.

- Fuel biomass has a wide range of uses such as heat

and material utilization in addition to power generation.

- Cost may greatly vary depending on type and use.

- Supply amount and price may change because biomass

is actually a limited resource.

Issues

- Competitiveness in terms of material utilization, etc.

- A stable supply of raw materials is required for massive

installation.

Long-term energy supply-demand outlook (Maximum case)

Targeting installed capacity of approx 2.17 million kW by

2020.

Image of biomass using forms

Current measures to promote installation

○ Tax system

○ RPS system

○ Research & development, demonstration tests

16

Industrial raw materials (Raw materials for cement, chemicals, etc. )

Heat

Power generation

Fuel for transportation

Agricultural residues

Domestic animal waste

Sludge Food waste

Wood-based materials

Liquid fuel (Bio-ethanol, BDF, etc.)

Solid fuel (Woody pellets, etc.)

Gaseous fuel (Bio-derived methane, etc.)

CH4

Biomass

Usage Biofuel

Mat

eri

al u

tiliz

atio

n

Industrial products (Bio-plastics, cement, etc.)

Material

Manure/Livestock feed Manure for agriculture and dairy farming

Usage

Residual materials from woodland (3.47 million kl)

Paper (10.82 million kl)

Food waste (2.73 million kl)

Domestic animal waste (9.09 million kl)

Inedible parts of farm products (4.13 million kl)

Construction wood waste (1.89 million kl)

Sludge (0.64 million kl)

Residual materials from sawmill (1.57 million kl)

Black liquor (4.56 million kl)

Mostly unused 3.47 million kl

Unused 2.16 million kl (almost 20%) Used for raw materials, etc. 8.66 million kl (almost 80%)

Unused 1.99 million kl (almost 73%)

Used for livestock feed or manure 0.74 million kl (almost 27%)

Unused 0.91 million kl (10%)

Used for compost, etc. 8.18 million kl (almost 90%)

Used for compost, etc. 1.24 million kl (30%) Used for plowing-in 2.27 million kl (55%)

Unused 0.62 million kl (15%)

Recycling, etc. 1.7 million kl (almost 90%)


Used for construction materials etc. 0.49 million kl (almost 77%)


Used for raw materials for paper, energy 1.49 million kl (almost 95%)

Unused 80,000 kl (almost 5%)

Mostly used for energy 4.56 million kl

10,000 kl

Ene

rgy

uti

lizat

ion

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