Renewable Energy for Desalination

Dr. Jürgen Rheinländer – Solar Thermal Power Adviser - Germany

Source: Gerindtec (India)

Solar GHI

utilized for

non-

concentrating

collection of

irradiance

PV

FPC

ETC

Solar still

Solar DNI

utilized for

concentrating

collection of

irradiance

parabolic trough

and dish

heliostat +

central receiver

Fresnel-collector

CPV

mind the difference!

Source: Harvard University

Annual Average Wind Power Potential

The tropical belt is not really promising for wind power utilization!

White areas indicate

exclusion of sites in rain forests

Source: Stanford University Based on design WEC power > 1 MW (hub height > 60 m)

Annual Average Wave Power Levels

Figures = Power in kW/m²

The tropical belt is not promising for wave power utilization!

Source: ETSU (UK)

Water can be pasteurized at temperatures well below boiling, as can

milk, which is commonly pasteurized at 71°C (160°F) for 15 seconds

Solar Water Pasteurization in solar cookers at end user’s place

Source: www.atlascuisinesolaire.com

Source: www.cookwiththesun.com

Source: Punjab energy development agency (India)

Large potential

for local

manufacturing

in developing

countries

Flow Rate (30mJ/cm2 Dose): 340 l/h

Operating Pressure Range: max. 7 bar

Reactor Material: Stainless Steel

Cost (without PV power generator):

up to 600 US$ (version for 12 V DC)

+ regular replacement of cartridges & lamp

sediment filter (5 micron) cartridge removes

suspended particles.

carbon filter (5 micron) cartridge removes

volatile organic hydrocarbons.

UV water purifier utilizes a germicidal short

wave radiation lethal to microorganisms.

Example for Combination of

UV water purification with

dual cartridge filter

Source: Bio-Logic

Solar Still (one effect)

up to 6 liters/m²/day

Source: Chaibi and El-Nashar

Source: Chaibi and El-Nashar Source: USM (Chile)

Source: USM (Chile)

1872 first plant in northern Chile for 22 m³/day

40 years of operation at mining site

evaporation from porous wick

basin type

double slope glass cover

north-south axis orientation

basin type

single slope cover

tilted wick type

large local share of manufacturing,

but continuous user‘s care required!

glass (not PE!) required for cover to

achieve “greenhouse effect”

Pilot plant Oman - 1 m³/day

Source: MAGE Water Management GmbH Commercial plant - 5 m³/day

Humidification-Dehumidification

(HDH)

PV for power

Flat plate collectors for heat

up to 30 l/day/m²collector

~ 120 kWh/m³ heat demand

Heat exchanger

collector-circuit / brine

and hot water storage

advisable

80°C

Source: MAGE Water

Management GmbH

Suitable for

hybrid

operation

with waste

heat

(MD) Membrane Distillation

Heat exchanger

collector-circuit / brine

and hot water storage

advisable

Suitable for

hybrid

operation

with waste

heat

Pilot plants up to 2

m³/day in operation

Source: Fraunhofer ISE (Germany)

up to 20 l/day/m²collector

~ 200 kWh/m³ heat demand

Typically:

60 bar for SW

20 bar for BW

Typically:

56 bar for SW

18 bar for BW

Typically: 2 bar

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Source: Fraunhofer ISE (Germany)

Source: IONICS (USA)

Integration of

SWRO with

(hybrid)

Power Supply

optional

PV for BWRO at

Aqaba (Jordan)

Source: NERC (Jordan)

50 m³/day

PV+Grid

With SWRO reduction of power demand by 30 to 60% through:

- Pelton turbine on HP-pump shaft (>10 m³/h), conventional)

- Pressure Exchanger (>2 m³/h), ERI, ENERCON a.o.)

- Axial Piston Motor (>0.2 m³/h), Danfoss A/S

- Pressure Intensifier (>0.03 m³/h), “Clark pump”

SWRO: Power Recovery from Concentrate

70 bar

5 bar

2 bar

60 bar typical

process

pressure

values 65 bar

Source: MEDRC report 97-AS-006a

Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR)

driven by DC power PV

Power demand rises with

salinity brackish water

only

Germs are not removed

„clean“ BW only

Reversal of polarity and

exchange of product /

concentrate paths

reduction of scaling on

membranes

Typical dissolved ions:

anions (charge -): Cl, NO3, SO4

cations (charge +): Na, K, Ca

cathode anode

Source: ARCADIS G&M Inc

Source: pca-GmbH

Source: GE power+water

EDR - Stack

DC power ~ 3 kWh/m³ (10,000 ppm TDS)

Integration of

SWRO with

(hybrid)

Power Supply

WECAC_out

optional

Erection and Lowering of WEC

without Large Crane

(source: VERGNET)

(source : GTZ)

Power and control RO Desalination Product storage Pretreatment

Modular Design of RO Plant Source: ENERCON (Germany)

Source: Canary Islands Institute of Technology

Small PV – wind RO plant

all in one container

and autonomous

(#) upper value for small number of effects

or TVC

>100 m³/d 200 kWhm³ (#)

Source: PRODES – Roadmap 2010 (EU) – without remarks in red

Summary: Renewable Energy for Desalination

Owner‘s labor not included !

Owner‘s labor not included ! =Humidification-Dehumidification

thermal: ~700 kWh/m³

< 50 m³/d feasible

> 0.1 m³/d feasible

Systems

Analysis

RESYS

pro

DESAL

21

Thank You for Your Attention!

Source: Hamworthy Serck Como

Thermal Vapor

Compression

Driven by Steam from

Solar Parabolic Trough

Collectors

Direct Solar Steam

Generation on

Plataforma Solar de

Almería (Spain)

Source: Hamworthy Serck Como

Process flow diagram of 2

Effect TVC-HTE evaporator

solar

IPSEpro:

Design, Analysis,

Optimisation

PSExcel: Day, Month, Year

Balances

Fractions of RES

Emissions

PSEconomy: Life Cycle Cost

Present Value of Project

Levelised Costs of Power and Water

Cost of CO2-Avoidance

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

solar hour of day in July [h]

wa

ter

[m³/

h]

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

po

we

r [k

W]

water

power

Investment 0.5%

13.9%

3.1%

0.0%

1.3%

6.0%

29.2%

46.0%BWED

PV

CW

Systems Analysis

Environment

RESYSproDESAL

Time Series Simulation of Power Supply

Example: Performance of WEC on Typical Day of July

Contributions to Energy Supply for SWRO

-0.40

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

fra

cti

on

of

loa

d

from Diesel to SWRO

from RES to SWRO

from RES to Village

Monthly Contributions to Energy Supply

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Invest O&M Consum. Replace

pre

sent valu

e [kE

uro

]

Site+Civil

Power System

RO System

Breakdown of Present Value of Cost for

Total Water and Power Supply to Village

An internet version of the

Systems Analysis Environment

RESYSproDESAL

is accessible

- free of charge -

via:

www.RESYSpro.net#

offering:

several reference configurations,

RO, ED and HDH integrated with

PV, WEC, SOT, Diesel and Grid,

on-line pre-feasibility studies.

# the development of RESYSproDESAL_WEB was supported

by the Middle East Desalination Research Center (MEDRC) and

by the Commission of the European Community (CEC)