RENAL PHYSIOLOGY TUTORIAL-2 DISCUSSION Dr. Zahoor 1.
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RENAL PHYSIOLOGY TUTORIAL-2 DISCUSSION
Dr. Zahoor
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TOPICS
• Counter Current Mechanism• Acid Base Balance
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Q1. What does word ‘Counter Current’ means?
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Q2. Name the four mechanisms which help in counter current mechanism (concentration mechanism of urine).
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Q3. How loop of Henle (counter current multiplier) establishes the concentration gradient in the renal medulla?
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Q4. What is the role of Vasarecta (counter current exchanger) in the counter current mechanism?
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Q5. Why medullary interstial Osmolarity is important for concentration of urine?
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Q6. If there is no medullary concentration, what will happen?
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Q7. What is the Osmolarity of interstial fluid in the medullary interstium?
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Q8. What is the role of ADH in the concentration mechanism of urine?
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Q9. Where does the ADH act on DCT and CT?
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Q10. How much water is reabsorbed in the DCT and CT under the action of ADH?
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Q11. If ADH is not there, urine will be concentrated or dilute?
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Q12. If a person is fasting and has taken no water for 10 hours, why he passes less amount of concentrated urine?
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Q13. If a person drinks 1 liter of water, why he passes more amount of dilute urine?
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Q14. What is role of urea in the concentration mechanism of urine?
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Q15. What is urea cycle in the counter current mechanism?
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Q16. What is Micturition or urination reflex?
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Q17. Where is the center for Micturition reflex?
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Q18. Urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction is function of (select one)1. Sympathetic ANS2. Parasympathetic ANS
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Q19. What is the capacity of normal urinary bladder in the adult person?
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Q20. As urine is collected in the urinary bladder, when initial urge is felt for urination?
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Q21. Urination is under voluntary control, how?
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Q22. What is pH?
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Q23. What is pH of water?
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Q24. What is pH of blood?
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Q25. In the human, what pH is compatible with life?
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Q26. If pH or arterial blood is 7.3, is it normal or abnormal?
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Q27. If H+ ion increases, pH will be:
Select one1. Acidic2. Alkaline
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Q28. What is normal pH of urine?
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Q29. What could be the lowest pH of urine?
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Q30. Why pH of blood, if acidic or alkaline is dangerous for the body?
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Q31. How body regulates the pH. Give three defense mechanism.
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Q32. What are body chemical buffers which operate in seconds?
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Q33. How respiration regulates the acid base balance?
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Q34. What is the role of kidney in acid base balance?
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Q35. How kidney secretes H+ ion? Draw diagram.
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Q36. Where H+ ion is secreted in the tubule?
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Q37. How new HCO3- ion is generated and
reabsorbed?
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Q38. Name the kidney buffers?
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Q39. If there is metabolic alkalosis, what does the kidney do?
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Q40. In Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, what will happen to
Resp. acidosis Resp. alkalosis
pH
CO2
HCO3
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Q41. In metabolic acidosis/alkalosis, what will happen to Meta. acidosis Meta. alkalosis
pH
CO2
HCO3
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Q42. If a person has vomiting, his blood pH is found to be 7.5CO2 38mmHg, HCO3 34meq/l.What type of acid base disorder he is having?
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