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Transcript of Renal Manifestations of Systemic Disease Angus Ritchie BPT Lecture Series 2012.
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Renal Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Angus RitchieBPT Lecture Series 2012
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Content• epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation,
differential diagnosis,• investigations, detailed initial management,
principles of ongoing management, potential complications of the disease and its management,
• preventive strategies • Include SLE, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, obesity, diabetes,
CCF, liver disease, dysproteinaemias, infectious diseases (HIV, syphilis, TB, hepatitis)
• Not covered:• Diabetes, hypertension• Toxic nephropathy e.g. lead• Paraneoplastic nephropathies (excl dysproteinaemias)
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The basics
• Renal artery, vein• Renal nerves• Glomeruli• Tubules• Interstitium• Medulla
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Markers of renal disease• Active urine sediment
– UA blood, protein– Proteinuria (Nephrotic vs Non-nephrotic)
• Urine A:Cr >3• Urine P:Cr >30• 24h urine protein >150mg
– Dysmorphic RC>90%– Casts, crystals, cells
• Elevated Cr• Elevated eGFR (MDRD→CKD-epi)• Abnormal imaging
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Renal biopsy
• US guided percutaneous • 1-2% major complication rate. • Tests
– Light microscopy (formalin)• H&E, Trichrome, Silver
– Immunofluorescence (fresh or IPEX)• IgG, IgM, IgA, kappa, lambda, C3, C4, C1q, c4D
– Electron microscopy (glutaraldehyde)• Glomerular ultrastructure• Immune deposits
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Staging of CKD
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Major Renal Patterns
• Isolated microscopic haematuria• Nephritic syndrome• Mixed nephrotic/nephritic patter • Pure nephrotic syndrome• Sub-nephrotic proteinuria• Tubulointerstitial nephritis
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Nephrotic v Nephritic
• Nephrotic– Proteinuria >3.5g/day– Hypoalbuminaemia– Oedema– Hyperlipidaemia
• Nephritic– Haematuria– +/- red cell casts– Proteinuria– Hypertension
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Lupus and the kidney
• SLE with renal manifestations approx 50%• Lupus nephritis: 8-15% progression to ESKD• UA for all SLE patient every visit
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Presentation
• Presentation– Microscopic haematuria– Proteinuria (any)– Impaired renal function– +/-SLE– Renal tubular acidosis– Hypertension– RPGN
• DDx: – AAV– Cryoglobulinaemic GN– Bacterial endocarditis– Anti-GBM disease– IgA disease– Amyloidosis
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Lupus nephritis
• Investigations– Quantify proteinuria– Renal biopsy– Bloods
• ESR• ANA• Anti-dsDNA• Anti-Sm • C3/C4
Class Description
I Normal by light
II Pure mesangial alterations
III Focal segmental GN
IV Diffusve proliferative GN
V Diffuse membranous GN
VI Advanced sclerosing
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Lupus nephritis
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Lupus nephritis managementInduction 3-6months
Steroids AND
Hydroxychloroquine AND
Mycophenolate mofetilOR
Cyclophosphamide IV v PO
Rituximab - Membranous?IVIG, CyA,
Maintenance up to 2ySteroids
AND Hydroxychloroquine
ANDMycophenolate
ORAzathioprine
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Lupus nephritis supportive care
• Control BP– ACE or ARB in particular
• Cardiovascular risk factors• Bone health• Fertility
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Monitoring & Prognosis
• Monthly review• Monitor FBC, Cr, alb, eGFR, urine PCR, ESR (not CRP),
C3, C4 and anti-dsDNA. • Predictors of relapse:
– Rising anti-dsDNA• Causes of death
– Infection– Cancer– Cardiovascular disease
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ANCA-associated vasculitis
• Small-vessel, pauci-immune vasculitis
• Renal involvement 80-90%– Often at diagnosis
• Age of onset 50-70s – Can occur at any age
• Flu-like illness
• Progressive rise in Cr– Sometime RPGN
• Haematuria– Red cell casts
• Proteinuria– Rarely nephrotic
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Investigations
• DDx:– HSP– Anti-GBM disease– Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis– Drug-induced vasculitis
• ANCA (MPO, PR3)• ESR • Anti-GBM• C3, C4• EUC
– Higher Cr = worse prognosis• FBC and diff
– Eosinophils• Cryoglobulins• Hep B, C serology• Skin biopsy• Blood cultures
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Renal AAV biopsy
• Necrotising• Crescents• Vasculitis• Tubulointerstitial nephritis
– Granulomas– Eosinophils– IFTA
• NEGATIVE IF (“pauci”)
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Renal vasculitis
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Renal AAV treatment• Induction 3-6m
– Pulse methylpred– Cyclophosphamide
• IV better than oral• Dose reduce in renal failure
– PJP prophylaxis• Rituximab
– Emerging role (RAVE)• PLEX
– Pulmonary haemorrhage– Severe renal failure– Benefit unknown “PEXIVAS”
• MMF?• Success 90% @6m
• Maintenance up to 2y– Low-dose oral pred PLUS– Azathioprine OR– Methotrexate
• Up to 50% relapse over next few years
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Monitoring & Prognosis
• Neutrophil nadir, proteinuria, ANCA titre• Poor prognosis groups:
– Severe renal failure– Older– Pulmonary haemorrhage– Biopsy: active necrosis, crescents, high IFTA
• Delayed renal recovery possible• Cx: sepsis, CA bladder, cardiovascular disease
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Renal manifestations of dysproteinaemias
• Wide range of diseases– Cast nephropathy – Interstitial nephritis/fibrosis– Amyloidosis (GN, vessels)– Light chain deposition disease (GN)– ATN
• Presentation “CRAB”– Proteinuria (most), often nephrotic– Renal impairment– Micro haematuria– Tubular dysfunction
“Perfect storm”
Hypercalcaemia
Back pain
CT with IV contrast
NSAIDs
ARF
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Renal dysproteinaemia Ix
• FBC, EUC, albumin, CMP, urate, Igs, glucose• Proteinuria
– urine BJP (light chains, missed on UA)• Serum EPG/IEPG• Serum free light chains
– Abnormal ratio, – Ratio preserved in renal failure, HD.
• Urine micro - casts, crystals• Renal imaging - rule out obstruction• Renal biopsy
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Cast nephropathy
• Commonest MIDD 30-50%• Presentation: renal failure, oliguria,
proteinuria<3g, excess urine FLC, hypercalcaemia.
• Histopath: – Eosinophilic/fractured casts with infiltrating PMN
and“giant cells”– Interstitial inflammation, IFTA
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Cast nephropathy
• Primary care by Haematologist• Maintain good urine flow, control Ca, avoid
nephrotoxins, urate lowering. • Urine alkalinsation - no proven benefit• Renal involved when dialysis required• High cut-off dialysis
– Special dialyser with improved FLC clearance– Only effective with bortezomib-based chemo– Expensive and still not well established – Probably cost-effective through decreased dialysis
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Renal sarcoidosis
• Systemic granulomatous disorder• Extrarenal manifestations in 90%• Presentation
– Renal impairment– Mild proteinuria <1g– Sterile pyuria– Hypercalcaemia
• Classically acute interstitial nephritis– With granulomas (non-specific)
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Renal sarcoidosis
• DDx: drug-induced AIN, vasculitis, Sjogrens syndrome. Rarely TINU, malignant infiltration
• Investigations: – FBC, EUC, LFT, CMP, urate, PTH– Urine PCR, MCS– CXR +/- CT– Renal US to exclude obstruction– Renal biopsy
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Renal sarcoidosis
• High-dose oral steroids– Slow taper over 12 months
• Most return to normal or near-normal Cr
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Hepatorenal syndromes
• Reversible, functional renal failure• Associated with acute or chronic liver disease,
hepatic failure and portal hypertension• Two types
– Type 1 acute, rapid deterioration in renal function– Type 2 insidious onset, slowly progressive course
• Hyponatraemia is predictive• Diagnosis of exclusion
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Hepatorenal syndromes
• Pathogenesis– Splanchnic vasodilatation– Intense systemic vasocontriction– Sympathetic activation– High RAAS activity
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Hepatorenal syndromes• Defining features
– Oliguria– Urine sodium <10mmo/L– Urine Osm > Plasma Osm– Serum sodium <130 mmol/L– Normal renal tract US– No sustained response to ceasing diuretics volume expansion
• Exclude– Sepsis/shock– Nephrotoxic drugs– GI fluid losses– Haematuria/proteinuria
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Hepatorenal syndromes
• Prognosis depends on UNDERLYING DISEASE • Very poor prognosis without transplant
– Type 1 median survival 2weeks• Management
– List for Tx if a candidate– Bridging therapy: terlipressin, albumin 20-40g/d,
TIPSS, MARS.– Dialysis very difficult
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Cardiorenal syndromes
• Reflect interaction between heart and kidneys• Five groups
– Type 1 Acute HF with AKI– Type 2 Chonic HF with progressive CKD– Type 3 AKI causing acute HF– Type 4 Primary CKD contributing to chronic HF– Type 5 Acute or chronic systemic disorders
causing cardiac and renal dysfunction
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Cardiorenal syndromes
• Pathophysiology– Arterial vasocontriction
• Sympathetic activation• RAAS
– Reduced renal arterial perfusion– Increased renal vein pressure, RV dysfunction
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Prognosis and Rx
• Reduced GFR associated with increased mortality.
• Unclear which is chicken vs egg• No effective direct medical therapies• Focus on improving cardiac function• Fluid removal
– With diuretics usually causes a rise in Cr– Ultrafiltration not proven to improve survival
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Obesity
• Associated with FSGS• Often comorbid diabetic nephropathy• Typically present with
– Proteinuria – Hypertension– Renal impairment
• Treatment– ACE/ARB– Weight loss
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Renal syndromes assoc. w. infectionInfection Presentation Syndrome
TyphoidMalaria
MicrohaemProteinuria (non-nephrotic)
Mesangioproliferative GN
Endocarditis, PIGN, Pneumococcus
Renal failure, HT, proteinuria, microhaematuria, oedema
Diffuse, proliferative GN
Hep C, Schisto Malaria
ProteinuriaImpaired GFR
Membranoproliferative GN +/- cryoglobulins
Hep B, Syphilis Nephrotic Membranous GN
HIV, Parvo B19 Nephrotic, reduced GFR FSGS
Hep B, HIV, PIGN HT, reduced GFR, microhaem Vasculitis
Leprosy, Schisto Nephrotic syndrome Amyloidosis
E. coli 0157:H7Shigella
ARF, thrombocytopaenia, haemolytic anaemia
HUS/TTP
EBV, Lepto, Legionella, TB
Renal failure, microhaem, Proteinuria <1g
Interstitial nephritis
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Diseases which recur post-transplant
• Lupus nephritis• Vasculitis• Anti-GBM disease (Alports)• Hep B, C, HIV associated disease