Renaissance Politics and Economics
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Transcript of Renaissance Politics and Economics
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Renaissance Politics and Economics
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Setting the Stage for the Renaissance: Economics
Revival of trade: 11th century
• Improved agricultural techniques
• Population increase• New trade routes• Improved transportation
A Renaissance-era moneychanger
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Setting the Stage for the Renaissance: Politics
• City-states• Communes• New economic elite• The popolo• Oligarchies and
dictatorships• Condottieri
A group of condottieri
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Italian City-States
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Milan
• The Visconti family• Territorial expansion
Milanese ruler Gian Galeazzo Visconti
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The Sforza Family
• Ruled Milan, 1450–1535• Francesco Sforza (1401–
1466)• War with Venice (1450)
and Peace of Lodi (1454)• Ludovico Sforza (1451–
1508)
Francesco Sforza
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Venice
• Major center of trade
• Doge• Merchant oligarchy
Customs House and entrance to the Grand Canal (Venice)
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War Between Venice and Genoa
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Venice in the 15th Century
• Mainland expansion• Constantinople• The Ottoman Turks
“The Capture of Constantinople” by Renaissance artist Jacopo Tintoretto
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Florence
• Center of banking and textiles
• Bankers for the papacy
• The gold florin• Nominally a republic,
but controlled by an oligarchy of bankers and merchants
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The Medici Family• Powerful bankers• Ruled Florence for most
of the 15th century• Cosimo de Medici• Patrons of the arts
Cosimo de Medici
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Lorenzo de Medici
• Grandson of Cosimo• Assumed power in 1469
at age 20• “Lorenzo the
Magnificent”• The Pazzi consipracy• War against Rome and
Naples
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Savonarola
• Dominican friar • Preached against
Florence’s “sinfulness” and “immorality”
• Expulsion of the Medici (1494)
• Bonfire of the Vanities• Hanged and burned
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Rome and the Papal States
• Renaissance popes: both religious and political leaders
• During the Renaissance, the Papacy became more political and secular
A distant view of Vatican City in Rome
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Popes and the Arts During the Renaissance
Pope Nicholas V
Interior view of the Sistine Chapel
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Papal PoliticsDuring the Renaissance
Pope Alexander VI Pope Julius IIPope Sixtus IV
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Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484)
• Member of the della Rovere family
• Favoritism towards relatives
• Pazzi conspiracy• Encouraged Venice
to attack Ferrara
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Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503)
• Member of the Borgia family
• One of the most corrupt and immoral popes
• Put his son Cesare in charge of papal armies
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Pope Julius II (1503–1513)
• Member of the della Rovere family
• The “warrior pope”• Restored territories in
Romagna, Perugia, and Bologna to the Papal States
• Orchestrated wars against Venice and France
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Cesare Borgia (1475–1507)
• Son of Pope Alexander VI• Campaigns in Romagna• Admired by Machiavelli• Power declined after the
death of Alexander
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Naples• Only kingdom in Italy
during the Renaissance• Vassal state of Rome• More feudal than other
city-states• King Alfonso (1396–
1458)• King Ferdinand I (also
known as Ferrante; 1458–1494)
Statue depicting the coronation of the Neapolitan king Ferdinand I
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Exploration and Trade• Marco Polo• Quest for sea
routes to the East
• Portuguese traders• The African
“Gold Coast”• Vasco da Gama• The spice trade
• Christopher Columbus
Marco Polo at the court of Kublai Khan
Vasco da Gama
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The “Black Death”
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Patronage
• Financial support of artists
• Means for the wealthy and powerful to compete socially with one another
• Types of patronage Wealthy Renaissance merchants, as depicted in a fresco by artist Domenico Ghirlandaio
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Intellectual Basis of the Renaissance
• Humanism• Revival of antiquity• Importance of the
individual• Celebration of
humanity• Secular/worldly focusA page from a
Renaissance-era version of Diomedes’
Grammatica, a text on Latin grammar
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Education and Thought:Machiavelli
• The Prince• Advised rulers to use
force or deceit if necessary
• Better for rulers to be feared than loved
• Admired Cesare Borgia
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Courtly Education: Castiglione• Libro del Cortegiano
(The Courtier)• Described ideal behavior
for social elites• Sprezzatura• Role of women
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Women and the Renaissance
• Education• Roles as patrons
of the arts• Women political
leaders in Italy
Isabella d’EsteCaterina Sforza
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The Italian Wars
• 1494–1559• European powers
fought for control of various Italian city-states
• Helped spread the Renaissance to western Europe
Entry of the French king Charles VIII into Florence at the start of the Italian Wars
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Charles VIII of France• 1470–1498• Encouraged by
Ludovico Sforza to invade Italy and lay claim to Naples
• France enters Italy in 1494
• Charles takes Naples, but is then defeated by the League of Venice
Charles VIII Ludovico Sforza
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Louis XII of France• 1462–1515• Succeeded Charles VIII• Invaded Italy in 1499,
taking Milan and Genoa• Partitioned Naples with
King Ferdinand of Spain• Treaties of Blois (1504 &
1505)
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Pope Julius II
• 1503: Romagna cities annexed by Venice
• 1509: The League of Cambrai—France, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Papal States vs. Venice
• 1510: The Holy League—The Papal States, Venice, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire vs. France
• 1516: Peace of Noyon
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Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
• Grandson of Ferdinand of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I
• 1521: War to take Milan from France
• 1525: Battle of Pavia—France defeated
• 1527: Sack of Rome• The Italian Wars finally end in
1559, when France renounces all claims in Italy
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The Northern Renaissance
• More focused on Christianity than the Italian Renaissance
• Began late 15th
century/early 16th century
Altarpiece for the Cathedral of St. Bavo in Ghent, created by Northern Renaissance artist Jan van Eyck
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The Printing Press
• Invented by Johann Gutenberg in the mid-1400s
• Made printed works cheaper and more readily available
• Increased literacy in Europe
• Helped spread new ideas
A replica of Gutenberg’s printing press
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Christian Humanism
• Union of classical influences and Christianity
• Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536)
• Influence on northern Renaissance artChristian humanist
scholar Desiderius Erasmus
A woodcut of Adam and Eve by Albrecht Durer, a German
Renaissance artist
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Renaissance Politics and Economics: Legacy