Renaissance & Discovery

Chapter 10

AP EURO

Ms. Callejas-Centeno

Free Response Essay #1

Analyze the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use at least 3 specific works to support your analysis (2004)

What is the Renaissance?

An age of Recovery

A transition from Medieval to Early Modern

“Re-birth” of Art & Culture

Began in Italy, Spread throughout Europe

The Renaissance Began In…

Florence, Italy

1375-1527

Italian City - StatesIndependent Principalities:

1. Milan

2. Papal States

3. Kingdom of Naples

4. Venice

5. Florence

6. Genoa

Urban Centers

By the 1300’s

Florence, Venice, and Milan all had populations of 100,000 people

Location! Location! Location!

Geography gave Italian city states:

Cultural / Commercial advantage

International trade

13th-14th Centuries: Trade rich cities became wealthy “city states”

Why Florence, Italy?1. Textile Industry

Florentine Luxury cloth traded throughout Europe & Asia

Employed 30,000 workers

Why Florence, Italy?2. Agriculture

In River valleys of Tuscany & Lombardy

Production of grains, wine, vegetables

Agricultural surplus

Why Florence, Italy?3. Geographic LocationProximity to Mediterranean trade routes/International trade

Most prosperous & Wealthy City State

5th largest city in Europe by mid 1350’s

The Italian Renaissance Emphasized…

1. A Revival of Classical Antiquity

Re-discovery of Greek & Roman art, culture, Literature

The Italian Renaissance Emphasized…

2. Individualism- A Revived Emphasis On Individual Ability

L’uomo Universale “Universal Person”

Capable of achievements in many areas of his life

“well rounded education”

“A celebration of the individual”

The Italian Renaissance Emphasized…

3. Secularism-

the secular world (not associated with religion) gained importance

The Italian Renaissance Emphasized…

4. Humanism An Intellectual Movement

based on the study of the classical works of ancient Greece & Rome

That advocated Studia Humanitatis (Liberal Studies)

Francesco Petrarch <-<-(1304-1374) -“Father of Humanism”

Humanists Believed In…

A Well rounded liberal arts education

Studia Humanitas – grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, history, poetry

Secular occupations

SOCIAL CLASS, POWER & POLITICS IN FLORENCE

CH10

Social Classes1. Grandi – “old rich” nobles & merchants

2. Popolo Grosso – “fat people” newly rich merchant class (bankers, capitalists) 5% of population

Social Classes3. Middle Burgher/Mediocri – shop owners, professionals, guild masters, artisans

4. Popolo minuto – “little people” lower economic classes

Maintaining Power & Social Status

Marriage = alliance of powerful, wealthy families

Marriages reinforced status & powerSee Document 2.1: “Marriage Negotiations: The Strozzi, 1464-65”

Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472

Artist: Piero della Francesca

Federico da Montefeltro & his 2nd wife, Battista

Marriage: he was 35, she 13

Had 7 daughters

She died at 26 at the birth of 7th child.

Florentine Politics

1378 Ciompi Revolt (“the wooden shoes”)

Peasants “Popolo minuto “ rebelled against the upper classes

Lower classes ruled Florence 4 years until…

Cosimo de’ Medici

Gained control of Florence (1434)

Despot – ruled with absolute power

Medici family also known as the “Merchant Princes”

Medici Family Background

Gained wealth:

1. Manufacture & commerce of textiles

2. Banking

3. Official Bankers of Catholic Church

“Climb “ to the TopMedici Family used bribery, corruption, intimidation to gain power

Manipulated elections

Signoria – council of 8 “rule”

Loyal to Medici

“Amici Degli Amici”

Friends of the de’ Medici: Networking: “Friends of Friends”

Enemies of the de’ Medici: Brutta Figura –intimidation tactic Public humiliation

Patrons of the ArtsCosimo de’ Medici

Sponsored artists to produce great works:

Medici Library Fillipo Brunnelleschi (architect)

Donatello (artist)

Cosimo’s Grandson

Lorenzo “the Magnificent” (r. 1478-1492)

Paid artists to beautify city

Medici “godfathers of the Renaissance”

Niccolo Machiavelli

Wrote The Prince (1513)

Dedicated to Lorenzo the Magnificent’s grandson

A manual on how to be an effective ruler, or political satire?

The PrinceOr written for the express purpose

of getting a job in the Medici government?

“If you cannot be both loved and feared, then it is better to be feared than loved. “

“Machiavellian”

A term that is used to describe a ruthless ruler.

Baldassare Castiglioni

Wrote: The Book of the Courtier (1528 )

A “handbook” for European aristocrats

Depicts social “do’s & dont’s” for nobles

Castiglione’s “Perfect Courtier” Should …

1. Possess Impeccable character, grace, & noble birth 2. Cultivate achievements –not hide accomplishments, but be modest.3. Have a Classical Education- arts, music ,etc.4. Participate in the Military – Serve Prince w/ loyalty, honesty

Castiglione’s “Perfect Court Lady” Should…

1. Be attractive

2. Be well educated, able to paint, dance, and play a musical instrument

3. Not participate in political, artistic, or literary affairs (discussions)

4. Be an “ornament” to her upper class husbandPortrait of a Lady, 1475

Christine de Pisan (1364-1430)Wrote: The Treasure of the City of Ladies (1405)

a history of women designed to refute men’s myths about females

As male scholars debated women’s role in society

Christine de Pizan

“Not all men (and especially the wisest) share the opinion that it is bad for women to be educated. But it is very true that many foolish men have claimed this because it displeased them that women knew more than they did.” ― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies, 1405

Civic Humanism

15th century

Duty of an intellectual to devote life to Public Service (politics)

Reflected values of urban society

RENAISSANCE ARTCH10

Describe the Differences…

Medieval Art Renaissance Art

Renaissance Art = Social & Political Status

1. Art communicated social, political & spiritual values (individualism, humanism, respect for the classics)

2. Patrons of Art

Used art to display wealth, power

Funded artists as a way to promote own fame

Giotto (1266-1337)

Father of Renaissance painting

From Florence

Tried to imitate nature (Realistic portrayal)

Adoration of the Magi, 14th cent.

Masaccio (1401-1428)

Brancacci Chapel painted Frescoes

1st masterpiece of Renaissance art

Masaccio (1401-1428)

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

1. Realistic Figures, 3-D

2. Has Depth & Perspective

3. Emotion & Expression

4. Geometrical / mathematical concepts/ Pyramid configuration

5. Artists gained recognition & fame

Renaissance Techniques

Chiaroscuro – use of shadows & highlights

Quattrocento (1400’s)

Collective Name for

Cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy

Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)

Primavera Obvious interest in Greek & Roman Mythology

Sandro Boticelli, Primavera 1482

Donatello (1386-1466)

Studied statues of antiquity

David, 1428

1st life size, bronze nude in European art since antiquity

Filippo Brunelleschi

architect

Designed il duomo

Dome Cathedral of Florence built 1420-1436 Inspired by: Roman architecture

Leon Battista AlbertiArchitect

Designed West façade of Sant’ Andrea

Inspired by classical temples

Piero della Francesca

1410-1492

Duke & Duchess of Urbino

Human individuality in portraiture

Power, wealth, status of Duke & Duchess

High Renaissance Art

Flourished between 1480-1520

Cinquecento = 16th century

Shift to Rome as important cultural center

3 Artistic Giants:

1.Leonardo Da Vinci

2.Raphael

3. Michaelangelo

1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

“Renaissance Man” L’uomo Universale

1. Artist/Sculptor

2. Scientist/Mathematician

3. Engineer/Architect

4. Inventor

5. Anatomist

Leonardo da Vinci, Inventor

1. Leonardo da Vinci, Artist Mona Lisa, painted 1503-1506

Musee du Louvre, Paris

                          

The Last Supper

Organization of space, use of perspective

Video Music Review: Leonardo Da Vinci

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW_gp7SDgQM

2. Raphael (1483-1520)School of Athens (1510)

Imaginary gathering of ancient philosophers

Plato & Aristotle at center

Painted his contemporaries as philosophical figures

Balance, harmony, order, unity, symmetry

2. Raphael School of Athens

Raphael’s School of Athens

3. Michelangelo “Il Divino”1475-1564Influenced by Neo-Platonism & the depiction of:Beauty of human body, glory of human beingsBeauty of figure= divine beauty

La Pieta

David (1504)

marble, 14 ft tall

Michelangelo's David

Contrapposto – stiff right leg/relaxed left leg (reminiscent of classical sculptures)

3. Michelangelo “Il Divino”

Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome 1508

And asked him to paint ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo reluctantly agreed

Sistine Chapel (1508-1512) 9 scenes from the book of Genesis

Review: Intellectual Concepts During the Renaissance

1. Humanism is an attitude towards life & learning

Features of Humanism:

Individualism (focus on the individual)

Virtu- the ability to make an impact in one’s chosen field of Endeavour.

Secularism- people and objects in the world are important

Therefore, An Ideal “Renaissance Man” Is..

1. Well educated (studia humanitas)

2. Has “Virtu “ (overachiever)

3. Self Confident Individual

4. Inspired by the “Classics”

5. Religious, but sees beauty in the secular (non-religious)

Historian Jacob Burckhardt

Argued (1860) that the revival of ancient learning in 14th &15th century Italy gave rise to new secular and scientific values.

Video Music Review: “Renaissance Man”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CRX_mqpzdU

THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

The Ideas of the Italian Renaissance

Spread to Northern Europe…

Northern Renaissance

Flanders in the 1400’s (“Low Countries” ) included:

Modern day Northern France, Belgium, & the Netherlands

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented 1st printing press with movable type

1st book printed: Gutenberg Bible (1456)

Mainz, Germany

Impact of Printing Press1. Widespread literacy

2. Communication – spread of ideas , views, news

3. New jobs- Printing industry emerged

4. Books became accessible to all

5. Language – books printed in the vernacular (common languages)

Art in the Low Countries/ Flanders

Flemish artists:

Influenced by Italian Renaissance

Painted:

1. scenes of daily life

2. Portraits

3. Landscapes

4. Religious Themes

5. Used oil paints

Jan Van EyckExample of Northern Renaissance art:

1434, The Arnolfini Wedding

Every Detail Is Symbolic!!

Why is Giavanni not wearing shoes?

Why does Giovanna look pregnant?

Why does the chandelier have only 1 candle?

Why is there a dog in the portrait??

Why oranges?

The details

Mirror-

Stations of the cross

Wedding couple & 2 others

“Jan Van Eyck was here, 1434”

The Details…

1 candle – a marriage candle? Or the eye of God?

Dog = fidelity ; fid; fido

The details…

Oranges- wealth; status symbol

The couple never had children. Dress symbolizes fertility

The Arnolfini Wedding- Details

Albrecht Durer

German artist

1471-1528 known for self portraits

Pieter Brueghel, the Elder

1525-1569

Painted scenes from everyday life

Peasant Wedding, 1568

Children’s Games, 1560 Brueghel

Children’s Games, 1560 Brueghel

Northern Humanism

1. Desiderius Erasmus

Classical ideals + Civic humanism + Christian ideals of love and piety

Philosophia Christi = ethical piety in imitation of Christ

Northern Humanism

2. Sir Thomas Moore

English

Wrote: Utopia (1516)

Imaginary society based on reason, tolerance.

REVIVAL OF THE MONARCHYAPEURO10

The Emergence of Nations

Shift from divided feudal monarchies to unified national monarchies

Shift to Monarchies Due to…

1. Alliance Between King & Town

Townspeople (not nobles or clergy) worked in royal offices

Bookkeepers, lawyers, military leaders, etc.

Shift to Monarchies Due to…

2. Taxes, War, Laws Became “national”, rather than “regional”

Taxes as a source of national income

Shift to Monarchies Due to…

3. Monarchies began to build national armies in the 15th century

Mercenary soldiers recruited from Germany & Switzerland for “king’s army”

Shift to National Monarchy Case Study: Spain

Isabella of Castile & Leon Married Ferdinand of Aragon 1469

Together They :

1. Secured borders

2. Expanded territories

3. Christianized Spain

“Los Reyes Católicos”

Spanish Unification & Expansion

1. 1481-1492 Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand’s army conquered Muslim Moors

Kingdom of Granada (Southern Spain)

Muslims exiled or forced to convert (“moriscos”)

“Mediterranean Diaspora”: Jews exiled as well

Converted Jews - “conversos”

Spanish Unification & Expansion

2. 1492 Isabella & Ferdinand funded Columbus’ voyage

1521 Aztec empire fell to Spain (Hernán Cortes)

1532 Inca empire fell to Spain (Francisco Pizarro)

Nueva España

Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters

Marriage = Political Alliance!!

1. Juana (1479-1555) married to Phillip the Handsome (of Austria)

Outspoken, jealous, “madly in love” with Felipe

Felipe el Hermoso (Phillip the Handsome)

Juana’s Tumultuous LifePhillip grew tired of Juana…Queen Isabella died 1504 andHer father wanted Juana’s inheritance !Betrayed by Phillip the handsome and & her father King Ferdinand!!Phillip died mysteriously @ 28

“Juana La Loca” Was Betrayed by:

Her Father!! King Ferdinand! Juana declared insane, “unfit” to ruleLocked in tower castle of Tordesillas 1507-1555She never saw her 6 children again

Juana’s Tumultuous Life

Joanna “the Mad” & Phillip the Handsome had 6 children

The most famous, Charles V (Carlos V)

Holy Roman Empire

Emperor Charles V (1500-1558)

Son of Juana la Loca & Phillip the Handsome

Inherited Kingdoms of: Spain, Nueva España, Austria, Naples and all Habsburg lands (Germany & Italy) !

Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters

2. Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)

was married @ 16 to Arthur of England (Henry VII’s Son)

He died 6 months after wedding (1501)

Why Spoil the Alliance?

Catherine of Aragon was then married off to Arthur’s brother…

King Henry VIII !

She was wife #1 (out of six)

Daughter -Mary I (“bloody Mary”)

Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters3. Princess Isabella (jr.)

Married off to Prince Alfonso of Portugal 1490

He died 1491 -Thrown off a horse

Princess Isabella was so saddened by his death, she…

Begged her parents to send her to A convent!

Why Spoil the Alliance?

6 years later (1496)

Parents married her off to Alfonso’s brother,

Manuel I of PortugalShe died giving birth in 1500

VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY

The World as they knew it changed…

The World After 1492

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Agreement between Spain & Portugal

To divide territories in new world

West of line: Spain

East of Line : Portugal

Hernán Cortes

Defeated the Mexica Empire (Aztec) in 1521

And claimed the land for Spain

Francisco Pizarro

Defeated the Inca Empire in 1533

And claimed the territory for Spain

Spanish Empire by 1600

Life in New Spain

Bartholome de las Casas – Dominican Priest

“Conquest not necessary for conversion”

“Black Legend” – Spanish treatment of Native Americans inhumane

Life in New Spain - Colonial Economy

1. Mining

2. Agriculture

3. Shipping

Exploitation of indigenous labor

African slaves also introduced

Life in New Spain-Social Pyramid -“Castas”

1. Peninsulares – Born in Spain

2. Criollos – European parents, born in new world

3. Mestizos – ½ Spanish, ½ Native American

4. Mulatos – ½ African, ½ Spanish

5. Africans

6. Native Americans

The Legacy of Ferdinand & Isabella New Spain

Unified Spain and created a Spanish empire

Territories in Mexico, Central America, South America AND the American Southwest

Remained “Spanish” until the Independence movements 1810-1821