Renaissance Renaissance and and

ReformationReformation

1450-17501450-1750

AP World HistoryAP World HistoryUnit 3Unit 3

Europe during the RenaissanceEurope during the Renaissance

Italian Renaissance

The Renaissance was the rebirth of art and The Renaissance was the rebirth of art and learning from 1350 to 1600.learning from 1350 to 1600.

Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and tried to outdo each other.patrons and tried to outdo each other.

City-states sponsored innovations in art and City-states sponsored innovations in art and architecture.architecture. linear perspective to show depth.linear perspective to show depth. Sculptors created natural poses.Sculptors created natural poses.

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli

An Italian statesman and writer. An Italian statesman and writer. Considered one of the most significant political Considered one of the most significant political

thinkers of the Renaissance. thinkers of the Renaissance. His best-known work, His best-known work, The Prince.The Prince.

Describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for Describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for rulers to gain and keep power.rulers to gain and keep power.

““Machiavellian” Machiavellian” characterized as unscrupulous, characterized as unscrupulous,

treacherous, and cruel toward his treacherous, and cruel toward his

political rivals, ”the end justifies political rivals, ”the end justifies

the means” the means”

Renaissance Architecture

Simple, elegant style, inherited from the Simple, elegant style, inherited from the classical Greek and Roman style. classical Greek and Roman style.

Magnificent domed cathedrals.Magnificent domed cathedrals. Brunelleschi's’ cathedral of Florence.Brunelleschi's’ cathedral of Florence. St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

Northern Renaissance

Especially strong in France, England, and Especially strong in France, England, and Netherlands.Netherlands.

Focus was more on science, math, and Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity.Christianity. Preferred language was Hebrew. Preferred language was Hebrew.

Strongly supported by the middle classes and Strongly supported by the middle classes and lesser nobles.lesser nobles.

Leading figures included Shakespeare, Leading figures included Shakespeare, Erasmus, and Protestant reformers.Erasmus, and Protestant reformers.

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther (1483-1546)Martin Luther (1483-1546) Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517.Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517. Attacked corruption in Catholic ChurchAttacked corruption in Catholic Church Argument reproduced with the printing press.Argument reproduced with the printing press. Enthusiastic responses from average Christians.Enthusiastic responses from average Christians. By mid-16By mid-16thth century, half of Germany adopted century, half of Germany adopted

Lutheranism.Lutheranism. Luther did not actually create Lutheranism, followers did.Luther did not actually create Lutheranism, followers did.

Protestant Reformation

Reform spread outside Germany.Reform spread outside Germany. Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities and Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities and

Netherlands.Netherlands. Scandinavian kings liked the movement because Scandinavian kings liked the movement because

it removed the Church as a rival.it removed the Church as a rival. English Reformation was sparked by King Henry English Reformation was sparked by King Henry

VII’s desire to get a divorce. VII’s desire to get a divorce.

Protestant Reformation

John Calvin.John Calvin. Organized a model Protestant community in Organized a model Protestant community in

Geneva in the 1530s.Geneva in the 1530s. Calvinist missionaries were successful in France.Calvinist missionaries were successful in France.

Calvinist reformation in Switzerland.Calvinist reformation in Switzerland. Presbyterian movement in Scotland.Presbyterian movement in Scotland.

Branches of Christianity

Catholic Reformation

Early attempts to reformEarly attempts to reform Catholic cardinals and bishops call council in early Catholic cardinals and bishops call council in early

1515thth century. century. Council of Constance deposes rival popes.Council of Constance deposes rival popes. Attempts to assert authority over popeAttempts to assert authority over pope

Initial reformsInitial reforms

Catholic intellectuals attack Church corruption.Catholic intellectuals attack Church corruption. Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform the church Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform the church

in Germany.in Germany.

Catholic Reformation

Church’s reaction to Luther and the Church’s reaction to Luther and the Protestants.Protestants. Charles V and the Church condemned.Charles V and the Church condemned.

Luther was excommunicated.Luther was excommunicated. King Henry VIII condemned Luther.King Henry VIII condemned Luther. Inquisition unleashed on the Protestants.Inquisition unleashed on the Protestants. Spanish use government wealth to fund anti-Spanish use government wealth to fund anti-

Protestant movements. Protestant movements.

Catholic Reformation

The Council of Trent.The Council of Trent. 1545-15631545-1563 Organized to reform the Roman Catholic Church.Organized to reform the Roman Catholic Church. Attacked corruptionAttacked corruption Reaffirmed traditions.Reaffirmed traditions.

Bible was valued as co-equal. Bible was valued as co-equal.

Catholic Reformation

The Society of Jesus.The Society of Jesus. Other wise known as “Jesuits”.Other wise known as “Jesuits”. Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540.Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540. High standards in education.High standards in education. Combated Protestants with logic, faith, and hard Combated Protestants with logic, faith, and hard

work.work. Became confessors and advisors to the kings.Became confessors and advisors to the kings. Worldwide missionaries.Worldwide missionaries.

Religious Conflicts and Wars.

Wars were as much social and political as Wars were as much social and political as they were religious.they were religious.

Civil War in France.Civil War in France. French Calvinists (Huguenots) and Catholic French Calvinists (Huguenots) and Catholic

League.League. Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles.Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles. Lasted 36 years.Lasted 36 years.

1562-15981562-1598 Ended with a new dynasty in France.Ended with a new dynasty in France.

Religious Conflicts and Wars.

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada War between Catholic Spain and Protestant War between Catholic Spain and Protestant

England in 1588.England in 1588. Spilled over from the conflict in the Netherlands.Spilled over from the conflict in the Netherlands. Questions of the heir to the English throne.Questions of the heir to the English throne.

Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth.Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth.

Religious Conflicts and Wars

Protestant provinces of the Netherlands Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against the rule of Catholic Spain.revolted against the rule of Catholic Spain. Originally began as a revolt of all the Netherlands Originally began as a revolt of all the Netherlands

against Spain.against Spain. Eventually split the country into Catholic south Eventually split the country into Catholic south

(Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland).(Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland). Scottish Presbyterians revolt.Scottish Presbyterians revolt.

Expelled the Catholic Queen with England’s secret Expelled the Catholic Queen with England’s secret assistance.assistance.

Raised her kidnapped son as a Presbyterian.Raised her kidnapped son as a Presbyterian.

Religious Conflicts and Wars

The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ War 1618-16481618-1648 Most destructive European war up until World War I.Most destructive European war up until World War I. Began as a local conflict in Bohemia.Began as a local conflict in Bohemia.

Eventually involved most of Europe.Eventually involved most of Europe. Devastated the Holy Roman Empire Devastated the Holy Roman Empire

Mainly the German states.Mainly the German states. Lost 1/3 of the population. Lost 1/3 of the population.

The rise of Sweden and the Hapsburgs as a great powers.The rise of Sweden and the Hapsburgs as a great powers. Lowering Spain’s power. Lowering Spain’s power.

Independence for Holland and Switzerland. Independence for Holland and Switzerland. German was no longer “holy”, “Roman”, or an “empire”.German was no longer “holy”, “Roman”, or an “empire”.

New Religious Map

Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution and and

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

1450-17501450-1750

AP World HistoryAP World HistoryUnit 3Unit 3

Scientific Revolution The re-conception of the universe.The re-conception of the universe.

The Ptolemaic universe.The Ptolemaic universe. A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres.A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres.

Could not account for the movements of the planets.Could not account for the movements of the planets. Compatible with the Christian concept of Creation.Compatible with the Christian concept of Creation.

The Copernican universe.The Copernican universe. The sun was the center of the universe, 1543.The sun was the center of the universe, 1543.

Implied that the earth was just another planet.Implied that the earth was just another planet. Science becomes the new authority and challenges the faith Science becomes the new authority and challenges the faith

for control.for control. Johannes Kepler (1564-1642)Johannes Kepler (1564-1642)

Demonstrated planetary orbits.Demonstrated planetary orbits.

Scientific Revolution

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Located sunspots, moons on Jupiter, and Located sunspots, moons on Jupiter, and

mountains on the moon.mountains on the moon. Theory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated Theory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated

modern law of inertia.modern law of inertia. Tried by the Inquisition because his ideas Tried by the Inquisition because his ideas

challenged the Papal infallibility.challenged the Papal infallibility.

Scientific Revolution

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in

1686.1686. Mathematical explanations of laws govern Mathematical explanations of laws govern

movements of bodies.movements of bodies. His work symbolized the scientific revolution.His work symbolized the scientific revolution.

Direct observationDirect observation Mathematical reasoningMathematical reasoning

Enlightenment

Thinkers sought natural laws that governed Thinkers sought natural laws that governed human society.human society.

Center was France.Center was France. Theory of progress was a major ideology.Theory of progress was a major ideology. Applied reason and science to society, Applied reason and science to society,

government, and laws.government, and laws. Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)

Considered the father of the Enlightenment.Considered the father of the Enlightenment. Religious liberty and individual freedom.Religious liberty and individual freedom.

Enlightenment

Adam SmithAdam Smith Laws of supply and demand determine price.Laws of supply and demand determine price.

MontesquieuMontesquieu Checks and balance in government.Checks and balance in government.

DeismDeism Accepted the existence of a god.Accepted the existence of a god. Denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity.Denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity. ““God the Clockmaker”.God the Clockmaker”. Ordered the universe according to rational and Ordered the universe according to rational and

natural laws.natural laws.

Enlightenment

Impact of the EnlightenmentImpact of the Enlightenment Weakened the influence of organized religion.Weakened the influence of organized religion. Encouraged secular values based on reason Encouraged secular values based on reason

rather than revelation.rather than revelation. Subjected society to rational analysis.Subjected society to rational analysis.

Promoted progress and prosperity.Promoted progress and prosperity. Applied science to every day life and made Applied science to every day life and made

science practical. science practical.